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June 19, 2012 society in the Middle ages:
a subsistence economy (live to survive, grow or trade for what you need; justenough to get by)
very localized communities, decentralization primarily rural increasing decline of the Roman Empire and the barbarians who increasingly
attack the Roman Empire, so in the 5th century Rome is sacked and then led to
the middle ages
barbarians - because the men had barbs on their face, has a beard in otherwords
the Vandals were a group in particular who were infamous, because just wanted todestroy and ended up destroying the Empire
Unkulos, was a relative of a caesar, Reish Lakish another ger and was gladiatorbefore
In 330 C.E. Constantine decides to change the official religion with its capital inConstantinople and becomes Byzantine, the western empire falls shortly
practiced Eastern orthodox - was really Greek orthodox which spread toRussia where Russian was the language so Russian orthodoxy developed
and only difference is language emperor was the head of the church fall of western roman empire had no leader of state so no leader of roman
catholicism, so the bishop of rome became a more important figure and
ultimately became the pope diff between the two:
priests in roman catholic church cant marry; nuns are inroman catholic church; have an alter- substantiation and
communion; performed before a congregation yeshka was a
single son; mary never died eastern church: priests can marry not really a concep t of
celibacy; adopt that the priest is like a cohen gadol so the
congregation doesnt see what the priest does because done
behind the screen with pictures of their saints; yeshak had
brothers
armeaneans are very similar to jews no seperation betweenchurch and state and ethnicity,etc cant be an armenean and
have another religion or cant be a member of the
armeanean church without being armeanean
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in 632 CE Muhammad dies and his successors leaves arabia, when he did livethere was a large Jewish community, took on a lot from judaism - much more
closely related
with Islam spreading, the Byzantine Empire stays around at the end of the Byzantine Rule the Ottoman Turks took over ruled until WWI
during the middle ages have the system below manorial system - manor have three feild system to allow for fertile soil because one is lying fallow serdom have commons medaows - grazing land
before winter kill the majority of the animals and salt the meat this meat is mostly for the lord because serfs cant afford it lord owns everything, so whatever services you get you pay the lord - to
hunt, to fish,
get enough to eat but everything thats surplus goes to the lord, and theserfs are taxed with what was grown, have to pay a tithe, taxes for
improvements for the manor
lords role was to provide a safety net for the serfs- stocks the food,obligation of the lord in bad times to feed the serfs,
marriage is regulated on the manor, you have to turn to the Lord whodetermines when and if you marry - depends upon age
need to keep the population steady, want to prevent over population faith is important for everyone,
feudalism lords who command the troops and vassals
vassal swears alligence to the lord and will fight and defend hislord really the serfs
not simply the serfs because you have manors of different size (canhave one or many) the larger the manor, the larger amount of land,
the more serfs meaning the more vassals so have a larger selection
and more of possibility of a more powerful army
the weaker lords will turn to the stronger ones and will say wewant you as our overlord for military purposes
at some point can go beyond the simple system of a manor when you have greater security now you can allow cities to develop
provided that their is security over a larger area
two types of people that live in the towns: merchants who bring goods in and out craftsman - produce a specific product
organize themselves in guilds
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apprentice to the masters (teachers) journey man is certified to produce but under the masters
and goal is to be a master guilds determine how much it will cost, how much will be
produced, etc.
people who live in these towns are burgers or bourgeois walled towns/cities people who live in the town pay taxes and whatever is required to
the lord
communal oven another option is to join the church will get food, education, etc have an idea of common law wife, who they would have children with
considered bastards priests in charge of a congregation
responsibilities: lead mass, practice the baptism, give out communion (wine isblood, wafer is body - transubstantiation), help the people read etc
indulgences - worst the sin the higher the payment lead to building of cathedrils and palaces for the higher rankings
monks transcribe documents, music, the educated intellectual ones to have a cathedral you need a bishop lot of saints, a person who is a holy person who is believed to have performed miracles,
specific people tied with these specific needs so you pray to them to get you help often if
you're cured you would give a donation in the name of the saint to the church
church treasury between the offerings, tithes, and indulgences became a wealthyinstitution
during this time the arabs were in a golden era university originally was to teach theology, for those who want to become priests, mostly
traditions then judge and lawyers - law at that time was canon law so had to learn the
theology doctors train administrators and accountants in government tassels have to do with the hierarchy of the church
church has the concept of scholasticism ways the church tells the people how to relate to the world and the way to think certain abstract priciples which were handed down to the church by the divine,
innner reality and the church works in deductive reasoning (modern day we use
inductive reasoning we build up)
says that your senses can deceive you, seeing isnt believing, there is no truereality it can be a distortion
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church taught to be wary of the jews they deceive you sensual world can lead you astray - inner essence is what is important papal infallibility -pope cant be wrong
the cardinal college elects the pope but really the guiding spirit to choosethe pope is god
as universities develop, heresies show up groups who emerge to challenge the church crusades against the heretics pope controls numerous lands and armies, overlord successful in containing the heresies until Luther
June 21 pope is king over vatican, over Papal states, interest in political intrigue, has an army, etc
the secular and religious duties may come into conflict
principle of investiture - situation in which the pope delegates from his poweronto an individual giving him an appointment
pope appoints all higher ranking officials and because each one come fromdifferent countries can have conflicts between originally lord/king and
pope
these officials now have duty towards the pope Charlemagne in 800 was the first major ruler in the middle ages
able to create a large kingdom which he calls the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) largest kingdome since the Ancient Roman Empire calls it holy because ancient rome was pagan and hes catholic ruled over france germany and north of Italy after he died it fell apart decides he wants the pope to crown him - if the pope crowns him then its
saying that divine is blessing him
it puts the pope in the position to coerce the king - can ask for moneybefore the coronation, could make him subordinate, etc
this starts creating greater and greater tension between rulers and pope by the 10th century hugh amt of corruption; popes position was being bought by 13 century pope is at peak of his power
can enforce church decisions by using the army and then will get otherkings armies to support him
the arabs captured many areas of the byzatine empire and the emperor felt thatthey needed help to not lose more territory to the muslims
thought if he told the catholics that the muslims are desicrating holy spots byzantine emperor was head of their church agreed to do this starting the crusades, felt that if they were kicking out
non believers in other areas should do that in Europe
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called gzerot Shoom - shpiro, worms, and mainz (all jews weremassacred)
an illusions to it in haggadat pesach shfoch magalotgoyim and the tfillah we say in Yom Kippur, and in the
kinos
when the crusaders do come and take over the christains they massacre alljews and muslims who were united against them
first stops for the crusaders will be constantinople the empire doesnt realize that by the fact constantinople are greek
orthodox and therefore theyre heretics so the crusaders massacre
the inhabitants of constantinople and pillage the city
