Present by:-Cp 0310 (PARTH)Cp 0410 (DARSHAN)

Types Of PAVEMENT:-

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT COMPONENTS

Surface Dressing The friction course is the uppermost pavement layer

and is designed to provide a skid resistant surface.

The thickness of frictional course varies between 20mm – 75mm.

This comprises of bituminous and termed also as seal coat.

STRUCTURAL AND BASE COURSE

The structural course is designed to distribute the traffic loadings to the basecourse.

The thickness of this course varies between 50mm – 150mm.

It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, and other untreated orstabilized materials.

SUB-BASE COURSE

The sub-base layer is often the main load-bearing layer of a pavement.

It is designed to evenly spread the load of the paving, and any traffic thereon, to the sub-grade below.

Two different types of material are considered here• Unbound Granular Material • Cement Bound Material

The two most common binders are • Bitumen (tar) • Cement

Stabilized Sub-grade This is a structural layer that is approx.12“ (300 mm)

thick. Sub-grades are commonly compacted before the

construction of a pavement, and are sometimes stabilizedby the addition of asphalt, soil, cement, Portland cementor lime.

It is the foundation of the pavement structure. Preparation of its construction usually involves digging, in

order to remove surface vegetation, topsoil and otherunwanted material, and to create space for the upper layerof the pavement which is known as sub-grade formation.

The load-bearing strength of sub-grade is measured byCalifornia Bearing Ratio (CBR) test.

Various Coats:- Seal Coat: Seal coat is a thin surface treatment used to

water-proof the surface and to provide skid resistance.

Tack Coat: Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper bonding between two layer of binder course and must be thin, uniformly cover the entire surface, and set very fast.

Prime Coat: Prime coat is an application of low viscous cutback bitumen to an absorbent surface like granular bases on which binder layer is placed. It provides bonding between two layers. Unlike tack coat, prime coat penetrates into the layer below, plugs the voids, and forms a water tight surface.

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Sub-grade: It is the normal soil on which the pavement rest and to which theentire load of the structure as well as that of traffic playing on the surface above isultimately transferred.

Sub-base course: It is placed immediately above the sub-grade soil and iscomposed of hard well burnt clinker, natural gravel or any other suitable material.

Base course: It forms the structure proper of flexible composed of broken stonecemented together by materials which allow some degree of flexibility.

Surface course: It consist of a mixture of bituminous material and aggregateand forms the actual wearing coat.

Tests conducted Tests for Bitumen Penetration Test Ductility Test Viscosity Test Softening Point Test Flash and Fire Point Test Spot Test Loss on Heating Test

Tests for sub grade Penetration test Shear test Bearing test

Tests for Aggregate Crushing Test Shape Test Abrasion Test Impact Test Soundness Test Shape Test Specific Gravity & Water Absorption

Test Bitumen Adhesion Test

UNBOUND / BOUND MATERIALS

Unbound materials are those aggregates which are loose and do not adhere to their neighbor but rely on the natural interlocking of adjacent particles.

An unbound sub-base material can be loosened and removed quite easily.

Bound materials are those which do bond with their neighboring particles by means of a "binder".

Bound materials 'set' and are consequently more difficult to loosen and remove.

RIGID PAVEMENT

Materials for C.C Road:- Cement Content Maximum Cement: 425 kg/m3 Minimum Cement : 350 kg/m3

Coarse Aggregates AIV: shall be < 30% for wearing surfaces LA abrasion value <35% Maximum Normal Size: 25mm Water Absorption : 2% maximum

Fine Aggregates : as per IS:383 Concrete Requirements Minimum Flexural Strength : 45 kg\cm2 W\C ratio 0.5 maximum Recommended Mix PQC : M40

Physical Characteristic Requirement of Concrete:-

Requirement of Course Aggregate as per IS383

Requirement of Fine Aggregate as per IS383

Fineness modulus of fine aggregates:2.0 to 3.5

Dry Lean Concrete sub-base Size of coarse aggregate

20 mm preferably Fine aggregate:

clean natural sand or crushed stone or both cement:

150 kg minimum 28 day average compressive strength of 5 cubes >= 10 MPa

Types of SEALANT

Hot poured elastic type Hot poured rubberized

asphalt(thermoplastic) Cold applied thermosetting type Performed compression seals

