1
INTERFERENCED INDONESIAN UTTERED BY INDONESIAN
CHINESE IN SEMARANG1
Dian Suryani and Dwi Wulandari
English Department Faculty of Letterrs Diponegoro University
Abstrak Masyarakat WNI Keturunan Cina merupakan pengguna Bahasa Indonesia yang
menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa sehari-hari. Namun, di dalam Bahasa Indonesia tersebut, terdapat unsur-unsur bahasa lain yaitu Bahasa Jawa dan Bahasa Mandarin yang menyebabkan adanya penyimpangan terhadap Bahasa Indonesia yang disebut dengan istilah interferensi. Tulisan ini membahas tentang tipe-tipe interferensi dalam tuturan Bahasa Indonesia Masyarakat WNI Keturunan Cina di Semarang beserta faktor-faktror penyebabnya. Kata-kata kunci: interferensi, WNI Keturunan Cina, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Jawa,
Bahasa Mandarin.
1 Published in Kajian Sastra, Vol 33 no.1 May 2008
2
1. Introduction
Indonesian people consist of many
ethnics who are widely spread in its
thousands of islands. There are original
ethnics and comer ethnics who live
together as one community. One of
the comer ethnics is Indonesian
Chinese ethnic. According to Hidajat
(1993), the first Chinese came to
Indonesia was Fa Hien, a Buddist
Monk. He came to Java Island in 413
A.D. Meanwhile, in 1412 A.D several
army fleets leaded by Zheng He
anchored in Bintan, Bangka, Blitung,
Karimata, Semarang, and Madura.
Zheng He’s arrival had a mission to
find a Chinese ambassador who was
lost in Indonesia (based on Sam Poo
Kong’s relieft wall’s story). After his
departure, in 1417-1419, hundreds of
ships sailed from China Mainland
(from Fukien and Kwantungregions
mostly) to Indonesia. Most of the
immigrants work as traderes since the
biggest ethnic, Hokkian, worked as
traders. The other ethnics, Teochius got
jobs as farmers while Cantonese
opened hotels, restourants, and
workshops (Hidajat, 1993).
To honor Zheng He’s
commendable. Indonesian Chinese in
Semarang built a temple named Sam
Poo Kong. It is named “Sam Poo” for
the real name of Zheng He was Sam
Poo Tay Djien.
The first Chinese immigrants are
called as “Totok Chinese”. They were
the native speaker of Mandarin.
Meanwhile, their descendants are
called as “Peranakan Chinese”.
“Peranakan Chinese” is the native
speaker of Indoesian. Since
“Peranakan Chinese” has integrated
into Indonesian people, they are also
called as Indonesian Chinese or WNI
Keturunan Cina (Oka, cited in Sudja’i,
et all 1986).
When Mallacca became the center
of trading in South East of Asia, Malay
became a commerce language used in
Indonesia. The Totok who mostly had
proffesion as traders were forced to
master regional language and Malay in
the swame time. In this case, they
created Chinese Malay; Malay’s
variation mixed from Malay, regional
language (such as Javanese,
Sundanese, etc) and Mandarin (Go,
Swan Djien cited in Sudja’i, et all
1986).
Next, by the time of Netherland’s
colonialization, the Dutchman used
Chinese immigrants as brokers
between colonial and local residents in
trading imported commodities. This
position has made them have strong
3
role as traders in Indonesia’s economic
until now.
The Dutchman also made a
separation between Chinese and local
residents. They must live with their
own ethnics in the certain place called
“Pecinan”. Today, Pecinan as the
place of Chinese community still exists
in several places in Indonesia (Hidajat,
1993).
In the early of 18th century,
Hokkian School was opened for the
Chinese immigrant. The Hokkian
dialect became the language in school.
Then, in 1901, Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
(THHK) that was schools for Totok
Chinese was opened widely. It used
Mandarin as its language in school.
Meanwhile, the Peranakan Chinese
studied in Public School using Malay
language. This situation makes not all
of Chinese immigrants mastering
Mandarin anymore (Cushman, Jennifer
& Wang Gung Wu, 1991).
In 1965, THHK were closed. Next,
Indonesian became national language.
