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, 1995

() (), () , (, ), (), , (), (, ), () ., , ( .. ) ( ), , , , , , , .

. 1701 , . . 2, . (058) 2-33-64

, 1995 , 1995 ISBN 954-8643-11

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............................................................................................................................. 10 ..................................................................................................................... 14

. ............................................................. 151.1. ........................................................................................15 1.1.1. .......................................................................................... 15 1.1.2. ............................................................................................15 1.1.3. , ................................................................................ 15 ........................................................................ 15 .......................................................................... 16 ..................................................................... 16 1.1.4. , ................................................... 16 1.1.5. ........................................ 16 .........................................................16 ...........................................................17 ................................................ 17 1.1.6. ................................................ 18 1.2. ...........................................................................18 1.2.1. ............................ 18 ................. 19 .................. 19 ........... 21 1.2.2. () ........................................... 22 ..............................................................................22 ...................................................22 - .........................22 ......................................... 25 ............... 25 1.2.3. - .................................................................. 25 1.3. ...... 28 1.3.1. ..................................................................................... 28

41.3.2. ........ 28 1.4. ...................................................................................... 31 1.4.1. ................................................................................. 31 1.4.2. .................................................................................. 32 .............................................................................. 32 ................................... 32 ................................................ 33 ................ 33 1.4.3. - ........................................................................................ 35 ........................................................................................... 35 ................................................................................. 35 ................................................................................................. 37 1.4.4. ............38 .................................................. 38 .............................................................................. 38 ....................................................................... 39 1.4.5. .......................................... 39

. ....................................... 402.1. .......................................................................................40 2.1.1. ..................... 40 ................................................................ 40 .......................................... 42 . .......................................... 45 2.1.2. ................................................... 46 2.1.3. ................................................ 46 2.1.4. ..................................................... 46 2.2. ......................................................................................... 47 2.2.1. ............................................................................... 48 2.2.2. ..................................................................................................48 2.2.3. ................................................................................. 49 2.2.4. ........................................................................... 49 2.2.5. ..................................................... 49 2.3. ........... 50 2.3.1. ......... 50

5 ................................................................................50 ................................................................................. 50 ................................................51 ................................................................................. 51 .......................................................................... 52 .................................................... 52 ................................................................................ 52 ....................................................................................................... 52 ................................................................................. 53 .................. ............................................................................................ .................................................... 56 2.3.2. .....................................................................

53 54

57

2.3.3. ...................................................58 ....................................................................................... 58 ..........................................................58 2.3.4. ......................................................................... 59 ................................................................................ 59 .......................................................................................... 60 ........................................................................................... 60 2.3.5. .................... 61 2.4. .........................61 2.4.1. ......................................................................................61 2.4.2. , .............................. 61 ............................................................................................ 62 ......................................................................................... 62 ............................................................................................63 2.4.3. ............................................................... 64 2.4.4. ........................................................................64 .................................................................................................. 64 ........ 64 ............................................................................................... 64 ........................................................................ 65 .................... 65 ....................................................................... 66

666 ................. ....................................................66 , ..................... ................................67 .............................................. .......... 2.4.5. ........... 68 ..............................

67

68 68 69

...............................69 2.5. .............................................................. 72 2.5.1. .......................................................................... 72 2.5.2. ... 72 2.5.3. .................................................................................................................. 73 2.5.4. , ... 73 ( ).............. 73 ................................................................................................... 74 2.5.5. ............................................................................. 75 ..................... 75 ............................................................................ 75 n .............................................................................. 75 , .......................................................... 76 ................................................................................ 78 ................................................................ 78 ..................... 79 2.5.6.

7.......................................................................................... 79 2.6. ........................................................................................... 80 2.6.1. .. 80 2.6.2. .......................81 2.6.3. , ...................... 83 .......................................................... 83 ...........................83 2.6.4. .......................................................................... 85 ....................................................................85 ....................................... 85 .................................................................................85 ........................................................................................ 85 .................................................... 85 2.6.5. .................... 85 ...................................................................86 ............................. 86 .......................... 87 2.7. ..............................................................................89 2.8. O E ............................. 90 2.9. ...... 91

. ................................................ 94 ........................................................... 94 3.1.1. ............................................................................... 94 3.1.2. .................................................................. 94 3.1.3. ................................... 95 3.2. ..........................96 3.3. ............................................................................................................. 96 3.1.

