274
KenozoikNEOGEN
KVARTAR
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• neogen
– miocen (eger, egenburg, otnang, karpat, baden, sarmat, panon, pont): 23 - 5,3 mil. god.
– pliocen (zanklij, piačenzij): 5,3 - 2,6 mil. god.
• kvartar– gelasij: 2,6 - 1,8 mil. god.– pleistocen: 1,8 mil. god. - 11.500 god.– holocen: 11.700 god. -
Neogen
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• važniji biološki događaji– d. miocen: prvi homonoidi– d. pliocen: prvi hominidi– d. pleistocen: Homo erectus– g. pleistocen: Homo sapiens
• važniji paleogeografski događaji– miocen, pliocen: kolizija Indije i Euroazije– d. miocen: početak formiranja Paratethysa– sr. miocen: početak formiranja Crvenog mora– pliocen: zatvaranje Paratethysa– pleistocen: oledba
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275
Neogenski život
• život u moru– miocenski pretci
kitova– miocenska
obnovaplanktonskihforaminifera
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Neogenski život
• život na kopnu– hladniji i suhi periodi smanjivali područja pod šumama
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Neogenski život
• strujanje oko pola– omogućen razvoj
ledenjaka na Antarktici
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276
Neogenski život
• sisavci– razvoj grupa
velikih sisavaca– mnogi prilagođeni
otvorenim područjima
– daljnji razvoj primata
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Neogenski život
• prije 6 - 7 mil. god. izumiranje dijela sisavaca
• širenje C4 trava• promjena
globalne klime u topliju
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Klima
Miocen
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277
Regionalni događaji - zapad
• izdizanja i magmatska aktivnost formiralizapadne provincije
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Regionalni događaji - zapad
• Basin and Range provincija se razvila u neogenu.
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Regionalni događaji - zapad
• miocen – subdukcija na sjeveru– rasjedanje i izgradnja
planina na jugu
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278
Regionalni događaji - zapad
• miocen– magmatski luk– rasjedanje i
deformacije u Kaliforniji
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Regionalni događaji - istok
• izdizanje u kenozoiku praćeno snažnom erozijom
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Američka razmjena sisavaca
• prevlaka Paname– sjeverno i
južnoamerički sisavci se razvijali odvojeno
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279
Himalaja
• razvoj širokog paltoa Tibeta
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Himalaja
• Indijski kraton kolidirao s Euroazijom
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Himalaja
• miocenskiklastiti prekrivaju eocenske vapnence
• najveće izdizanje zadnjih 15 mil. god.
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280
Himalaja• Indijska ploča
subducirana• kontinentalna
kolizija
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Europa
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Europa
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281
Europa
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Hrvatska
A L P S
C A R P A
T H
I
A N S
ZAGREB
VIENNA
BUDAPEST
St yrianBasin
North CroatianBasin
L. Hung .Plain
A d r i a t i c S e a0 100 km
Danube R.
Danube R
.
North Hungarian
Range
Grea t Hungarian Plain
Transcarpathian
Depression
Transylvan ian Basin
N
BekesBasin
/ /
Vienna
Basin
Mako t.
HRH
G
YU
RO
BGMC
CH
CZ
A
AL
IBH
SL
SLO
D
IN
A R I D E S
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282
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283
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Hrvatska5
10
15
20
25
30
35
M. A
.
EP
OC
H
AGECENTRAL
PARATETHYSSTAGES
PLI
O-
CE
NE
5,3ZANCLEAN DACIAN NN1 3
NN1 2
N N11
NN1 0
NN9 b
NN7
NN6
NN5
N N4
NN3
N N2
NN1
NP25
NP24
NP23
NP22
NP21
NP18
NP19-2 0
NN9a/8
( 5,6 )
Late
MIO
CE
NE
11,0
MESSINIAN7,1
PONTIAN
TORTONIAN PANNONIAN
Mid
dle
MIO
CE
NE
16,5
SERRAVALIAN
SARMATIAN( 13,0 )
11,5
14,8
LANG HIAN
BADENIAN
KARPATIAN( 17,2 )
OTTNANGIAN( 18 ,3 )BURDIGALIAN
EGG ENBURGIAN
Ear
ly M
IOC
EN
E
23,8
AQUITANIAN
CHATTIAN
28,5
EGERIAN
( 27,5 )
RUPELIANKISCELLIAN
OLI
GO
CE
NE
33,7
Late
EO
CE
NE
PRIABONIAN PRIABONIAN
20,5
CA
LCA
RE
OU
SN
AN
NO
PLA
NK
TO
N
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Usporedba kronostratigrafije miocena Središnjeg Paratethysa s općom kronostratigrafijom.
