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Alliances of the
Cold War
By Gauri Bahuguna
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Cold War Characteristics
Political, strategic and ideological struggle between the
US and the USSR that spread throughout the world
Struggle that contained everything short of war Competing social and economic ideologies
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USAs Aims Post WWII
we have emerged from this war the most powerful nation in theworld- the most powerful nation perhaps in all history- Truman
pearl harbor shattered illusion of invulnerability of America
Establish integrated global network of naval and aerial bases
controlled by USA
Promote open markets for US goods to prevent anotherdepression
Promote democracy throughout
the world, especially in Asiaand Africa
Stop the spread of communism- Domino Effect
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Soviet Aims Post WWII
Create greater security for itself
lost tens of millions of people in WWII and
Stalin
s purges feared a strong Germany
Establish defensible borders
Encourage friendly governments on its borders
Spread communism around the world
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Alliances1. NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - originallyconsisted of USA, UK, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Belgium,
Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Iceland. Later expanded toinclude other European countries
2. NAM- Non Aligned Movement- Egypt India and Yugoslaviaoriginally
3. SEATO - South East Asian Treaty Organization - includesUSA and Australia, as well as Japan, South Korea, New Zealandand various island nations in the Pacific
4. Warsaw Pact - Western name for the alliance between USSRand it's Eastern European satellite countries from 1949 to 1991.Created as a military buffer zone to defend against a NATOattack from Western Europe.
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NATO
United States Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal 1952: Greece &
Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain
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Background 4 March 1947, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Dunkirk, to
support each other if either of them should 'become again involved inhostilities with Germany'.
17 March 1948, France and Britain joined with the Belgium,Luxembourg and the Netherlandsto sign the Treaty of Brussels.
1. Pledged to ' fortify and preserve the principles of democracy, personalfreedom and political liberty'.
2. Changed involved in hostilities with Germany to an armed attackin Europe.
Fear of Germany changed to fear of USSR-April 1948, the Brussels
Pact agreed to set up a Western Union Defense Organization(WUDO).
WUDO was formed in September 1948 (during the Berlin crisis), andin 1949 it held a naval training exercise in the Bay of Biscayinvolving 60 British, French, and Dutch warships.
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Formation of NATO
No European force would be strong enough to stop the
Red Army if Stalin attacked.
March 1949 the Brussels Pact opened secret negotiations
with the Americans
April 1949 theNorth Atlantic Treaty was signed, which
set up the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
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Principles TheNorth Atlantic Treaty promised:
To safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization oftheir peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individualliberty.
Continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid to maintain anddevelop their individual and collective capacity to resist armedattack.
However, Article 4 stated:
If an armed attack occurs, each of them [will help with] suchaction as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force. (i.e.they promised to help, but not necessarily to send military aid).
And Article 5 limited the alliances operations to the area north ofthe Tropic of Cancer (i.e. the North Atlantic).
The Treaty also set up a Council which would meet regularly asnecessary. It should be clear from this that the chief aim of NATOwas to resist the threat of the Soviet Union, and that - as the words'continuous and effective' indicated - that this would be a very active,armed resistance.
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NAM Founded in April 1955
The Non-Aligned Movement is an international organization
of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or
against any major power bloc
Brainchild ofGamal Abdul Nasser, former president of Egypt,
Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Josip Broz Tito
President of Yugoslavia
purpose of the organization as stated in the Havana Declaration
of 1979 is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty,
territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Titohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Titohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito7/30/2019 IB History Cold War
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SEATO regional-defense organization from 1955 to 1977
created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty,signed at Manila on Sept. 8, 1954, by the representatives ofAustralia,France, New Zealand, pakistan, the Philippines,Thailand, The United Kingdom and The USA
Southeast Asian area be protected against communist
expansionism, especially as manifested through militaryaggression in Korea and Indochina
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not considered formembership in SEATO because of the Geneva agreements of1954 on Vietnam. These states were, however, accordedmilitary protection by a protocol.
The treaty defined its purposes as defensive only and includedprovisions for self-help and mutual aid in preventing andcountering subversive activities from without and cooperationin promoting economic and social progress.
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Cominform
Communist Information Bureau
Set up in September 1947 by Stalin to unite thecommunist parties together.
Aimed to tighten grip on satellites- ensure Russian style
communist was being implemented
Critics call It collectivization of eastern Europe
Members were to trade primarily with each other and
contact with any non member nations was discouraged
In 1948 Yugoslavia objected and was thrown out of
Cominform
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Comecon
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Formed in 1949, disbanded in 1991
Economic organization for countries in the eastern bloc
Response to formation of European Economic Co-operation- which was a result of the Marshall Aid
Expansion of Molotov Plan
In reality did not achieve much during Stalin's time.
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Warsaw Pact
} U. S. S. R.
} Albania
} Bulgaria} Czechoslovakia
} East Germany
} Hungary
} Poland
} Rumania
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Background
NATO formed 1949
SEATO formed by anticommunist countries
1954 soviet union tried joining NATO- Denied in 1955 West Germany was admitted to the NATO and
allowed to re-arm. (West Germany was essential to an
overall defense system in Europe. )
The Soviet Union looked at these anti-communist moveswith fear.
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Formation
May 1955 Warsaw Pact was signed in Warsaw, included
the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary,
East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria as
members.
treaty called on the member states to come to the defense
of any member attacked by an outside force and it set up
a unified military command under Marshal Ivan S. Konev
of the Soviet Union.
Warsaw Pact remained intact till 1991
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Thank You