In that time, Chinese immigrants had
named as Indonesian Chinese (WNI
keturunan Cina). They used
Indonesian as their solidarity language
(Cushman, Jennifer & Wang Gung
Wu, 1991). Their Indonesian consisted
of Indonesian, regional language, and
Mandarin. Furthermore, Cushman and
Wang state that Indonesian is their
main language. Based on the research
done by them, the Indonesian language
which is used by Indonesian Chinese
has characteristics as follows (1991):
1. They usually use Indonesian mixed
from regional language’s and
Indonesian’s elements.
2. When their regional language is
honorific language, they only use
the lowest level of it. It happens in
Sunda, Java, and Madura.
3. They insert Mandarin’s words to
their Indonesian. Mandarin
(especially Hokkian language) is
used to refer certain things such as
numeral, relationship, cultural
concept, cultural practices, and
object. The maintenance of
Mandarin’s words indicates that
they maintain Chinese identity.
This phenomenon attracted the
writers to search it. In Central Java
Province, for instance, Indonesian
Chinese are able to speak Indonesian
and Javanese as local residents are.
Usually, they only master Ngoko.
Some of them even still maintain
Mandarin. Those languages are their
colloquials. In this case, the Javanese
and the Mandarin languages which
they have give some influences to their
Indonesian. In using the Indonesian
language, Indonesian Chinese tend to
4
insert some Javanese elements and
borrowed Mandarin words into their
Indonesian. Thus, their Indonesian is
the mixing from Indonesian, Javanese,
and Mandarin This phenomenon is
called interference. Interference firstly
stated by Weinrich to call a language
phenomenon in which a language
system had changed as the result of
language contact done by bilingual
speakers (cited in Chaer, Abdul and
Leoni Agustina, 1995).
Meanwhile, considering that
Semarang is the place where many
Chinese immigrants firstly arrived in
Indonesia hundreds of years ago, that
Chinese culture is still held strongly in
this city, and that there are many
Indonesian Chinese who are able to
speak Indonesian and Javanese, who
are still maintain Chinese culture and
who assemble in this city, the research
about Interferenced Indonesian uttered
by Indonesian Chinese is carried out in
Semarang city. The research has two
purposes; to find types of interferences
and to find factors causing it.
2. Type of Interferences
Interferenced Indonesian uttered by
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang can
be devided into six types of
interference stated by Suwito (1983).
Interference happens in phonology,
morphology, syntax, vocabulary,
semantic, and elemental (elements of
word, phrase, and clause). In this case,
Javanese and Mandarin give influnce
in Indonesian. To understang the
changes or the distortion happen in it,
the Interferenced Indonesian (II) is
compared to Javanese (J) and standart
Indonesian (I). The meaning of it is in
English (M).
2. 1. Phonological Interference
2.1.1. The changing of vowels
2.1.1.1 The changing of vowel u [u]
into o [o] Data II I J M
(i) [turon] [turun] [mədhon] go down
(ii) [təros] [tərus] [təros] then
[payoŋ] [payuŋ] [payoŋ] Umbrella
(iii) [jatoh]
[jatuh]
[tibɔ] Fall
down
[tidor] [tidur] [turu] Go to
sleep
From the table, we can see that
vowel u [u] located in the last sillable
of the words changes into o [o]. The
Javanese pronunciation influences
Indonesian pronunciation as in Data (i)
and Data (ii), vowel o [o] in [mədhon],
[təros] and [payoŋ] that are Javanese
word are applied in Indonesian.
5
Furthermore, both Indonesian and
Javanese have almost same words
showing in Data (ii) like [tərus] and
[təros], [payuŋ] and [payoŋ]. Haugen
says that this phenomenon could make
the speaker identify them as the same
thing which creates mistakes in
choosing the appropriate word between
them. This phenomenon is called by
Haugen as The Almost Same
Diamorph that is morphemes with the
same meaning and the almost similar
form (cited in Hastuti: 2003).
Next, in Data (iii), interference
occurs as the overgeneralization (Ellis,
1992) from what happen before in
Data (i) and Data (ii). The word
“jatuh” is pronunced [jatoh]; word
“tidur” is pronunced [tidor]. The rule
of changing vowel u [u] into o [o] in
the last sillable of the words is
extended eventhough in Javanese, its
words are different.