until this day there is a schisms between the orthodox and thecatholics
pope says there can be no taxation on church property or clergy without the permission ofhte pope
war ends up happening between france and england - borders arent set english and french royal families marry into one another the french royal family ends up dying out the closest relatives ended up being english so the english begin to claim territory in france a queen of france then married an english king who owned land and wanted to
take that land with her
brittany is an area of france that used to be englished the french
one of hte papal states was in southern france adn the capitol was avignon adn the pope isconvinced by the french king to move from rome to avignon
papal state is totally surrounded by france and to move in and out he has to gothrough france
ultimately the french king sees that the popes will all be french the popes end up staying there from 1309-1378 for 69 years the popes arent
living in the city they should be (Babylonian CAptivity) this galus makes them feel degraded when the official church gets back to rome (pressures were exerted and it
was agreed upon that the pope should go back to rome) its time to pick
another pope
problems with the elections because everyone wants to have someone theycan work and manipulate in all sorts of ways and form 1378-1415 (almost
forty years) is known as the great schism
there are election and two-three popes are ruling at the same time
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when someone is converted to catholicism even if its forced, thereis no going back and if you go back to your old one then you
become a heretic not just a non believer
lead to moranos(church calls them that) (anusim in hebs) inquisition was a body of the catholics, and was meant for
catholic heretics but then moved onto the jews a lot of these conversos would have one son to be a priest
to cover them up
interesting tradition we know about wanted to maintainpidyon haben and they would do it with a converso priest
one of the popes in the great schism is speculated to havebeen a converso
emergence of heresies Abagancians denied that j was god, didnt like the pictures on the cross, believe in
the bible, read it in hebrew, were crusaded against and it took 20 years toeliminate them 1209-1229
in 15th century the hussites emerge in the czech republic and called that becausetheir founder and leader was jan hus, focused on the old testament in hebs leads
them to kashrus and shchita
church adopted the terms of a flock of sheep because j was known as alamb because he was sacrificed for all their sins the hussites dont want to
use that terminology and refer to themselves as a gaggle of geese in the 15th centure john wycliff lived in oxford in England and at the end of 1380
he translated into english
church didnt like this because layman can now read the bible felt that there doesnt need to be an intermidiary between a person and j
thomas kempis said htat s long as an individual that finds solitude in his soul hecan communicate with the one above wihtout language
church sets up the inquisition to get rid of these people and is already fairly activein the 13th century
when the heretics were doing what they were doing then they were called ajudiazing sect so then the jews became a focus of the inquisition
by the 13th century the inqisition changes the rules - wasnt oging to be involvedin internal affairs of the jews but their presence leads to others heresey so there is
a public burning in paris 1242
felt entitled to burn the talmud because claim that its blasphemous because of ideaof mamzer of j
bubonic plague parents left sick kids, left for the nuns and the friars were left to take care of them,
people werent getting christain burials, etc
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the disease spread throughout europe and killed 25 million people in five yearskilled of the population of europe
puzzling to the people because didnt know it was transmited by fleas, and duringwinter the fleas go into dormancy so suddenly come winter it seems that its gone
but then spring comes and the fleas start up again and it resumes continued for centuries but not as terrible as the first five years felt it was a punishment from above,
either people would constantly repent or others would just enjoy life andnot obide by their morals
growing suspicion of anyone who is foreign because know that it camefrom merchants coming to europe
theory that the jews poisin the wells because they want revenge becausethey were persecuted
jews are arrested in germany and torture them until confession that theystarted it
in 1348 geneva communities determine that all jews from the ages of 7
and up must be destroyed but under that age they will be spared over 300
jewish communities were destroyed by their neighbors all over europe
the pope came out and condemmed what was happening this disease isaffecting everyone everywhere so the jews arent responsible for this but
hte locals were looking to scapegoat someone bc it was intolerable
jews cant work, jews are still within europe and work as merchants at(stage one) from the times of charlemagne who wanted to trade with the
arabs and sent three people off to the arab empire indep: one being the jew
isaac suppose to make contact with the caliph in baghdad of the three onlyone comes back who brings many gifts back and hte jew issac only
survives because jews were in baghdad - when relations are established
the catholics kick out the jews from this business, jews only do the tasks
that other dont want to or dont know how to
during the middle ages jews become the money lenders, they set up pawnshops, ppl would bring objects of wealth and would get money with the
worth of the item and would have to give it back when they were ready to
pay it back, but if htey dont in time the jews could sell it
June 26, 2012 kahal is self containing unit, takes care of the mikvah, cemetery, then shul
have to ameliorate the lord to ensure safety, but always feared getting kicked outand never knew when that would be
would be a chief rabbi who would be elected by the electors who were prominent menand a shamash
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the beit din took care of all legal matters; halachic issues (weights, ritual law, disturbingthe peace, and even the issue of where you sat in shul)
electors had titles of either moreinu or chaver to get married you need to put in a request to the kehila, and those who arent
contributing intellectually or financially they will have a diff time getting married all the land and the buildings belong to the church or lord, jews cant own property or
land, kehilla is entitled to use the home, meaning the place you live is given to you but
the kehilla really is responsible for it
cherem is possible but unlikely, if you are put into cherem you will not survive unlessyou find another kehilla to accept you
blood libels (1141) , matza is made from gentile babies blood, jews would be accusedof this during pesach usually when a gentile baby is sick or the christains owuld bury a
dead child in jewish area around this time
would do it around easter time and say that jews wanted to recreate crucificationof j so they would steal a baby and torture the baby and kill hte baby use hte bloodfor matzah
church wants to keep pontius pilot a good person so made it that the jews want j to becrucified
in 1215 the desecration of the host, jews would make holes in the host rejecting thebody of j working for the devil and they are evil
Jewish badge - church decides that jews are so dangerous to the unsuspecting catholic sothey must now wehre distinguishing clothing so catholics knows who jews are and stay
away from them
church needs to find some justification so the church immediately seizes upon apasuck fom the torah: the passuk that describes tzitzis
so they have to where a yellow circle on their clothing and jewish men wearpointy hats
jews were represented as witches in fairy tales because of the pointy hat,big hook noses, potions, always evil etc
hansel and gretel who want to be eaten by witches (jews who want to eatthe children)
renaissance: means rebirth humanism: significance of hte individual and his ability to shape and control his
world
sculptures were used for church for saints etc and paintings also artists werent artist rather they were artisans
in middle ages perspective is unimportant (visual perception) face is important not body because not for arts sake rediscovery of roman sculpture who were had very accurate and well done
naked sculptures and the perfection of the human body
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emergence of patrons who are wealthy individuals primarily merchants renassaince began in italian city states because there is an expansion of trade
people cant indivudally commune with the divine, but there were people who weregeniuses so why in religion can that person be unable to create that direct relationship
