kote Todua
giorgi wereTeli da realizmis problemebi
qarTul literaturaSi
warmodgenilia doqtoris (PH.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
ivnisi, 2009 weli
saavtoro ufleba 2009, `kote Todua, 2009~
sarCevi
reziume
Sesavali _ 10-13
sakvlevi problemis Seswavlis done _ 14-24
Tavi I.
realizmis warmoSobis zogadi mimoxilva evropul literaturaSi _
25-39
Tavi II.
Zveli qarTuli mwerloba (V-XVIII ss) realizmis TvalTaxedviT _
40-50
Tavi III.
XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli literatura realizmis
TvalsazrisiT _ 51-70
Tavi IV.
kritikuli realizmi i. WavWavaZisa da ak. wereTlis esTetikaSi _ 71-
90
Tavi V.
giorgi wereTeli qalrTul saliteraturo kritikaSi – 91-97
Tavi VI.
`Seuferavi realizmis” warmoSoba da misi arsi _ 98-118
Tavi VII.
giorgi wereTeli _ qarTuli kritikuli realzmis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli da ganmaviTarebeli _ 119-175
daskvna – 176-191
gamoyenebuli literatura _ 192-196
reziume
literatura mxatvruli sityvis saSualebiT Seimecnebs gare
samyaros da, erTi mxriv, sinamdvilis realur suraTebs asaxavs
WeSmariti Tu istoriuli faqtebis aRweriT, an mxatvruli gamonagonis
saSualebiT, romelic realuri yofis ganzogadebis Sedegia; meore mxriv
ki warmoadgens am realobisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis gadmocemas, an
gviCvenebs im grZnoba-ganwyobilebas, romelsac esa Tu is movlena iwvevs
mwerlis Sinagan bunebaSi. es ukanaskneli rogorc realuri adamianis
realuri warmosaxva Tavis mxriv realuri sinamdviliTaa gamowveuli.
literatura, rogorc memkvidreobiTobisa da novatorobis
urTierTqmedebis procesi, istoriulad cvalebadia da ganuxrelad
viTardeba. sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebTan erTad icvleboda
SemoqmedebiTi meTodebi. Yyvela xalxis mwerlobaSi, maT Soris
qarTulSic, wina drois literatura yovelTvis axdenda gavlenas
momdevno xanis mweralTa Semoqmedebaze. Ees ki iwvevda sxvadasxva
mimarTulebaTa urTierTzegavlenas. nebismieri mimdinareobis
literatura sinamdviliTaa nasazrdoebi da aqedan gamomdinare yoveli
maTganisTvis met-naklebad damaxasiaTebelia realizmi Tu misi
elementebi.
qarTuli mwerloba, rogorc cnobilia, tipologiurad yovelTvis
dasavluri iyo. amitom saWirod miviCnieT jer evropuli, xolo Semdeg
qarTuli literaturis ganxilva realizmis TvalTaxedviT misi
warmoSobidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT. raki yoveli SemoqmedebiTi meTodis
umTavresi principi gansxvavebul niSnebTan erTad realuri sinamdvilis
mxatvruli asaxvaa, amitom evropul literaturaSi gamoiyofa Semdegi
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi: 1. winaistoriuli xanis ,,primitiuli realizmi”;
2. antikuri xanis (Zv. w. aR-iT VIII s-dan ax. w. aR-iT IV s-mde) miTosuri
realizmi; 3. Sua saukuneebis qristianizirebuli alegoriul-simboluri
realizmi; 4. renesansis (XIV-XVIIss.) realizmi; 5. ganmanaTlebluri
(XVIIs.) da 6. kritikuli realizmi (XIX s-dan dRemde).
marTalia, evropul mwerlobaSi XIX-XX saukuneebSi kritikul
realizmTan erTad arsebobda da dResac arsebobs mravali
literaturuli mimdinareoba naturalizmis, simbolizmis, futurizmis Tu
sxvaTa saxiT, romelTac sakuTari gansxvavebuli niSnebi axasiaTebT,
magram saerToa is ZiriTadi principi, rasac realuri sinamdvilis
mxatvruli asaxva hqvia.
qarTul literaturas, rogorc dasavlurs tipologiurad,
warmoSobidanve axasiaTebs ,,WeSmaritad aRwerisa” Tu ,,marTlis Tqmis”
principi. Cveni mwerlobis pirveli periodis (V-XVIIIss.) sasuliero Tu
saero literaturisaTvis realizmis kuTxiT damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi
niSnebi: 1. konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvilis aRwera TviTmxilvelTa
mier (hagiografia) da erovnuli Tematikis win wamoweva (aRorZinebis
epoqa); 2. mxatvruli gamonagonis (hagiografiaSi fantastikuri
elementebis saxiT) farTod gamoyeneba; 3. yofiTi elementebis CarTva
(hagiografia) da aRwera; 4. sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa
individualizirebuli mxatvruli saxeebis Seqmna, romlebSic zogjer
(,,vefxistyaosani”) tipurobis niSnebsac atareben; 5. saliteraturo enis
daxvewa da xalxur-sasaubrosTan daaxloeba; 6. sazogadoebis mankier
mxareTa mxileba maTi gamosworebis mizniT da a.S.
arc XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi damkvidrebuli qarTuli
romantizmisTvisaa ucxo realisturi xedva Tu realizmis iseTi
elementebi, rogoricaa: imdroindel qarTul sinamdvileSi wamoWrili
mTavari sakiTxebis asaxva (saqarTvelos ruseTTan ZaldatanebiT
SeerTebis avkargianoba – gr. orbelianis ,,mgzavrobasa” da
n.baraTaSvilis ,,bedi qarTlisaSi’’) arsebuli socialur-politikuri
viTarebis kritika (al. WavWavaZis ,,visac gsurT’’ da ,,vah, sofelsa amas’’,
gr. orbelianis ,,muSa boqulaZe’’). zogadsakacobrio Temebis ara mistikur,
aramed realistur planSi warmodgena; anton I-is skolis e.w. ,,sami
stilis’’ Teoriis gavlenis daZleva da a.S.
XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis qarTuli literatura ukve aSkarad
realisturia. axali Tematika, axali Janrebi, axali mxatvruli
saSualebebi da sasaubrosTan daaxloebuli samwerlobo ena, tipuri
xasiaTebis Cveneba, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis mZafri
krititika, literaturaSi xalxis Semoyvana – mokle, ai, yvelaferi is,
rac SesZina g. erisTavis, l. ardazianis, d. WonqaZis, r. erisTavis mier
damkvidrebulma kritikulma realizmma Cvens mwerlobas axal ideur
azrTan erTad.
XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi kritikuli realizmi qarTul
mwerlobaSi ara mxolod gabatonebul adgils ikavebs, aramed xdeba misi
Teoriuli sakiTxebis SemuSaveba-gaanalizeba. es ki uwinaresad
TergdaleulTa damsaxurebaa. qarTveli samocianelebi Tavdapirvelad
erTian jgufad gamovidnen samoRvaweo asparezze, magram 70-ian wlebSi or
nawilad – pirvel da meore dasebad iSlebian. Ppirveli dasis
warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi
niSnebi: erovnuli da socialuri Tematikis win wamoweva da damuSaveba
Sesabamisi mxatvruli formiT; sinamdvilis realisturi gadmocema
mxatvruli ganzogadebis, tipizaciis gziT; mxatvruli nawarmoebis
formisa da SinaarsisaTvis Tanabari mniSvnelobis miniWeba; mwerlis eris
winamZRolad miCneva da axali saerTo-saxalxo saliteraturo enis
saboloo Camoyalibeba-damkvidreba da sxva. yovelive es naSromSi
naCvenebia i. WavWavaZis da a. wereTlis esTetikuri naazrevis ganxilviT,
vinaidan migvaCnia, rom sxva pirveldaselTa amgvari Sexedulebebi
TiTqmis identuria maTi poziciisa da srulad warmogvidgens qarTuli
kritikuli realizmis arss.
meore daselebis, kerZod g. wereTlis ,,Seuferavi realizmis’’
srulyofili analizisaTvis aucilebelia n. CerniSevskisa da n.nikolaZis
esTetikuri naazrevis ganxilva, vinaidan swored isini arian am
,,mimarTulebis’’ pirvelwamomyeneblebi; aseve e. zolas, naturalizmis
udidesi Teoritikosis, literaturuli Sexedulebebi, vinaidan qarTvel
mkvlevarTa nawili (k. abaSiZe, v.vaxania) ,,Seuferav realizms’’
naturalizmTan aigivebs, nawili (g. jiblaZe, m. gafrindaSvili) ar
aigivebs naturalizmTan, magram ganasxvavebs kritikuli realizmisagan da
raRac litmcodneobisaTvis sruliad ucnob Sualedur rgols
miakuTvnebs; xolo udidesi nawili (d. gamezardaSvili, o. WurRulia, m.
zandukeli, a. Wilaia da sxva) Cveni azriT, sruliad samarTlianad
miiCnevs, rom g. wereTlis ,,Seuferavi realizmi’’ igive kritikuli
realizmia mwerlis Tanadroul sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebebTan
misadagebuli.
g. wereTlis ,,Seuferav realizms’’ da naturalizms Soris arsebobs
Semdegi saxis principuli sxvaoba: e. zolas SexedulebiT
naturalisturi romani warmoadgens cxovrebis zust oqmisebur aRweras,
romlis drosac mwerali ,,aucileblad unda darCes sadagi
yoveldRiurobis farglebSi’’, vinaidan igi mxolod statistia, romelic
keTilsindisierad aRwers realobas, magram TviTon wminda mxatvruli
mosazrebiT ganze rCeba. ,,Seuferavi realizmis’’ mixedviT ki mwerali
sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevria, romelic Tavisi SemoqmedebiT xels uwyobs
sazogadoebis progress; igi ,,zedmiwevnili’’ simarTliT asaxavs
cxovrebas tipizaciis gziT maSin, roca naturalizmi tipurobas saerTod
gamoricxavs; amave dros naturalizmisaTvis mTavari biologiuri
sawyisia, xolo ,,Seuferavi realizmisTvis’’ _ socialuri.
i. WavWavaZis ,,Seferil realizmsa’’ da g. wereTlis ,,Seuferav
realizms’’ Sorisac arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba, magram ara
principuli. Ees sxvaoba ZiriTadad Tavs iCens tipisa da tipurobis
sakiTxSi. Gg. wereTeli fiqrobs, rom i. WavWavaZe da saerTod
pirveldaselebi sinamdviles asaxaven winaswar SemuSavebuli ideiTa da
ara namdvil sinamdviles. am ukanasknelis misaRwevad ki aucilebelia
sinamdvilis Rrma da safuZvliani Seswavlis gziT iqidan zogadi azris,
ideis gamotana.
amrigad, ideidan sinamdvilisaken (pirveldaselebi) da
sinamdvilidan ideisken (meoredaselebi) _ pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
,,Seferil ’’, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ,,Seuferav” realizmTan, rac
principSi medlis ori mxarea. e.i. tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT i. WavWavaZisa da g. wereTlis Sexedulebebs Soris saqme
gvaqvs ara principul sxvaobasTan, aramed sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxva
kuTxiT midgomasTan, rac, Cveni azriT, ar cvlis sakiTxis ZiriTad arss,
rom tipi da tipuri warmoadgens saerTo-sayovelTaosa da zogadis
konkretulSi moqcevas.
g. wereTlis ,,Seuferavi realizmi” rom igive kritikuli realizmia,
amaSi ufro metad gvarwmunebs misi mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, romelic,
zogierTi naklovanebis miuxedavad, TiTqmis srulad asaxavs XIX saukunis
meore naxevris qarTul sinamdviles. amis gamo g. wereTeli Tavisuflad
SegviZlia miviCnioT qarTuli dokumenturi prozis fuZemdeblad Tu
WeSmarit ostatad, Tavisi moRvaweobiT ki TergdaleulTa Taobis ara
mxolod TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad, aramed erT-erT winamZRoladac.
The Summary (Resume)
Literature perceises the surrounding world by means of artistic fiction and on the
one hand depicts the real pictures of actuality by dercribing true or historic facts, or by
means of artistic invention, uhich is the revult of the generalisation of real life; on the other
hand it represents the delivery of the author’s attitude to this reality, or it shows those
beelings or states of mood uhich are eroked in the author’s inner nature by any event. This
last, as a real imagination of a real man, is caused by real actuality.
Literature, as a process of the interaction of hereditarianism and innoration, is
historically changing in society, creative methods changed too. In literature of every nation,
including Georgian, the previous time literature always influenced the following one, this in
itself caused the mutual influenc of dibberent trends. Literature of any direction is
nourished by actuality and hereby, each of them is characterized by realism or its
elements.
Georgian literature, as is known, was always occidental typologically. Therefore
we thought it proper to review birst the European and then the Georgian literature from
the vienpoint of realism from its origin to the XIX c. inclusively. Lince the main principle
of every creative method is the artistic depiction of real actuality, therefore in European
literature the following main directions are marked out: 1. “The primitive Realism” of the
pre-historic age; 2. The Mythological realism of the antic age; 3. The Cristianized allegoric-
symbolic realism of the Medieral age; 4. The Renaissance Realism; 5. The Enlightenment
and 6. Critical Realism.
Along with the critical realism in European literature of XIX, existed and also now
exists various literary trends like: Naturalism, Symbolism, Futurism and etc; They have
their own particular traits, but the basic principle, which is common for all them is the
artistic depiction of real actuality.
For Georgian literature (as it has occidental typology), characteristic feature is
,,veracious description’’ or ,,saying the truth’’. There are several characteristic features for
the religious and secular literature of the first period (V-XII centuries) . These are: 1. The
depiction of the concrete and historic actuality (reality) by eyewitnesses (Hagiography)
and the promotion of Nationalistic topics (The age of Renaissance); 2. The wide usage of
artistic invention (as elements of fantasy in Hagiography); 3. The description of everyday-
life details (Hagiography). 4. The creation of individual artistic images, who are the
representatives of different social layers, and sometimes possesses typical traits (“The
Knight in the Tiger skin”); 5. The perfection of the literary language and its adaptation to
the popular-colloquial one; 6. The exposure of the vices of sociality for the purpose of
redressing them; etc.
For Georgian Romanticism (established in the first half of the XIX century)
characteristic features are: realistic vision and components of realism, like: depiction of
actual issues of that time emerging from the Georgian reality. (The assessment of the
forced annexation of Georgia to Russia (G. Orbeliani’s “Travels” and N. Baratashvili’s
“The Fate of Kartli”); The criticism of the existing socio-political situation (Poems by A.
Chavchavadze and G. orbeliani); Presentation of the world-wide topics not in mystic, but
in the realistic aspect; Overcoming of the theory of “the three styles” of Anton the I; etc.
The Georgian Literature of the 40-50-ies of the XIX c. is already clearly realistic.
New topics, new genres, new artistic devices and the literary language, leveled to the
colloquial one; Started showing typical characters; The sharp criticism of the existing
public relationship; Introduction of the common people; In short all this, is what the
critical realism (established by G. eristavi, L. Ardaziani, D. Chonkadze, R. eristavi) has
contributed to our literature.
In the 60-70-ies XIX century, the critical realism not only takes the dominant
position, but also its theoretical issues are analyzed. This mostly, is due to the affords of
,,Tergdaleuli’’ (name of the group of writers). The Georgian writers first came together on
the field of activities in the 60-ies, but then in the 70-ies they split up into 2 party: The first
group and the second one. For the members of the first group basic characteristic
principles are: taking forward national and social issues and their improvement in the
proper artistic way; endowing equal significance to the form and contents of a work of
fiction; Regarding the author as the national leader and the final mould and establishment
of a new, commonly popular literary language, etc. All these are shown in the essay
reviewing the aesthetic thoughts of I. Chavchavadze and A. Tsereteli, as we think they are
identical with their fellow-thinkers outlooks and it shows the essence of the Georgian
critical realism.
For the full analysis of the ,,Unembellished realism of G Tsereteli (The second
group), it is necessary to review the aesthetic legacies of N. Chernishevski and N.nikoladze,
as they are the initial authors of this direction; Also the literary views of of E. Zolla, The
greatest theoretician of Naturalism, are relevant, because some Georgian researchers (K.
Abashidze, V. Vakhania) identify “the Unembellished Realism” with Naturalism; others
(G. Jibladze, M Gafrindashvili) don’t identify them but convict that “the Unembellished
realism” is some obscure, intermediate phenomena; And the most part think (we think
quite fairly), that the “Unembellished Realism f G. Tsereteli is the same as the critical
realism, adapted to the public demands contemporary to the author.
There is a radical difference between the “Unembellished realism” of G.Tsereteli
and Naturalism in following issue: According to E.Zola a naturalistic novel is an accurate,
matter-of-fact description of life, in which the author must stay within the frame of reality,
because he is just an artist, who depicts the reality consciously, but he himself stays aside
from pure artistic consideration; whereas according to the “Unembellished Realism “ the
author is an active member of society, who contributes to “the public progress with his
activities; he depicts life with” scrupulous truthfulness.
There is a certain difference between the “embellished realism” of I.
Chavchavadze and the “Unembellished one’ of G. Tsereteli too, but not an essential one.
This difference shows mainly an the issue of the Type and Typicality. G.Tsereteli thinks
that I. Chavchavadze and his fellow-writers depict the reality with the pre-elaborated idea
and with certain determination, which they adjust to the whole contents of the story. This,
from its part, produces the embellished reality, but not a real one. To attain this last, it is
due to study the reality profoundly and substantially and in this way extract the general
concept, idea from it.
Thus, from Idea to reality (The first group) and from reality to Idea (The second
group) – in the first case we have to deal with the “Embellished Realism” and in the
second-with the “Unembellished” one, which, in assent, are the two sides of the same coin;
i.e. relating to the issue of the Type and Typicality, between the views of I. Chavchavadze
and G. Tsereteli there isn’t a radical difference, but an approach to the issue from different
angles, which, in our opinion, does not affect the assent of the issue, that the Type and
Typicality represents the conversion of the universally general and abstract into the
concrete.
That the “Unembellished realism of G.Tsereteli is the same as the critical realism,
is proved by his literary legacy which, in spite of some shortcomings, almost fully presents
the Georgian actuality of the second half of the XIX c. For that G.Tsereteli can
undoubtedly be considered as the founder of the Georgian documentary fiction and a true
master, while his activities make him not only a prominent representative of the
“Tergldaleulis”, but one of the leaders too.