Roegl, 1998
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Hrvatska
• tri regije s različitom sedimentacijom– sjeverna Hrvatska (Središnji Paratethys,
Panonski bazen)• Središnji Paratethys: dio Paratethysa
između Alpa, Dinarida i Karpata• Panonski bazen zauzima najveći dio Sr.
Paratethysa– slatkovodni bazeni u Dinaridima– bazen Jadrana
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284
Hrvatska
A D R I A T I C R E G I O N
D I N A R I D E S
PANNONIAN BASIN SYSTEM
H I G H
B E L T
K A
0 50
14 16 18
46
44
100 km
ZA GREBN O R T H
N O R T H E R N B O S N I A R E G I O N
C R O A T I A NB A S I N VUKOVAR
SARAJ EVO
MOSTAR
SPLIT
RS
T
SARAJEVO-ZENICA
LIVNO-DUVNO
SINJBASIN
BASIN
KORALJKA-I
BASIN
1
1
2
2
marine shoreline of the south-western Central Paratethys
south-western b ounda ry of the Central Paratethys
Dinaridic fresh-water basin
LJUBLJANA
DRAVA R.
SAVA R.
DAN
UBE R
.
N
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Hrvatska
Karlovac
Daruvar
Požega
StubičkeToplice
Slav. Brod
Našice
Zagreb
Sava R.
16°00' 17°00' 18°00'
46°00'Barcs
Drava R.
25 kmMt. KALNIK
Mt. MEDVEDNICA
Mt. ŽUMBERAK
Mt. MOSLAVAČKAMt. PAPUK
Mt. PSUNJ Mt. KRNDIJA
Mt. DILJ
Mt. POŽEŠKA
HRVATSKO ZAGORJE
NORTH
CROATIAN
BASIN
Neogene and Quaternary cover ofthe Pannonian Basin
Pre-Neogeneunits
Legend:
Normalfault
BASIN
S A V A D E P R E S S I O N
D R A V A D E P R E S S I O N
BJELOVAR
POŽEGAVALLEY
DEPRESSION
Reversefault
Periadriaticline
Strike-slipfault
1
1
5
7
6
3 4
2
Stop 1
The boundary between Hrvatsko Zagorje Basin and North Croatian Basin
PAL
PAL
MURADEPRESSION
Varaždin
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Hrvatska
• sjeverna Hrvatska– u donjem miocenu dva bazena s
različitom sedimentacijom do karpata• bazen Hrvatskog zagorja • Sjevernohrvatski bazen
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285
Hrvatska
• bazen Hrvatskog zagorja– eger: marinska do brakična sedimentacija
• klastiti, vulkanizam– egenburg - otnang: marinska
sedimentacija• klastiti, vulkanizam
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Hrvatska
• Sjevernohrvatski bazen– eger, egenburg, otnang: kopno– karpat: početak kontinentalnog riftanja - sin-
rift faza• spuštanje niz listričke rasjede uslijed izdizanja
gornjeg plašta• riječni okoliši
– početak badena: nastavak spuštanja• formiranje velikog slatkovodnog jezera uz
promjenu klime u humidnu
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Hrvatska
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286
Hrvatska
b) late Ottnangian
erosion erosiona)
S N
early Ottna ngian
Not to scale.extension
M
M
2
2
karpat
početak badena
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Hrvatska
– donji baden: marinska transgresija zbog uspostave veze s Jadranom - kontinuiran prelazak iz jezerske sedimentacije u marinsku
• spojili se bazen Hrvatskog zagorja i Sjevernohrvatski bazen
• siltiti, pješčenjaci
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Hrvatska
• produbljavanje ali i tektonsko izdizanje pojedinih blokova - formiranje otočnih nizova