83.4. 98 .................................................................

3.4.1. ............... 98 3.4.2. ( ) ........ 98 3.4.3. ......................................................................99 EMYCIN........................................................................................................ 99 KEE................................................................................................................. 99 BABYLON.................................................................................................... 100 3.4.4. .......................................................101 3.5. ................102

.

.................................................. 103

...................................................................... 103 4.2. ..............................................................104 4.3. ........................................................ 104 4.3.1. ............................ 105 4.3.2. , .........................................................................105 4.3.3. , .......................................................................... 107 4.4. ............................................. 108 4.4.1. () ............................................................. 108 4.4.2. ....................................................................................... 108 4.4.3. ......................................................................................... 109 4.4.4. ...................................................................................109 4.4.5. ....................................................................................... 110 4.5. ............................................ 110 4.5.1. .............................................................................................110 4.5.2. ............................................................... 111 4.5.3. ................................................................ 111 4.6.

4.1.

9112 ............................................

5.1. 113 5.2.

.

......................... 113

E..............................

............................................................ 114 5.2.1. ...........................................................114 5.2.2. ....................................................115 5.2.3. .................................................. 116 5.2.4. .................................................................................... 116 5.3. ..................... 117 5.4. ......................................................................121

. .............................................. 1226.1. ...................................122 6.2. .....................................................123 6.3. ..........................................................................124 6.4. ............................... 124 6.4.1. ..........................................124 6.4.2. ................................................................. 125 6.5. .....................................................................126 6.6. ..............................................................130 6.7. .................................................................132

. .............................. 1347.1. ........................................................................134 7.2. ().................................................... 135 7.3. ........................................................................................................ 136 7.4. ....................................................137

. ........................................................... 139

108.1. ............................................139 8.2. ...140 8.2.1. ..............................................................140 8.2.2. ........................................................ 141 8.2.3. .......................................................142 8.2.4. ..................................................................... 142 8.2.5. ......................................................................... 143 8.3. ................................................................................................. 143 8.3.1. .......................................................................................................... 143 8.3.2. ..................................... 146 8.4. ...149 8.4.1. , ..................................... 149 8.4.2. ...................................................................................150 8.5. .................................................................. 150 8.6. ............................................................ 151 ........................................................................................................................ 152 . . . . , ?.................................................................................... 155

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? () , , (.). : (, ), () () (). . , . . , , . . , - , , . : , , , , , , ( .. ()), . ( , AI) , 1960. , . : , . , , . , . , . - , , . : , () ;

12 ( ()); , ; , , , - ; -! ( )? ? , . ? () . , ? , (, ). , ? , (), . , . ( ) , . , , ,..., , , , , , () . . : ( . . ); ( . . ); (); (, () ); ( , , ); ; (, , ); ( , ); ; . . . - . : ; ; ;

13 ; ( ); ; -. . , . , , . . , . (), ( ) . , ( ) . . , ? , . , ( ). : ; (), , , ; , . (); , ( ), ; , , ; ; ; , . , , . , . , , - . , , , . ,

14 , , , . . , ( ). , . . , . . , , ! , . , . , , , . . . () ( )! , , , , , . . , : 1. ( ) . 2. , , . 3. . - , 1701, , , 1995 . . . , 31 1995 .

15

ATN DCG NLP RTN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( ) - - - - - - - - - - - () - - - augmented transition network, - definite clause grammar, - natural language processing, - recursive transition network,

16

1.1. ( ), , () , - , , . : , , . , .

1.1.1. : () . : , , (). : (, , , . .), . , . (): , .

1.1.2. - ( ) , . , , . , . ().

1.1.3. , gen, () . : (gen s s1) s'

17s , s1 s, s' s; (gen s) s. : ( , ); ( , , , , ).

V (Value ), ( , , ). ( ).

gen V. , . , () , .

1.1.4. , , , : ) ; ) ( , , .); ) . ( ) ( / ).

1 . 1 . 5 . , ( , ).

P.