10
Sesavali
literatura xelovnebis sxva saxeobebis msgavsad istoriulad
cvalebadia. icvlebian masSi asaxuli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,
SemoqmedTa msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciebi da idealebi, Cndebian axali
mxatvruli saSualebebi, xerxebi da meTodebi. zogadad sityvakazmuli
mwerlobis ganviTareba _ esaa memkvidreobiTobisa da novatorobis
urTierTzemoqmedebis procesi, rodesac cvalebadoba arasodes iwvevs
misi arsis rRvevas an filosofiis Secvlas. individis cxovreba xalxis
wiaRSi da xalxisa _ kacobriobisaSi; adamiani, sazogadoeba da
garemomcveli buneba TavianTi urTierTqmedebiT warmoadgenen
literaturis asaxvis mudmiv sagans. amave dros literaturuli saxis
ucvleli samSeneblo masalaa sityva, zogadad ena, rogorc azrovnebis
forma.
cnobilia, rom sxvdasxva epoqaSi ama Tu im xalxSi arsebuli
socialur-politikuri da kulturuli viTarebidan gamomdinare icvleba
literaturuli mimdinareoba Tu mxatvruli meTodi. TiToeul maTgans
gaaCnia sakuTari msoflmxedveloba, rogorc safuZveli, da ideali,
rogorc mizani. am ukanasknelis miRwevis gareSe namdvili literatura
arc arsebobs. magram winaaRmdegoba imaSia, rom calkeuli
literaturuli mimdinareobis meTodologias axasiaTebs erTgvarovani
principebis absolutizacia maSin, roca nebismieri mwerali, miT umetes
didi Semoqmedi arasdros eteva erTi mimdinareobis farglebSi da,
eyrdnoba ra warsulisa Tu Tanamedroveobis gamocdilebas, Tavisi
mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT aerTianebs ramdenime maTgans. amave dros
sakuTari individualuri Tvisebebidan, mwerluri talantidan Tu
msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare TviTon qmnis axal realobas.
aqedan gamomdinare naTelia, rom literaturuli mimdinareobis Tu
zogadad mwerlobis kriteriumebis Sesafaseblad unda Camoyalibdes
ufro universaluri sistema, romelic gacilebiT naTlad warmoaCens am
fenomenis sirTulesa da mravalferovnebas. amitom arasworad migvaCnia
romelime mwerlis xelaRebiT mikuTvneba erTi romelime literaturuli
mimdinareobisaTvis mxolod misi esTetikur-literaturuli naazrevis, an
msoflmxedvelobis, an Tundac mxatvruli Txzulebebis analiziT. Cveni
11
azriT, amisTvis saWiroa ara romelime maTganis cal-calke ganxilva,
aramed mTlianobaSi Seswavla-gaazreba mwerlis Tanadroul epoqaSi
arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amave dros arc
erTi Semoqmedi ar unda Sefasdes imis mixedviT, Tu ra unda moeca mas
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu ra mogvca man Tavisi
Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare garkveul tradiciebze
dayrdnobiT. amitom, roca mkvlevari mwerlis Semoqmedebasa Tu
esTetikur naazrevs ganixilavs ama Tu im mimdinareobasTan mimarTebaSi,
aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli zemoT naxsnebi garemoeba, rac,
samwuxarod, iSviaTad xdeba.
sadisertacio naSromi mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa swored amgvari
midgomiT iqnas Sefasebuli erT-erTi udidesi samocianelis giorgi
wereTlis Semoqmedeba, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom misi naRvawi jer kidev
araa srulyofilad Seswavlil-dafasebuli. miT umetes, rom dRemde
arsebobs azrTa sxvdasxvaoba im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris mis
mier sakuTar SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli `Seuferavi realizmi,~
romelsac xan naturalizmTan aigiveben (k. abaSiZe, v. vaxania), xan raRac
Sualedur rgolad miiCneven naturalizmsa da kritikul realizms Soris
(g. jiblaZe, m. gafrindaSvili), xan kidev kritikuli realizmis
ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurad moiazreben (d. gamezardaSvili, a.
Wilaia, m. zandukeli, o. WurRulia da sxv.).
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom `Seuferavi realizmis~
sakiTxi jer kidev sakmaod problematuria. miT umetes, rom qarTvel
mkiTxvels dRemde ar uxilavs giorgi wereTlis Txzulebebis sruli
krebuli, romelSic Tavmoyrili iqneboda yvelaferi, rac ki mwerals
Seuqmnia _ publicisturi werilebi, romanebi da moTxrobebi, piesebi,
poemebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi, kerZo werilebi da sxva. marTalia, misi
Txzulebebis sruli krebulis 15 tomad gamocemas Tavis droze Seudga
literaturis cnobili mkvlevari s. xundZe, mgram, samwuxarod, ar
dascalda. SemdgomSi amgvari mcdeloba arc yofila. XIX saukunis me-2
naxevris qarTuli mwerlobis srulyofili Seswavla-gaazreba ki
SeuZlebelia giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
Cveni azriT, sadisertacio naSromi Tu srulad ara garkveulwilad
mainc naTels xdis Cveni samocianelis¬`Seuferavi realizmis~
12
naturalizmTan gaigivebis, an mis naturalizmsa da kritikul realizms
Soris Sualedur rgolad miCnevis aramarTebulobasa da kidev ufro
TvalsaCinos am meTodis kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT
safexurad warmoCenis samarTlianobas. amave dros SevecadeT naSromSi,
realizmis TvalTaxedviT mTlianobaSi gangvexila evropuli da qarTuli
mwerloba dasabamidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT. am kuTxiT analizma
migviyvana sruliad logikur daskvnamde, rom realizmi Tu misi
elementebi met-naklebi doziT gvxvdeba yvela droisa da xalxis
literaturaSi, miuxedavad sxvdasxva mimarTulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobisa Tu mxatvruli meTodisa.
realizmis kuTxiT Cveni literaturis garkveuli periodebi Tu
calkeul mweralTa Semoqmedeba sxvdasxva dros ara erTi mkvlevaris
Seswavla-dafasebis sagani yofila da TiToeul maTgans met-naklebi
warmatebiTac gaurTmevia Tavi am problemisaTvis. magram aqamde
realizmis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli mwerloba evropulTan
erTierTkavSirSi dasabamidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT aravis ganuxilavs.
Cven SevecadeT am xarvezis garkveulwilad gamosworebas, da swored es
SeiZleba miviCnioT kvlevis miznad da mokrZalebul mecnierul
siaxledac erTdroulad.
sadisertacio naSromi Sesrulebulia qarTul enaze da Seicavs
satitulo, xelmowerebisa da saavtoro gverdebs; reziumes qarTul da
inglisur enaze, sarCevsa da ZiriTad teqsts. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv
Sedgeba Sesavlisagan (gverdi 1_4), ZiriTadi nawilisagan (gverdi 5_166),
daskvnisa (gverdi 167_182) da bibliografiisagan. disertaciis ZiriTadi
nawili (samecniero problemis kvleva da kvlevis Sedegebis Sejereba)
Sedgeba 7 Tavisagan, saxeldobr: 1. realizmis warmoSobis zogadi
daxasiaTeba evropul literaturaSi; 2. Zveli qarTuli literatura (V-
XVIII ss.) realizmis TvalTaxedviT; 3. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
qarTuli mwerloba realizmis TvlsazrisiT; 4. kritikuli realizmis
sakiTxebi ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis esTetikaSi; 5. giorgi
wereTeli qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi; 6. `Seuferavi realizmis~
warmoSoba da misi arsi; 7. giorgi wereTeli _ qarTuli kritikuli
realizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli da ganmaviTarebeli.
13
imisaTvis, rom realizmis TvalsazrisiT SeZlebisdagvarad
srulyofilad warmogveCina evropuli da ZiriTadad qarTuli mwerloba
dasabamidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT; amave dros gangvesazRvra, Tu ras
warmoadgens sinamdvileSi giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmi,~
sxvadasxva drois qarTveli Tu ucxoeli literaturis TeoretikosTa,
zogadad moazrovneTa, Tavad mweralTa esTetikur-filosofiuri
naazrevisa Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebebis urTierTSedarebisa da analizis
gziT SevecadeT migveRwia garkveuli logikuri daskvnisaTvis, rac,
vfiqrobT, SevZeliT kidec.
14
sakvlevi problemis Seswavlis done
literatura, rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTi umTavresi da uZvelesi
dargi, mxatvruli sityvis meSveobiT Seimecnebs gare samyaros da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad ganuxrelad viTardeba. misi asaxvis
sagans yovelTvis warmoadgenda da warmoadgens individis cxovrebis
asaxva sazogadoebisa Tu xalxis wiaRSi da xalxisa kacobriobisaSi.
amave dros mwerloba erTi mxriv realobas asaxavs WeSmaritad momxdari
faqtebis aRweriT an mxatvruli gamonagonis saSualebiT; meore mxriv ki
warmoadgens am realobisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebis gadmocemasa da
ama Tu im movlenis mier gamowveuli grZnoba-ganwyobilebis Cvenebas. es
ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv realuri adamianis realuri warmosaxvis Sedegia
da sinamdviliT nasazrdoebi.
literaturis arsis kvleva jer kidev antikur epoqaSi daiwyo. amis
naTeli dasturia Tundac aristoteles naSromi `poetika~ (IV saukune
qr.S-mde), romelSic man Camoayaliba `mizezisis~ (mibaZvis) Teoria. es
Teoria xelovnebis funqcias ukavSirebda realuri cxovrebis asaxvas ise
rogorc aris. amave dros aristotelesTvis literaturas,
gansakuTrebiT tragedias, aqvs udidesi SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiTi
funqcia. mxatvruli nawarmoebis aRqmis kulminacias warmoadgens
kaTarzisis SegrZneba ara rogorc saboloo Sedegi, aramed
TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gziT zneobrivi ganwmendis procesi, romelic
iwyeba sulieri gasxivosnebidan.
antikuri mwerloba Seicavda ra stiqiur dialeqtikas, amkvidrebda
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis, individis Sinagani samyaros erTianobis
koncefcias. literatura miCneuli iyo sinamdvilis mibaZvad, rogorc
meqanikuri (platoni) da SemoqmdebiTi (aristotele) procesi, romelic
warmoudgenelia kacobriobis mTeli istoriuli ganviTarebis gareSe
(lukreciusi). amis naTeli dasturia homerosis, sofokles, virgiliusis
da sxvaTa mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.
antikurobis tradiciebze aRmocenebul Sua saukuneebis mwelobaze
udides gavlenas axdenda qristianuli religia, romlisTvisac
umTavresia zeSTagonebiT miRebuli rwmena, rogorc absoluturi
WeSmariteba. amave dros antikuri filosofiis zegavleniT Cndeba idea,
15
rom gza RmerTisaken rwmenasTan erTad gadis adamianisa da bunebis
Secnobaze (averiusi, moSe maimonidi, Toma aqvineli). es ki xels uwyobda
sasuliero mwerlobasTan erTad saero literaturis ganviTarebasac. amis
naTeli dasturia franguli eposi `simRera rolandze,~ espanuri `simRera
Cems sidze,~ anglo-saqsuri `beovulfi~ da sxva.
Sua saukuneebSive Caeyara safuZveli axal filosifiur-esTetikur
Sexedulebebs, romelsac safuZvlad daedo fsevdo-dionises
areopagitikuli nawerebi da plotinis neoplatonizmi, romelTac
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonies qarTul azrovnebaze, maT Soris
literaturazec. albaT amitomacaa, rom qarTuli hagiografia naklebad
mistikuria da SedarebiT ufro miwieri, vidre bizantiuri sasuliero
mwerloba. amave dros Cveni literaturis uZveles ZeglebSive
gamoTqmulia garkveuli Sexedulebebi literaturis arssa Tu mwerlis
movaleoba-daniSnulebaze, romelTac, marTalia, ar gaaCniaT mwyobri
xasiaTi, magram mainc garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnian imdroindel
esTetikur azrovnebaze.
garkveuli esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi TavianT TxzulebebSi
gamoxates ioane sabanisZem (`abo Tbilelis wameba~), giogri merCulem
(`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~), giorgi aTonelma (`ioane da eqvTime
aTonelis cxovreba~) da sxva, razec sakmaod srulyofiladaa saubari
naSromis ZiriTad nawilSi. albaT garkveulwilad am Sexedulebebis
Sedegia isic, rom qarTul hagiografiaSi X saukunidan gadalaxulia am
JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli CarCoebi da zogierTi Txzuleba (grigol
xanZTelisa da serapion zarzmelis `crovreba~) Seicavs Cveulebriv
yofiT elementebs da mxatvrul gamonagonsac. am ukanasknelma ki xeli
Seuwyo klasikuri xanis (XII-XIII) qarTuli saero mwerlobis ganviTarebas,
romelic Tavis mxriv mravlad Seicavs realizmis elementebs, xolo
`vefxistyaosnis~ personaJebi aSkarad atareben zogadobisa da tipurobis
niSnebsac.
aRorZinebis xanis evropulma esTetikurma azrovnebam xelovnebis,
maT Soris literaturis mTavar Temad aqcia titanuri bunebis mqone
monoliTuri pirovneba, romelic Sinaganad Tavisufalia da miCneulia
yoveli movlenis, sagnis sazom-kriteriumad. es adamiani Tavisufalia
asketizmisagan da moqmedebs pricipiT `akeTe, rac ginda.~ swored am
16
principiT moqmedeben rables, bokaCos, Seqspiris, servantesisa da sxvaTa
gmirebi. Cveni azriT, esaa renesansis realizmi, romelic axal niSan-
TvisebebTan erTad uciloblad atarebs Sua saukuneebisa da
gansakuTrebiT antkurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebsac.
XVII saukuneSi inglisSi Casaxulma ganmanaTleblobam, romelmac
ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals safrangeTSi (XVIII) miaRwia, emanuel
kantis azriT xelovnebaSi daamkvidra principi _ `Seecade, rom gaigo.~ es
ki Tavis mxriv safuZvlad daedo ganmanaTleblur realizms, romlis
Teoriis avtorad samarTlianad miiCneva deni didro. misi naSromi
`filosofiuri gamokvleva mSvenierebis bunebaze~ (1751 w.) exeba
xelovnebis, maT Soris literaturis, filosofiisa da esTetikis
sakiTxebs. misi azriT, mwerlobam unda warmoaCinos ubralo adamianebis
zneoba humanisturi idealebis sfuZvelze. es ukanaskneli xelovnebas
aniWebs demokratiul xasiaTs. amave dros klasicizmis Teoretikosis
bualos msgavsad, didros mxatvruli Semoqmdeba miaCnda gonivruli
miznis mqone gaazrebul moqmedebad, romelic emyareba saerTo wesebsa da
kanonebs.
ganmanaTleblobis literaturis mTavar gmirad iqca politikis
CarCoebSi moqmedi TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli moqalaqe. d. defos, j.
sviftis, g. fildingis, p. bomarSesa da sxvaTa mxatvruli nawarmoebebis
moqmedi personaJebi arian moxerxebuli, marjve adamianebi, romlebic
cdiloben Tanasworuflebianobis principze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi
TavianTi adgili daimkvidron. amave dros ganmanaTlebluri realizmi
Seicavs arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTarebis kritikasac da saxavs
gzas mis Sesacvlelad.
aRorZinebis xanis (XVI-XVII ss) qarTuli mweroba met-naklebad
icnobs ganmaTleblobis ideebs da eyrdnoba ra warsulis gamocdilebas
literaturaSi amkvidrebs `marTlis Tqmis~ princips, romlis
Teoretikosad samarTlianad miiCneva arCili. am principis Tanaxmad
literaturam unda asaxos mxolod simarTle konkretul-istoriuli
sinamdvilis gardasaxviT. cxovreba asaxul unda iqnas mTeli Tavisi
mravalferovnebiT, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebiT. am
ukanasknelis mxileba mxilebulis gamosworebas isaxavs miznad. amave
17
dros mefe-poetis azriT mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Tanabari mniSvneloba
eniWeba formasa da Sinaarss.
`marTlis Tqmis~ arCiliseuli koncefciis organul nawils
Seadgens erovnuli Tematikis sakiTxi. literatura uwinaresad unda
emsaxurebodes eris winaSe dasmuli saWirboroto sakiTxebis gadawyvetas.
amisTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens saliteraturo enis xalxur-
sasaubrosTan daaxloeba misi siwmindis dacvasTan erTad. arCilis amgvar
Sexedulebebs iziarebda da Tavis mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT praqtikaSi
axorcielebda kidec misi skolis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli,
gansakuTrebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani da daviT guramiSvili.
XIX saukunis evropul da qarTul mwerlobas wina periodebis
mxatvrul gamocdilebasTan erTad safuZvlad udevs winaswar
SemuSavebuli literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. es gansakuTrebiT
iTqmis kritikul realizmze, Tumca arc dasavluri da arc qarTuli
romantizmia moklebuli realizmis elementebs. pirvelma maTganma Seicno
da Tavis Tavze iwvnia am epoqis araadamianuri xasiaTi, ramac igi aqcia
dakarguli iluziebis fxizel xelovnebad, romelmac mTavar amocanad
sinamdvilis aRwera da misTvis ganaCenis gamotana gaixada.
kritikuli realizmisa da zogadad literaturis arsis
gagebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs hegelis (`esTetika~), Sopenhaueris,
vagneris, nicSes, kontis da sxva evropel moazrovneTa filosofiur-
esTetikur Sexedulebebs. mis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi
garkveuli wvlili Seitanes aseve maqrsizmis klasikosebma. magram
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania XIX saukunis meore naxevris rusi
revolucioner-demokratebis besarion belinskis, nikolai CerniSevskis,
nikolai dobroliubovis da sxvaTa esTetikuri naazrevi. maT sabolood
Camoayalibes kritikuli realizmis Teoria da amve dros mniSvnelovani
gavlena iqonies Tavisi drois qarTul mwerlobaze.
rus revolucioner-demokratTa SexedulebiT, literatura
azrovnebs mxatvruli saxeebiT, romelsac sinamdvilis calkeuli
movlenis ganzogadebiT sayovelTao xasiaTi eZleva. swored am gziT
miiRweva tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi aRwera. sinamdvile
mwerlisaTvis masalaa, misi Semoqmedebis asparezi, romelsac igi iyenebs
da iqvemdebarebs kidec. amave dros esTetikurad mSvenieria is, rac
18
sasargebloa. amas saboloo jamSi mivyavarT xelovnebis utilitarul
gagebamde (dimitri pisarevi), rac meore ukiduresobaa da miuRebeli.
kritikulma realizmma XIX saukuneSive mogvca udidesi saxelebi
safrangeTSi (balzaki, stendali, floberi), inglisSi (dikensi, Tekerei),
ruseTSi (tolstoi, Cexovi, dostoevski), germaniaSi (haine, Stormi) da
mravali sxva. TiToeul maTgans, ra Tqma unda, hqonda sakuTari, mxolod
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli filosofiur-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, magram
ara pricipulad gansxvavebuli zemoT CamoTvlili moazrovneebisgan.
kritikuli realizmi qarTul mwerlobaSi jer kidev XIX saukunis
40-50-ian wlebSi Caisaxa giorgi erisTavis, lavrenti ardazianis, daniel
WonqaZis, rafiel erisTavis mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT. maT ar hqoniaT
SemuSavebuli TavianTi filosofiur-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, Tu ar
vigulisxmebT zogierT mosazrebas salitereturo enis sakiTxebze. amave
periodSi eyreba safuZveli literaturul-Teatralur kritikasac, raSic
gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT mixeil TumaniSvilsa da ivan
polonskis.
XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ukve sabolood mkvidrdeba kritikuli
realizmi da Camoyalibebul saxes Rebulobs misi Sesabamisi esTetikuri
Sexedulebebi; amave dros viTardeba literaturuli kritikac, romelic
xSirad sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo zedmetad mwvave polemikuri xasiaTis
matarebelia. yovelive es `TergdaleulTa,~ gansakuTrebiT ilia
WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis damsaxurebaa. isini aSkarad ganicdian rus
revolucioner-demokratTa gavlenas, rasac TviTonve aRiareben, magram
maTi esTetikuri Sexedulebebi warmoadgens ara brma mibaZvas, aramed
ZiriTadad qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TaviseburebebiTaa
nakarnaxevi.
rogorc cnobilia, `Tergdaleulebi~ 70-ian wlebSi or jgufad
iyofian, ris Sedegadac yalibdeba e.w. pirveli da meore dasi. pirveli
maTganis meTaurebad, sruliad samarTlianad, ilia WavWavaZe da akaki
wereTeli, xolo meorisa niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli moiazrebian
xolme. swored am ukanasknels ahyavs principul donemde e.w. `Seuferavi
realizmis~ sakiTxi, romlis pirvelwamomyenebi niko nikolaZe gaxlavT.
giorgi wereTelma ki Jurnal `krebulis~ V-VI nomerSi dabeWdil
werilSi es `Seuferavi realizmi~ `axali axalgazrdobis,~ anu meore
19
dasis mxatvrul meTodad gamoacxada da pirveldaselebi, gansakuTrebiT
ilia WavWavaZe, `Seferili realizmis~ warmomadgenlebad miiCnia.