• karbonatna sedimentacija: biokalkareniti i lapori
• klimaks vulkanizma: bazalti i andeziti
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287
Hrvatska
–gornji baden: post-rift faza: spuštanje zbog hlađenja litosfere; marinska transgresija i preplavljivanje otoka - uspostava veze s Indijskim oceanom
• biokalkareniti, lapori
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Hrvatska
–sarmat: početak izolacije bazena• reduciran salinitet• nestali ježinci, crvene alge, koralji,
planktonske foraminifere• laminirani lapori, gline, vapnenci,
pješčenjaci• pretaloživanje badenskih sedimenata• rijetki piroklastiti• koncem sarmata izdizanje i oplićavanje
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Hrvatska
– panon: definitivno zatvorena veza s morem, fomirano brakično jezero Panon, mjestimična transgresija na izdignute blokove• transgresija: konglomerati, lapori• kontinuitet: pločasti vapnenci, lapori• u Hrvatskom zagorju pijesci transportirani
iz Alpa• Croatica naslage, Banatica naslage• razvoj endemske faune: školjkaši, puževi,
ostrakodi
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288
Hrvatska
– pont: kontinuirano taloženje• lapori, progradacija deltnih sustava - najveći
rezervoari nafte i plina• Abichi naslage, Rhomboidea naslage
– mesinska kriza saliniteta u Sredozemnom moru• potpuno isušivanje i taloženje debelih naslaga evaporita
– pliocen (dacij i romanij): početak tektonskog izdizanja, slatkovodni okoliši • klastiti lokalnog izvorišta, ugljen• Paludinske naslage
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Hrvatska
– pleistocen: riječni i barski okoliši• klastiti• les• snažna vertikalna izdizanja i erozija
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Hrvatska
g) early Pleistocene
Dravadepression
Mt.Pap ukPože ga
valley
Mt.Pože škaSa va
dep ression
Mt.Motajica
M3 M3
M4 M4
M6
M6 M7
M7 QPl
Pl
M2 M2
pleistocen
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289
Hrvatska
> 450 m
> 300 m
> 450 m
> 500 m
> 300 m
> 180 m
> 50 m
> 270 m
> 300 m
> 100 m
Pz,Mz,Pg PODLOGA
MORSKO
KOMPRESIJA
K O M P R E S I J A
MORSKO
REDUCIRANISALINITET
BRAKIČNO
JEZERSKO
JEZERSK
OMOČVARNO
NISKI SALINITET
RIJEČNO JEZERSKO
EGENBURG
OTNANG
KARPAT
KARPAT
EGER
PANON
PONT
PLIOCEN
BADEN
SIN-RIFT
EKSTENZIJA
TERMALNO SPUŠTANJE
POST-RIFT
SARMAT
KVARTAR
RIJEČNO
AA
A B
BB
vulkaniti
BAZ EN HR VAT SK OG ZA GORJA SJEV ER NOHR VATS KI BA ZE N
piroklast it i uglj en vapn en ac
lapor glina krupn ozr nasti klastitis itn ozrnasti klastiti
LEGENDA
___________________________________
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___________________________________
Bosna i Hercegovina
150
m15
00 m
200
m32
0 m
OLIGO- MIOCENE
FRES
H-W
ATER
MID
DLE
MIO
CENE
LATE
MIO
CENE
- PLI
IOCE
NEPL
IOCE
NEEA
RLY
MIOC
ENE C onger ia pe rnae fo rm is
C onger ia jad rov i
Orygo ce ras co rnic ulum
C onger ia da lm ati ca
C onger ia da lm ati ca
C onger ia da lm ati caM elanopsis sp .
ostrac ods
Pisid ium ov ulum
Orygo ce ras sp .