18 b o d o f o o e o h o a o c

: ((a NIL) (b a) (c a) (d b) (e b) (f e) (h e)) . ( ). . . . , .

P-. - : ((a (b c)) (b (d e)) (e (f h))) , . . . ( ). . . .

: (a) , ; (a (b c)) , ; (a (b (d e (f h)) c)) . . , ( ). . . ( - ), , ( ).

19

1.1.6.

: ) () (path finding) ( ). : (-) . : ; ) ( ). : , .; ) (constraint satisfaction problem). : , .

1.2. (-, ) : (, ); () . ) ( ) , ; ( ); ) , ( ). , , .

1 . 2 . 1 .

() . (), . , .

20

: ( ) , () , . b d f e h a c

: , - . b d f e h a c

. (Depth-First Search) , , () ( ), : 1. . 1a. : s; g (Goal ); gen, . 1b. : unexplored ( ); explored ( ). : unexplored:=(s); (unexplored ) explored:=nil. (explored )

212. search(unexplored, explored, g). (search ) 2a. unexplored=nil, . 3. 2b. cs:= unexplored. (cs=Current State ) 2c. cs unexplored. 2d. cs=g, . 3. 2e. cs. 2f. cs , explored, unexplored. 2g. cs explored. 2h. search(unexplored, explored, g). 3. . cs=g, explored, g, nil. 1. explored , ( , ). (- , /, ), . . 2. : , ( cs cs d, ). . (Breadth-First Search) ( . 2f) cs ( ) unexplored. () . (defun generate_d (s g) ;;; . (dsearch (list s) nil g)) (defun dsearch (unexplored explored g) (cond ((null unexplored) nil) ((equal (car unexplored) g) (append (reverse explored) (list (car unexplored)))) (t (dsearch (append (set_diff (gen (car unexplored)) explored) (cdr unexplored)) (cons (car unexplored) explored) g)) )) (defun generate_b (s g) ;;; . (bsearch (list s) nil g))

22(defun bsearch (unexplored explored g) (cond ((null unexplored) nil) ((equal (car unexplored) g) (append (reverse explored) (list (car unexplored)))) (t (bsearch (append (cdr unexplored) (set_diff (gen (car unexplored)) explored)) (cons (car unexplored) explored) g)) )) (defun set_diff (a b)) ;;; , ;;; . (cond ((null a) nil) ((not (member (car a) b)) (cons (car a) (set_diff (cdr a) b))) (t (set_diff (cdr a) b)) ))

1. . () : , , , ; - , ( ). 2. ( ) s g, , () , ( ) g. , s g, , . s g, , , ( ).

(Generate-and-test) ( ) 1. ( ) . 2. . 3. , , . . 1.

23

1. ( ), . 2. , .

1 . 2 . 2 . () , , .

(Hill Climbing) , . ( ). , . (Simple Hill Climbing). : 1. . , . , . 2. , : 2a. . 2b. : 2b1. , . 2b2. , - ( - ) , . 2b3. - ( - ) , . ( ). ( ), . - (Steepest-Ascent Hill Climbing). . - , . , - .

24 - 1. . , . , . 2. , , : 2a. . , . , succ - ( - ). 2b. succ - , succ . 1. , , , - . , . : (, - , - ); ( , , ). - ( ) . , ( ) . 2. . () , -, . . . : A H G F E D C B H G F E D C B A

25 : ; . . 1 , , 1 , . , . 8 (8 1), 4 = 6.1 + 2 (-1) -1 A B. , : H G F E D C A B 6 (1+6-1), 6>4 . , : A H G F E D C B a

H A

G F E D C B

A

H

G F E D C B

4. , 4 E 9 E=2

9 1 => O = 0 E+1 => N = E+1 8 . . . . . . . . .

N = 3 R = 8 9 D+2 = Y D+2 = 10+Y C1=0 D+2 = Y N+R = 10+E => R = 9 S = 8 C1=1

2+D = 10+Y => D = 8+Y => D = 8 9 D=8 Y = 0 D=9 Y = 1

. . .