Ministry of Road Transport & HighwaysStandard Specifications

for Road and Bridge Works - 4th Revision-2001

300 Earthwork, Erosion control and Drainage

301 Excavation for roadway and drains302 Blasting operations303 presplit ting rock excavation slopes304 Excavation for structures305 Embankment construction306 Soil erosion and sedimentation control307 Turfing with sods308 Seeding and mulching309 Surface/ sub surface drains310 Preparation and surface treatment of formation311 works to be kept free of water312 water course at culverts313 Construction of rockfill embankment

400 Sub-bases, Bases (non bituminous) and Shoulders

401 Granular Sub Base402 Lime treated soil for improved sub grade/ sub base403 Cement treated sub-base/ base404 Water Bound macadam sub-base/ base405 Crushed cement Concrete sub-base/ base406 Wet Mix Macadam sub-base/ base407 Shoulders, Island and Median408 Cement concrete kerbs and kerb with channel409 Footpaths and Seperators410 Crusher-run Macadam base

500 Bases and Surface courses (Bituminous)

501 General requirements for Bituminous pavement layers.Annexure A to 501: Protection of the Environment.

502 Prime coat over Granular Base503 Tack coat504 Bituminous Macadam505 Bituminous Penetration Macadam506 Built-up spray grout507 Dense graded bituminous Macadam508 Semi-Dense Bituminous concrete509 Bituminous concrete510 Surface Dressing 511 Open-Graded premix surfacing

500 Bases and Surface courses (Bituminous) continued

512 Close-Graded premix surfacing/ Mixed seal surfacing513 Seal coat514 Supply of stone Aggregates for pavement courses 515 Mastic Asphalt516 Slurry Seal517 Recycling of Bituminous pavement 518 Fog Spray519 Bituminous Cold Mix (Including Gravel Emulsion)520 Sand Asphalt Base Course522 Crack Prevention Courses

Other Important Sections

600 Concrete Pavement700 Geosynthetics800 Traffic signs, markings & other road appurtenances900 Quality control for road works1000 Materials for structures1100 Pile foundations1200 Well foundations1700 Structural concrete2000 Bearings2100 Open foundations2600 Expansion joints2700 Wearing coat and appurtenances

The maintenance operations involved the assessment of road condition, diagnosis of the problem and adopting the most appropriate maintenance step.

General causes of pavement failure1. Defects in the quality of material use.2. Defect in construction method.3. Defect in quality control during

construction.4. Settlement of foundation of embankment it

self.5. Increase in the magnitude of the wheel

loads.6. Environment factors including heavy

rainfall, soil erosion, high water table, snow fall etc.

Typical Flexible Pavement FailureReflection Cracking

Joint reflection cracking on an arterial.

Longitudinal Cracking

Longitudinal cracking from poor longitudinal joint construction

Potholes

Pothole on a road after heavy rains

Slippage (Shrinkage) Cracking

Water Bleeding

Typical Rigid Pavement FailureBlowup

Corner Break

Linear Cracking

Types of Maintenance:-I. Routine maintenanceII. Periodic maintenanceIII. Special repairs(rehabilitation)

Routine maintenance

Routine maintenance include following I. Upkeep of carriage way.II. Maintenance of shoulders and sub

grade.III. Maintenance of side drains and other

ancillary works.IV. Patch repairs of pot holes and localized

failures.

Periodic maintenanceI. Line PaintingII. Crack SealingIII. Asphalt PatchingIV. Re-shoulderingV. SlopesVI. Bridge and Pavement InspectionsVII. Minor Bridge MaintenanceVIII. Signs, Barriers & Guide railsIX. Re-lamping

Special maintenance

I. Asphaltic OverlaysII. Surface TreatmentsIII. Major Bridge/Structure MaintenanceIV. Sign Replacement

Maintenance of bituminous surface

Patch repairs:- patch repairs are carried out on the damaged or improper road surface.

Pot holes repair:-the excavated patches are clean and painted with bituminous binders and premix material is placed in the section.

Surface treatment:-it is customary to spread blotting materials such as aggregate chips or maximum size of about 10 mm or course send during summer.

Resurfacing:- if the surface is totally worn out and develop a poor riding surface it may be more economical to provide an additional surface course on the existing surface.

Maintenance of Cement concrete surface

Main defects in this types of surface is formation of cracks.

Maintenance of joint is also require in this surface. Cracks develop in rigid surface classified as under I. Temperature cracks:- the cracks are filled by suitable grade

bituminous sealing compound, heated to liquid consistency.