15th century kabbalah becomes important it's a way to connect with a higher power and help control their future, by
understanding some of the mystical secrets helping guarantee future success catholics begin to study kabbalah from jews, and a revival of interest in hebs
development of the sciences and growth of knowledge move towards exploration of other parts of the world
ottoman turks destroy the byzantine empire part of the huge success of the italian city states is because of hte byzantine empire, but
now the ottomans want to estab a supremacy of the med sea
italian city states will realize that they cant use the med sea the way they did inthe past, now its the ottoman sea so if they want to continue trading with the fareast will have to find alternative routes
initially the countries who will emerge will be the ones that face onto diff bodiesof water - portugal, spain, etc
portugal king Henry the Navigator begins to support routes that go aroundafrica
long proccess and the cape of good hope isnt always open because ofstorms
columbus sails to the new world in 1492 columbus initally asks the spanish to fund his voyage, but the spainards says the
treasury is empty after fighting the muslims when he tries again after the expulsion of the jews in spain so now they
have the money to fund his trip
his voyage is extrememly risky need to know how long it would take and need to have an idea
because of food and water supply
lands on what is known as the island of hispanola which is owned by thedominican republic and haiti
when he returns he brings back gifts things that will excite the europeansto try to get them to finance future expeditions
findings: corn (maize), potatoes corn is very hearty and resistant to diseases and problems
of drought - good to feed animals and now dont have to
slaughter them before the winter cuz could feed them
potatoes will be grown in any type of soil and become astaple of the european diet
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when they decided to colonize the west they decided that it was a similar climateto asia so wanted to grow different things they would get from asia
cotton, sugar (can make rum now),, etc not as much of population control because new colonies, have more fertilizer, have more
animals, so pop grows and different attitude emerging towards trade and a new economic
system develops: mercantilism
the general position is that every country should increase their exports andlimiting their imports (specif mother countries)
by doing so the hope is that the country will be able to collect and reign inprecious metals and in this new economic system money is regarded as
wealth versus land
land will decrease in value foreign trade is stressed over domestic trade raw materials are brought in from the colonies and finished goods are exported to
the colonies mother country to colony will be an exclusive relationship
July 2 first ghetto was in Venice in the late 16th century
ghetto means iron factory, it was transformed into a jewish area jews lived there because it was a central location to travel to be merchants space was extremely valuable so if you need to utilize every single space in a
building, so no more hallways had to go through other peoples apt to another one
buildings are constantly added to space between buildings is extremely narrow jews were pawnbrokers in italy, money lending is meant by that
poorer non jews bringing things of value to the jewish pawn broker whogives them some money and the item being collateral
division between the italani and the jews that come from beyond the mountains(ultra montani) (from north africa)
the community ends up with special people: sforno, hebrew printing press 1518, conditions are wonderful for jews until the protestatn reformation/catholic counter
reformation
the papal states decide that all the jews will be forced out of the areas they live inthey move to one of two ghettos in rome and ancona (1555)
conditions worsten when the jews were forced into the ghettos especially theroman ghetto
set hours when ghettos were open and closed, sewage problems, congestion, etc roman ghetto lasts longest deal with the old clothes trade, peddlers, alot of the occupations they could work
in are no longer able to do so
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community is impoverished jews forced to listen to the sermens were meant to listen to sermons in a church on
shabbat which were meant to convert them jews found a way to make it easier (from ages on 12 and on had to go) so
the jews start making ear plugs out of wax and stuff their ears so would sit
there and would just sit
on the church there was hebrew inscribed with a pasuk the catholics use toprove j was the messiah
was a special instituion the house of catacumens which is the house of theconverts, a half way house, the jews that had enough who decided to
convert would go there, jewish community had to pay the bill for that
house
florence, sienna, verona, and different city states decide to ghetto-ize their jews protestant reformation
holland becomes calvanist after fighting with the spanish in 1615 it was beingdebated whether jews should be let in (reside in a community)
restricted to contact with christains, no public office, selected jews in becausethey can be useful economically
also be obliged to listen to sermons come from spain/portugal and return to the jewish faith with prayers with low
profile
by 1657 holland recognizes jews as citizens, but cant hold any sort of publicoffice, no entry into guilds, etc
apologetics apologize for your cause, jewish written works that were written for
gentiles to explain jewish cutoms and show that they are of the highest
moral and ethical standard and important humanistic works hebrew customs - jews were referred to as ivrim, defense on oral she beal pe in 1638 in venice which marks a departure from apologetics and
takes a diff perspective of the jews and to show that wherever jews
are invited to reside the surrounding society experiences economic
success whereas the societies that expells jews their economic
power declines and is written by simone luzzato (Ramchals family
member)
livorno - the ruler was takenby luzzatos work and decided to invite the jews tosettle in his city state, and made it clear in the livornino (document) assuring the
jews there will be no ghetto or restrictions
Roger Williams
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started providence (RI), and said that the govt wrote about that relig is a personaldecision and should not be apart of the govt all people should have freedom of
religion and advocates relig freedom for jews, pagans, muslims
with that attitude he was told to leave england and create a colony because itboards on criminal
if you were living in Massachussettes bay colony and werent puritan would tellyou to get out
usually colonies were religion based maryland was for catholics
in 1689 John Locke almost word for word says what williams says and argues that religaffiliation should have no bearing upon civil rights
insists that jews should have full freedom of worship and synagogues 1655 period of intense messianic longings, general feeling throughout europe that the
people are living in messianic times (xtians) jews are also affected (shabtai tzvi)
Shabtai Tzvi ended up converting to islam (threatened to be killed or convert) so hadfollowers who really believed in him and converted but still kept jewish traditions very
secretive and want to be viewed as turkish muslims called donmeh
louis brandeis was one with the messianic ages they wanted the jews to go back to israel and the way to do it is
by gathering them, josiah child helped allow the jews to come into engladn and was the
president the east india company and invovled in the colonizing the new world
jews are important because they have capital and excellent source of businnessalso jews will always be loyal because jews had so few places to
Josaiah child sees the success of the dutch so wants the same and brings in jews endenization - from endemic (intergral part of something) making people who
come in from another country and making them fit in (we use naturalize)
jews still not civilly involved, but are worthwhile so hes a strong advocate ofjews and argues against those who dont want jews in england
money will stay jews so the anti-semites would say they might get enough of whatthey want so they will leave
Edict of Nantes is canceld in 1685 by Louis XIV so huguenots had to leave france ; didthis because he wants to have as much power as possible and because they werent apart
of catholic church he didnt have as much power over them
decided to try to move to england, and would integrate into english society moreeasily and so will their money
John toland naturalizing jews, is an englightenment figure (1714) and we find that the debate
is spreading to other european countries, how in general how countries should