`Tergdaleulebi,~ pirveli da meore daselebi, qarTul mwerlobaSi
TavianTi publicistur-kritikuli werilebiTa da gansakuTrebiT
mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT sabolood amkvidreben kritikul realizmsa da
Sesabamis literaturul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs, riTac srulad
pasuxoben Tanadrouli qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar amocanebs.
literatura, maTi azriT, rogorc sinamdvilis garkveuli nawili
ganpirobebulia cxovrebiseuli sinamdviliT da mowodebulia misi
gaumjobesebisaTvis arsebulis kritikiTa Tu ukeTesi mermisis miRwevis
gzis dasaxviT.
migvaCnia, rom pirveldaselTa esTetikur-literaturuli
Sexedulebebi TiTqmis arafriT gansxvadeba ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki
wereTlis amgvari warmodgenebisagan da amitom naSromSi SemovifargleT
mxolod maTi ganxilviT. pirvelma maTganma Tavisi esTetikuri
Tvalsazrisi Camoayaliba iseT mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa
_`poeti,~ `mgzavris werilebi,~ `aCrdili~ da sxva; aseve uamrav
publicistur-kritikul werilebSi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT unda
aRiniSnos `oriode sityva,~ `saqarTvelos moambezed,~ `Cveni literaturis
dRevandeli yofa,~ `ra mizezia, rom kritika ara gvaqvs,~ `akaki wereTeli
da `vefxistyaosani,~ `werilebi qarTul literaturaze~ da sxva.
ilia WavWavaZis literaturul-esTetikur mosazrebaTagan didad ar
gansxvavdeba akaki wereTlis amgvari naazrevi, Tumca sxvaoba, romelsac
Tavad poeti `akakurs~ uwodebda, mainc SeiniSneba, rac savsebiT
bunebrivia. am ukanasknelma Tavisi Sexedulebani literaturis arssa
Tu daniSnulebaze Camoayaliba iseT saprogramo leqsebSi,
rogoricaa: `poeti,~ `WaRara,~ `Canguri~ da sxva. aseve Semdeg
publicistur werilebSi: `axirebuli furceli,~ `ramodenime sityva
`Canguris~ Sesaxeb,~ `pirveli da ukanaskneli sityva `droebisadmi,~
`vin styuis?(Cveni exlandeli Zveli da axali Taoba)~ da mravali
sxva.
pirveldaselTa esTetikuri azrovnebisa Tu mxatvruli
SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tvisebebi mokled ase
SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: erovnuli da socialuri sakiTxis win wamoweva,
20
maTi Sesabamisi Tematikis damuSaveba da maRalmxatvruli formiT
gadmocema; sinamdvilis realisturi aRwera tipizaciis gziT, rac
gulisxmobs `tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi asaxvas~ ise, rom
erTdroulad atarebdes erovnulsa da zogadsakacobrio niSnebs;
mxatvruli nawarmoebis formisa da SinaarsisaTvis Tanabari rolis
miniWeba da axali saerTo-saxalxo erTiani saliteraturo enis
Camoyalibeba-damkvidreba da a.S.
pirveldaselebis mier sabolood damkvidrebuli kritikuli
realizmi Tanadrouli epoqis Sesabamisad ganaviTares `TergdaleulTa~
meore frTis _ `axali axalgazrdobis,~ anu meore dasis
warmomadgenlebma, uwinaresad niko nikolaZem da giorgi wereTelma.
swored maT SemoiRes da daamkvidres termini `Seuferavi realizmi,~
rogorc garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi meTodis aRmniSvneli cneba ilia
WavWavaZisa da saerTod pirveldaselTa `Seferili realizmis~
sapirispirod. maTi literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi mokled
aseTi saxisaa: realuri sinamdvilis Seuferavad asaxva da wera imaze,
rasac moiTxovs mwerlis Tanadrouli socialur-politikuri viTareba;
erovnuli da socialuri problemebis Rrma-mecnieruli da safuZvliani
Seswavla da mis mogvarebaSi mTeli sazogadoebis monawileoba calkeul
fenebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis safuZvlis mospobiT; tipuris
safuZvlad TviT cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi arsebuli zogadi niSnebis
matarebeli `cocxali tipis~ miCneva; formasTan SedarebiT
SinaarsisaTvis garkveuli upiratesobis miniWeba da sxva.
literaturis arssa Tu mwerlis movaleoba-daniSnulebaze, sxvdasxva
mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebze, calkeul mweralTa
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Sefasebaze ara erT qarTvel Tu ucxoel
mkvlevars umuSavia Tavis droze da met-naklebi warmatebiTac, jer kidev
XIX saukuneSi da gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi. kvlevisas Cven gamoviyeneT
yvela saxis literatura, romelic am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs
da xeli migviwvda, rac Tumca arasakmarisia, magram garkveul safuZvels
iZleva Semdgomi ufro srulmasStabiani kvleva-ZiebisaTvis.
`Seuferavi realizmis~ arsis ukeT gagebisaTvis mizanSewonilad
miviCnieT emil zolas esTetikuri Tvalsazrisis ganxilva, vinaidan
mkvlevarTa nawili pirvel maTgans meoresTan aigivebs. Tavisi
21
literaturuli Sexedulebebi frangma klasikosma umTavresad
Camoayaliba Tavis cnobil statiebSi: `naturalizmi TeatrSi,~
`stendali,~ `balzaki,~ `gustav floberi,~ `eqsperimentaluri romani~ da
sxva. e. zolas mier literaturaze dawerili werilebis ZiriTadi nawili
pirvelad daibeWda JurnalSi `Петербургскый вестник~-i 1875-1880 wlebSi.
rogorc cnobilia, emil zolas literaturul-esTetikuri Teoria
sam ZiriTar wyarozea agebuli. esenia: ogiust kontis `pozitiuri
filosofiis kursi,~ ipolit tenis `xelovnebis filosofia~ da klod
bernaris `eqsperimentaluri medicinis Sesavali.~ swored amitom emil
zola miiCnevs, rom eqsperimentuli mecnierebis epoqaSi literaturac
unda eyrdnobodes sazogadoebrivi yofis mecnierul analizs.
naturalistur romans, zolas azriT, uwinaresad axasiaTebs
cxovrebis zusti oqmiseburi aRwera, romlis drosac mwerlis funqcia
daiyvaneba yofiTi movlenebis guldasmiT SerCevasa da maT
urTierTSexamebaze. mwerali ar unda scildebodes sadagi
yoveldRiurobis farglebs da maTi aRwerisas asrulebdes mxolod
statistis rols, romelic keTilsindisierad aRwers realobis romelime
mxares an realobas mTlianad, xolo TviTon wminda mxatvruli
mosazrebiT ganze rCeba. aseTi literaturis saboloo mizania adamianis,
individis, sazogadoebis wevris Semecneba sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis miRwevebze dayrdnobiT. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom emil
zola TviTonac ver eteva Tavisive esTetikuri Sexedulebebis farglebSi
da qmnis WeSmaritad realistur mxatvrul tiloebs, romelTa badali
iSviaTia frangul da ara mxolod frangul literaturaSi.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, `Seuferavi realizmi~ rogorc
literaturul-esTetikuri termini CvenSi daamkvidra niko nikolaZem,
romelmac Tavis mxriv isesxa nikolai CerniSevskisgan. am ukanasknelma ki
is pirvelad ixmara Tavis cnobil werilSi `не начало ли перемены.~
giorgi wereTelma igi meoredaselTa da pirvel rigSi sakuTar
SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiara. Tavis droze kita abaSiZem, romelic
cdilobda frangi mkvlevaris briuneteris evoluciuri meTodis
`WeSmariteba~ daedasturebina axali qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis
magaliTze, sruliad umarTebulo axsna misca `Seuferav realizms~ da
gaaigiva igi naturalizmTan, Tan ise, rom misi daxasiaTeba mogvca
22
mwerlis mxatvruli Semoqmdebis, misi azriT, sust mxareebze daydrnobiT,
rac sruliad miuRebelia.
gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba gamoTqva `Seuferav realizmze~
akademikosma giorgi jiblaZem, romelmac praqtikulad pirvelma mogvca
kita abaSiZis zemoT aRniSnuli mcdari koncefciis safuZvliani kritika,
Tumca calke SemoqmdebiT meTodad gamoacxada igi, rac, Cveni azriT,
Secdoma iyo. igi mas ar aigivebs naturalizmTan, magram ganasxvavebs
kritikuli realizmisagan da Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, maT (kritikul
realizmsa da naturalizms) Sua aTavsebs. magram cnobilia, rom aseT
mimdinareobas literaturaTmcodneoba saerTod ar icnobs.
1955 wels mixeil gafrindaSvilma Tavis naSromSi `giorgi
wereTlis msoflmxedveloba~ `Seuferav realizmze~ garkveuli daskvnebi
gamoitana giorgi wereTlis publicistur-kritikul werilebze
dayrdnobiT. misi daskvnac, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~ mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba `Seferili realizmisagan~ ar aris sruli da mainc da mainc
marTebuli. msgavsi mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli 1988 wels profesor vaxtang
vaxanias naSromSi `realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa
esTetikaSi.~ mkvlevaris azriT, giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmi~
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kritikuli realizmisagan da
naturalizmisken ixreba, magram arc naturalizmia. aseT SemTxvevaSi
bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva _ Tu Cveni samocianelis `Seuferavi realizmi~
arc kritikuli realizmia da arc naturalizmi, maSin raRaa igi?
am kiTxvaze sxvadasxva dros pasuxi gasca ara erTma qarTvelma
mkvlevarma, romelTa azriT giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmi~
igive kritikuli realizmia, morgebuli mwerlis Tanadroul
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. am Tvalsazriss iziarebdnen: m.zandukeli
(`axali qarTuli literatura,~ t, II), a. maxaraZe (`narkvevebi qarTuli
literaturis istoriidan,~ t. II), s. avaliani (`giorgi wereTlis
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba’~), g. natroSvili (`winaparni da
Tanamedroveni~), S. vaSaymaZe (`giorgi wereTeli da Jurnali `kvali~), a.
Wilaia (`giorgi wereTeli~), o. WurRulia (kritikuli werilebi), n.
Wolokava (`giorgi wereTlis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebani~),
b. bardaveliZe (`giorgi wereTlis moTxrobebi~), d. gamezardaSvili
(`narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan~), g. abzianiZe (`narkvevebi
23
XIX saukunis qarTuli azrovnebis istoriidan~) da mravli sxva. Tumca
aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoeba, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli
mkvlevarebi `Seuferavi realizmis~ sakiTxs ZiriTadad miudgnen giorgi
wereTlis mTliani Semoqmedebis erTi romelime mxaris mixedviT, iqneboda
es mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, esTetikuri Tu filosofiuri Sexedulebebi.
da es maSin, roca mwerlis romelime mimarTulebisaTvis misakuTvneblad,
Cveni azriT, aucilebelia Semoqmedebis yvela mxaris gaTvaliswineba maTi
srulyofili Seswavla-gaanalizebis gziT.
zemoT CamoTvlil mkvlevarTa Sexedulebebis Sesavla-gaanalizebam,
giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis, esTetikuri naazrevis, filosofiuri
warmodgenis gaTvaliswineba-dafasebam migviyvana, Cveni azriT, sruliad
logikur daskvnamde, rom misi `Seuferavi realizmi~ igive kritikuli
realizmia da ara naturalizmi, miT umetes arc rame Sualeduri rgoli
am or literaturul mimdinareobas Soris moqceuli.
arc erTi literaturuli mimdinareoba araa mowyvetili arc wina
da arc momdevno xanis SemoqmdebiTi meTodebisagan, rogorc Sedegi da
safuZveli erTdroulad. miT umetes, roca saqme exeba gamorCeulad did
mwerals, romelic arasodes eteva erTi romelime mimdinareobis
farglebSi da xSirad mTel epoqas moicavs xolme. amave dros
dauSvebelad migvaCnia xelovanis Semoqmedebis Sefaseba imis mixedviT,
YTu ra unda moeca mas dRevandeli gadasaxedidan. igi unda Sefasdes imis
mixedviT, Tu ra mogvca man Tavisi Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare
garkveul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT.
cnobili faqtia, rom nebismieri literaturuli mimdinareobis
esTetikur Sexedulebebs axasiaTebT erTgvari meTodologiuri
SezRuduloba, romelic gamoixateba wina mimdinareobis, qvemimdinareobis
Tu skolis literaturuli TvalTaxedvis sruli an nawilobrivi
miuReblobiT, rac sxvadasxva mizezebiTaa ganpirobebuli. aseT
SemTxvevaSi gauTvaliswinebeli rCeba is garemoeba, rom axali
literaturuli mimdinareoba Sedegia wina drois literaturul-
esTetikuri naazrevisa. amitom, Cveni zriT, aucilebelia amgvari
Sexedulebebis gaazreba-dafaseba istoriul WrilSi. aqedan gamomdinare
dReisTvis ukve naTelia, rom literaturuli mimdinareobis,
SemoqmedebiTi meTodis dasafaseblad, saWiroa ufro universaluri
24
sistemis SemuSaveba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba mwerlis
msoflmxedveloba, esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, Sinagani buneba, fsiqika Tu
pirovnuli `me~-s Tvisebebi. amitom, roca literaturis mkvlevari
mwerlis Semoqmedebas Tu esTetikur naazrevs ganixilavs ama Tu
mimdinareobasTan mimarTebaSi, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli
zemoT naxsenebi garemoeba, rac, samwuxarod, Zalze iSviaTad xdeba.
sadisertacio naSromi amgvari midgomis mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa.
25
realizmis warmoSobis zogadi mimoxilva evropul
literaturaSi
xelovneba saerTod da maT Soris literatura iseve Zvelia,
rogorc kacobrioba. xelovneba arsebobs da viTardeba Tavis konkretul
saxeobebSi: literatura, Teatri, musika, arqiteqtura, mxatvroba, kino da
sxva. misi am mravalferovnebis mizezs cnobili germaneli filosofosi
emanuel kanti subieqtis SesaZleblobis mravalferovnebaSi xedavda,
hegeli _ obieqturi ideis Sinagan diferenciaSi, frangi materialistebi
– garemomcveli samyaros mxatvruli aRqmis sxvadasxva saSualebebSi da
a.S.
xelovnebis saxeobebad dayofis mizezi aris adamianis
sazogadoebrivi praqtikis mravalgvaroba, mxatvrulad aRqmuli samyaro,
romelic sinamdvilis esTetikuri aRqmis mravalferovnebas eyrdnoba.
kacobriobis msoflio-istoriuli praqtikis safuZvelze adamianis
moRvaweobis procesSi warmoiqmna misi sulieri yofis mravalmxrivoba,
ganviTarda adamianis esTetikuri grZnoba, mSvenierebiT tkbobis unari da
a.S.
rogorc cnobilia, xelovnebis ganviTareba urTierTSemxvedri
procesia: 1. sinkretizmidan xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis warmoSobamde
(erTiani, ganuyreli mxatvruli azrovnebidan uZveles droSive
ganviTardnen cekva, simRera, musika, Teatri, literatura; XIX saukuneSi
Camoyalibda fotografia, XX saukuneSi – kino da televizia).
2. xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxeobidan maT sinTezamde (kino xelovnebis
calke dargia da amave dros ramdenime maTganis sinTezi; arqiteqtura
warmoadgens monumentaluri ferwerisa da qandakebis sinTezs). mxatvruli
kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis Tanabrad sasargebloa rogorc xelovnebis
specifikuri dargebis gamoyofa, ise muzebis urTierTqmedeba.
xelovnebis yvela saxeobidan umTavresi mainc literaturaa,
romelic mxatvruli sityvis saSualebiT Seimecnebs gare samyaros. misi
sagani, marTalia, araerTgvarovnad, magram ganuxrelad viTardeba da
farTovdeba. misi asaxvis sferoSi ukve Sedis bunebrivi da
sazogadoebrivi movlenebi, udidesi socialuri kataklizmebi. Tavis
sxvadasxva JanrebSi yovelive amas literatura moicavs an sinamdvilis
26
dramatuli aRqmiT, an movlenebis epikuri aRweriT, an kidev adamianis
Sinagani bunebis lirikuli TviTgaxsniT.
literatura xelovnebis sxva saxeobebis msgavsad istoriulad
cvalebadia. icvlebian masSi asaxuli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,
SemoqmedTa msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciebi da idealebi, Cndebian axali
mxatvruli saSualebebi, xerxebi da meTodebi. literaturuli nawar-
moebisa da literaturuli procesis yoveli elementi da Taviseburebebi
cocxali organizmiviTaa, moZravia, vinaidan igi aqtiurad reagirebs
cxovrebis cvalebadobaze.
sityvakazmuli mwerlobis ganviTareba _ esaa mdgradobisa da
cvalebadobis, memkvidreobiTobisa da novatorobis urTierTmoqmedebis
procesi. misi saxecvlileba aucilebelad gulisxmobs konservatul
mxaresac. literaturis cvalebadoba, rogorc hegeli varaudobda,
sruliadac ar iwvevs misi arsis rRvevas an filosofiis Secvlas.
individis cxovreba sazogadoebisa da xalxis wiaRSi da xalxisa-
kacobriobisaSi, adamiani, sazogadoeba da buneba TavianTi
urTierTqmedebiT warmoadgenen literaturis asaxvis mudmiv sagans. amave
dros literaturuli saxis mudmivi da ucvleli samSeneblo masalaa
sityva. warmosaxva TviT enis safuZvelSia Cadebuli, enisa, romelic
iqmneba xalxis mier da Tavis TavSi amTlianebs mTel mis gamocdilebas,
iqceva ra azrovnebis formad. ena, Tavisi Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis
procesis dros ivseboda samyaros asocirebuli xedviT da xdeboda misi
Semzadeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisaTvis.
yoveli mecniereba swavlobs sinamdvilis erT mxares mis
konkretul gamovlinebaSi, xolo mxatvruli literatura am sinamdviles
iRebs mTlianobaSi, misi sxvadasxva mxareebisa da Tvisebebis
urTierTqmedebaSi. amitom gansxvavebiT mecnierulisagan literaturul
teqstSi yoveli fraza warmoadgens erTaderT SesaZlebels. mxatvruli
saxe asaxavs movlenas mis ganuyofel mTlianobaSi, ris gamoc masSi
yoveli sityva udides mniSvnelobas iZens. am TaviseburebiT aixsneba,
magaliTad, mxatvruli Targmanis sirTule. mwerlobas sityvieri forma
aZlevs saSualebas gamoxatos rogorc esTetikuri, ise sazogadoebriv-
politikuri idealebi, daamyaros kavSiri filosofiasTan, politikasTan,
moralTan da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis sxva formebTan. amitom
27
literaturas wamyvani adgili uWiravs xelovnebis mravalferovan
sistemaSi da mniSvnelovan zegavlenasac axdens misi sxva dargebis
ganviTarebaze.