2.1.1.2 The changing of vowel a [a]
into e [ə]
Vowel a [a] located in the last
sillable of the words changes into e
[ə]. In Data (i) we can see The Almost
Same Diamorph phenomenon, for
instance “cepat” [cəpat] and “cepet”
[cəpət]; “tetap” [tətap] and ‘tetep”
[tətəp], etc. In this point, interference
occurs when the speaker use Javanese
pronunciation in Indonesian sentence
since Indonesian has the parable
words.
Meanwhile, the overgeneralization
is applied in Data (ii).
2.1.1.3 The changing of vowel i [i]
into e [e] or e [ε] D II I J M
(i) [tules] [tulis] [tules] Write
(ii) [cincen] [cincin] [ali-ali] Ring
[kəmaren];
[kəmarεn]
[kəma
rin]
[wiŋi] Yester
day
[mobel] [mobil] [mɔn
tɔr]
Car
In this point, vowel i [i] changes
into e [e] or e [ε] since e[e] has two
alophones; e [e] and e[ε] (Moeliono, et
all, 1988). Thus, vowel i [i] can occur
as e [e] or e [ε]. Those changes occur
in the last sillable of the words.
Javanese’s influence and The Almost
Same Diamorph phenomenon can be
seen in Data (i). Meanwhile
overgeneralization is applied in Data
(ii).
D II I J M
(i) [cəpət] [cəpat] [cəpət] Quick
[tətəp] [tətap] [tətəp] Constant
[ləŋən] [ləŋan] [ləŋən] Arm
(ii) [pinjəm] [pinjam] [silεh] Borrow
[datəŋ] [dataŋ] [təkɔ] Come
[iŋət] [iŋat] [eleŋ] Remem ber
6
2.1.2 The changing of diphtong
2.1.2.1 The changing of diphtong au
[a] into vowel o [o] or o [ɔ]
D II I J M
(i) [kalo] [kalau] [nεk] If
[atɔ] [atau] [ɔpɔ] Or
[walɔpun] [walaupun] [mbɔk] Though
From the table above, it can be
seen that diphtong au [au] changes
into vowel o [ɔ] or o [o]. It could
happen since Javanese has no diphtong
(Widada, et all, 2001) and for o[o] has
two allophones; o [ɔ] and o [o]
(Moeliono, et all, 1988).
2.1.2.2 The changing of diphtong ai
[ai] into vowel e [e] or e [ε]. D II I J M
(i) [sampε?] [sampai] [ŋanti] Till
[rame] [ramai] [rame] Noisy
[pakε?] [pakai] [aŋgo] Use
In this case, vowel e [e] or e [ε]
substitutes diphtong ai [ai]. As stated
before, vowel e [e] has alophones of e
[e] and e [ε] (Moeliono, et all, 1988).
2.1.3 The deleting of phonemes
located in the first sillable of the
word
D II I J M
(i) [isa] [bisa] [bisɔ];
[isɔ]
Able
[udah] [sudah] [uwes];
[wes]
Already
[napa] [kənapa] [nɔpɔ] Why
(ii) [lapan] [dəlapan] [wɔlu] Eight
The deleting of phonemes takes
place in the first sillable of the words
as descripted in the table above. In
Javanese, the word “bisa” is
pronunced [bisɔ]. The first phoneme of
it usually is deleted. Sometimes, it is
uttered as [isɔ]. This phenomenon also
goes on in word “uwis” which is
pronunced [uwes] or [wes]. In this
ocassion, word “bisa” is pronunced
[isa], and word “kenapa” is pronunced
[napa] as the result of Javanese’s
deleting phoneme. Those
simplifications or the phoneme
deletions have a purpose to economise
and to ease the articulation. It also
happen in Data (ii), word “delapan”
[dəlapan] deletes its phonemes into
“lapan” [lapan] which consists of two
sillables which similar to Javanese
word [wɔlu].
7
2.1.4 The deleting of vowel D II I J M
(i) [sapa] [siapa] [sɔpɔ] Who
[karna] [karəna] [sebab] Because
From the descriptions above, it can
be seen that word “siapa” is
articulated [sapa]. In this case, ia [ia]
in “siapa” is not a diphtong. Vowel i
[i] in ia [ia] is deleted. Meanwhile, the
word “karena” is articulated [karna].