treat their jews
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jews being given certain rights which are natural who are born in a specific place;wants to draw foreign jews
clear that he doesnt advocate giving the same status as protestants in england not yet ready to talk about seperation as church and state jews occupying an intermediary position within society (some limited rights for
the foreign jews because he wants to bring in jews to help the colonies)
rejects catholics in to england quotes luzzato in his arguments somewhat sympathetic, however not accepted throughout europe
Christian Wilhelm von dohm reformation and regeneration of the jews hes view is accepted in most european countries jews need to prove themelves and a way of denying jews rights because its an all
or nothing thing applied in hte Austrohungarian empire
jews saddled with obligations and nothing in returnmidtermclass is 1-5 and 7 read that material
Final on:
Age of absolutism monarchy ; divine right of kings - divine chooses them goes from father to son
lords, regional government isnt happy because he takes away their taxes towards theiroffices/manors
July 5 Joseph II of Austro-hungarian emp based system on meritocracy, abolishes feudal dues
and serfdom, no preferential treatment to clergy in form of taxes (I think) now can buy land from land owners at reasonable costs the peasants will be free to marry who they want to
creates hospital, insane asylum, parks and gardens to the public, poorhouses, foodshelters (sorta), impose a single land tax (graduated income tax- nobles and church pay
more), cancel all local govt owers and traditions to ensure localization og govt in vienna going to redivide the empire into thirteen equal sections and doest take into
consideration relig/ethicity (were all circles)
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german now is the official language reduce the power of the pope in the Austro-Hungarian emp, no foreigners giving orders
to clergy patent of tolerance, no more yellow badge for the jews, and the body tax was abolished
(when people who raised livestock
no more yellow badge for the jews, and the body tax was abolished (people who raisedlivestock when they decided to move them to the market and at that stage they take them
to the slaughter house and would sell animals for meat consumption as you went from
distrcit to district, the person generally had to pay a tax per animal, jews now paid
________) had to adopt german names, no longer be able to use hebrew adn yiddish to keep records
of any sort, had to use german, had to join the army, had to go to german schools,
encouraged to attend university (until numerous clausus was instituted which meant jews
were restricted to be accepted)
no rights are given just obligations and the kehilla is gone now time of moses mendelson - geiger promotes reformation though when Joseph II dies at a young age Leopold II takes over and abolishes the reforms Great BRitain - Queen Elizabeth I rules england after winning the civil war after her
sister mary queen of scots was killed (who stayed a devout catholic)
house of tudor (Elizabeth; officially ends after Henry the VIII) and the house ofStuart (Mary - her son James I)
James I absolutist monarch wiht the divine right of kings and wants to make his abosoluteruling clear -parliment cant press him on issues that they know will get a no answer, and
he wont agree to any idea of checks and balances
parlimentary immunity - elected to office you automatically you get thisautomatically, you have freedom of speech and cant be arrested or pressured to
vote according to your conscious and if you commit a crime you cant be
arressted or tried until you have be voted to see if your immunity is taken away
King JAMES bible from this period and its a protestant bible decided if he didnt get what he wanted from parliment he would dissolve it, and
according to hte rules of that period, if the king wanted to increase taxes/salary parliment
had to agree to the increase and we find that there are times that parliment refuses
charles I takes over and he is even possibly worst, 1625-1649 and his rule ends violently decides to force taxes and parliment is very upset wants to impose church of england on scots which is grounds for an uprising and
declare war, many puritans are sitting on parliment so not going to take it kindly
and the issue goes to parliment syaing he needs money to put down the uprising in
scottland and endgland is plunged into civil war ultimately in 1649 the king is
executed and
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oliver cromwell declares engalnd to be a republic (abolishes house of lords, only thecommons, allows jews in,
dictator and his control of the country will end upon his death i 1660 at this time english are done wiht the puritains and are even willing to invite the house of
stuart back and charles II becomes the king of england (stuart restoration - return to
anglicanism) toleratnt of catholics in the country James II takes over - daughter of James II marries William of Orange fear of not having a son but James II did but hte parliment are done iwht haveing a
catholic king so asks william and mary to come back adn rule
wiht conditions: king now cannnot dissolve parliment, king isnt allowed tosuspend the law, a bill of rights (basically one) and if willing to accept it then they
will become the next kinga nd queen which is what happenes james II flees to france, and this revolution is bloodless is known as the glorious
revolution key aspects o fbill of rights: all subjects of the country and the parliment are
allowed to petition the king; right to bear arms - only protestants, cant keep a
strong army in time of peace unless have permission becomes a parliamentary
monarchy
advanced political system 1689 the house of orange comes into power and dies out eventually when the puritains settle in the new world see it as the new holy land The englightenment
fromm 17th-18th centuries coinsides with the scientific revolutionJuly 12
Philosophes: all deists, John locke english philosophe, tabula rasa, against absolutism, believes in
seperation of church and state, all thigns should be based on reason adn not
intuition, things can be illogical/non-reasonable, based on sci method Voltaire - educated by the jesuits and left their beliefs, likes the english, impresed
by the checks and balances system in england and their bill of rights, everything
he stresses for england he is indirectly criticising france, i may disagree with u
but will stand for the right for you to say it, wants to save morality from the
narrow mind of relig, phould have total control have to adapt themslves to the
state - so state should have total control in regards to jews: jews cant be improved - always alien and can never be
reformed,
religion: attacks the catholic clergy - while natural relig (studying naturallaws to belive in god) vs artificial (state relig/ relig that mans created for
himself) creates all types of cruelty
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the pagan religs recognized gd for what he is, other than the catholics whoonly use htis aspect to kill those who arent catholic
certain states will attack another country when the other country isbecoming more powerful/successful, voltair says imitate them rather than
fight them
montesque: was a baron, writes a book that criticizes france but does it in a way he could not be
incarcerated called The Persian Letters about two persians visiting
france and their letters, in their letter montesque says france is just like
persia (persia have a despot ruler, and in france absolutism, etc)
in the spirit of the Laws tries to show how various structure and govtinstitutions and how they affect society, those countries which have a
republic (a system of govt without a king e.g., cromwells republic in
england). there is a spirit of virtue, but in systems when you have a
monarchy honor is what guide people and when you have a system ofdespotism everyone is scared because you have no idea what can happen
to you
Denise Diderot - spread the ideas of the englightenment, compiler of theencyclopedia
in his encyclopedia there are many essays/articles which are there toexplain the principle of the englightenment and the philosophes goals, so
by using reason one can progress towards progress - instill values and
principles of the enlightenment there were 17 volumes that took 21 years
decideds to but cannabalism near the transubstantiation (the euchrist) John Jacques Rosseau - attacks the idea of privilige and stresses that all humanity
is good adn hte importance of feeling and is hte most utopian of all the
philosophes , against social inequality, and legitimite govt comes from the people
and a nation should be united by their general will and bound by mutual
realtionship vs a forced one , the idea of a contract between a govt and the people