C onger ia d rva rensis
Fossa ru lus tri ca rina tusC li vune lla k atz eri
Plano rb is sp .Lym naea sp.Valva ta sp .Hydr ob ia sp.
LIVNO-DUVNO BASIN
(simp lif ied after Papeš, 1972, andPapeš, 1975)
• slatkovodni okoliši: riječni i jezerski• izrazito prevladavanje klastita s lokalnim izvorištima• samo endemska fauna
• u Hrvatskoj: Sinjski bazen, Pag
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Hrvatska• bazen Jadrana
– marinska sedimentacija: lapori, vapnenci, pješčenjaci, evaporiti
– mesin: isušivanje
– pleistocen: pad razine mora
70 m
170
m11
0 m
120
m60
m70
m
OLIGOCENE
MAR
INE
MIDD
LE M
IOCEN
ELATE
MIOC
ENE
EARL
Y
MIDDLE
LATE
PLIOC
ENE
PLIOCENE
PLIOCENE
EARL
Y MIO
CENE
Glo bo quad rina de hisc ensGlo bigerinoides trilobus
Glo bo ro tal ia c onomiozea
Glo bo ro tal ia m arg ari taeGlo bo ro tal ia punct ic ula ta
Glo bo ro tal ia aem iliana
Glo bo ro tal ia infla ta
Glo bo ro tal ia m ayeriOrbulina su tura li sPraeo rbulina glom erosa
Globigerinoides ob l iq uus extremus
KORALJKA-I WELL(ADRIATIC SEA)
(simplified a fter Miletić &Bajraktarević , 1995)
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290
Ledeno doba
• glacijalnimaksimum
• šest glavnih dokaza
– 1. eratički blokovi
___________________________________
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___________________________________
Ledeno doba
– 2. glacijalni til i bazeni pod utjecajem glacijacije
– 3. depresije na kopnu zbog težine ledenjaka
___________________________________
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Ledeno doba
– 4. glacijalnotrljanje
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291
Ledeno doba
– 5. pad razine mora
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Ledeno doba
– 6. migracija vrsta
___________________________________
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Ledeno doba
• polen– pomoć u
rekonstruk-ciji promjena vegetacije
– europske promjene
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292
Ledeno doba
• kronologija glacijacije
• glacijacija na sjevernoj hemisferi počela prije~3 mil. god.
___________________________________
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Ledeno doba
• promjena oceanskih strujanja u vrijeme glacijacije
___________________________________
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Ledeno doba
• globalni utjecaj klime na vegetaciju
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293
Ledeno doba
• globalan utjecaj na klimu– Sahara se
proširila
___________________________________
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___________________________________
Ledeno doba
• orbitalni ciklusi– promjene u
Zemljinoj orbiti su vezane uz glacijaciju
___________________________________
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___________________________________
___________________________________
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___________________________________
Razvoj čovjeka
• miocenski čovjekoliki majmuni imali snažnu radijaciju
• najraniji čovjekoliki majmuni
___________________________________
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294
Razvoj čovjeka
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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___________________________________
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Razvoj čovjeka
• australopitekus– prijelazni oblik između
čovjekolikih majmuna i čovjeka
Australopithecus Rani Homo Homo erectus
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Razvoj čovjeka
• otisci australopitekusa pokazuju dvonožno kretanje
___________________________________
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295
Razvoj čovjeka
• blago savinute kosti prstiju pokazuju da se australopitekus uspinjao uz drvo
___________________________________
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___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Razvoj čovjeka
• Homo– 2,4 mil. god.
Australopithecus
___________________________________
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Razvoj čovjeka
• 1,6 mil. god. dječak– Afrika
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296
Razvoj čovjeka
• neandertalci– Homo heidelbergensis
• Heidelberg– Homo
neanderthalensis krapinensis
• Dragutin Gorjanović Kramberger
– Vindija• jedni od najmlađih u
Europi
___________________________________
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Razvoj čovjeka
• grobovi neandertalaca– glava položena
na ruku– moguće religiozni
___________________________________
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Razvoj čovjeka
• rast mozga kod primata
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297
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