Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga AirDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Isi
Pendahuluan
Tipe PLTA
KomponenUtama
Unjuk Kerja
Ringkasan
Pendahuluan(1)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
1. Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air => listrik dari tenaga air
2. Sekitar 15% daya yang dibangkitkan di Malaysia Hydro plants in
Peninsular Malaysia
3. Fungsi lain PLTA:
Irigasi Pencegah Banjir Pasokan air bersih
Reservoir
Penstock
Pendahuluan (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Keuntungan:
Air => sumber energi paling murah Biaya operasi & perawatan rendah Cepat dalam “menghidupkan” Cepat tanggap terhadap variasi beban Pembangkit berumur lebih panjang Kebutuhan pekerja rendah Tidak ada emisi Mempunyai fungsi guna yang lain Handal=> sedikit “trippings”
Kerugian:
Biaya konstruksi awal tinggi Lokasi jauh dari pusat beban Tergantung pada ketersediaan air Pembangunan perlu waktu lama Isu lingkungan seperti gundulnya hutan
Tipe-tipe PLTA (1)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
1. PLTA dapat digolongkan berdasarkan karakteristik aliran air/penampung
2. Tipe:Run of river plants (mini hydro)
Storage/reservoir plants
Pump storage plants
3. Type 1: Run of river plants:
a. Utilize the water flow as it runs through the year
b. No significant storage/dam for power generation
c. Typical for mini-hydro scheme => suitable for low
consumption at remote areas
d. Ukuran kapasitas : 10 - 1600 kW
Tipe-tipe PLTA (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
3. Tipe 2: Pembangkit Penampung (Storage) / waduk (reservoir):
a. Waduk (dams) berukuran besar => kapasitas pembangkitan tinggi
b. Tipe paling umum untuk pembangkitan daya komersial
Types of hydro plants (3)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
4. Pump storage plants:
b. Water storage obtained by pumping back from tail race
=> utilize low value, off-peak power (usually surplus)
a. Used only for short duration=> to meet peak load
c. Improves overall efficiency & reliablity of system grid
Komponen-komponen utama (1)
Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Reservoir Dam Inlet water ways Power house Tailrace
Major components (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
1. Reservoir:
a. Includes catchment area and water reservoir
c. Head race => water surface level of the reservoir
d. Reservoir can be natural or artificial (i.e. with dam)
b. Purpose: to store water
2. Dam:
a. A structure of masonry and/or rock fill built across a river
b. Purpose: i) to provide head of water
ii) to create storage or pondage
Hydro plant: Reservoir
Hydro plant: Dam
Major components (3)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
3. Inlet water ways:
a. Passages through which is conveyed from dam to power house
c. Penstock => closed pressure pipes made
of reinforced concrete or steel
b. Includes: Penstock/tunnel, spillways
Hydro plant: Tunnel
d. Tunnel => made by cutting mountains
e. Spillways => provide discharge of surplus water from
storage reservoir into river
Hydro plant: Spillways
Major components (4)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
4. Power House:
a. Building that houses turbines, generators and other auxiliaries
b. Typical hydro plant turbines:
* Pelton turbine => Impulse
* Francis turbine => Mainly reaction
* Kaplan turbine => Reaction
Hydro plant: Pelton turbine
Hydro plant: Francis turbine
Hydro plant: Kaplan turbine
5. Tail race:
a. Passage for discharging
water leaving the turbine
Bersia
Hydro plant: Turbine-generator
Performance (1)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
1. Important hydro turbine parameters:
2. Power generated from hydro plant is given by:
HQP P = Power
Q = Rate of water flow
H = head
= efficiency
3. Specific speed:
a. Speed of turbine when delivers 1
horsepower under 1 metre head
Power Head Efficiency Specific speed Discharge
b. Independent of shape and size of turbine
c. Helps in selecting suitable type of turbine
4/5H
PNN s N = Turbine speed
Performance (2)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
4. Typical problems:
a. Sedimentation:
* Deposition of silt in the reservoir
* Cause reduction of water storage capacity
* Minimised by reclaimation/dredging
b. Cavitation:
* Formation of water vapour & air bubbles
due to reduction of pressure
* Occurs mainly at discharge end of blades
* Causes erosion of blade
* Prevention: material selection, selection of specific speed,
polishing surfaces, optimum dimension of runner
SummaryDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
1. Types of hydro plants: run of river, reservoir, & pump storage
2. Main components: reservoir, dam, inlet water ways, power
house, tail race
3. Types of hydro turbine : Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan
4. Major hydro plant parameters: power, head, discharge,
effciency and specific speed
5. Problem khas: sedimentasi dan kavitasi
Thank You
Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
PLTA: waduk (reservoir)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
BersiaKenyir
PLTA: Bendungan (Dams)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Kenyir
Bersia
PLTA: Terowongan (Tunnel)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Pergau
PLTA: Pelimpah (Spillways)Dr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Pergau
Kenyir
Temengor
PLTA: Turbin-generatorDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Pergau : turbine pit
Woh :
Generator
PLTA: turbin PeltonDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
Sg. Piah
PLTA: Turbin FrancisDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant
PLTA: Turbin KaplanDr. Mohd Hariffin Boosroh
Hydro Power Plant