life liberty and property is what the govt has to protect these adn the people
need to be loyal to the govt if the govt doesnt obey by their responsbility the
people then are allowed to express their grivences and need to respond to the
demands of hte people, if the govt doesnt change or react to the people then they
can try to replace the govt they are perfectly in their rights women and men are inherently different
Mary wolstonecraft (shelly) - English, comes out against rosseau and his idea ofinequality of men and women and the aim of society to try to perfect our nature
and reach the pursuit of happiness; relations between the sexes should be based on
equality, women were the property of their fathers and then their husbands
children were to the husband, the reason for differences are environmental and
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educated to be dependent and seductive in order to get their husbands, education
needs to promote liberty and self-reliance, everyonne should have educatoin and
earn a living - women having political rights
relig is a private matter, gd is not involved in the world - deism arent abolitionists, even tho they believe in equality through the printed word they spread their ideas, book clubs, marquee de Condorcet - a confident vision of the future
perfectibility of man cant be stop and it is indefinite - science can onlybring progress and benefits, destroy the inequality between nations, and
within nations equality of classes, and ultimately real improvement of
man, war is the more awful thing but man is movie towards an end to all
war (utopian) what is most important for nations is the idea of security and
not power, has to be equal participation regarding benefits, peoples
attitudes need to be friendlier towards foreigners and ultimitly there will
be a brotherhood of all nations exploration of the pacific late 18th and early 19th century
went to tahiti, and the europeans discover the natural paradise the europeanswill take over and the simplistic life styles flies away
spanish america was finally studied most important is that years later influenced darwin to go to galapagos islands Captain James cook dicovers new zeland known at that time as new holland, also
discovers hawaii (orig cook islands), coast of antartica,
american revolution inspiried by the englightenment and which then inspiried othereuropean countries
in 1763 the seven years war (french-indian war) ended and the british govtdecided that the colonies need to pay for their defence higher taxes,
no taxation without representation the townsend acts was an indirect one but it infuriated the colonists on
certain imports gets repealled the british take an important step, in order to show that parliment
has power and the right to tax they taxed tea which was a
monopoly granted to the east india company and there was a
danger of bankrupcy and so have a tax on tea for the americas and
they become extremely upset
continental congress created and even had a place to havenegotiations iwht the british - colonist will refuse to export british
goods until the conviniences are fulfilled, british didnt come forth
with any proposals - before anythign happens lexington and
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concord happens (colonists are protesting and the brits are there
adn a gun is shot war outbreaks)
hessians were the german english mercenaries, and come from thegerman state hessa (british monarchy is german at this point)
american colonies were divided (to the point of between familieswere divided)
lafayette was sent by the french with troops and without his helpthe americans would have lost
battle of saratoga was the key battle adn hte first battle thathte americans won that created the treaty to work with the
french
they not only send supply, money, arms, and frenchsoldiers and sailors (Franco-American forces)
french send their fleet adn they want to bottle up the britishand create blockades to prevent the soldiers to get on shipsto get to battles, and at this stage the french have a very
good fleet that could challenge the british there (cornwallis
the british commander ends up being bottled up in
yorktown and outnumbered and has to surrenderred to the
colonies in 1781)
then peace talks in paris in 1783 and america is officiallyrecognized
issues with trading after the war and the united states goes into amajor post war depression
articles of confederation - each states retained a great deal ofpower, would be an indep country of sorts work together in a
confederation (over defense, foreign policy, etc) recognized that it
would be too troublesome so decide to have states rights in certain
areas but will create a federal system of govt where there will be a
division of power (some for federal and some for the state)
constant ongoign struggle between states rights vs federalrights
France is finding itself in a very desperate situation, it is on the verge ofbankrupcy - american revolution is very problematic becasue of the debt and the
general tax system in france three estates:
first is the church - made up of less than 1% of the population andown up to 15% of french land adn dont pay tax
second is nobles less than 2% of pop and own about 20% of land the third is the rest of the population own 40% of the land in france
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(king owns the rest of hte land) increasingly there is a terrible tax
July 17-19 Jew looked down upon on Alsace-Lorraine, because of occupation and religion Was an essay contests the top three winners; one was a jew the number one winner was
abe gregouir (a monk) who said that to reform the jews need to treat them better In the 17th century france needed to reform the tax system Abe Seyeh (monk who belongs to the first estate) and speaks on behalf of the third estate
saying that the third and first are one in the same (as with the second), he also discusses
the voting because each estate gets one vote, but not fair because the largest proportion of
the population is in the third estate and says that each delegate should get a vote Louis xvi is getting nervous when he hears this All of this is happening in Versaillessafe there, wants to be sure that he can control and
remain in control where as in paris he can more easily get stormed and loose control
Louis xiv removes the body tax
Third estates declares itself as the national essembly and invie members of the other two
estates to join with themsome members of the first estates mainly the poor priests (who
relate more the the third estate) join and some of the nobles join (tend to be more
idealistic) The king now decides enough is enough The king dismisses them and they strom into the tennis court, where they make the tennis
court ath where they swear that they will not leave until a constituation was written He legalizes the national assembly but hten increases the guards around versailled Marie Antoinette speaks to her husband and advises him to fire Necker because she says
he brings upon all of these issues, and as a result the people of paris get very nervous andthere are lots of rumors and talk about the ways things will develop
The poor people of paris are getting nervous, because they fear that the king willdeclare a state of emergency and set up marshall law and try to crush what has been
accomplished thus far France is still facing bankruptcy and this situation may worsten their situation (food
shortages, etc) Rumors that the king is storing huge amounts of weapons in the bastilleand if so
he is prob going to use them on the people Also talk that there is a lot of activity in the bastille because the prison officials were
being told that there will be a huge influx of prisoners because the king will arrest all the
people who were involved with these political movements On July 14 thousands of people break in, raize it, release all the prisoners, and find that
there arent many prisoners or weapons Marks the beginning of the French revolution July 14th 1789
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After these events the king hires necker back, this is refered to as the moderate stage andlasts until 1792
People decide to change the flag, before then it was the symbol of the bourbon flag with alilly in the center, the flag now is the tri-color flag
They create a national guard who is led by Lafayettemade up of the middle and lowerclass
Unlike the army the generals were nobles The next perios is the great fear The nobles fear that the peasants will try to take away all of their holdings Decide on August the 4 in the assembly that they officially announce that they will
give up all the privileges of the nobles and the church and now the feudal structure is
abolished Adopts the decleration of the rights of man and citizen o Ineliable rights, liberty, property, equality
o French are using the American version and modifying it as they see fit