The vowel e [ə] is deleted. Both
“siapa” [siapa] and “karena” [karəna]
consist of three sillables. Vowel i [i]
located in first sillable of [siapa] and
vowel e [ə] located in second sillable
of [karəna] are deleted. The deletion
makes Indonesian words which consist
of three sillables change into two
sillables as Javanese’s has. Again, the
aim of this simplification is to
economize and to ease articulation.
2.1.5 The identifiying of articulation
2.1.5.1 The articulating of f [f] as p
[p] D II I J M
(i) [hurop] [huruf] [hurop] Letter
The phoneme f [f] in Indonesian is
identified by phoneme p [p] in
Javanese, thus “huruf” is articulated in
the same way with Javanese’s that is
[hurop]. It is interference for [huruf] is
not pronunced as it should be.
2.1.5.1 The articulating of x [x] as k
[k]
The interference happens since
phonemes x [x] which has integrated
into Indonesian’s phoneme (Nababan,
1993) is articulated as k [k] not x [x].
2.1.6 The adding of nasal in front of
the words
According to Suwito, the adding
of nasal occurs when Javanese people
utters some name of places (1983). In
Interferenced Indonesian, it occurs not
only for the name of places but also for
another noun and adverb.
D II I Note
(i) [mbali] ( m +
bali)
[bali]
Name of
place (noun)
[mbañumanek]
(m +
banyumanik)
[bañuma
nik]
Name of
place (noun)
[njagalan](n +
bagalan)
[jagalan] Name of
place (noun)
(ii) [mbakso] ( m
+ bakso)
[bakso] Name of
food (noun)
D II I J M
(i) [tip εk]
[tip ex]
-
Stationery
functioning to
correct wrong
letters.
[pilɔk] [pilɔx] - Stationery in form
of coloured liquid
8
(iii) [mbesok] (m +
besok) [besɔk] Tomorrow
(adverb)
The nasal occurs not only for the
name of places. It is overgeneralized
for food (as in mbakso) as we can see
in Data (ii) and for tomorrow (as in
mbesok) as can be seen in Data (iii). In
this case, “mbakso” [mbakso] ussualy
is used in Javanese as verb means eat
meatball (eat bakso). But, in the
sentences shown above, “mbakso”
[mbakso] is used as noun to say
“bakso” [bakso]. Meanwhile, the word
“besok” [besok] is pronunced
“mbesok” [mbesɔk] with the adding of
nasal m [m]. It is almost similar to
Javanese’s way in which word “sesok”
[sesok] or “esuk” [esok] pronunced as
the Javanese’s way in uttering “sesok”
[sesok] or “esuk” [esok] sometimes
occurs as “ngesok” [ŋesok] with the
adding of nasal ng [ŋ].
2.1.7 The using of Chinese’s
pronunciation in Indonesian’s
utterance
The word “haya” is used to
precede the sentence. This word has
function to confirm an idea. It
originally comes from Mandarin. One
speaker, who tends to use Mandarin at
home, uses it in her Indonesian’s
utterance. It is different from “lha iyo”
or “ha yo” (Javanese) or “iya”
(Indonesian). It shows that her habit in
uttering Mandarin is taken along in her
Indonesian. It is counted as
interference in Indonesian. Bassically,
it has parable word “iya” in
Indonesian.
2.2 Morphological Interference
The morphological interference
occurs in affixation; the Indonesian’s
affixes are substituted by Javanese’s
affixes (Suwito, 1983). It can happen
in prefix, suffix, and konfix, such as:
2.2.1 Prefix meng- is substituted by
N-
According to Subroto, in Javanese,
prefix N- has morphophonemics such
as nge- [ŋə], ng- [ŋ], ny- [ñ], m- [m],
n- [n] (1991: 35-36). Meanwhile, in
Indonesian, prefix meng- has
morphophonemics like me- [mə],
mem- [məm], men- [mə-], meng-
[məŋ], meny- [məñ] (Moeliono, et all,
1988: 87-90). In this case, prefix N-
subsitutes prefix meng-.
9
2.2.2 Suffix –nya is substituded by –e
Here, suffix –e (Javanese) attaches
to roots ended by consonants and
substitutes suffix –nya (Indonesian).