: M=1, M C4 - M 0; S = 8 9, S+M+C3 > 9 (- , S4 = M > 0), M = 1 C3 1;

32 O = 0 1, S+M+C3 10 ( C4 = M = 1) S+M+C3 11 ( S 9, M = 1 C3 1). , M = 1, O=0; N = E E+1 C2. N E , N = E+1 C2 = 1; N+R > 8, C2 = 1, .. N+R+C1 > 9; E 9, N+R+C1 18 ( N 9 R 9, N R 9). , . , (), . , E = 2 ( E, ). : N = 3, N = E+1; R = 8 9, N+R+C1 = 2 12, N = 3 0 C1 1; D+2 = Y ( C1 = 0) D+2 = 10+Y ( C1 = 1). , . C1 0 1. , C1 = 1, D+2 = 10+Y, .. D = 8+Y. D 8, .. D = 8 9. D = 8, Y = 8-8 = 0, , , O = 0. , D = 9, Y = 9-8 = 1, , M = 1. , C1 = 1 . C1 (C1 = 0). - . , (M 0, S 0) : S = 9, E = 5, N = 6, D = 7, M = 1, O = 0, R = 8, Y = 2, : 9567 + 1085 10652

33

1.4. 1.4.1. . . ( ), ( .). , . , ( ) . , , , , . . ( .) - , . - . . : (, Branch ): , ; (D, Depth ): . BD. . , B 35, 50 , . . D 2 . 50 = 100.

1.4.2. - , . ( ). , , , , , (), . ( ) - , - . , , . . , .

34 , , . , .

, 31 : o o o o 6 o 7 o 8 o o o 10 10 o o 4 o 4 o o 3 o 0 o o o 5 o 3 o o 4 o 8 o o 9 o 5 o o o o o 4 10 o 2 max min max

. ( ) . , , . - , . , - , . . . . - , , , . . , , : 7 o 7 o 7 o o 6 o 7 o 10 10 o o 4 o 4 4 o o 3 o 0 o o 4 5 o 5 o 3 4 o o 4 o 8 9 o o 9 o 5 5 o o 5 10 o o o 4 10 o 2 max min max

o o o 8 10 10

35 , . , .

. , , . , . , , . ? : (n1 n2 id), : n1 , ; n2 , , . . ; id , (max min). . : (0 5 max); 2 , (2 3 min) . . : +1, () ; -1, () . ( ):(0 5 max) o -1 max (3 2 min) o -1 (3 0) o +1 (1 1) o -1 (1 0) o -1 (2 0) o +1

(1 4 min) o -1 (1 3) o +1 (2 2) o +1 (3 1)(1 2) o o -1 +1

(2 3 min) o -1 (2 1) o -1

min

max

(1 2)(2 1)(3 0)(2 0)(1 0)(1 1)(2 0) (1 0) o o o o o o o o o -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 (1 1) (1 1)(2 0) (1 0) (1 0) o o o o o -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 (1 0) (1 0) o -1

min

max

min

36 -1 , . , , : , 4.

1.4.3. - . . , . , () / , . , , . - ( max) . - ( min) . . - . - , - .=7 17 1=7 o min 1=7 o o 6 o o o 7 8 28 310 o o 10 o 4 o o 3 7 o o 7=9 o o 8 o o 9 5 39; 35 o 8=5 max

24

4=4

o

max

o 4

37 : . -. , min-, - - - max-. . -. , max-, - - - min-. , . . 1.4.2. , - ( , ). , - , . . - . 1.4.2, , 20 31. - . - 6 7 ( - ). (max) 1 = max (6, 7) = 7 ( , ). - , 1 7. ( ) 8. 2 8, 1 = 7. 1 = min (1, 2, 3) = min (7, 2 ...) 7, 10 (-). ( ) 10. 3 10, 1 = 7 < 3, 1 = min (7, 8, 10) = 7, (-). , , 1. 4 3 ( ). 4 = max (4, 3) = 4 2 4. = max (1, 2, 3) = max (7, 2, 3) 7, 9, 10, 11 12 (-). 2 4, 7. - 8 9, 7 = max (8, 9) = 9. 3 9, 1 = 7, 5 4, 8 = max (5, 4) = 5 35. = max (7, 4, 5) = 7.

38 , - (-). , - - , 2, 3, 2 3, ( ) 5, 6 9. ( 6 < 7, 8