o Security and protection of society, protection of his personal property o No slavery Olympe de Gouges in 1791 she comes out with the declaration of the rights of women She is self educated Came from a very poor family and becomes a talented woman Demands that women are entitled to an education, should be able ot own property,
should be allowed to divorce Royalists wanted to remain with the king, girondists were in the middle class and wanted
little govt interference because they want to pursue their economic pursuits, Jacobins
for the poor want social programsa dn the govt to actively work to improve the situationfor the middle class (centralized)
When the American revolution is overin order ot be able to vote you had to own landand pay lots of taxes
Jews werent in the national assembly, and was a debate if jews were considered in thedecleration of man and citizen
Bishop of Nancydoesnt want to give them rights because feel that it will not be inthe best interests because in AlsaceLorraine their hated, people complain that they buy
the most beautiful houses, speculate that they may own all the property, they corner the
market, so clever at taking possession of everything, people speculate that the ejws will
take over the church positions Abe morreysays that because of their religion the jews were aliened to france and
their evil dispositions they never can improve Clermont Tonnerre (Count Slanimaou)sympathetic to the Jews and is a
revolutionary, part of the second estate, and is in favor for giving jews equal rights he
comes up with a specific type of position for jews, the jews should be denied everything
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as a nation, but granted everything as individuals they must be citiens. It is claimed that
they dont want to be citizensand thus are excluded. But cant be one nation within
another nation. It is intolerable that the jews should eb come their own class or party, if
they dont want to become citizens then they should tell us ad we should expel them o Kehilla structure will have ot be abolished, cant be self contained they will
individually be citizens but will loose their status as a separate entity Durig this the pesants attacked all the jews (during the great fear they destroyed all
these record books) decide to destroy the records of how much money they owe the jews January 28, 1790 recognizing the Jews of Avignon and SEpharidim, because they are
regarded as acculturated French men, not like the Alsace-lorraine who speak Yiddish and
not like Frenchmen and have no rights (Sephardim say dont connect us with the Alsace
lorrain Jews) September 3, 1791 all jews now are given citizenryConsititution of France is now
written and garauntees all citizens are given freedome of religion, can get an occupation,
etc Jews cant be persecuted written specifically done
Rabbi Sashus Portugese Rabbi in New York and they daven for the Jews in France Representative of Alsace Lorraine, Isaac Bernow they have to reform and
regenerate themselves and comes out with so many promisesJews will now speak
French, trade schools will open, jews will become farmers, more or less hteyw ill just
remain in the occupations they are in but will improve their situation French still fear how the king will respond and decide that the women and children of the
lower class of paris are going to march from paris to Versailles (the baker and the bakers
wife) back to Paris and will now live there in the Touliere and will have much greater
control over themgot stuck and had to move to paris Now france is a constituational monarchy with a one house legislature, only people with
money can voteeed to pay taxes to vote Everything up until now was done at versailles The women and children also marched because wanted the price of food to go down The assembly will adopt laws that will go against catholocismtake away church land
(naturalize), want to turn all the church officials in france into civil servants and swear an
oath of allegiance to the state, no more investatures, etc Prob is that only 52% are willing to take the oath and in western france where there
are a lot of religious peasants are very upset Louis xvi takes note about what is going on - that now there are pockets of people
who are going against it now, lots of nobles are fearful of loosing everything so there is
the flight of princes and nobles out of the country (opposed to the revolution and now try
to stir up opposition in other countries) Louis xvi decides that now he may have a chance to turn things around
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The austro Hungarians are very concerned about what is going on and the emperor ismarie antoinettes brother who comes out with a declaration says that if the mmonarchy
in france is t hreatened this will mean war with france So luois xvi decides to disguise himself wive and children and try to escape by the border
and now brought back to paris completely humiliated Two parties now the girondines and the Jacobins Jacobins slogan liberty, equality, fraternity April 1792 France declares war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire and are loosing battles,
it has to be traitors inour midsts because we are loosing, the king has to be the traitor, The middle class is too small so cant have so much of an affect, stillt he peasants arent
getting what they need So in 1792 they move into the radical position after storming the castle in Paris Radical stage 1792-95 Reactionary 1795-99
Napoleon seizes power 1799
People decide to put louis xvi on trial for treason and is convicted and then guillotined Guillotine was amuch more psychologically easier death because had many ropes with a
screen so no one actually knows who killed htem dd Girondist are taken out by the Jacobins (the mountain with the more extreme left) in 1793
a very democratic consitution was written where universal sufferage was written but
never gos into effect, rather the reign of terror begins A war dictatorship begins because fighting war with all of their neighbors, and put
the country into a state of emergency so create committees for police security etc Robspiere and Dantone rule the party but Robespierre wants to get rid of him and
does so Problem with the French economy and currenty and start to print paper money, not
so effective Lots of people are arrested if under suspicion for anything and will executed
including marie antointeetee A new calender is created with a new week consisting of ten days o Get away from the church, religion is outlawed , o A new cult is declared which is the supereme being o All church activites are closed down o Idea of the worship of the godess of reason o Notre dam is closed down and all official church activites are forbiddon o No shuls no yeshivas no smicha whatever is done is in secret Army starts to do better But now that france is doing well perhaps we can lift this stae of emergency ; marshall
law In July of 1975 they arrest and kill Robespierre
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Now there is a new consitution and the directory is created o There is an attempt by royalists to try to stage a comback and try to force another
revolution o And members of the convention before the directory need to stop this revolution from
taking place o In Oct 1795 Napoleon prevents the revolution Becomes the emperor, was Corsican Parents were accused of being to pro French instead of supporting the Corsican
0independence so ended up in France Napoleon was promoted to be the head of the army of the interior after he put down
the roalist revolution o Arm of the interior tended to be older and more mature Asked to draw up a plan for fighting against of the Austro Hungarians Marries Josephine whos much older and widow of a swiss man with a older son, can
never have children with him
Napoleon needed to supply the armies better, so taxed (?) the people, changed the armyformation and structure and created smalled units that can move quickly and then come
together for surprise attacks and the Austrians keep up the old formation, so now Napoleo
has the advancatage The third prob of the French army was a low moralethe officers would be far away
from the army living in lush apartments enjoyitng their time, so napoleon changes that
and says go be at the field leading their troops raising morale Most of these wars were in the northern italy and does so well that he decides to launch
an attack to vienna the capital of the austohungarian empire To do that he needs to cross the alps, and get more troops from northern france
meaning he needs to cross the germanic lands and will take too much time and might be
cut off so he decides to something else He never puts himself ina position of absolute danger if he doesnt know for sure
then he wont try it Reaches a truce with the autro Hungarian empire Now to make France number one Napoleon wants to defeat England so needs to launch a