Look at the table below:
2.2.3 Suffix –nya is substituted by –
ne
If suffix –e attaches to roots
ended by consonants, suffix –ne will
attach to roots ended by vowels
2.2.4 Suffix –an
When suffix –an attaches to
vowel, it changes into –nan, while it
attaches to consonant, it is unchanged
Here, suffix –an is used to explain
approximating time. Actually, in
Indonesian, approximating time is
explained by using word “sekitar”,
such as sekitar jam empat, sekitar jam
tiga, etc. It is interference for the
D II I J M
(i) [mbawa] (N-
+ bawa)
[məmbawa]
(meng- +
bawa)
[ŋgɔwɔ]
(N- +
gawa)
Bring
(ii) [ndarat]
(N- + darat)
[mendarat]
(meng- +
darat)
[nibɔ]
(N- +
tibo)
Fall
in
[ñari]
(N- + cari)
[məncari]
(meng- +
cari)
[ŋgɔlεk]
(N-
+golεk)
To
find
[ŋərasa]
(N- + rasa)
[mərasa](m
eng-+ rasa) [ŋrɔsɔ]
(N- +
rasa)
Feel
D II I J M
(i) [jalane](ja
lan + -e)
[jalanña]
(jalan + -
nya)
[dalane]
(dalan +
-e)
The
way
[gigitane]
(gigitan +
-e)
[gigitanña]
(gigitan + -
nya)
[cɔkɔta
ne]
(cokot +
-e)
Its bite
[takute]
(takut + -
e)
[takutña]
(takut + -nya
[wədine
] (wedi
+ -e)
Afraid
D II I J M
(i) [makane]
(maka + -
ne)
[makaña]
(maka + -
nya)
[mulane]
(mula-
+ne)
That
is
why
[lamane]
(lama + -
ne)
[lamaña]
(lama + -
nya)
[suwene](
suwe- + -
ne)
Long
time
D II I J M
(i) [tiganan]
(tiga + -
(n)an)
[səkitar
jam
tiga]
[təlunan]
(təlu +
(n)an)
Around
three
o’clock
[əmpatan]
(empat +
-an)
[səkitar
jam
əmpat]
[papatan]
(papat + -
an)
Around
four
o’clock
[limanan]
(lima + -
(n)an)
[səkitar
jam
lima]
[limɔnan]
(limo + -
an)
Around
five
o’clock
10
speaker applies Javanese’s way in term
of Indonesian.
2.2.5 Suffix –i
Word ”sangka” is Indonesian
word. It is usually used to express
people’s guess. In Indonesian, it will
occur as “ku sangka” without any
suffix. In interferenced Indonesian,
“sangka” occurs with suffix –i as it
takes Javanese’s way.
2.2.6 Konfix meng-/-i is substituted
by N-/-i
Here, N-/-i (Javanese’s konfix)
which occurs as ŋ-/-i substitutes meng-
/-i (Indonesian’s konfix). In Data (ii),
both Indonesian and Javanese have the
almost same word in their vocabulary
those are “lewat” [lewat] and “liwat”
[liwat]. As stated before, this
phenomenon is called The Almost
Same Diamorph.
2.2.7 Konfix se-/-nya substituted by
sa-/-ne
In this affixation, prefix –sa occurs
with phoneme [?] to ease the
articulation as there are two vowels
which are near one and another, like
[sa?ɔnɔne]. In this point, the speaker
maintains Indonesian root and uses
Javanese’s konfix in the affixation
process.
2.3 Syntactical Interference
2.3.1 The applying of Javanese’s
structure in Indonesian
The Javanese structure sometimes
is applied in Indonesian. To show the
Javanese structure in Interferenced
Indonesian, the writer compares
Interference Indonesian (II) to
Javanese (J) and Indonesian (I) while
(M) is its meaning in English.. The
bold letter is the inserted Javanese’s
structure.
D II I J M
(i) [saŋka?i]
(sangaka
+ -i)
[saŋka] [arani]
(aran +
-i)
Gu
ess
D II I J M
(i) [ŋlayani]
(N-
+layan+-i)
[məlayani]
(meng-
+layan+-i)
[ŋladεni]
(N-
+laden+-i)
Ser
ving
(ii) [ŋlewati]
(N-
+lewat+-i)
[məlewati]
(meng-
+lewat+-i)
[ŋliwati]
(N-
+liwat+-i)
Pass
ing
D II I J M
(i) [sa?adane]
(sa-+ada+-
ne)
[səadaña]
(se-+ada+-
nya)
[sa?ɔnɔne]
(sa-+ana+-
ne)
Exist
ence
11
2.3.2 The using of Javanese’s
preposition to substitute
Indonesian’s
I Nggon Lukas mungken ndak ya?