II. Structure cracks:- in this type of crack we have to recast the failure slabs.

Traffic control

SealingCleaning & Drying

Routing

Crack Sealing Operations

HIGHWAY SAFETY

For safety and operational reasons it will be necessary to provide suitable safety features and other facilities along the project road.

These features will include

Safety barriers road signs

Road markings Road lighting

Route markers Kilometre stones

Road delineators ROW pillars

Parking areas & rest areas Weighbridges

SAFETY FEATURES

Safety Barriers – it is use for proper judgment of driver so that car does not slip .

The Safety Barrier shall conform to NHAI/MoRTH Circulars. Safety barriers shall be located at sharp horizontal curves, high embankments and at bridge approaches.

SAFETY FEATURESRoad Signs - Traffic signs or Road Signs are signs erected at the side of roads to provide information to road users.The colour, configuration, size and location of road signs shall be in accordance with IRC: 67-2001.

There are mainly six types of signs namely

Danger warning signs: They are use to warn traffic of existing or potentially hazardous conditions. They ensure safety of traffics. Usage must be minimum or it tends to breed disrespect for this signs.

Prohibitory or restrictive signs: These are intended to inform the highway users of traffic rules or regulations. They give definite negative instruction prohibiting the motorist from making particular manoeuvres.

Mandatory signs: These signs convey definite positive instruction when it is desired that motorist take some positive action. The two most important mandatory signs are

(i) STOP sign and (ii) YIELD or GIVE WAY signs

six types of signs (contd.)

Information, facilities, or service signs : These are intended to guide the motorist along streets and highways, to inform him of intersecting routes, to direct him to cities, towns, villages or other important destinations, to identify nearby rivers and streams, parks, forests and historical sites, and generally to give him such information as will help him along his way in the most simple, direct manner possible.

Direction, position, or indication signs: These signs indicate the name of the place , distance remaining and are generally rectangular in shape.

Route Marker signs:The design and location of route marker signs shall be as per IRC: 2-1968.

SAFETY FEATURES Road Markings – To divide road in proper lane so in order to avoid accident. These markings shall be applied to road centre lines, edge line, continuity line, stop lines,

give-way lines, diagonal markings, zebra crossing and at parking areas by means of an approved self-propelled machine which has a satisfactory cut-off value capable of applying broken lines automatically.

Road markings shall be as per IRC: 35-1997.

SAFETY FEATURES Road Lighting – In order to avoid accidents during night and better visibility lighting is

provided. Lighting is to be provided at the bus stops, pedestrian crossings, truck terminals and

maintenance buildings, if any.

SAFETY FEATURES Rumble strips : in order to reduce speed at toll collection and diversion of

the road

Cat's eye : places such as hilly region , sharp turns, road repair work.

Botts' dots : it is a part of road marking to indicate the lane, it is also use as a divider.

SAFETY FEATURES

Road Delineators – The design and location for road delineators shall be as per IRC: 79-

1981.

SAFETY FEATURES Rest Areas : For rest areas, IRC:SP:12-1988 will be followed.

rest areas are provided at every 50 km interval .

Highway construction site safety(during construction)

All workers should be trained to understand the proper way to use the system and to identify hazards. The workers will be responsible for providing fall protection systems and to ensure the use of these systems.

Falls from heights is the leading cause of injury in the construction industry. In the OSHA Handbook (29 CFR), fall protection is needed in areas and activities that include

Equipment on the job site must have light and reflectors if intended for night use.

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During excavation, the contractor is responsible for providing a safe work environment for workers and pedestrians. The contractor shall comply with all standards set forth in 29 CFR Subpart P.

No person is allowed to cross underneath or stand underneath any loading or digging equipment. Employees are to remain at a safe distance from all equipment while it is operational.

The sites and vehicles are protected by signs and barricades.

CASE STUDY FOR HIGHWAY MATERIAL MAINTANANCE AND SAFETY

NH-8BHARUCH - SURAT SECTION

DETAIL OF STUDY Part of NH-8 Vadodara to Surat:

Vadodara to Bharuch : 108.700 km to 192.000 km------83.3km. Bharuch to Surat : 198.000km to 263.000km.-----65.0km. 6 lane work : 198.000km to 249.000km------51.0km 4 lane Improvement :249.000km to 263.000 km----14.0km

6 major intersections on the project corridor.

1 existing ROB on the project corridor, at 261.000.