successful invasion, needing to develop a very successful and strong naval fleet/land
soldiers Because England is an island nation and is heavily developed on its colonies and
exporting is finished goods, so he decides to cut off England from the rest of its empire,
and if napoleon can cuts off England from india it will collapse then they will have to
give in He first attacks Egypt then Israel, and going to the direction of india Directory will consists of five numbers so it will prevent a stalemate and they will
prevent a dictatorship
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in the council of elders there will be 250 who represent the money then the lower councilwill have 500 now only the people who own propery and pay taxes will be allowed to
vote or be elected Religious freedom is restored All the economic controls that were place under the reign of terror is taken away
(abolished) Attempt to return to normal religious life July calander abolished Directory never works too corrupt, too much fighting, so really the army is controlling
france While napoleon is in Egypt the army in france isnt doing too well The directory becomes more and more problematic In Benei brak napoleon sets up his camp Has problems fighting in Aco and now needs a strong navy, unfortunately the british send
their navy and successfully destroys the French navy from Egypt so he bides his timewhile invading in Israel
The british send their navy to fire on the troops in aco His men are on the ground in aco and the siege is taking forever and a major epidemic
(cholera) and he realizes its time to pull his troops from aco and moves them in jaffa Was contacted by another army official and the head of the directory who wants to get rid
of the directory, napoleon found his way out of Israel He give total power in Israel over to his second in command who takes the defeat
and napoleon sneeks into france helps the director and then seizes full power Its the time of the turn of the century the people fear gog hamagog Napoleon comes out with a declaration that the jews can return to Israel Causes ripples throughout the christain world but doesnt affect jews apathetic
towards the idea of returning with out mashiach Class has a new meaning, there is now mobility between classes either lower middle or
upper classmiddle class can now vote Nationalism is new in france, Now demoracy is in effect to some extenct with pleblecistses Napoleon creates a system which he calls the consilate and announces that he is going to
be the first the council of france
He needs to establish power, and a constitution and writes up one making him councilmember number one and must be approved by a plebleciste and his new constituation is
autocratic and is accepted and he effectively emerges as a dicatatorJuly 19, 2012
Crane Brinton? Patronage in politics: the leader chooses his assistants etc, who owe their job and
alliances to this politician, president is elected and chooses his cabinet etc
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Napoleon has made the govt more efficient and takes full power Now he wants to stabalize the economy and creates the bank of france Napoleon makes the Concordat of 1801 which is establishing relationships (making an
agreement) with the pope that reestablishes catholocism in france It recognizes the official religion of france as catholocism France has decided to nomiate their bishops, archbishops o Really france makes the canidates and the pope makes the decision from the list he is
given Bishops chooses local clergy with the approval of the govt o Clergy in france are basically civil servants, because want to keep church property so
the govt pays for the church officials and needs Napoleon isnt returning the church into its previous position hes just making peace, its
not getting back its power and money French law doesnt apply to military occupation
When northern italy is conquered from the AH empire, there were jews who still lived inghettos
When france occupies any land they military declare that they abolish the ghettosand are given equality (not closed in anymore)
Will remain only as long as the French occupy the territory One of the biggest probs of louis xvi faced/absolutist monarchs who wanted to rule
everything, but they were never successful in making a unifying system to govern france
because too many medieval feudal systems in place Napoleon appoints a commission in 1800 of some of the best legal minds in france and
said that he wants them to draw up a new legal system in france and it was completed in
1804 and then released to the public and it covers every aspect of law, civil law, law ofpersonal status, property law, wills, etc
Wass so good that most countries that were occupied and then left by the france keptremnants of it and today most countries were influenced by it
The peace treaty of 1802 ends the coalition, bring peace nad france is now the mostimportant country of Europe
Now napoleon feels he can further his ambitions and in august he has a plebliciste heelects himself to be first counsel of life
Piedmont is incorporated in france and begins to intervene in affairs in italy, Switzerland,Netherlands, italy, germany, etc
England declares war in 1803 because malta wasnt returned to England when it wassupposed to
From 1803-05 napoleon builds his fleet up but has no luck the French fleet that hes builtup goes down in major storms and the majority goes on an expedition in carribean, Haiti
rebels really early Attempt at assassinating napoleon and wanst a serious plot
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Uses this an excuse to change his position to emperor in 1804 Napoleon ends up marrying the daughter of the austro Hungarian emperor, but the
emperor doesnt want this but france conquers them and he marries her Napoleon is the first ruler to create an effective secret police When hes crowned he wants the pope to crown him, he feels like hes the modern day
Charlemagne, pope agrees and its an elaborate coronation The pope holds the crown and then Napoleon takes the crown out of the hands of the
pope and places it upon his own head The pope is absolutely livid Napoleo now chooses nobels, and they are rewarded by being titled if you were
supportive and loyal to napoleonwithin the court and rewarded financially In the court the fashion and the architecture is neo-roman classical style, go back to
roman ideals dsassds Napoleon annexes genoa to france (port in italy) and declares himself emperor to italy
The third coalition forms and wants to go to war with napoleon: england, Switzerland, ahempire, England
Napoleon destroys his enemies on the European continent, battle of Austerlitz againstcombined forces of russion and ah empire and invaded Vienna
Prussia joins the coalition and is also defeated and Napoleon enters the capital of Prussiawhich is berlin
England is still the prob and the only one not defeated When napoleon comes back to france has to enter Alsace-Lorrain and there he is greeted
by goyim complaining about the jews saying they are greedy taking too much money and
cant afford to pay them back When the jews of Alsace Lorrain were given equal rights the general idea was that they
need to reform themselves and now napoleon feels that these jews were supposed ot
adapot a new civil morality and napoleon doesnt feel that they have doen this and hasnt
replaced the shameful occupations they have been engaged in Napoleon now orders a one year suspension of all debts that the Napoleon appoints one of his advisors for jewish affairs, he gives the jews of questions
and expects them to report back with clear halachik rulings Count moley was the advisor for the jews and was highly anti semetic Napoleon discusses the jews in the following manner: the way he sees the jews using
usury (excessive interests) in order to enrich themselves at the expense of less fortunate
people and needs to set limits (economically he wants to restrict the jews in terms of
property ownership and the way they go about expanding economic control and his
secondary objective of the tendency of the ejwish people that have so many practices that
are contrary to society all around the world, it is necessary to change the jews and all the
measures must lead to:
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Among every three marriages one should be intermarriage and the blood of the jewswill cease to have any uniqueness
Jews are drafted and cant pay someone else to serve for them The jewish identity will be very narrow and only apply to small part of life Assembly of Jewish Notablesnapoleon created this- is 112 prominent jewschavers
and rabbanim from france and italy so the Italian jews loved napoleaon cuz he freed them
from ghettos Napoleaons emancipation dercrees Belgium southern italy, Netherlands under military
decreesJuly 24
Napoleon calls for a san hendrin that he had to be the head of, required this dual loyaltywith Napoleon and the Jews?