J Nggon Lukas mungken ora yo?
I Di rumah Lukas, mungkin atau tidak
ya?
E At Lukas‘s home, it is possible, isn’t it?
2.3.3 The using of Javanese’s
conjunction to substitute
Indonesian’s I I Nek dipakek, walopun lama tetep biru
J Nek dinggo, arepo suwe, tetep biru
I Kalau cincin ini dipakai, meskipun lama,
tetap berwarna biru.
E When this ring is worn, although it is for
a long time, the colour is still blue
2.3.4 Deleting grammatical function Tadi nggon sekolah mainan besi.
Kamu siang itu jam berapa?
Ya iya sih, tapi kan maksude perjalanane sana
tu jauh.
In the first sentence there is the
deleting of subject, while in the second
one there is the deleting of verb.
Meanwhile, in the third sentence, there
is no preposition “ke” that it should be
“ke sana”.
2.3.5 Deleting Indonesian’s affixes Saya bawak obat asma sendiri
Menurutku cat air itu barang prakarya, na itu
bawak
The sentences above are incorrect
since there are prefix deletions in its
I I Nanti kita kumpul di depan gereja
karena ruang ini dipakek sama e…lupa
aku.
J Mengko dhewe padha kumpul ning
ngarep greja amargo ruang iki dinggo
karo… lali aku.
I Nanti kita berkumpul di depan gereja
karena ruang ini dipakai oleh..saya lupa
siapa yang akan memakai.
E Next time, we will gather in front of the
church since this room is used by… I
forget who uses it.
I I Orang ndak ada Bali Pesona Asia.
J Lawong ora ono Bali Pesona Asia.
I Bukankah Bali Pesona Asia tidak ada.
E There is no bali Pesona Asia, is it.
I I Hayo malah ndak ikut KKR semua.
J Hayo malah ora melu KKR kabeh
I Semua orang justru tidak ikut KKR
E All people will not come.
I I Tinggal hari ini sama minggu depan
J Kari dina iki karo minggu ngarep.
I Tinggal hari ini dan minggu depan.
I I Cik, nanti les apa ndak?
J Cik, mengko les opo ora?
I Cik, nanti les atau tidak?
E Cik, should we have a lesson?
12
verb. The first one deletes prefix meng-
. The correct verb should be
“membawa” (active voice).
Meanwhile, the second one deletes
prefix –di. It should be “dibawa”
(passive voice). Furthermore, this
phenomenon is different from
morphological interference because
there are no Javanese affixes which are
substituted Indonesian’s affixes.
2.4 Vocabulary Interference
The vocabulary interference comes
from the borrowed words from
Mandarin. As stated before, Cushman
and Wang Gung Wu states that those
words are used to refer certain things
such as numeral, relationship, cultural
concept, cultural practices, and object
(1991).
2.4.1 Numeral
E. g: cepek (one hundred), san (three),
etc.
In Mandarin, actually, a numeral
word to say one hundred is “i pai”
[i?pai]. In Indonesian, it has
assimilated into “cepek” [cəpεk].
2.4.2 Relationship
The borrowed words occur in this
occasion comes from Mandarin. Those
words are used to refer to human
relationship, such as Mandarin’s
words: sekia (children), cicik (old
sister), kokoh (old brother), encek
(young uncle from father), encim
(encek’s wife), engkim (young aunt
from father), etc.
In this part, not all of addressers in
human relationship are still maintained
by Indonesian Chinese. For example,
“zu mu” (grandfather), and “zu fu”
(grandmother) are lost and are
substituted by Indonesian’s words
“emak” and “engkong”. Moreover,
there is assimilation in addresser for
old brother, which originally is “gege”
[kəkə]. In Indonesian it changes into
“kokoh” [kɔkɔh], “koko” [koko], or
“o’oh” [ɔ?ɔh].