2 new ROBs have been proposed at km 205.925 and km 226.750 that are now serving as at grade level crossings

LOCATION

DETAILS OF PROJECT

Type of project Infrastructure

Type of contract Built operate transfer (BOT)

End use of project Road transportation.

Owner/ Authority National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)

Contractor M/s IRB Infrastructures Pvt Ltd.

Date of starting 7thJanuary 2007

Construction Time frame 30 months

Intended date of completion 6th July 2009

Concession period 15 years

TRAFFIC DATANH-8 connects Mumbai to Ahmedabad, Jaipur and then on to

Delhi, this route faces intense vehicular activity 24 hours a day.

PCU count on the project corridor is 70,000 PCUs up to KamrejJunction (249/000 Km) and 22000 PCUs after it.

However the condition of the road, was considered safe for only 32,000 PCUs, this shows the need for capacity augmentation of the project corridor.

C/S DETAILS Width of total cross section : 21.5 m + median + 21.5 mComponents (Any one side LHS or RHS) Main carriage way : 11.5 m Service road : 8.0 m Intermediate separator : 2 m Median : varying according to chainage Footpath (over drain ) : 2.0 m

Structure of Road Sub grade required thickness as per levels Granular sub base (GSB) : 200 mm Wet mix macadam(WMM) : 250 mm Dense Bituminous Concrete(DBM) : 150 mm Bituminous Concrete (BC) : 50 mm

C/S OF ROAD

LAYERSBITUMINOUS CONCRETE LAYER 50mm

DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM 150mm

WET MIX MACADAM 250mm

GRANNULAR SUB-BASE 200mm

SUB-GRADE

MATERIALS USED Unbound graded Stone

Bituminous Materials• Cutback Bitumen• Bituminous Emulsion

Aggregates• natural gravels• crushed rock, from artificial sources.

SUB-GRADE AND EARTHERN SHOULDERS It is the bottom most layer of a pavement and hence is vital for durability

of the pavement. Material used is approved from consultants and in accordance with IRC

specifications. Material pass through 75 mm sieve and no greater than 75 mm.

GRANULAR SUB BASE

WET MIX MACADAMMATERIALS

Mix Design : 20 mm aggregates -- 37%. 10 mm aggregates -- 43%. Crushed sand –16.5%. Stone dust -- 3.5% WMM is produced in bitumen plant from where it is

transported in dumpers to the site of work

WMM

PAVER

DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAMMATERIALS

BITUMEN : Bitumen of S 60-70 grade is used as a binder in the mix.

COARSE AGGREGATE : Coarse aggregate is of crushed stone.

FINE AGGREGATE : Fine aggregate will be crusher run screenings, natural sand or both. They will consist of the fraction passing 2.8 mm sieve and retained on 90 micron sieve

FILLER : The filler shall be cement or stone dust

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE

TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS

Engineers : 2 Surveyors : 3 Supervisors : 4 Labourers : 20 - 25 String levels : 100 nos. Grader : 1 Dumper 20 T capacity : 6 nos. Roller Compactor : 1 no. Edge cutter : 1 no.

Structure of road

Structural Elements of Road.

Safety standards followed(during construction)

During construction they followed these mandatory safety standards. Safety helmets and safety shoes Hand gloves were compulsory Safe working methods were deployed to the best of they can. Safety goggles were compulsory for person dealing with welding

works. Sufficient Fire Extinguishers available near the critical areas of site.

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All the machine operators must have the necessary license to operate, and get it renewed every 6 months after carrying out the necessary test.

Proper fencing panels and proper lockable gates were provided.

First aid booth were available. Proper material storage yard had been provided. Drinking water facility was available. Proper security guard cabins at gates. Regular checks and maintenance of all the equipments

used on site. Proper storage of diesel cylinders and gas cylinders. Proper sign boards and warning boards at required

places.

safety accessories

Safety features on Highway

They have provided safety barriers for proper judgment of driver so that car does not slip. They provided it according to NHAI/MoRTH Circulars.

They have provided traffic signs colour, configuration, size and location of road signs according to IRC: 67-2001.

They have provided sodium light at a distance of 25m c/c on both side of divider.

They have also provided road delineators near toll collection booth as per IRC code.

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They have also provided 8 m wide service road at both sides of the highway for the emergency.

They have provided rest area at a distance of 40 km as per IRC code having width of 7 m and length of 100 m.

Pavement Maintanance System1) Visual Inspections

2) Daily Road Patrols

3) Detailed Inspections Surface Distress Road Roughness Rutting Strength