literaturis da saerTod xelovnebis mizani yovelTvis iyo da
aris is, rom adamians agrZnobinos misi cxovrebis SigniT (rogorc es
realizmSia), an masze da mis qveviT (rogorc es romantizmSia) arsebobs
siRrmiseuli sinamdvile, romelsac ideals uwodeben. am miznis miRwevis
gareSe ar arsebobs namdvili literatura da xelovneba saerTod. magram
winaaRmdegoba imaSia, rom calkeuli literaturuli mimdinareobis
meTodologia eyrdnoba erTgvarovani principebis absolutizacias. dRes
ukve naTelia, rom mwerlobis kriteriumis Sesafaseblad unda
Camoyalibdes ufro universaluri sistema, romelic naTlad warmoaCens
am fenomenis mTel sirTulesa da mravalferovnebas. bunebrivia isic, rom
realuri samyaros polifoniuroba, adamianis praqtikuli Tu sulieri
yofis mravalgvaroba airekleba mxatvruli asaxvis polifoniurobasa da
mravalferovnebaSi. literatura, erTi mxriv, sinamdvilis realur
suraTebs asaxavs WeSmariti Tu istoriuli faqtebis aRweriT, an
mxatvruli gamonagonis saSualebiT, romelic realuri yofis
ganzogadebis Sedegia da xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro marTali, vidre
sinamdvile; meore mxriv ki, warmoadgens am realobisadmi avtoris,
Semoqmedis damokidebulebis gadmocemas, an gviCvenebs im grZnoba-
ganwyobilebas, romelsac esa Tu is movlena iwvevs mwerlis Sinagan
bunebaSi. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv realuri sinamdviliTaa gamowveuli
da realuri adamianis realuri warmosaxvis Sedegia. aqedan gamomdinare,
`sityvakazmuli mwerlobis arsi sinamdvilis mxatvrul asaxvaSi
mdgomareobs. yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebis Rirseba imiT
ganisazRvreba Tu ramdenad srulyofilad da maRalmxatvrulad asaxavs
sinamdviles, mis arsebiT mxareebs. am didi amocanis gadawyvetaSi ki erT-
erT mTavar rols SemoqmedebiTi meTodi asrulebs.~ 1
SemoqmedebiTi meTodi, _ misi xasiaTi da Tavisebureba, _
istoriulad dakavSirebulia cnobierebasTan, sazogadoebrivi Segnebis
donesTan; igi Sepirobebulia cxovrebis sinamdviliT, amasTan misi
1 d. gamezardaSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli realizmidan, wigni II, gv.7 Tb.1957
28
srulyofisa da saboloo saxis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi udides rols
TamaSobs TviT Semoqmedis msoflmxedveloba da talanti. Sesaferis
istoriul garemosa da adamianTa Semecnebis donis Sesatyvisad
literaturaSi da saerTod xelovnebaSi icvleboda SemoqmedebiTi
meTodebi, an adgili hqonda maT ganviTarebasa da kriziss, magram arc
erTi xalxis mwerlobaSi arasodes gawyvetila ganviTarebis mTliani
jaWvi. wina drois literatura yovelTvis axdenda gavlenas momdevno
xanis mwerlobaze.
dRes ukve sadaod ar iTvleba is, rom xelovneba saerTod da maT
Soris literatura, yovelTvis gamoxatavda sinamdviles, Tavis
safuZvelsa da STagonebis wyaros. es gamoxatva warmoadgenda aqtiur
kategorias, radganac TviT sinamdvilisadmi samsaxurs isaxavda miznad.1
aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom realizmi, rogorc
literaturuli mimdinareoba, Tu misi elementebi, ra Tqma unda,
gansxvavebuli formiT arsebobda yvela drosa da epoqaSi, TviT
pirvelyofili sazogadoebidan moyolebuli.
pirvelyofili adamianis mier gamoqvabulis kedlebze Sesrulebuli
primitiuli naxati damxatvelisa Tu mnaxvelisaTvis igive iyo, rac
morwmuneTaTvis xatia. e.i. meore, am samyaros miRmiseuli sinamdvile,
WeSmariti substancia, romelsac garkveulwilad magiuri daniSnuleba
hqonda im droindeli adamianisaTvis. amave dros kedelze amokawruli
cxovelebisa Tu maTze monadire adamianebis gamosaxulebebi
garkveulwilad realuri cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli
realuri cxovelisa Tu adamianis mxatvruli saxec iyo. amitomacaa, rom
mkvlevarebi mas `primitiul realizms~ uwodeben, da es termini TiTqmis
srulyofilad gadmogvcems misi, rogorc cnebis arss. is mxatvroba
sinamdvilis ara mxolod anareklia, aramed garkveuli
msoflmxedvelobis matarebelic. marTalia, es msoflmxedveloba raRac
mistikur, mxolod qvecnobier saxes atarebda, magram mainc srulyofilad
gadmogvcemda im droindeli adamianis Sexedulebebs gare samyaroze. 2
pirvelyofili adamianis mier Seqmnili zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs,
marTalia, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da verc moaRwevda sruliad martivi da
1 g. jiblaZe, xelovneba da sinamdvile, Tb. 1955w. Inaw. gv.18
2 i. borevi, esTetika, moskovi 1988w. gv.360
29
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, magram Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qvis xanis
adamiani, romelic Cveulebrivad azrovnebda da metyvelebda, aucileblad
Seqmnida folklorul nimuSebs, romlebSic gadmocemuli iqneboda
maSindeli adamianis nafiqral-naazrevi gare samyaroze, bunebriv Tu
sazogadoebriv movlenebze, am movlenebisadmi adamianis
damokidebulebaze da a.S.. ase rom is e.w. `primitiuli realizmi~
SegviZlia vivaraudoT im uZveles folklorSic.
uZveles xanaSive adamiani qmnida miTosuri xasiaTis Tqmulebebs,
romlebic mistikur elementebTan erTad Seicavda realuri
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel momentebsac. miTologiaSi mistika,
fantazia da realoba ise mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan Serwymuli, rom dRes
ukve Wirs maT Soris zRvaris gavleba. magram, radganac uZvelesi miTebi
gadmogvcemen im droindeli adamianis realurad arsebul kosmogeniur
Tu msoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenebs, mis naazrevs adamianis
warmoSobasa Tu mis adgilze am samyaroSi da a.S., amitom maTosuri xanis
xelovnebas saerTod da maT Soris literaturas SegviZlia `miTosuri
realizmi~ vuwodoT.
is, rom antikuri literatura Seicavda realizmis elementebs,
dasturdeba Tundac homerosis poemebiT – `iliada~ da `odisea.~ es
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis `iliadaze,~ romelSic asaxulia Zveli berZnebis
brZola troelTa winaaRmdeg. marTalia, troa didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
legendarul qalaqad, mwerlis fantaziis nayofad iTvleboda, magram,
rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukuneSi germanelma arqeologma hainrix
Slimanma berZnuli da aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriul dokumentebze
dayrdnobiT SeZlo ara mxolod aRmoeCina am qalaqis naSTebi, aramed
winaswar zustad gamoeTvala misi adgilsamyofelic ki.
jer kidev IV saukuneSi qristes Sobamde Zvelma berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem Tavis naSromSi _ `poetika~ _ logikuri
TanmimdevrobiT Camoayaliba `mimezisis~ (mibaZvis) Teoria, romelic, misi
azriT, damaxasiaTebeli iyo klasikuri xanis antikuri mwerlobisaTvis.
es Teoria xelovnebis funqcias ukavSirebda realuri yofis asaxvas ise,
rogorc aris. amis safuZvelze aristotele xazs usvamda musikis, poeziis
da gansakuTrebiT taragediis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiT funqcias. misi
SexedulebiT xelovneba zogadsakacobrio bunebisaa da dakavSirebulia
30
garemomcveli sinamdvilidan tipuris gamovlenasTan. literatura
uSualod asaxavs garkveul eTikur Tvisebebs da warmoadgens
sazogadoebis aRzrdis erT-erT saSualebas. es uwinaresad da yvelaze
meti efeqturobiT SeuZlia tragedias. amitom nawarmoebis aRqmis
kulminacias warmoadgens kaTarzisis SegrZneba, romelic gamoxatavs
sulier ganwmendas TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gziT. kaTarzisi amave dros
iyo ara saboloo Sedegi, aramed ganwmendis procesi da umaRles eTikur
principebTan miaxloebis saSualeba. is iwyeboda ara ubralod
TanagrZnobidan, aramed sulieri gasxivosnebidan. swored es miaCnda
aristoteles tragediis umTavres Rirsebad.
aristotele da masTan erTad antikuri xanis sxva moazrovneTa
(platonis, lukreciusis, horaciusis, ciceronis da sxva.) esTetikurma
Sexedulebebma, romlebic gamoxatavdnen Tavisufali moqalaqis Zireul
interesebs, Taviseburi gamoZaxili hpoves mxatvrul tiloebSic.
mxatvrulma Semoqmedebam Tavis nawarmoebebSi daasabuTa antikuri
filosofiuri koncefcia adamianze, romelSic dominirebda Semdegi
ideebi: 1. adamians samyaroSi uWiravs gansakuTrebuli, uzenaesi adgili;
2.individi ekuTvnis ara mxolod Tavis gansakuTrebul gvar-tomobriv
sazogadoebas, aramed kacobriobasac, rogorc mTlians.
antikurma literaturam Seqmna mSvenieri da mamaci adamianis
ideali, fizikurad da sulierad srulyofili gmiris saxe, gmirisa,
romelic harmoniaSi cxovrobs garemomcvel samyarosTan, romelic Zveli
berZnebisa da romaelebis fantaziam daasaxla miTuri arsebebiTa da
dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi adamianuri Tvisebebis mqone RmerTebiT. amis
naTeli dasturia esqiles, evripides, sofokles, apolonios rodoselis,
vergiliusisa da sxvaTa mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.
antikurma xelovnebam farTod airekla cxovreba da am
cxovrebisagan miRebul STabeWdilebebs misca srulyofili mxatvruli
forma. A`ars longa, vita brevis~ _ sicocxle xanmoklea, xelovneba
maradiuli – es iyo antikuri kulturis devizi. TviTon xelovnebis,
literaturis socialuri statusis gansazRvra antikur xanaSi
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan arasrulyofili, zogjer damaxinjebulic da
istoriulad SezRuduli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, es iyo win gadadgmuli
nabiji xelovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi.
31
antikur epoqaSi literatura samyaros xsnida miTologiurad. es
iyo erTdroulad realisturi da iluzionur-fantastikuri, im drois
adamianisaTvis sarwmuno Sexeduleba samyaroze, romelic Seicavda
stiqiur dialeqtikas. amitom mas SeiZleba ewodos miTologiur-antikuri
realizmi, romlisTvisac damaxasiTebelia adamianis gmiruli (heroikuli)
koncefcia, romelic amkvidrebda pirovnebisa da sazodadoebis
erTianobis, individis Sinagani bunebis harmoniulobis ideas. Tumca is
emorCileba aucileblobas da xSirad sakuTar daRupvasac ver icilebs
Tavidan, magram mainc ibrZvis da mxolod Tavisufal moqmedebaSi
vlindeba aucileblobac.
antikurma xanam kacobriobas dautova pirovnebis Tavisuflebis
idea da demokratiis ZiriTadi principebi. abstraqtul mecnierebaTa
Tavdapirveli sistemebi, romlebic miuxedavad imisa, rom ar iyo
praqtikul saqmianobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli da, rogorc
filosofosi a. losevi aRniSnavda, abstraqtul-mWvretelobiT, pasiur
xasiaTs atarebda, xels uwyobda poliTeizmidan monoTeizmze gadasvlas.
swored amis safuZvelze, ekonomikuri da politikuri sferoebis
centralizaciasTan erTad, Cv. w. aR-is pirvel saukuneSi romis imperiis
aRmosavleT provinciebSi aRmocenda qristianoba, romelic xangrZlivi
devnis miuxedavad, IV saukuneSi saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda da
TandaTan msoflio religiadac iqca.
qristianobam moitana principulad sxva idealebi, qcevis sxva
nomrebi. man mkveTri zRvari gaavlo zeciur samyaros, romelic uzenaesi
samarTlianobis gamoxatuleba iyo, da miwier cxovrebas Soris. samyaro
Seqmnilia adamianisaTvis, xolo adamiani dabadebulia imisaTvis, rom
Seimecnos RmerTi misi mcnebebis miyoliT. sulis xsna da imqveyniuri
samoTxe cxaddeboda umTavres amocanad, romelsac unda damorCileboda
adamianis yvela Canafiqri da qceva. qristianuli eklesia TandaTan
mniSvnelovan rols ikavebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. dasavleT evropis,
anu romis eklesia, romelic Teokratiuli idealebiT xelmZRvanelobda
da romelmac politika Tavisi moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanes sferod
gaixada, aRmosavluri, anu marTlmadidebluri eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT
SedarebiT ufro `miwieri~ iyo. amave dros igi qmnida saxelmwifos
sawinaaRmdego sapirwones da aiZulebda mas kompromisze wasuliyo.
32
eklesiis wyalobiT jer kidev adrindel Sua saukuneebSi iwyeba
politikur cxovrebaSi dialogis ganwyobilebis Seqmna. es ki uaRresad
mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo saxelmwifo xelisuflebis evropuli tipis
warmoSobisTvis, romelic iZulebuli iyo angariSia gaewia
sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis da masTan kompromisze wasuliyo. 1
gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo aRmosavleTSi, anu bizantiaSi. aq
miaCndaT, rom srulyofili harmoniisa da wesrigis gansaxiereba iyo
imperia, sadac saxelmwifo warmoadgenda umaRles da uryev faseulobas,
xolo imperatori iTvleboda SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis mqone
mbrZaneblad, magram ara saxelmwifos mesakuTred. igi iyo erTdroulad
saero xelisufalic da eklesiis meTauric. amitom mas unda hqonoda
saxelmwifo moxelis niWi da WeSmariti qristianis Tvisebebi _
keTilsindisiereba, rwmena, gulmowyaleba. amis safuZvelze bizantiaSi
TandaTan kvdeboda antikuri warmarTuli Segneba, igi icvleboda ufro
tragikuliTa da disharmoniuliT, magram mimarTuliT adamianis Sinagani
samyarosadmi, romelic mas xsnis gzas usaxavda, aZlevda ra RvTiur
arsSi wvdomis imeds.
Sua saukuneebis rogorc dasavleT evropis, ise bizantiur
literaturaze, romelic antikurobis tradiciebze aRmocenda, udides
zegavlenas axdenda qristianuli religia, rac iwvevda xelovnebis
reglamentirebul, ikonografiul sqemebSi moqcevas. antikuri xanis
harmoniuli gmiris koncefcia Secvala dogmatur CarCoebSi moqceulma
RvTismosavma da qristianobisaTvis Tavdadebulma adamianma,
romlisTvisac umTavresia rwmena, rogorc absoluturi WeSmariteba,
romelic miiReba zeSTagonebiT. magram amave dros antikuri
filosofiis zegavleniT Cndeba idea, rom gza RmerTisaken rwmenasTan
erTad gadis adamianisa da bunebis Secnobaze (averoesi, moSe maimonidi,
Toma aqvineli). es ki xels uwyobda sasuliero mwerlobasTan erTad
saero literaturis ganviTarebasac. amisi naTeli dasturia franguli
eposi `simRera rolandze,~ espanuri `simRera Cems sidze,~ irlandieli
berebis mier Cawerili Zveli kelturi sagebi (epikuri Tqmulebebi
RmerTebisa da gmirebis Sesaxeb), anglo-saqsuri poema `beovulfi,~
islandiuri eposi `ufrosi eda~ da sxva, romlebic fantastikur
1 g. boloTaSvili, civilizaciebis istoria Tb. 2003w. gv.76-78.
33
elementebTan erTad aucileblad Seicaven realizmis elementebsac.
igives Tqma Tavisuflad SeiZleba Sua saukuneebis sasuliero
mwerlobazec, gansakuTrebiT hagiografiaze, romelic ZiriTadad
realurad arsebuli wmindanebis cxovrebisa Tu wamebis amsaxvelia. amave
dros savsea alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT.
Sua saukuneebis literaturam Tavis gmirs Camoacila moqmedebis
nebeloba da gadauloca igi RmerTs. adamiani tragikuli arsebaa,
yvelaferi uzenaesis nebaa. samyaro, romelic orsaxovania _ xiluli da
uxilavi, anu miwieri da zeciuri, ganpirobebulia RmerTiT. amitomac im
drois literaturas, rogorc samyaros inteleqtualuri aRqmis Sedegs,
romelic maSindeli adamianisaTvis sarwmuno uxilav samyarosTan erTad
amqveyniur cxovrebasac asaxavda, SegviZlia vuwodoT Sua saukuneebis
alegoriul-simboluri realizmi.
Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi Semzadda renesansis _ aRorZinebis
xelovneba, romlis mTavar Temad iqca adamiani, titanuri bunebis mqone
monoliTuri pirovneba, romelic Sinaganad Tavisufalia da iTvleba
yoveli movlenis, sagnis sazom-kriteriumad. am drois xelovnebaSi
gamoiyofa sami etapi: adreuli humanizmis (dante aligieri, petrarka,
bokaCio); maRali aRorZineba (leonardo da vinCi, erazm roterdameli,
fransua rable) da gviani aRorZineba (Seqspiri, servantesi), romelic
dakavSirebulia humanizmis krizisTan.
aRorZinebis epoqis literatura Seecada samyaro aexsna misive
saSualebiT. gviCvenos samyaro iseTi, rogoric aris, mouZebnos mas
Sinagani axsna misi materialuri bunebidan gamomdinare _ aseTia rables,
Seqspiris, servantesis realizmi. am periodis mwerlobam adamiani
gaaTavisufla asketizmis tyveobidan da daamkvidra principi _ `akeTe,
rac ginda.~ swored amaSi vlindeba misi siZlierec da sisustec, radgan
igi gzas uxsnis pirovnebis yovelgvari Tvisebis, rogorc dadebiTis, ise
uaryofiTis TviTganxorcielebas, rac humanizmis krizisis maCvenebelia.
am drois humanizmisaTvis adamianis arsebobis marTebulobaSi daeWveba
aris erT-erTi momenti misi nayofierebisa da gansakuTrebulobis
gamosaxatavad da ara cxovrebiseuli kredo. mokled rom vTqvaT, esaa
aRorZinebis realizmi, romelic axal niSan-TvisebebTan erTad
34
uciloblad atarebs Sua saukuneebisa da gansakuTrebiT
antikurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebsac.
XVII saukuneSi inglisSi Caisaxa internacionaluri ideuri
moZraoba ganmanaTleblobis saxelwodebiT. `Seecade, rom gaigo~ _ ase
gansazRvra am epoqis suliskveTeba cnobilma germanelma filosofosma
emanuel kantma. am moZraobis erT-erTi fuZemdebelTagani iyo ingliseli
moazrovne jon loki. ganmanaTleblobam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia
safrangeTSi, romelmac warmoSva moazrovneTa brwyinvale pleada
volteris, didros, monteskies, rusos saxiT, romlebic xelovnebaSi
amkvidreben ganmanaTleblur realizms.
ganmanaTlebluri realizmis Teoriis avtorad samarTlianad
iTvleba deni didro. am Teoriam dasabuTebuli xasiaTi miiRo mis
naSromSi `filosofiuri gamokvleva mSvenierebis warmoSobasa da
bunebaze~ (1751w.). didros azriT, maRal Sefasebas imsaxurebs
demokratiuli xelovneba, romelic warmoaCens ubralo adamianebis
zneobas, radgan swored aseTi xelovneba gviCvenebs ufro TvalsaCinod
humanistur idealebsa da interesebs. klasicisturi realizmis Teoriis
Semqmnelis bualos msgavsad, didro mxatvrul Semoqmedebas miiCnevda
Segnebul, gaazrebul moqmedebad, romelsac aqvs gonivruli mizani da
emyareba saerTo wesebsa da kanonebs. 1
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis literatura viTardeba gamwvavebuli
socialuri viTarebis fonze, roca absolutizmis egidiT sazogadoebis
droebiTi erTianoba icvleba aristokratiis poziciebze ekonomikurad
moRonierebuli burJuaziis SeteviT. aRorZinebis Tavisufal
individualistsa da klasicizmis reglamentirebul qveSevrdoms cvlis
politikis CarCoebSi TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli moqalaqe. Ddaniel
defo, jonaTan svifti, georg fildingi, aleqsandr lesaJi, pier bomarSe
TavianTi SemoqmedebiT amkvidereben racionalur sawyiss da adamianis
bunebriobas. ganamanaTlebluri realizmis literaturas moqmed pirebad
gamohyavs ara titanuri bunebis pirovneba, aramed marjve, moxerxebuli,
crurwmenebisgan Tavisufali adamiani, romelic cdilobs Tavisi adgili
daimkvidros sazogadoebaSi, romelic dafuZnebuli unda iyos
1 i. borevi, esTetika, gv.367, moskovi 1988w.