relate to the state in a politcal/civil way (san hedrin); was a group of all rabbanim so allfrench and italian jews under this rule
Infamous decress of 1808 will be insituted until 1818 economically napoleon deicdess that all the debts to the jews o alsace lorraine will
be cancelled (after it was already frozen for a year)
any jews who want to deal with commercial transactions they need to get specificlicenses - cant continue dealing in trade, as merchants as they did before
no jews will be allowed to settle into alsace lorraine (sfardi jews are seen assuccessfully integrated) olNy cAN DO SO IF THEY TAKE UP FARMING
LOUIS XVIII LET THEM JUST FADE AWAY AS PART OF CONSISTOIRE - COMMITEE OF RABBIS AND LAY LEADER ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR NATIONAL AND REGIONAL MATTERS DOES THIS TO KNOW WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE JEWISH
COMMUNITY AND TO INTEGRATE THE JEWS INTO FRANCE
JEWS HOPED IT WOULD PROVIDE THEM WITH A LEGAL PURPOSE need to encounter the committee when jews dont have a job and need to give a
list to the govt of draft age men
in all sermons should talk about patriotism, that we have to be apart of hte state,all willingly die for france, military service should be seen as a sacred duty and be
exempt from religious services
continental system forbade any french allies, occupied territories and french andconquests cant trade wiht england,
british replie that if any country listens to the continental system they will be an enemy napoleon wants europe to stop trading with britain and then economically finished so
have to surrender
1807 england attacks denmark (neutral country) bombard copenhagen and seigethe danish fleet they burned down the capital
make them an example of neutrals
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russia is most dependant on the british trade, tell napoleon if we obide by tehcontinental system our country will fail economically
Napoleon punishes those who pull out the dutch are under conrol of napoleon and amsterdam was a major business
capital in europe before the continental system and as a result of it it never
recovers
england more or less in control of the oceans in the european area france makes tiny exceptions to get trade from north america and really does depend
upon british trade russia needs to pull out prussia was one of the most important german states which was forced to work with
napoleon and the french created an area the grand duchy of warsaw because napoleon
decides to redraw the maps of europe when he wants to, by doing so hes giving himself
greater control in this area
defeats sweden and there he decides to reward one of his officers for great loyalty andmake him the king of sweden
napoleon assigns all of his family to royal positions his brothers step son, etc
napoleon coerces everyone even the pope when he invades the papal states, he puts htepope into jail until he signs a document that agrees to napoleons occupation
1810 napoleon marries marie-louise daughter of austro hungarian emperor and they havea son
continental system not fully workign, and czar alexander the first says russia cantcontinue this and must break it, so now napoleon decides to invade russia
ends up getting together the largest army that europe had seen at that time500,000 troops and invade russia in june of 1812
invades moscow and is welcomed by the scorched earth policy by oct napoleon starts to retreate because wearly winter, army is starving and
cold,
pale of settlement - russians take over polish region after napoleon retreats, and jewscant practice judaism and will kill a jew when they practice - there was a community of
the kazars in russia (kuzari so jewish) took a long time to defeat them restricted to areas
they lived in when russia invaded poland (pale of settlement) jews cant go into russia
proper
a lot of the bloody battles will be fought in this area Alexander I put the jews in the pale of settlements that had no occupation will put
them into southern russia that shares a boarder with the ottoma turks - he also
offered russians this with no interests and other benefits and didnt give them to
the jews because wants to integrate them
once napoleon is invading he decides to stop this
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fears the rabbis will tell the people to support napoleon R; Menachem Mendel of Riminov - sees the fights between napoleon and
russia is battle of gog umagog - supports napoleon - he ses that there will
be much catastrophy but mashiach will come after the Chozeh of Lublin and R Israel Ben Shabtai Hapstein (Maggid of
Koznitz) were both against Napoleon
the chozeh, R Naphtali of Ropshitz (adamat opponet of napoleon), andthe maggid of koznitz tried bringing masiach all died shortlt afer
When napoleon is left with only 100,000 troops the rest of Europe sees their chance anddefeat napoleon
Napoleon first abdicates the throne and gives it to his young son but ultimately is exiledto elba
France and the rest of Europe meet up at the congress of Vienna (victors lead it from1814-1815)
Need to reconstuct europe from the time b4 the French revolutionmajor territorialchanges
Finlad once ruled by Sweden is given to Russia as well as most of the region ofprevious Poland, italy is now unde austro Hungarian rule
Switzerland is now a neutral country so no country is allowed to be invaded, duringthis time holland and Belgium are once again separated, papal states are restored
System of balances and alliance, to prevent revolutions, make them peaceful beforegoing to war known as the concert of Europe and works extremely well
Russian czar and other leaders wanted to make it clear tha teurope is a christaincontinenta holy alliancedeclares for those monarchs who feel religion is important
and uphold those values King of Prussia gave the jews certain civil rights , couldnt have administry
positions, it was the most liberal one though for the jews than any of the other german
states, could be teachers, and low ranking jobs in city government Any countries that were under French military rule, so there were decrees and rules,
and now they arent valid, so jews in Venice and rome all the ghettos come back up The german jews hope that the congress of Vienna will uphold the more liberal
consitution and think they succeeded because the wording initially at the congress of
Vienna was that those laws that were created in the individual confederated states would
stand but last minute switch the wording to by from in and none of them get held up
in germany other than Prussia France gets the bourbon family restored to the throne and Louis XVIII is the king During the congress of Vienna Napoleon escapes elba and lands in france and wants to
take over again Louis XVIII runs back to Vienna while Napoleon is recruiting ppl
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New consitution and survives for 100 days as ruler and is defeated at Waterloo which isin Belgium in 1815
Tries to surrender to the british and wants to find asylum in England No one trusts him so exile him to St. Helena and the only reason is british territory is
because ships sailing in the area need a port to resupply
France gets the bourbon family restored to the throne and Louis XVIII is the king During the congress of Vienna Napoleon escapes elba and lands in france and wants to
take over again Louis XVIII runs back to Vienna while Napoleon is recruiting ppl New consitution and survives for 100 days as ruler and is defeated at Waterloo which is
in Belgium in 1815 Tries to surrender to the british and wants to find asylum in England No one trusts him so exile him to St. Helena and the only reason is british territory is
because ships sailing in the area need a port to resupply
Napoleon success:
Public eduction with the agreement with the catholic church Abolishment of serdom Etc Louis XVIII again comes back to poweand has a charter, which recognizes, equality,
freedome of religion, liberty, etc adncatholocism is the state religion The king will rule and pass on to his heir But with be a bicameral legislature the upper house is the chambers of notables who will
be appointed by the king then there will be an elected chamber of deputies Laws that are passed by this legistlature: Those who were supported napoleon when he returned for 100 days you will be
exiled Law of security of stateanyone who poseds a threat to the security of the state can
now be arrestedno freedome of speech Law of the double vote- the more you pay in taxes you get double the amount (2)
that way the wealthy people who are most supportive of the king will get two votes Law against sacreligwhen someone utters something against the official religon
whether mocks it or offends it and anyone accused with this can end up with the death
penalty and is used as meansto attack university professors o They generally have freedom of expression because they have academic immunity o As a result secret societies pop up and demonstrations happen to fight against these
decrees, students want to arouse the lower class, unfortunately its discovered and the
leaders flee to italy and ultimately join with underground Italian underground movement
in the hope of returning to france with a greater chance of success