2.4.3 Concept and practices
In this occasion, the writer finds
that most of Indonesian Chinese still
maintain certain concept linked to
Chinese’s cultures which are done with
its practices for instance: shangsheng
(a ceremony for the death), kamsia
(thank you), Sinchia (Chinese New
Year), etc.
2.4.4 Object
E.g: bong (graveyard), Chungkuok
(China Mainland), etc.
In Indonesian, word that means
China Mainland is “Tiongkok”. It is a
13
loan translation for original word. It is
also almost similar with “Chungkuok”.
In fact, some Indonesian Chinese
prefer “Chungkuok” to “Tiongkok”.
2.5 Semantical Interference
2.5.1 Widening Meaning
The widening meaning uttered by
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang is
additive meaning. The additive
meaning is used to their community
(Indonesian Chinese’s community).
For instance, they say “bong” to refer
to Chinese’s graveyard; it is different
from public graveyard (graveyard for
non-Chinese) which they call
“kuburan”. They call “kokoh” or
“koko” or “o’oh” (Semarang dialect)
to refer to their old brother or Chinese
men older than they are. They use
word “i’ik” (mothers’s younger sister)
and “engku” (mother’s younger
brother) to substituted “bibi” and
“paman” or “bu lek” and “pak lek”.
They also do not call them “tante” and
“om” as modern local recident does.
Word “tante” and “om” are used to
refer to Chinese women and Chinese
men whose ages are almost similar to
their parents.
2.5.2 Narrowing Meaning
If there is widening meaning, there
would be narrowing meaning too. The
narrowing meaning occurs in
Indonesian words to refer to certain
things for non-Chinese’s community.
For instance, word “mas” (older
brother or men whose ages are almost
similar with older brother) or “mbak”
(older sister or women whose ages
almost similar with older sister) has
different meaning from “kokoh” or
“cicik”. Those are used to address non-
Chinese or local recidents.
2.6 Elemental Interference
The interference happens in
elements such as in word, phrase, and
clause (Soewito, 1983). The inserted
elements are signed by bold letters.
2.6.1 Inserted Word, e.g:
Sing disini bersedia to?
Terserah, monggo, dibebaskan
2.6.2 Inserted Phrase, e.g: Yo wis, besok rebo minggu depan yo, ok!
Ndak tahu orang mana, ndak ketok, lawong
nama wae ndak tahu. Sing mesti cewek.
Ning nek dilepas nggon dingin, lama-lama
jadi ijo
14
2.6.3 Inserted Clause, e.g: Tapi kan orang Suriname biasane kan isa. He,
kowe neng kene. Tapi ndak mungkin Ngoko.
Aku ndak tahu. Pokoke tak ajaki sek wae
to.
3. Factors Causing Interferences
3.1 Language Contact
Weinrich states that language
contact causing interference.
Indonesian Chinese at least master two
languages (Javanese and Indonesian).
Even, there are some Indonesian
Chinese who still master Mandarin.
Those languages are used in home. The
using of more than one language in
their home causes language contact
which results in interference. It can be
seen from the types of interferences
explained above.
3.2 Cultural Attitude
Partana and Sumarsono say that
cultural attitude give background in
maintaining the culture (2002). From
their vocabulary, it can be seen that
they strongly maintain their culture.
Based on history of Chinese immigrant
in Indonesia, in the era of
colonialization, Chinese immigrants
lived separately from local recident.
They lived in “Pecinan” where they
are free in doing their custom and
culture. Moreover, their ancestor also
learned in separated school specialized
for them with Mandarin as language in
school. Those situations result in
inclusive attitude between Peranakan
Chinese and local recidents. It
becomes strong cultural attitude
toward Chinese’s culture which is
derived to their descendants. Then, it
grows as their cultural attitude until
now.
They do not change their mistakes
in using Standard Indonesian since it is
difficult to be changed (based on
interview to some Indonesian
Chinese). Thus, their mistakes are not
avoided and become their habit until
now.
3.3 Interchanging Elements,
Identification Process, and
Overgeneralization Process.
Trudgill denotes that interference is
caused by imperfect learning and
narrower language acquisition (2002).