35
Tanasworuflebianobis principze, rac miiRweva ara Zaladobis, anu
revoluciis gziT, aramed ganaTlebiT, crurwmenebisa da umecrebis
bindis gafantviT. literaturaSi wamyvan Janrad iqca socialur-yofiTi
romani, gafarTovda mwerlis interesebis sfero, rac iwvevda mwerlobis
demokratizacias, mis mibrunebas sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis
cxovrebisaken, TviT qveda fenebiskenac ki. amave dros ganmanaTlebluri
realizmi Seicavs arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTarebis kritikasac
da saxavs gzas mis Sesacvlelad. Tumca tipizaciis ZiriTad obieqtad
aqcevs xasiaTebis socialur arss, magram kritikuli realizmisagan
gansxvavebiT tipuri xasiTebi aq moqmedeben eqsperimentalur da ara
tipur garemoSi.
XVIII - XIX saukuneebis mijnaze mZlavri socialuri afeTqebebis
epoqam warmoSva literaturuli mimdinareoba romantizmis saxiT, romlis
safuZveli gaxda sayovelTao imedgacrueba sazogadoebrivi yofis
gardaqmnisa da Tavisufleba-Tanasworobis principebze dafuZnebuli
socialuri wyobis damyarebis SesaZleblobaze. man Tavisi yuradRebis
centrSi moaqcia gmiris xasiaTis individualuri Tvisebebi, romelic
ganyenebulad dgas adamianis cxovrebis realuri mdgomareobidan.
romantikuli gmiri amovardnilia Cveulebrivi yoveldRiurobidan da
gansakuTrebul viTarebaSia Cayenebuli, raSic vlindeba kidec misi
siZliere. esaa gmiri amayi martoobiTa da mouwesrigebeli samyaros
miuReblobiT. igi gansakuTrebuli, ganumeorebeli pirovnebaa da swored
amaSia misi sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis wyaro. Tu romantizmi iyo
cxovrebis axali wyobis mouwesrigeblobis erTgvari winaTgrZnoba, XIX
saukunis kritikulma realizmma Seicno da Tavis Tavze iwvnia misi
araadamianuri xasiaTi, ramac igi aqcia `dakarguli iluziebis~ fxizel
xelovnebad. am mimdinareobisaTvis esTetikuri ideali uaryofis gziT
mkvidrdeba da igi sazogadoebisaTvis mowyobili erTgvari sasamarTloa,
romelmac literaturis mTavar amocanad sinamdvilis aRwera da misTvis
ganaCenis gamotana aqcia.
xelovnebisa da literaturis, Tu kritikuli realizmis
gagebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda germaneli filosofosis hegelisa
da misi mimdevrebis esTetikur Sexedulebebs. hegelma Tavis `esTetikaSi~
xelovneba ganixila istorizmisa da dialeqtizmis principebze
36
dayrdnobiT, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis
cvalebadobasTan erTad xdeba literaturis socializacia da funqciuri
gamravalferovneba.
kritikuli realizmis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebasa Tu SefasebaSi
garkveuli wvlili Seitanes marqsizmis klasikosebma, aseve Sopenhauerma,
vagnerma, nicSem, ogiust kontim da sxva moazrovneebma. magram am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos XIX saukunis meore naxevris rusi
revolucioner-demokratebis nikolai CerniSevskis, nikolai
dorbrolibovis da sxvaTa esTetikuri Sexedulebebi. maT sabolood
Camoayalibes kritikuli realizmis Teoria da didi wvlili Seitanes am
mimdinareobis damkvidrebis saqmeSi, gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi. amave dros
swored maT iqonies mniSvnelovani zegavlena Tavisi drois qarTul
literaturaze.
Bbesarion belinskis esTetikur naSromebSi xelovneba da
literatura ganxilulia istorizmis principebze dayrdnobiT da amave
dros dakavSirebulia Tavisi drois umTavres socialur tendenciebTan.
misi azriT, `xelovani azrovnebs saxeebiT,~ mecniereba `amtkicebs,~
xelovneba `aCvenebs~ da orive arwmunebs. raki xelovneba aris
sinamdvilis xelaxali Seqmna mxatvrul saxeebSi, WeSmariti xelovnebis
Sefasebis kriteriumi sinamdvilisadmi erTgulebaa, rac gulisxmobs
ukanasknelis (sinamdvilis) ara kopirebas, fotografiuli sizustiT
aRweras, aramed calkeuli movlenebis ganzogadebis gziT misTvis
sayovelTao xasiaTis micemas. belinskis azriT, `Tu xelovnebis
nawarmoebSi cxovreba zustadaa asaxuli, maSin is xalxuria.~ 1
nikolai CerniSevskim daamuSava xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis
urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi. misTvis xelovneba sinamdvilis
asaxvaa, magram ara bunebis mibaZva. is aris movlenebis Sinagani
Tvisebebis gadmocema da maTSi tipuris gamovlena. aseTi midgoma
aucileblad gulisxmobs mwerlis SemoqmedebiT fantazias, radgan igi
sinamdviles uyurebs rogorc masalas, Tavisi Semoqmedebis asparezs,
1 b. belinski, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.I, gv.146 1952w.
37
romelsac iyenebs da iqvemdebarebs. sinamdvilisaTvis zurgis Seqceva ki
amcirebs xelovnebis nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. 1
nikolai dobroliubovis azriT, `xelovnebis nawarmoebis mTavari
Rirseba misi cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilea.~ xelovnebis xalxuroba ki
gulisxmobs `xalxis interesebis, moTxovnilebebisa da miswarafebebis
asaxvas mxatvrul nawarmoebSi.~ 2 aqedan gamomdinareobs misi Sexeduleba,
rom esTetikurad mSvenieria is, rac sasargebloa. amas saboloo jamSi
mivyavarT xelovnebis utilitarul gagebamde, rac miuRebelia. amis
mkafio dadasturebaa dimitri pisarevis Sexedulebebi, pisarevisa,
romelsac rusuli nihilizmis fuZemdeblad miiCneven. misi mtkicebiT,
imisaTvis rom cxovreba adgilidan daiZras, sazogadoebas gonivruli
sityviT mivmarToT, gavaRviZoT misustebul literaturaSi misi maRali
da seriozuli valdebulebebi, mTlianad unda moispos esTetika; `unda
gaigzavnos is iqiT, saiTac gaigzavna alqimia da astrologia.~ xelovneba,
pisarevis azriT, zians ayenebs ara mxolod sazogadoebriv azrovnebas,
aramed xels uSlis mecnierebis ganviTarebasac, radgan axalgazrdobas
acilebs misi mxsneli sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisagan. 3 Ddimitri pisarevi
iqamdec mivida, rom rusuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi aleqsandre
puSkinis rolic ki uaryo.
rogorc vnaxeT, literaturam, rogorc xelovnebis erT-erTma
uZvelesma da umniSvnelovanesma dargma ganvlo ganviTarebis Zalze
rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse mravalferovani gza, vidre
mecxramete saukuneSi Camoyalibdeboda kritikuri realizmi, rogorc
literaturuli mimdinareoba, romelic gulisxmobs cxovrebiseuli
sinamdvilis gadmocemas mxatvruli gamonagonis, ganzogadebisa da tipuri
xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi asaxvis gziT.
Tu romeli literaturuli mimdenareoba arsebobda Zvel droSi
amaze jerjerobiT erTiani Sexeduleba ar arsebobs. erTni amtkiceben,
rom realizmi Caisaxa aRorZinebis epoqaSi; meoreni varaudoben, rom igi
XIX saukunis pirmSoa; mesameni ki fiqroben, rom yvela drois WeSmariti
xelovneba da literatura realisturia. es ukanasknelni eyrdnobian im
azrs, rom jer kidev antikuri xelovneba iyo realisturi. magram jer
1 n. CerniSevski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, t.I gv. 540 1945w.
2 n. dobroliubovi, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli t.I, gv.192 3 d. pisarevi, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.I gv.118 moskovi, 1968w
38
erTi, esaa gansxvavebuli xasiaTis realizmi, meore mxriv ki, xelovnebaSi
adgili hqonda TviTmyofad literaturul mimdinareobebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad klasicizmi, sentimentalizmi da sxva, romlebic, Cveni azriT,
Tumca Seicavdnen realizmis elementebs, magram gaaCndaT specifikuri
koncefcia da TiToeuli maTgani atarebda Tavisi mxatvruli simarTlis
saxes. miuxedavad amisa, Tu realizmi sinamdvilis asaxvas gulisxmobs
uwinaresad da es asecaa, maSin igi rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba,
Cveni azriT, arsebobda yvela epoqaSi, radgan nebismieri droisa Tu
xalxis literaturis asaxvis sagans swored cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile
warmoadgens. sxvadasxva dros arsebobdnen da arseboben gansxvavebuli
msoflmxedvelobebi da midgomebi sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisadmi,
rac gamowveulia ara realobisadmi zurgis SeqceviT, misi sruli
miuReblobiTa Tu misgan gaqceviT, aramed am realobisadmi SemoqmedTa
sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebiT. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia is
garemoebac, rom rac ar unda farTo mxatvruli tilo Seqmnas mweralma
Tu Semoqmedma saerTod, is mainc ver SeZlebs mTlianad moicvas Zalze
mravalferovani sazogadoebrivi yofa da urTierTobebi. ubralod, XIX
saukunesa da Semdgom xanaSi meurneobis msoflio sistemis Camoyalibebam
gamoiwvia xelovnebis, maT Soris literaturis interesTa sferoebis
gafarToeba. masSi CarTuli aRmoCnda da sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba Tu
esTetikuri Rirebuleba SeiZina socialurma procesebma (sociologiuri
analizi), adamianis fsiqologiis ufaqizesma niuansebma (fsiqologiuri
analizi), adamianis yofam (yofis asaxva), bunebam (peizaJi) da nivTebis
samyarom (naturmorti). 1 swored kritikul realizmSi warmoCinda
sinamdvilis movlenebi mTeli sisruliT, mravalferovnebiTa da
garTulebuli sazogadoebrivi praqtikis Sesabamisad esTetikuri
Tvisebebis simdidriT.
am literaturulma mimdinareobam gviCvena sazogadoebis `bnel
samyarod~ gardaqmnis araadamianuroba, `damcirebuli da Seuracxyofili~
adamianebis `Rarib~ adamianebad qcevis ukeTureba, xolo adamianis tanjva
da imedgacrueba warmogvidgina `Cveulebriv istoriad.~ XIX saukunis
mkveTrma kritikulma paTosma wina planze wamoswia satira da komedia.
1 i. borevi, esTetika, gv.370, moskovi 1988w.
39
samyaros „RvTaebrivma komediam~ yoveldRiuri xasiTi miiRo da iqca
Cveulebriv „adamianur komediad.“ 1 amave dros kritikuli realizmis
literatura exeba adamianisa da kacobriobis ganviTarebis gzebs, icavs
humanistur idealebs, amkvidrebs adamians, rogorc umaRles Rirebulebas.
mas bevri ram axali Semoaqvs adamianuri yofis arsis gagebaSi, bunebisa
da adamianis urTierTkavSiris sirTuleSi, amkvidrebs adamianis
pasuxismgeblobas istoriis winaSe da a.S.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan TavisTavad gamomdinareobs, rom
realizmi rogorc mxatvruli mimdinareoba arsebobda yvela drosa da
epoqaSi. mis ganviTarebaSi XIX saukunemde, kritikuli realizmis
saboloo damkvidrebamde, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi periodebi:
1.primitiuli realizmi, romelic arsebobda uZvelesi droidan antikur
xanamde; 2. miTosur-antikuri realizmi, romelic iwyeba homerosis
epoqidan (Zv. w. aR-is VIIIs.) da grZeldeba adre Sua saukuneebamde (ax. w.
aR-iT IVs.); 3. Sua saukuneebis qristianizirebuli alegoriul-simboluri
realizmi (IV_XIII ss.); 4 aRorZinebis xanis, anu renesansis realizmi
(XIV_XVII ss.); 5. ganmanaTlebluri realizmi (XVIII s.) da 6. kritikuli
realizmi (XIX saukunidan dRemde), romelmac mogvca udidesi
saxelebi safrangeTSi (balzaki, stendali, floberi), inglisSi (dikensi,
Tekerei), ruseTSi (tolstoi, Cexovi, dostoevski), germaniaSi (haine,
Stormi), ungreTSi (petefi), amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (uitmeni) da
mravali sxva.
marTalia, XIX saukuneSive da gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi
kritikul realizmTan erTad arsebobdnen da dResac arseboben mravali
literaturuli mimdinareobebi naturalizmis, simbolizmis,
neorealizmis, surealizmis Tu sxvaTa saxiT, romelTac sakuTari
gansxvavebuli niSnebi axasiaTebT, magram saerToa is ZiriTadi principi,
rasac realuri sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva hqvia.
1 i. borevi, esTetika, gv.375, moskovi 1988w.
40
Zveli KqarTuli Kmwerloba (V_XVIII ss.) realizmis
TvalTaxedviT
qarTuli literatura erT-erTi uZvelesi da umdidresia
kulturul erTa sityvakazmul mwerlobebs Soris. tipologiurad igi
yovelTvis dasavluri iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom imavdroulad iTvisebda
da gadaamuSavebda aRmosavleTis, ZiriTadad sparsuli da arabuli
kulturis miRwevebs. iseve rogorc sxva xalxTa literaturaSi, qarTul
mwerlobaSic arasodes gawyvetila ganviTarebis erTiani jaWvi. igi
sxvadasxva epoqaSi garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba arsebuli
socialur-politikuri Tu kulturuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, rac
savsebiT bunebrivia. magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul mwerlobas
mTeli Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze wiTeli zoliviT gasdevs humanizmi,
`WeSmaritad aRwerisa~ Tu `marTlis Tqmis~ principi, sanam
Camoyalibdeboda realisturi meTodi.
qarTuli literaturis istorias, rogorc cnobilia, sam periodad
hyofen (Zveli _ V_XVIII ss, axali _ XIX s. da uaxlesi _ XX s.). amasTan
Zveli mwerlobis pirveli qveperiodi (V_XI ss.) sasuliero merlobis
batonobiT xasiaTdeba. swored am periodSi Seiqmna iseTi ukvdavi
hagiografiuli Zeglebi, rogoricaa: `SuSanikis wameba,~ `abo Tbilelis
wameba,~ `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba,~ `giorgi aTonelis cxovreba,~
`sibrZne balahvarisa~ da sxva; aseve mdidari sasuliero lirika.
qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi savsebiT realisturia im gagebiT,
rom gadmogvcemen konkretul-istoriul sinamdviles da moqmed
pirebadac, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, konkretuli istoriuli
pirovnebebia gamoyvanili. qarTulma literaturam mkacri realobidan
gamomdinare jer mazdeanobis, xolo Semdeg mahmadianobis moZaleobis
Jams xeli mihyo ara qristianizmis zogad qadagebas, aramed namdvilad
momxdari konkretuli movlenebis mZafr mxatvrul formebSi asaxvas.
mwerloba mkiTxvels acnobda im TanamemamuleTa Tu araTanamemamuleTa
sagmiro saqmeebs, romlebic msxverplad ewirebodnen sarwmunoebas, an
Tavs ar zogavdnen qristianobis gavrceleba-ganmtkicebisaTvis. amitom,
bunebrivia, rom hagiografi mwerali garkveuli msoflmxedvelobidan
danaxul obieqtur sinamdviles asaxavda.
41
marTalia, am periodis qarTul mwerlobaSi ar yofila
SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli konkretuli literaturuli
Sexedulebebi, magram hagiografiul TxzulebebSi avtorTa mier
gamoTqmulia zogierTi mosazreba, romlebic SeiZleba aseTnairad
Camoyalibdes da ganlagdes:
1. V-XI saukuneebis mwerlobaSi gavrcelebulia `WeSmaritad aRweris~
principi, romelic nawarmoebSi konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvilis
asaxvas gulisxmobda. samoel kaTalikosi (VIII s.) mwerlisagan moiTxovda:
`xelyav gamoTqumad WeSmaritad, viTar-igi iyo da viTarca Sen TviT uwyi.~
amas ukavSirdeba moTxovna _ wmindanis cxovreba aRiwerebodes
`TanadaxudomelTa,~ e.i. TviTmxilvelTa mier. giorgi merCule, raki ar
iyo TviTmxilveli aRwerili ambebisa, monaTxrobis WeSmaritebas ase
asabuTebs: `aRvwere WeSmaritad Txrobili mowafeTagan da mowafeTa
mowafeTagan,~ an kidev `viswaveT sarwmuno kacTagan.~ 1 amgvarad,
literaturuli saxis damajerebloba miiRweva mxolod konkretul-
istoriuli sinamdvilis aRweriT. am mosazrebis mixedviT dasaSvebia, rom
mkiTxvels surs esTetikurs xedavdes mxolod realurad arsebulSi,
surs idealuri ipovos realurSi.
2. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT `WeSmaritad aRwera~ `sityua-
xelovnebiT~ gamoxatvas upirispirdeba: `araTu sityua-xelovnebiT rasme
getyv Sen, aramed SeuZravisa mis gonebisagan gulisxma giyofies Sen.~ _
vkiTxulobT erT-erT ZeglSi. zemoqmedebis roli nawarmoebSi TviT
aRweril faqts ekisreboda da ara mis gamomxatvel formas. amitomac
erTgvar dapirispirebulobas amJRavneben xotba-Sesxmisadmi. aseTi azri
Cans Semdeg sityvebSi: `ara ganvagrZo sityvai Cueni, romelsa ara Sesxmisa
gzai gvipyries, aramed aRwerad cxovrebisa moswrafe var da smenis
moyuareTa sasmenelTa aRvsebad sulieriTa sitkboebiTa da miTxrobad.~ 2
da a.S.
3. V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba uaryofiT damokidebulebas
amJRavnebs `zRaprobisadmi,~ radganac masSi warmarTobas xedavs. zRapari
gamonagons emyareba, amitom misi Sinaarsi literaturuli
TavalsazrisiTac miuRebelia. amis dasadastureblad ioane sabanisZe
1 qarTuli proza, t.I, gv.215, Tb.1981w.
2 iqve, gv.371
42
avtoritetul swavlebas mimarTavda, romelSic dagmobilia is
SemTxevevebi, roca `WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcien da
zRaprebsa mieqcen.~ 1 aqve moqmedebda erTi metad mniSvenlovani principic:
`zRaparSi~ ama soflis sibrZnes xedavdnen, rac im droindeli
SexedulebiT damdablebulad iyo Sefasebuli.
zemoT Tqmulidanac naTelia, rom V-XI saukuneebis qarTul
mwerlobaSi, Teoriulad mainc, uaryofilia mxatvruli gamonagoni. Tumca
mwerlis fantaziaze damyarebul Txrobas iwvevda saswaulebis Semotana,
magram amis gverdiT TiTqmis yvela mwerali asabuTebs, romGaRwers
mxolod realurs. friad naTlad aqvs es azri gamoxatuli giorgi
aTonels: `daRaTacu Cven Semdgomad mravlisa Jamisa RvTis mimarT
misvlisa maTisai xelvyavT amas sityuaTa aRwerad, garna urwmunomca
nuvin ars, rameTu Cven TaviT TvisiT ararai agviweria.~ 2
X saukunidan SeiniSneba qarTuli hagiografiis daaxloeba
sayofacxovrebo prozasTan. asea es ukve serapion zarzmelisa da grigol
xanZTelis `cxovrebaSi.~ am Txzulebebis gmirTa temperamenti, samonastro
mSeneblobis paTosi Tu xasiaTi ver Tavsdeba gandegilis adrindeli
idealis CarCoebSi; xolo `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ garkveuli
daniSnulebiT CarTuli samijnuro epizodebi kidev ufro cxadyofen
saamsoflo yofiT dainteresebas, rac sul ufro xelSesaxebs xdis
realistur xedvas. amis damadasturebelia isic, rom hagiografi
mwerlebi iSviaTad, magram mainc mimarTaven moqmedi piris garegnuli
portretis xatvas, rogorc misi daxasiaTebis erT-erT formas da bunebis
suraTebis aRweras adamianTan mimarTebaSi, sargeblianobis
TvalsazrisiT.
aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom V-XI saukuneebis
qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis alegoriul-simbolur azrovnebasTan erTad
ucxo ar aris sinamdvilis realisturi xedva, piriqiT. misTvis
damaxasiTebeli realurad arsebuli istoriuli pirovnebis _ wmindanis
wamebisa Tu cxovrebis realur istoriul garemoSi asaxva, mxatvruli
gamonagonis arseboba fantastikuri, magram sarwmuno elementebis saxiT,
personaJTa portretisa da bunebis suraTebis realuri xatva sruliad
1 qarTuli proza, t.I, gv. 119, Tb.1981w.
2 iqve, gv.371
43
akmayofileben realizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobis ZiriTad
moTxovnas, rasac sinamdvilis mxatvruli aRwera hqvia.
realizmis elementebi, sinamdvilis realisturi xedva sul ufro
TvalSi sacemia klasikuri xanis (XII_XIII ss.) qarTul saero
literaturaSi, romelic cnobda amqveyniur, materialur samyaros,
aRiarebda adamianis amqveyniuri cxovrebis Rirebulebas, asaxavda
cxovrebiseul sinamdviles, qmnida adamianis saamqveyno idealebs.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am drois qarTuli saero literaturis
ganviTareba mimdinareobda humanistur safuZvlebze.
saero literaturis warmoSobasa da swraf aRmavlobas hqonda
Tavisi obiqturi mizezebi. es iyo uwinaresad qveynis ekonomikuri
moRoniereba, misi politikuri gaerTianeba, ramac ganapiroba kulturuli
winsvla. amave dros xdeba didgvarovani feodalebis Tavgasulobis
aRkveTa, eklesiis Seuvalobis SezRudva, metic _ misi daqvemdebareba
saxelmwifosadmi. daviT aRmaSeneblis dros eklesia gaxda
saxelmwifoebrivi politikis gamtarebeli, riTac Ziri gamoeTxara mis
odindel batonobas cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris ideologiis
dargSi, kerZod, literaturaSi. sasuliero mwerlobam TandaTan ufro
sqolastikuri xasiaTi miiRo, misi daniSnuleba sakulto CarCoebiT
Semoifargla. samagierod qveynis saTaveSi mdgomi saero sazogadoebis
ideur-esTetikuri idealebisa da miswrafebebis asaxva ikisra axal
pirobebSi aRmocenebulma literaturam. es iyo saero mwerloba, romlis
warmoSoba-ganviTareba sakaro cxovrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da
amitom aRmocenebis periodSi, pirvel safexurze mas sakaro-saxotbo
xasiaTi hqonda. am saxis poezia XI_XIII saukuneebis mwerlobis erT-erTi
specifikuri dargia, romelsac amSvenebs iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa
`abdulmesia~ da `Tamariani.~ 1
XII_XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos mWidro ekonomikuri, politikuri
da kulturuli urTierToba hqonda rogorc qristian, ise mahmadian
xalxebTan; qarTul enaze iTargmneboda, erTi mxriv, homerosis poemebi,
meore mxriv _ sparsel-tajik-azerbaijanel poetTa Txzulebebi. mdidari
qarTuli kulturis tradiciebi Tavis mxriv keTilismyofel gavlenas
1 d. gamezardaSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan, t.II, gv.134, Tb.1957w.
44
axdenda mezobeli xalxebis literaturaze, riTac xdeboda maTi
ormxrivi gamdidreba-gamravalferovneba.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom am periodis qarTuli
filosofiuri azrovneba axerxebs dogmatizmis sazRvrebis gadalaxvas.
qarTveli filosofosebi ar kmayofildebian mxolod saeklesio mamebis
(ioane damaskelis, basili didis da sxv.) naazreviT da uSualod
ewafebian antikuri filosofiis klasikosebis (platonis, aristoteles)
naSromebs, Targmnian da sakuTari komentarebiT amkoben maT. yovelive es
afarToebda qarTuli ganaTlebuli, mwignobrul-literaturuli
sazogadoebis gonebriv horizonts, aRvivebda kriticizmis suls, xels
uwyobda literaturuli wreebis dainteresebas cxovrebis saWirboroto
sakiTxebiT, iwvevda literaturis cxovrebisaken mibrunebas. erTi
sityviT, aadvilebda saero azrovnebis SeTvisebas, saero mimarTulebaze
gadasvlas.
saero literaturis warmoSoba-ganviTarebaze keTilismyofeli
gavlena iqonia qarTulma folklormac. es miT ufro savaraudoa, rom
Zvel saqarTveloSi popularuli da farTod gavrcelebuli yofila
sagmiro-epikuri Tqmulebebi. amis nakvalevi aRbeWdilia qarTul
saistorio mwerlobaSi (leonti mroveli, juanSeri). mwignobrulma
literaturam farTod gamoiyena mdidari zepirsityvierebis saleqso
formac (magaliTad, Sairis metri) da Sinaarsic (magaliTad, epikuri
Tqmulebani, satrfialo lirika). erTi sityviT, folkloris roli
qarTuli saero mwerlobis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi aramc da
aramc ar aris gamosaricxi.
am periodSi klasikurad srulyofili xdeba oqromWedloba,
xatTmwerloba da ferwera. am dargebs amSveneben beSqen da beqa opizarTa
namuSevrebi. aRsaniSnavia varZiis, beTaniis, yinwvisis, berTubnis kedlis
moxatuloba. XI_XII saukuneebis mijnaze moRvaweobda SesaniSnavi mxatvari
Tevdore, romelsac svaneTis eklesiebi mouxatavs. misi mxatvroba imdenad
emociuria, rom S. amiranaSvilis samarTliani SexedulebiT momxatvelis
SemoqmedebaSi `vlindeba imgvari Tavisufleba, romelmac SemdegSi, XIII
saukunis bolos italiaSi safuZveli Cauyara bizantiuri
sqematurobisagan Tavisufal axal evropul ferweras.~ mxatvrobaSi
45
mZafrad SeiWra realuri cxovrebis sio. aseTive viTarebaa
arqiteqturaSi, musikaSi.
yovelive es, rogorc Salva nucubiZe miiCnevda, marTlac iyo
mauwyebeli qarTuli renesansisa, romlis Semdgomi winsvla da
ganviTareba Seaferxa Cingiz-xanis urdoebis Semosevam da monRolTa
xangrZlivi batonobis damyarebam. katastrofa kidev ufro gaaRrmava
Temur-lengis gamanadgurebelma epopeam. amas daemata iranelTa da
osmalTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebi, qveyana gapartaxda da gaveranda.
daikarga da gaCanagda materialuri Tu sulieri kulturis uamravi
Zegli. klasikuri xanis mwerlobidan mxolod mciredi Tu gadaurCa JamTa
siaves. esenia: prozidan _ `amirandarejaniani~ da `visramiani,~ poeziidan
_ ori saxotbo Txzuleba (`abdulmesiani,~ `Tamariani~) da rusTvelis
ukvdavi `vefxistyaosani.~ miuxedavad mcirericxovnebisa, isini xmamaRla
RaRadeben XII_XIII saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis marad gauxunar
sidiadeze. 1
ioane SavTelis `abdulmesia~ da CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~ saxotbo
poeziis umSvenieresi nimuSebia, romlebic warmoadgenen Tamaris, daviT
soslanisa da laSa-giorgis Sesxmas. orive TxzulebaSi didi mxatvruli
ostatobiTa da poeturi lakonurobiTaa daxatuli bataluri scenebi,
mefeTa sasaxelo saqmeebi, magram gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia gmirTa daxasiaTebaze, rac savsebiT bunebrivia. amave
dros, rogorc TavianTi qveynis WeSmariti patriotebi, avtorebi
azogadeben Sesaqeb pirTa individualuri Rirsebisa da Rvawlis did
saxelmwifoebriv-politikur mniSvnelobas. isini Tavad arian aRwerili
ambis momswreni da iqneb monawilenic, rac met damajereblobas matebs
maT poetur qmnilebebs.
rogorc cnobilia, realizmis, rogorc literaturuli
mimdinareobis, erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania gamonagonis mxatvruli
simarTle, rasac efuZneba mose xonelis `amirandarejaniani~ da SoTa
rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani.~ pirveli maTganis specifikas miTosuri da
realuri sawyisebis gauTiSavad warmodgena qmnis, xolo TviT realoba
1 al. baramiZe, realisturi nakadis Sesaxeb XVII-XVIIIss. qarTul literaturaSi. ix.
literaturuli Ziebani, t.IX gv.112.
46
imgvaradaa warmosaxuli, rom TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis gverdiT mas
alegoriuli ganzogadebis funqciac ekisreba. mose xoneli qarTul
mwerlobaSi amkvidrebs mxatvrul gamonagons. nawarmoebis mizania, Seqmnas
mxatvruli sinamdvilis iseTi modeli, romelSic erTmaneTis
tolfardovani gmirebi arsebobis azrs urTierTmxardaWerasa da erTi
miznisaTvis brZolaSi xedaven. am gziT miRweulia mxatvruli saxis
ideuri Sinaarsisa da gmiris sulieri Tu fizikuri qmedebis arealis
gafarToeba. 1
`amirandarejanianSi~ mocemuli sinamdvilis aseTi modeli
srulyofil formas rusTvelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ Rebulobs. man Seqmna
cocxal personaJTa individualizebuli saxeebi, romlebic
garkveulwilad zogadobis, tipuris niSnebsac atareben. 2 poeti iSviaTad
Sordeba obieqturad arsebuli samyaros, sinamdvilis farglebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad mimarTavs hiperbolas. aRsaniSnavia is
garemoebac, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis moqmedebas warmarTavs maTive
Tavisufali neba.~ 3
SoTa rusTvelma erT-erTma pirvelma, daxata Sua saukuneebis
msoflio literaturaSi vaWarTa wris warmomadgenlebis cocxali,
kolorituli da amave dros realisturi saxeebi, maTi cxovrebisa da
saqmianobis suraTebi. savaWro qalaqSi (gulanSaroSi) gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs sazogadoebis wevrTa ara warmomavloba, aramed materialuri
mdgomareoba, romelic miiRweva piradi unariT, gergilianobiTa da
moxerxebulobiT. amave dros aSkarad SeimCneva vaWarTa fenis mimarT
(gansakuTrebiT zneobis TvalsazrisiT) rusTvelis kritikuli
damokidebuleba. `vefxistyaosnis~ realistur xasiaTs adasturebs isic,
rom masSi asaxul ambebs ara erTi analogi eZebneba maSindel qarTul
sinamdvilesTan.
amrigad, XII_XIII saukuneebis qarTulma mwerlobam kidev ufro
mravalferovani gaxada is realisturi elementebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli
iyo hagiografiisaTvis. rac mTavaria, man farTod gamoiyena da daamkvidra
kidec mxatvruli gamonagonis fenomeni, rogorc sinamdvilis asaxvis erT-
1 i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t.V, gv.368, Tb.1991w.
2 qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv.48, Tb. 1966w
3 al. baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t.IV, gv.175, Tb. 1964w.
47
erTi saukeTeso saSualeba da garkveulwilad SeZlo literaturuli
saxe-tipis ganzogadebac.
realisturi tendenciebi Zvel qarTul literaturaSi yvelaze
xelSesaxebad mainc aRorZinebis xanis (XVI_XVIII saukuneebi)
mwerlobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da es uwinaresad iTqmis arCilisa da
mis skolis mimdevarTa Sesaxeb. am epoqaSi xdeba Zveli literaturuli
tradiciebis kritikuli gadafaseba, axali moTxovnilebebisa da
gemovnebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba axali Sexedulebebi. isaxeba
literaturis ganviTarebis axali perspeqtivebi, rac, bunebrivia,
gamowveuli iyo Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri Tu
politikur-kulturuli movlenebiT, razec ara erTxel Tqmula da
dawerila da amitomac Cven masze ar SevCerdebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod
imas, rom am xanis mwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SoTa rusTvelis
`vefxistyaosnis~ kolosaluri, xSir SemTxvevaSi yovlismomcveli da
wamlekavi zegavlena, rac monur mibaZvamdec midioda da uTuod saxifaTo
iyo qarTuli poeziis winsvla-ganviTarebisaTvis. saWiro iyo didi
poeturi SemarTeba, moqalaqeobrivi gambedaoba da amisi Sesaferisi niWi
rusTveluri poeturi normebisagan gadasaxvevad da sakuTar niadagze
dasadgomad. ideebisa da Sinaarsis sferoSi es gaakeTa arCilma,
daamkvidra ra Taviseburi realisturi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi `marTlis
Tqmis~ saxelwodebiT, xolo formis TvalsazrisiT amgvari gardaqmna
moaxdines sulxan-saba orbelianma da daviT guramiSvilma mamuka
baraTaSvilTan erTad.
aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saliteraturo
enis gaxalxurebis tendencia, rac praqtikulad axali samwerlobo enis
damkvidrebas niSnavda. am mxriv garkveuli wvlili miuZRviT Teimuraz I-s,
arCilsa da `rusudanianis~ ucnob avtors, xolo gansakuTrebiT sulxan-
saba orbeliansa da daviT guramiSvils. arnold Ciqobavas TqmiT,
dasaxelebuli mwerlebis wyalobiT `meTvramete saukunisaTvis axali
qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibeba ukve damTavrebulia.~
samwuxarod misi Semdgomi `bunebrivi ganviTareba SezRuda XVIII saukunis
dasasrulisa da XIX saukunis damdegis zogierTma qarTvelma
48
literatorma (anton I da misma skolam), romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen
Zveli msoflmxedvelobiT.~ 1
1453 wels bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg erTgvari vakuumi
Seiqmna rogorc saerTod qarTuli xelovnebis, ise literaturis
ganviTarebaSi. rogorc zemoT iTqva, tipologiurad Cveni mwerloba
yovelTvis dasavluri iyo, magram amave dros iTvisebda da
gadaamuSavebda aRmosavluri kulturis miRwevebsac, xolo risi
gadamuSavebac ver xerxdeboda, sabolood xdeboda misi daZleva-uaryofa.
magram zemoT aRniSnul viTarebaSi advilad gaexsna gza aRmosavlur
nakads, romelic am periodidan mZlavrad iWreba qarTuli kulturisa da
yofis sxvadasxva sferoSi. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT am xanis
sparsofilur esTetikur atmosferoze, romlis yvela mxare Tumca
Teoriulad ar Camoyalibebula da arc gacnobierebula, magram mTlianad
mZlavri faqtori gaxda. swored amis Taobaze werda vaxuSti
batoniSvili: `SeeriaT qarTvelTa gancxroma, sma-Wama yizilbaSuri, siZva-
mruSeba, tyuvili, xorcTgansveneba, abano, keklucobani ugvani, meCange
mgosani.~ sruliad aSkaraa, rom vaxuStisaTvis sxva yvelaferTan erTad
`meCange mgosanic~ miuRebelia da saZraxisi.
sparsofolurma gatacebam gansakuTrebiT moicva literatura, rac
deklaraciuli saxiT gamoixata kidec Teimuraz I-is mier `leil-
majnunianis~ SesavalSi: `sparsTa enisa sitkboman masurva musikobani.~
ufro metic, sparsuli enis sitkboTi aRtacebuli poeti wuns sdebs
qarTuls da iqve acxadebs: `mZimea ena qarTvelTa, ver Zalmic misebr (e.i.
sparsulisebr) Txrobani.~ TavisTavad cxadia, sparsul literaturas ara
erTxel mouxdenia keTilismyofeli gavlena qarTul mwerlobaze. misi
miRwevebis SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba da ara brma mibaZva yovelTvis
warmoadgenda esTetikur interesTa gafarToebis erTgvar SesaZleblobas,
ris Sedegadac qarTuli mwerloba qristianul samyaroSi yvelaze ufro
farTod ecnoboda aRmosavlur esTetikas.
sul sxva viTarebaa XVI_XVII saukuneebSi. am periodis sparsulidan
naTargmni Zeglebi ukavSirdebian sparsul-tajikuri litateraturis ara
klasikur, aramed TemurianTa da sefianTa drois warmomadgenlebs. maTi
1 iv. qavTaraZe, erTiani saliteraturo qarTuli ena, ix. qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv.273, Tb.1966w.
49
Semoqmedeba ki gamoxatavda sparsuli klasikis dekadanss, rac aSkara
dezorientacia iyo. swored am mimdinareobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
reaqcia iyo `marTlis Tqmis~ principi, romlis meTaurad yovelTvis
arCili moiazreba xolme. 1
`marTlis Tqmis~ upirvelesi principia is, rom mwerlobam unda
asaxos simarTle; ar cnoben gamonagonis mxatvrul simarTles,
simarTles SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT. literaturisaTvis marTali
SeiZleba iyos mxolod is, rac sinamdvileSi momxdara. mwerali
fantaziaze dayrdnobiT ki ar unda qmnides, aramed konkretul-
istoriuli sinamdvile unda gardasaxos. `sxva zRaprul ambavs isev
marTali ambavi varCie gasaqeslavad; da arca ra amaSi tyuili sweria,
erTis mefis da rusTvelis pirdapiri gabaasebis meti, saqarTvelos
ambavsac kargad da marTla mogaxsenebs, batonebisa da darbaiselTasa~2 _
werda arCili Tavis `gaabaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~-Si, rac
(zRapruli ambebis Txroba) Teimurazis sityvebiT garkveulwilad
gamowveulia rusTvelis mier aTenSi swavla-ganaTlebis miRebiT,
radganac `aTinelT yvela zRapruli codna aqvT marTalTan ar
SesarTavi, mudama xelSi uWiravT tyuvilis maT mosarTavi.~ 3 arCili
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imazec, rom mweralma mxolod Tavisi TvaliT
nanaxi an gagonili ambavi unda aRweros: `rac masmoda an menaxa, ambavi
vTqvi me marTlebi.~ 4 amave azrs imeorebs daviT guramiSvili Tavis
`daviTianSi~ _ `marTals vityvi, Seviqnebi tyuilisa moambe rad?~ _ da
amas amarTlebs imiT, rom `tyuili vTqva, Cemi Tqmuli Seiqnebis ra
savargi?~ e.i. simarTle, rac ar unda mware iyos, sasargebloa msmenel-
mkiTxvelisaTvis, uwinaresad ki qveynisaTvis, radgan `farva siavisa
qveyanas ar mouxdebis!~ 5 am TvalsazazrisiT aRorZinebis xanis mwerlebi
TviT rusTvelsac ki ar eridebian da akritikeben, Tumca usityvod
aRiareben `vefxistyaosnis~ genialurobas da ganicdian kidec misi
1 al. baramiZe, realisturi nakadis Sesaxeb XVII-XVIIIss. qarTul mwerlobaSi, narkvevebi,
t.IV, gv.30-35, Tb.1964w.