The narrower language acquisition
occurs when ancestors of Indonesian
Chinese had to master two languages
in the same and narrow time. They had
to master Malay and Javanese in the
same time. It is more difficult than
learning only one language. Thus,
some mistakes can happen in this
learning acquisition. In this case, the
15
interchanging elements (Lippi-Green,
2001) happens in constructing
Indonesian Sound House and Javanese
Sound House because the Javanese’s
element are constructed in Indonesian
as explained in phonological,
morphological and syntactical
interferences. Then, it results in
identification of Indonesian and
Javanese as the same language. The
identification occurs in diaphones,
diamorph, and grammatical
identification as stated by Haugen
(cited in hastutui, 2003). It is still
followed by overgeneralization process
as can be seen in the explanations of
interference’s types (Ellis, 1992).
Meanwhile, their habit in
shortening and simplifying utterances
by deleting phonemes, subject,
preposition, etc are usual since all
language rub out their element to ease
articulation and to economize the
written (see p. 21).
4. Conclusion
Indonesian Chinese in Semarang is
a part of Indonesian community which
used Indonesian as their colloquial. In
using Indonesian, their Indonesian is
interferenced by Javanese and
Mandarin. The interference happens in
their Indonesian takes place in
phonology, morphology, syntax,
vocabulary, semantic, and elemental.
The interference itself is resulted by
language contact between Indonesian
and Javanese and Mandarin; the
cultural attitude in maintaining
Chinese’s culture strongly which
derived to their descendants and has
become their cultural attitude until
now; the imperfect learning and
narrower language acquisition which
was done by their ancestors which
results in interchanging elements and
identification process which followed
by overgeneralization process. The
interference itself is not stopped
because it becomes their habit and it is
difficult to be changed.
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 1993. Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa Bloomfield, Leonard. 1995. Language: Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Brown, H. Douglas. 2000. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Fourth
Edition. New York: Pearson Education. Chaer, Abdul & Leoni Agustina. 1995. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: PT.
Rineka Cipta Chaer, Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta Cushman, Jennifer & Wang Gung Wu. 1991. Perubahan Identitas Orang Cina di Asia
Tenggara. Jakarta: PT. Temprint Ellis, Rod. 1992. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Hastuti, Sri, P. H. 2003. Sekitar Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta:
PT. Mitra Gama Widya Hidajat, Z. M. 1993. Masyarakat dan Kebudayaan Cina Indonesia. Bandung: Tarsito Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Longman
Publishing. Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1985. Fungsi Bahasa dan Sikap Bahasa. Ende: Nusa Indah.
Lippi-Green, Rosina, 2001. English with an Accent: Language, Idiology and Discrimination in the United State. New York: Routledge.
Mangunsuwito, S. A. 2002. Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Jawa: Jawa-Jawa, Jawa-Indonesia,
Indonesia-Jawa. Bandung: Yrama Widya. Mesthrie, Rajend, et all. 2000. Introducting Sociolinguistics. Philadelphia: John
Benjamins Publishing Company. Moeliono, dkk. 1988. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka Partana, Paina dan Sumarsono. 2002. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Sabda. Richard, Jack. C. 1974. Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition.
London: Longman.
17
Rindjin, Ketut, et all. 1981. Interferensi Gramatikal Bahasa Bali Dalam Pemakaian Bahasa Indonesia Murid Sekolah Dasar di Bali. Jakarta: Pusat Pambinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Subroto, Edi, dkk. 1991. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana
University Press. Sudja’i, M. A., dkk. 1986. Pemakaian Bahasa Indonesia di Lingkungan Masyarakat
Tionghoa Jawa Timur: Sebuah Analisis Kesalahan Bahasa Indonesia Tulis Siswa Kelas VI SD WNI Keturunan Cina Tiga Kota di Jawa Timur. Jakarta: Pusat Pambinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
Suwito. 1983. Pengantar Awal Sosiolinguistik: Teori dan Problema. Solo: Henary Offset. Trudgill, Peter. 2002. Sociolinguistis: Variation and Change. Washington D.C:
Georgetown University Press. Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Widada, dkk. 2001. Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa). Yogyakarta: Balai Pustaka. Sam Poo Kong’s relieft wall’s story.
DAFTAR INFORMAN
Informan 1 : Male, 14, Junior High Scholl Student
Informan 2 : Female, 18, Senior High School
Informan 3 : Female, 21, college student
Informan 4 : Male, 21, college student
Informan 5 : Female, 22, college student
Informan 6 : Male, 26, private officer
Informan 7 : Female, for abot 60, teacher