2 qarTuli mwerloba, t.VI, gv.341, Tb. 1989w
3 iqve, gv.368
4 iqve, gv.548
5 iqve, gv.374
50
avtoris zegavlenas. Teimuraz II-is azriT, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani~
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT idealuria da yovelmxriv misabaZi, magram
sjobda `marTalze Tqmuliyo~ da ara mogonil, moWoril ambebze.
`marTlis Tqmis~ mere principi aseTnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
erTia, rom mwerali realobas unda daeyrdnos, magram amasTanave ar unda
mimarTos sinamdvilis zeaRmatebulad warmosaxvas, ar unda Seaferados
igi. aqedan gamomdinare isini emijnebian xotba-Sesxmis gzas. `vTqva ara
xotba, aramed marTali~ _ wers arCili `gabaasebaSi.~ am azrs imeorebs
ioseb Tbileli `didmouravianSi,~ roca ambobs: `xotba, bevri sityvis
Txroba, _ Tvistoms Tavsa moaZagebs, mas moxvdebis didi Sroma.~ aqve
unda aRiniSnos am poemis erTi Tavisebureba, rac albaT `vefxistyaosnis~
gavleniT unda aixsnas _ miuxedavad arCiliseuli `marTlis Tqmis~
principebis aRiarebisa, Tbilelis mier Seqmnili mxatvruli saxe
idealuradaa gadmocemuli. giorgi saakaZis tragikul figuras avtorma
mounaxa romantikuli saRebavebi da amiT udavod bevrad ufro maRal
poetur efeqts miaRwia.
`marTlis Tqma~ upirispirdeboda `zRaprobas.~ es cneba aerTianebs
mxatvrul gamonagonsac da marTlac zRaprulsac. sxva zRaprul ambavs
isev marTali varCie gasaleqsado _ werda arCili. igive arCili
rusTvelsa da Teimuraz I-s sayvedyrobda imas, rom maT qarTuli
sinamdvile ki ar aRweres, aramed ucxouri (sparsuli) ambebi Tu
moWoril-gagonili galeqses. `srulad ityvian ukleblad ambavTa sparsTa
naWorsa~ _ wers igi. gamonagons da zRapruls xSirad `sparsul ambavsac~
uwodeben da saTakilod miiCneven, radgan namdvili ambavi `amo da
mosawonia,~ xolo zRapruli _ `tyuvilad gasagonari.~ 1 zemoT
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare ganzogadeba gamoricxulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi
Teoriulad mainc, vinaidan ganzogadeba mxatvrul gamonagons moiTxovs.
`marTlis Tqmis~ arCiliseuli koncefciis organul nawils
Seadgens erovnuli Tematikis sakiTxi. `saganTa da movlenaTa
realisturi asaxvis saWiroebasTan erTad arCili moiTxovs
mwerlebisagan, rom maT asaxon qarTuli sinamdvile, rogorc istoriuli
1 al. baramiZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.I, gv.365, Tb. 1954w.
51
warsuli, ise Tanamedroveoba.~ 1 mwerloba, upirveles yovlisa unda
emsaxurebodes eris winaSe dasmuli saWirboroto sakiTxebis gadawyvetas.
cxovreba asaxuli unda iqnas mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT, rogorc
dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebiT:
`rac masmoda, an menaxa, ambavi vTqvi me marTlebi,
anu lxini, anu Wiri erTmaneTze danaTvlebi,
simarTle da kvlav simarTle, vin bneli qmna, an naTlebi.~
(„gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa“)
arCilis rwmeniT, mweralma mourideblad unda amxilos yovelgvari
naklovaneba da amiT xeli Seuwyos TanamoqalaqeTa zneobriv gawvrTnas.
„zogT vaqeb da zogT vaZageb, avis saqmis damgmobare“ _ acxadebs mefe-
poeti. amave azrs da ufro mkafiodac imeorebs aRorZinebis epoqis erT-
erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli daviT guramiSvili Tavis „daviTianSi:“
„aw, rom avi ar vaZago, kargi rogor unda vaqo?
avs Tu avi ar uwode, kargs saxelad ra davarqo?~
daviT guramiSvilTan naklovanebebis mxileba xdeba ara mxolod
mxilebisaTvis, aramed mxilebulis gamosworebisaTvis:
`amad sZraxven vinc avs Cadis, kulav aRar Caidinos;
sxva gafrTxildes, misebr cremli TvalTa arvin moidinos.~ 2
imave mizans _ qarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mankier mxareTa
mxileba-gakicxvas da am gziT maT gamosworebas emsaxureba sulxan-saba
orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisa.~
arCilis literaturul SexedulebebSi garkveuli adgili ukavia
formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. sparsuli poeziiT
gatacebis epoqaSi nawarmoebis mxatvruli, garegnuli mxaris srulyofis
ZiebaSi erTgvarad daiCrdila, meorexarisxovnad iqca literaturuli
qmnilebis ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxare. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad arCilma
originalurad gamoiyena rusTvelisa da Teimuraz I-is gapaeqreba da am
ori klasikosis Semoqmedebis analizisa da Sefasebis safuZvelze SeZlo
ganesazRvra formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTeba.
arCilis azriT, rusTvelis upiratesoba imaSia, rom mas
maRalmxatvrul formaSi gadmocemuli aqvs Rrma Sinaarsi, misi
1 qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv.375, Tb. 1966w.
2 qarTuli mwerloba, t.VII, gv.375, Tb. 1989w.
52
nawarmoebi sibrZniTaa savse, xolo Teimurazi naklebad originaluria,
`savsea valiTa,~ e.i. sxvisganaa davalebuli. amave dros `araferiT savsea,~
e.i. mis TxzulebebSi raRac Sinagani sicariele igrZnoba. 1 SeiZleba
arCils ar daeTanxmo Teimurazis Semoqmedebis zedmetad mkacr
SefasebaSi, magram aq sayuradReboa formisa da Sinaarsis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis principul simaRlemde ayvana: mxatvruli
nawarmoebi mkiTxvels unda izidavdes ara mxolod mxatvruli formiT,
rac bunebrivia, aucilebelia, aramed pirvel rigSi originalobiTa da
Rrma ideuri SinaarsiT, rasac garkveulwilad da, Cveni azriT,
samarTlianadac upiratesobac ki eniWeba.
realizmis TvalTaxedviT didi mniSvneloba aqvs arCilisa da misi
skolis warmomadgenlebis Sexedulebebs enis siwmindis Sesaxeb. arCilis
TqmiT `cudia gareva qarTuls enaSi sxvas eniT.~ igi sagangebod
afrTxilebs poetebs: `arsad wagcdes cudi ena, leqsob vin Tu iambikob.~
cud enaSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod gaumarTavi formebi, aramed
barbarizmebic, romelTa uadgilo da xSir xmarebasac igi bralad
uyenebs rusTvelsa da Teimuraz I-s, gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknels, maSin
roca maTi Secvla SesaZlebeli iyo Sesabamisi qarTuli sinonimebiT.
sakuTari poeziis erT-erT Rirsebad arCils miaCnia is, rom wminda
qarTuliT metyvelebs, Tumca mis leqsikonSi gamoJonavs araqarTuli
sityvebi, romelTa xmareba aucileblobiT araa gamowveuli. igive iTqmis
misi skolis warmomadgenel mTel rig mwerlebzec. Tumca, rogorc
arCili, ise misi mimdevrebi cdiloben maqsimalurad daicvan sakuTar
SemoqmedebaSi enobrivi siwminde Tu sxva Teoriuli principebi, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia `marTlis Tqmis~ mimdinareobisaTvis da razec zemoT
gvqonda saubari.
1 qarTuli literaturis istoria, t.II, gv. 376, Tb. 1866w.
53
XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli literatura
realizmis TvalsazrisiT
XIX saukunis damdegs saqarTvelos socialur-politikur da
kuturul cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani movlena moxda. 1801 welis 12
seqtembris manifestiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gauqmda da igi
oficialurad gamocxadda ruseTis imperiis Semadgenel nawilad, mis
erT-erT guberniad. amas mohyva ara mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobac, xolo XIX saukunis
ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva dros gamarTuli ruseT-TurqeTisa da ruseT-
iranis omebis Sedegad mTlianad saqarTvelos da kavkasiis SeerTeba
ruseTis imperiasTan.
ruseTTan saqarTvelos SeerTebam bolo mouRo qveynis feodalur
daqucmacebas _ aqcia igi erT mTlian organizmad; xeli Seuwyo sawarmoo
ZalTa ganviTarebas, feodalur-batonymuri wyobilebis rRvevas,
kapitalisturi urTierTobis Casaxva-ganviTarebas da, rac mTavaria,
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi ruseTis meSveobiT daakavSira evropul
civilizaciasTan, romelsac didi xnis winaT mowyvita Turqulma
agresiam da romliskenac ase miiswrafoda igi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, xelovnebaSi da kerZod literaturaSi ori
ZiriTadi mimdinareoba arsebobs – realizmi da romantizmi, romelTagan
pirveli Semoqmedis msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare asaxavs realur
sinamdviles, xolo meore _ mwerlis damokidebulebas am
sinamdvilisadmi, rac TavisTavad realobaa da romlis xasiaTi
ganpirobebulia arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTarebiTa Tu
xelovanis msoflmxedvelobiT.
romantizmi, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba warmoiSva XVIII-
XIX saukuneebis mijnaze da gavrcelda msoflios mraval qveyanaSi.
TiToeul maTganSi man gamonaxa cotad Tu bevrad mniSvnelovani
erovnuli safuZveli da mTavar Temad aRiara ama Tu im qveynis
sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis Sedegad Seqmnili pirovnebis
ganwyobileba. sxvadasxva erovnuli romantizmi viTardeboda im poetur-
SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebis gamoyenebiT, rac im qveynis literaturaSi
54
arsebobda da, rac mTavaria, TiToeulma erovnulma literaturam Tavis
romantizms safuZvlad daudo sakuTari qveynis socialur-politikuri
da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba. 1
qarTuli literaturis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli romantizmi
warmoadgenda Tavisebur movlenas ideuri Tu mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT.
rasakvirvelia, qarTvel romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi mkafiodaa
gamoxatuli ramdenime ZiriTadi romantikuli tendencia, rogoricaa:
gonebis winaSe grZnobis primati da fantaziisaTvis upiratesobis
miniWeba, rainduli warsulis idealizacia, sulis amaRlebul
ganwyobilebad siyvarulis aRiareba, bunebis kulti da sxva. maTi
poeziisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli sasowarkveTilebisa da
imedgacruebis is motivebi, romelic dasavleTis bevri romantikosis
pesimizms hkvebavda. Cveni romantikosebisaTvis sruliad ucxoa fridrix
Slegeliseuli sulieri ganwyobileba, roca Semoqmeds Tavisi idealis
simaRlidan cxovreba da TviT samyaroc uazro TamaSad miaCnia. soflis
warmavlobaze Wmunva maT SemoqmedebaSi moklebulia mistikur elfers,
igi garemomcveli sinamdviliTaa nakarnaxevi da konkretul Sinaarss
Seicavs. aseTive viTarebas vxvdebiT bunebis suraTebis aRweris drosac.
qarTuli romantizmis saTaveebTan dgas aleqsandre WavWavaZe. mis
poeziaSi mravali motivi iyris Tavs. pirvel rigSi mniSvnelovania
sazogadoebis cxovrebis amsaxveli Txzulebebi, romlebiTac igi
exmaureba Tanadroul epoqaSi wamoWril mTavar Temebsa da sakiTxebs.
poeti axal dros uwyalo sens adris, radgan saqarTvelos maSindeli
mdgomareoba sayovelTao ukmayofilebas iwvevda qarTul sazogadoebaSi.
urvisgan Sewuxebuli poeti WirSia flobili, radgan patimaria is, visac
emoneboda (`visac gsurT~). amitomac wyeulia is dro, roca qarTvelma
erma dakarga samkvidro. poeti da misi msmenelni mwvel almurSi, xSir
cecxlsa da sxvadasxva WirSi arian Cacvivnulni (`ismineT msmenno~);
TiTqos sayovelTao uimedobam unda daisadguros, magram ara,
aleqsandre WavWavaZe mainc poulobs gamosavals da xmamaRla acxadebs:
`me amas vstiri ganawiri, vah Tu veswra ver,
TvaraRa Jami, gulT maami, kvlavca iqnebis.~
1 s. xuciSvili, qarTuli romantizmi (winasityvaoba krebulisa “qarTveli romantikosebi”) gv.8
55
aleqsandre WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi mZlavrad moismis Tavisi
Tanamedrove socialuri struqturis kritika. poeti xedavs mdidarsa
da Raribs, mCagvrelsa da daCagruls, RimiliT mosiarule uxeS
Zalas da mis gzaze gaTelil yvavilebs, mZlevelsa da Zleuls. erTi
sityviT, xatavs Tavisi drois sazogadoebis realur suraTs, amxels
mtaceblebsa da momxveWelebs, saubrobs gandideba-gamdidrebis surviliT
SepyrobilTa araadamianurobaze, magram ar kmayofildeba mxolod
faqtebis konstataciiT da ganaCeni gamoaqvs moZaladeTaTvis:
`romelnic amwarebT RaribT cxovrebas
da hsTxovT urcxvad, usamarTlod monebas,
moelodeT maTTan Tanasworebas,
ar maradis iSvaT
mdabalT CagvriT, mtacebelobiT da xveWiT.~
(„vah, sofelsa amas da misTa mdgmurTa~)
Cveulebriv romantikul skolasTan dakavSirebiT iwyeben xolme
grigol orbelianis mxatvruli memkvidreobis ganxilvas. misi
Semoqmedeba specifikuri qarTuli sinamdviliTaa nakvebi. amave dros
„sadRegrZelos“ avtoris poeturi meTodi Cinebulad iTavsebs realizmis
elementebs. „Cveni poetis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis ucnobia evropul
romantikosTa erTi nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli misticismi. gr.
orbelians bunebis yovel aqtSi arasodes ugrZvnia gamovlineba
RvTaebrivi nebisa. subieqturi dualizmi, universis Zieba da sikvdilis
filosofia Zalian Sorsaa „iaralis“ avtoris msoflmxedvelobisagan.“ 1
grigol orbeliani organulad axamebda erTmaneTTan sinamdvilis
mZafr SegrZnebebsa da warsulis idealizacias, magram arasodes
miumarTavs Zveli saqarTvelos diadi suraTebisa da gulis momkvleli
awmyos iseTi dapirispirebisaTvis, rom es ukanaskneli maxinj, sasacilo
da groteskul formaSi gamoexata. TanamedroveobasTan misi dava sul
sxva rangis movlenaa, vidre romantikul poetikaSi principulad
fexmokidebuli meTodi fantaziisa da sinamdvilis antagonisturi
dapirispirebisa. grigol orbelianis lirika organulad iTavsebda
saxeebis realistur sistemas da mravalsaukunovani qarTuli poeziiT
1 a. gawerelia, g. orbelianis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis kritikul-biografiuli narkvevi, gv.11
56
nakarnaxev janmrTel sunlualizms, rac saerTod uCveulo movlenaa
evropuli romantizmis warmomadgenelTaTvis.
grigol orbelianis erTaderT poemaSi _ „sadRegrZelo“ odnav
idealizebulad, magram mainc savsebiT realisturadaa gacocxlebuli
warsulis saxelovan pirTa gmiruli suraTebi. realisturia Txzulebis
is nawilic, sadac saubaria iseT zogadadamianur grZnobebze, rogoricaa
megobroba da siyvaruli, adamianis movaleoba saerTod Tu qveynis
winaSe; gansakuTrebiT ki poemis bolo nawili, romelSic ganTiadis
warmtaci suraTia gadmocemuli. amave dros „sadRegrZelo“
gamsWvalulia Rrma humanizmiTa da kacTmoyvareobiT, rac ufro
aaxloebs mas realistur mimdinareobasTan.
realizmis TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa grigol orbelianis
muxambazebi, romlebSic asaxulia Tbilisis rigiTi moqalaqeebis _
yaraCoRelebisa Tu kintoebis, mesakraveTa Tu meTevzeTa primitiuli
fsiqologia, yofis Taviseburi detalebi da xasiaTebi. gansakuTrebiT
realisturia maTi portretuli daxasiaTeba, moqmedebis garemo
(orTaWalis baRebi, mtkvris sanapiro da a.S.); siyvaruli krivisa da
lxinisadmi, zogjer bunebrivi keTilSobileba da mokrZaleba („gind
meZinos“), ufro metad ki zereloba da fuqsavatoba, romlisTvisac ucxo
ar aris familaroba da uzrdeloba („aravisTvis me dRes me ara
mcalian“). amgvari magaliTebis ganvrcoba kidev SeiZleba, magram
vfiqrobT, esec sakmarisia.
grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi realizmis TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa socialur Temaze dawerili leqsi „muSa
boqulaZe,“ romelic uSualod ganicdis ilia WavWavaZis „muSis“
gavlenas, rac sruliad ar ayenebs Crdils Cvens poet-generals. am
leqsSi grigol orbelians mocemuli aqvs XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis
Tbiliseli muSis realisturi saxe. nawarmoebi erTgvari aRsarebaa
Sromisagan welSi gawyvetili uilajo da Ronemixdili adamianisa,
romelic socialuri ukuRmarTobis msxverpli gamxdara. mkiTxveli
TvalnaTliv xedavs „ofliT gasvrilsa da mtvrians,“ „kiserCaJangebul,“
„bediT daCagrul“ „siyrmidanve siRaribiT devnil“ proletars,
romelsac „sicocxle tanjvad gadaqcevia SovnisaTvis mxolod lukma-
purisa.“ erTaderTi adamianuri Rirseba, romelic mas SerCenia
57
ukuRmarTi bedis Sedegad aris is, rom aqvs „keTilis grZnoba,“ rac
gamoixateba mRvdlis xSirad gaugebar, magram sasiamovno saubris
„gonebamizidul“ mosmenaSi, ris Semdegac muSis „gulSi hqreba Relva
siborotisa“ da simSvide isadgurebs.
„muSa boqulaZe“ erTsa da imave dros asaxavs rogorc TviTon
avtoris zogad humanur Tvalsazriss daCagruli fenis warmomadgenlis
sulier viTarebaze, ise konkretul-istoriul sinamdviles – 80-iani
wlebis qarTveli bogano-proletaris Segnebasac. xSirad grigol
orbelians sayveduroben, rom misi muSa boqulaZe aSkara protests ar
gamoxatavs arsebuli viTarebisadmi da egueba kidec Tavis mdgomareobas.
amis Taobaze unda iTqvas is, rom bunebaSi ar arsebuli revoluciuri
ganwyobilebis gadmocema, bunebrivia, poets ar SeeZlo, magram, albaT
gadaWarbebulia muSa boqulaZis religiuri grZnobiT Seferili brma
morCileba bedisadmi, faqizi TviTanalizi da sruli sasowarkveTileba.
nikoloz baraTaSvili – „Cvenda saubedurod udrood CvenTvis
dakarguli poeti, erTaderTi mwerali, romelic sxvaze ufro metad,
sxvaze ufro mkafiod da TvalnaTliv atrialebs Cvens azrs da cnobis
wyurvils im Tvalgadauwvdenels sivrceSi, saca zogad-kacobriobis
dausrulebeli saWirboroto kiTxva-pasuxi... rwmenisa da arrwmenisa,
myofobisa da armyofobisa, saca RaRadebaa yovelgvari suliskveTebisa
da vnebaTa Relvisa.“ 1 ase daaxasiaTa ilia WavWavaZem baraTaSvilis
Semoqmedebis kredo.
nikoloz baraTaSvili faqtiurad qarTvelma samocianelebma
„aRmoaCines“ da kidec dasaxes TavianT winamorbedad. 1865 wels akaki
wereTelma gamoaqveyna „ramdenime sityva“ „Canguris Sesaxeb,“ romelic
iyo mtkice maurTierTobeli kavSiris gabmis mcdeloba baraTaSvilisa
da „TergdaleulTa“ ideur winamZRolad aRiarebuli ilias
msoflmxedvelobas Soris. aq es ukanaskneli aRiarebulia romantikosi
poetis ideur-SemoqmedebiT memkvidred, rac, bunebrivia, sruliadac araa
SemTxveviTi, radgan nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi TvalnaTliv
Cans pirovnul subieqtur gancda-SexedulebaTa gamoxatulebasTan erTad
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis analizi da miswrafeba ukeTesi mermisisaken.
1 i. WavWavaZe, werilebi literaturaze, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.536, Tb. 1991w.
58
nikoloz baraTaSvilis epoqaSic mdgara `qarTvlis bedis~ sakiTxi–
ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo ukanasknel qarTvel mefeTa
gadawyvetilebani qveynis momavlis warmarTvis saqmeSi. swored am Temas
uZRvna man Tavisi erTaderTi poema da ramodenime leqsi. aseTia,
magaliTad, 1834 wels dawerili leqsi „bulbuli vardze,“ romelSic
gadmocemulia didi xnis survilisa da misi ucbad CaSlis Tema.
bulbuls enatreboda gaSlili vardis xilva, mas Sestrfoda dRe da
Rame, magram yvavili ise gaifurCqna, rom frTosanma ver dainaxa didi
xnis survilis axdena. bulbuls damWknari vardis danaxvaze guls
Semoeyara, „bneloba“ igema, is wadili ver aisrula, risTvisac ar
zogavda sicocxles, uZilobas, galobas. yvelaferi amao gamodga da
amitomac lmobis xmiT moTqvamda sakuTar ubedurebas, Sembralebeli ki
aravin Canda.
am leqsSi alegoriuladaa gadmocemuli saqarTveloSi XIX
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mimdinare mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi
movlenebi, kerZod 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da misi damarcxebiT
gamnowveuli ganwyobileba. am TvalsazrisiT es nawarmoebi savsebiT
realisturi xasiaTisaa.
msgavsi xasiaTisaa leqsi `sumbuli da mwiri,~ romelic 1842 wels
daiwera. sumbuli saqarTvelos alegoriuli saxea, romelic moklebulia
Tavis Cveul garemos, ris gamoc dahkargvia Cveulebrivi feradovneba da
surneleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sumbuli oqro-vercxlis sadgurSia
moqceuli da zamTris msusxavi sicive ver zaravs, mainc ukmayofiloa,
radgan zamTarSi buneba ki ar kvdeba, mxolod sevdiT imoseba, raTa
gazafxulis dadgomisTanave kvlav siturfiT ayvavdes laRi da
Tavisufali. amitomacaa, rom sumbuli natrobs misTvis Cveuli
gazafxulis dadgomasa da bulbulis gamoCenas:
„ax, rodis vnaxo meca velad Cemi bulbuli,
rom ganviSalo kvlav siturfiT misi sumbuli!” 1
qarTvlis bedis Tu politikuri orientaciis sakiTxis garkvevas
eZRvneba nikoloz baraTaSvilis erTaderTi poema `bedi qarTlisa,~
romlis pirvel karSi sruliad realisturadaa asaxuli krwanisis
1 citata moyvanilia n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulidan, Tb.1972w.
59
brZolis peripetiebi: erekles locva da misi mimarTva jarisadmi,
pirveli dRis brZola da Zvirad Rirebuli gamarjveba, nariyalas cixeSi
gamagreba, Tbiliseli moqalaqis Ralatis Sedegad qarTvelTa
damarcxeba da erekles gaxizvna aragvis xeobaSi. meore karSi ki
mocemulia ori mamuliSvilis _ erekle mefisa da misi msajulis
msjeloba Cveni samSoblos momavalze. mefes Tavisi poziciis _ ruseTis
mfarvelobaSi Sesvla _ gansamtkiceblad sruliad damajerebeli
obieqturi argumentebi mohyavs, romelTac solomon lioniZe
praqtikulad verafers upirispirebs sakuTari subieqturi mosazrebebis
garda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili Sinaganad
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis momxrea, rac sruliad bunebrivia, igi
realurad afasebs Seqmnil situacias da dadebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs
erekle II-is mier gadadgmul nabijs. amas adasturebs poemis is nawili,
sadac mefis poziciis Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdege Tavisi azrebis
sisworeSi daeWvebuli solomon lioniZec ki ambobs:
`magram vin icis! igi iqneba
ukeT fiqrobdes, ra gveWirveba?
bevr-jer RvTiursa zrunvasa mefis
goneba ymaTa vera mihxvdebis!~
saqarTvelos Sesvla ruseTis mfarvelobaSi aseve dadebiTadaa
Sefasebuli leqsSi `saflavi mefis iraklisa.~ ai, es argumentebic:
`Jam-viTarebiT gardaxvewilT SenT SvilT midamo
moaqvT mamulSi ganaTleba da xma saamo.
sadac aqamdin xmliT da ZaliT flobda qarTveli,
mun samSvidobo moqalaqis marTavs aw xeli.
aw arRa erCis qarTlis gulsa kaspiis Relva,
verRa uryevs mas gansvenebas misi aRtyvelva;
Savis zRvis zvirTni, nacvlad CvenTa mosisxle mterTa,
aw mogvigvrian mravalis mxriT CvenTa moZmeTa!” 1
nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi bunebis suraTebi, usieri
tyiT daburuli mTawmindis kalTebi iqneba is, mtkvris sanapiro Tu
aragvis Semogareni, miuxedavad imisa, rom umeteswilad sxvadasxva
1 citatebi moyvanilia n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulidan, Tb.1972w.
60
sazogado Tu pirovnuli mizezebis gamo gulSewuxebuli poetis sevdiani
ganwyobilebebis Tanaziaria, moklebulia yovelgvar misticizms da
sruliad realisturi ferebiTaa warmodgenili. radgan Cvens poets
TanamedroveTa Soris iseTi aravin eguleboda, romlisTvisac gulis
gadaxsna, grZnobebis gaziareba SeZleboda, amitom mWmunvare Tu sevdiani
fiqrebis gasaqarvebel-gasarTvelad xan mTawmindis damafiqrebel,
udabur, saRamos ciuri cvariT monamul, sawuTroebis damaviwyebel,
guldaxurulTa megobar mTawmindis kalTebs mimarTavda, raTa eZebna
amaoebis damSTobi zenaarT samyofi sadguri da imedi miscemoda, `rom
gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels bindsa is gananaTlebs;~ xan modudune
laJvardi cis kamaris amreklavi ankara mtkvris zvirTebis Cxrials
ugdebda yurs, raTa Camwvdariyo adamianuri yofis Tu wuTisoflis
amaoebas da mainc imedianad eTqva:
`magram radganac kacni gvqvian _ Svilni soflisa,
unda kideca mivsdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa,
arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,
iyos sofelSi da soflisaTvis ara izrunvos.~
ara sevdiani Tu poetis naRvelis Tanaziari, aramed laRi da
Tavisufali bunebis suraTia mocemuli „bedi qarTlisas~ meore karis
dasawyisSi. ai, isic:
„morbis aragvi aragviani, Tan mosZaxian mTanni tyianni,
da Seupovrad mouTamaSebs garemo Tvissa atexil Walebs.
hoi, napirno aragvis pirno, mobibineno, SvebiT momzirno,
qarTvelsa gulman rogor gauZlos, odes Sveneba Tqveni
ixilos,
rom Tqvens buCqebSi ara Camoxdes, rac unda gzasa
eSurebodes
rogor iqneba ar ganisvenos? samjer xom mainc gadahkravs
Rvinos!
cxens moaZovebs, Tvals moatyuebs, gamoiRviZebs-Subls
ganigrilebs,
erTs qarTvelurad kidev SesZaxebs: `aragvo, mag Sens
gamwvanebul mTebs~
61
da merme Tundac daugviandes, igi imisTvis aRar daRondes!“ 1
roca kiTxulob am striqonebs SeuZlebelia, Tavadac ar aRivso
xalisiTa da sicocxlis wyurviliT, ar mogindes aragvis Seupovari
zvirTebis mkerdze gadavleba Tu mis mSvenier SemogarenSi Tvalis
motyueba, raTa siamayiT aRfrTovanebulma kidev erTxel igrZno, rom
Senc am bunebis nawili xar da ara marto nawili, aramed misi patroni
da SeuZlebelia baraTaSviliviT ar SesZaxo – „aragvo, mag Sens
gamwvanebul mTebs...~
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
realizmis zogierTi elementi arc qarTvel romantikosTa
SemoqmedebisTvisaa ucxo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom
maT farTod gauRes kari erovnul Tematikas da erTgvarad
idealizirebuli warsulis suraTebis daxatviT, rasac garkveuli
mizandasaxuleba gaaCnda, momavlis mkrTali konturebic mogvces. amave
dros maT daarRvies tradiciuli Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sairis batonoba
da daasrules qarTuli leqsis teqnikuri reforma, romelic daviT
guramiSvilma da mamuka baraTaSvilma wamoiwyes Tavis droze. marTalia,
isini ganicdian anton I-is sami stilis Teoriis gavlenas, magram maTi
poeturi ena mainc sakmaodaa dacilebuli am ukanasknelis mimdevarTa
mxatvrul metyvelebas.
* * *
me-19 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani
sazogadoebriv-politikuri cvlilebebi xdeba, romlis safuZveli iyo
ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi. naturaluri
feodaluri meurneoba TandaTanobiT gzas uTmobda burJuaziuls.
qarTulma mwerlobam aRniSna is diferenciacia, romelic qarTvel
TavadaznaurobaSi am periodSi moxda da reliefurad asaxa am wodebis
sxvadasxva fenebidan gamosuli tipebi. amave dros man aRniSna meore
mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi procesi, saxeldobr savaWro-savaxSo
burJuaziis gamosvla cxovrebis asparezze. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT oriode mkrTal da gaubedav cdas, am sazogadoebrivi fenis
yofa-cxovreba qarTul literaturaSi aravis ar ausaxavs SoTa
1 citatebi moyvanilia n. baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa sruli krebulidan, Tb.1972w.
62
rusTvelis Semdeg. amas, rasakvirvelia, hqonda Tavisi obieqturi
mizezebi.
burJuazia, romelic saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda
ZiriTadad ucxoeTidan Camosuli elementebisagan Sedgeboda. is
qarTveli eris kulturasTan ar iyo organulad dakavSirebuli da
amitom evropis burJuaziasaviT ar warmoadgenda jansaR erovnul Zalas.
qarTuli literatura Tavdapirvelad mas ufro komikuri mxridan
xatavda. mxolod ufro gvian, rodesac somxis sovdagrebisa da CarCebis
gverdiT, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTvelodan gamosulma
mrewvelebma da vaWrebma daiWires saTanado adgili, qarTulma
literaturam SeamCnia, rom mesame wodebis saxiT mas sakmaod seriozuli
erovnul ZalasTan hqonda saqme da SeZlebisdagvarad asaxa kidec.
pirveli qarTveli mwerali, romelmac qarTul sazogadoebaSi
momxdari zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi SeamCnia da asaxa, iyo giorgi
erisTavi. igi samarTlianadaa miCneuli CvenSi kritikuli realizmis
Semomtanad lavreti ardazians, daniel WonqaZesa da rafiel erisTavTan
erTad. yvela mkvlevari XIX saukunis 40-50 wlebSi moRvawe am mweralTa
SemoqmedebaSi uciloblad amCnevs realizms, magram mis fuZemdeblebad
samocianelebs miiCnevs. ase fiqrobdnen magaliTad, al. xaxanaSvili, m.
zandukeli, S. radiani da sxva, romlebic am periodis realizmis
gamosacalkeveblad xmaroben termins „naadrevi realizmi,“ rac
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sworad ar aris danaxuli is organuli
kavSiri, romelic 40-50-iani da 60-iani wlebis literaturas Soris
arsebobs realizmis genezisis TvalsazrisiT.
am periodis da saerTod XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaze
keTilis myofeli gavlena iqonia amave periodis rusulma literaturam
Tu azrovnebam, rac savsebiT bunebrivia, vinaidan am saukunis
dasawyisidan qarTveli da rusi xalxi nebiT Tu uneblied mWidro
kulturul kavSirSia. magram rusuli literaturis gavlenas arasodes
Seusustebia qarTuli mwerlobis TviTmyofadi, erovnuli xasiaTi, rasac
kidev erTxel naTelyofs kritikuli realizmis Camoyalibeba-
ganviTarebis procesi. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom mravalsaukunovani qarTuli
literaturisaTvis arc erT drosa da epoqaSi ucxo da miuRebeli ar
yofila realizmis elementebi Tu realisturi tendenciebi. kritikuli
63
realizmi CvenSi qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis kanonzomier Sedegs
warmoadgens. misi aRmoceneba momzadebuli iyo qarTveli xalxis
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT, erovnuli TaviseburebiT, jansaRi da
mdidari literaturuli tradiciebiT.
giorgi erisTavi da misi mimarTulebis mimdevrebi TiTqmis
mTlianad zurgs aqceven romantikosTa mier wina planze wamoweul
Tematikas da am mxriv arsebiTi xasiaTis gardatexas axdenen. rogorc
mkvlevari daviT gamezardaSvili aRniSnavs, „maTi mxatvruli interesebis
sagans warmoadgens mxolod da mxolod Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi
cxovreba, misi socialuri buneba; yoveli sxva Tema am ZiriTadi Temis
gaSuqebis mizans emsaxureba. axali Tematikis Sesabamisad maT Semoitanes
axali Janrebi (sayofacxovrebo da socialur-politikuri komedia,
sayofacxovrebo drama, socialuri romani, mxatvruli satira da sxva). g.
erisTavis, z. antonovis, l. ardazianis, d. WonqaZis da sxvaTa
SemoqmedebaSi ukve saqme gvaqvs cxovrebis sinamdvilidan aRebul tipur
xasiTebTan; maTi tipaJi konkretuli istoriul-socialuri garemos
uSualo gamomxatvelia.“1 da, marTlac, am mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi Cven
vecnobiT personaJTa mdidar galereas, romlebic mkveTrad ganirCevian
erTmaneTisgan TavianTi socialur-klasobrivi mdgomareobiT. isini
gvevlinebian ara rogorc qarTvel, rus, somex da sxva erTa
warmomadgenelni zogadad, aramed rogorc qarTveli, rusi, somexi
Tavadi, glexi, vaWari, moxele.
cxadia, kritikuli realizmi imTaviTve gabatonebul mimarTulebad
ar qceula Cvens mwerlobaSi. 40-iani wlebidan 60-ian wlebamde am
mimdinareobasa da romantizms Soris principuli brZola mimdinareobda
da mxolod „TergdaleulTa“ moRvaweobis Sedegad damkvidrda
sabolood. 60-70-ian wlebSi mimdinare dapirispireba qarTul
literaturaSi konservator-liberalTa da revolucioner-demokratTa
Soris iyo finali adre dawyebuli brZolisa. qarTvelma samocianelebma,
aRizardnen ra rus revolucioner-demokratTa ideebze, ukve sabolood
naTelhyves romantizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobis
ususuroba im droindeli mwerlobis winaSe mdgari amocanebis
1 d. gamezardaSvili, kritikuli realizmi da misi damkvidreba XIX saukunis qarTul
literaturaSi, t.I, gv.75, Tb. 1974w.
64
gadasaWrelad, gamoaaSkaraves romantikuli esTetikis yalbi
wanamZRvrebi da daupirispires mas materialisturi esTetikis pricipebi.
amgvarad, „qarTvel samocianelTa damsaxurebas Seadgens ara
dawyeba kritikuli realizmisa, aramed am literaturuli mimdinareobis
saboloo gabatoneba da Sesabamisi esTetikuri moZRvrebis damuSaveba
Cveni literaturis sanamdvileSi.“ 1
giorgi erisTavi dajildovebuli iyo tipuri xasiaTebis Seqmnis
niWiT. misi komediebis personaJTa didi umetesoba tipia. im droindeli
mebatoneebis tipuri saxeebia: amirindo, onofre („dava“), anduyafari,
pavle, aseve kneina makrine („gayra“) da karapeta dabaRovi („Zunwi“).
giorgi erisTavis gansakuTrebiT fxizeli realisturi xedvis
maCvenebelia mis mier iseTi axali movlenebisa Tu saxeebis SemCneva da
asaxva, romlebic jer kidev iSviaToba iyo, magram mTeli sisruliT
gamoxatavda im droindeli socialuri drois arss. man Seqmna
ganaTlebuli, magram cxovrebis praqtikul codnas moklebuli meocnebe
aristokratebis tipuri saxeebi, romlebic is-is iyo gamoCndnen Cvens
sinamdvileSi. aseTebia, magaliTad beglari („SeSlili“) da ivane
(„gayra“). eseni swored is axalgazrdebi arian, romelTac ruseTSi
miiRes metad zerele ganaTleba da samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg
umweoni aRmoCndnen saTaveSi Cadgomodnen raime seriozul saqmes.
mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze qarTveli Tavadaznauroba
sakuTar Tavs raRaca gmiruli SaravandediT Semosils xedavda. uceb
giorgi erisTavma maT daanaxa, rom metad komikurni gamxdaran. „ra
uzarmazaria manZili liparit orbelianebis, sargis jayelebisa, zurab
erisTavebisa, givi amilaxvrebidan, yvela im zviadi feodalebidan,
romlebic gmirulad samSoblos icavdnen an mas veragulad
Ralatobdnen, mefeebs eqiSpebodnen an erTmaneTs Tvalebs sTxridnen, g.
erisTavis komediebis gmirebsa _ anduyafrebsa da onofreebamde! ra
gasaocari cvlileba moxda! qarTvelma aristokratiam dahkarga Tavisi
socialuri funqcia; qveynis mmarTvelebisa, mosamarTleebisa,
1 d. gamezardaSvili, qarTuli literaturisa da kritikis istoriidan, t.I gv.76, Tb.1974w.
65
damcvelebisagan isini ubralo memamuleebad iqcnen, raTa Semdgom
nawilobriv xorcmetebad gadaqceuliyvnen eris jansaR organizmze.“ 1
realizmis, rogorc mxatvruli meTodis, erTgulebam giorgi
erisTavi bunebrivad miiyvana saliteraturo enis gamartivebamde.
rogorc cnobilia, axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena Caisaxa jer kidev
me-12 saukuneSi da XVIII saukunisaTvis misi Camoyalibeba TiTqmis
dasrulda, magram me-18 saukunis meore naxevridan anton kaTalikosis
gramatikuli koncefciis wyalobiT Sewyda saliteraturo enis
demokratizaciis procesi da gabatonda sqolastikur-ritorikuli
metyvelebiT damZimebuli arqaul-mwignobruli ena. realisturi meTodi
da gmirTa tipizaciis problema giorgi erisTavs aiZulebda uari eTqva
Zvel, mwignobrul enaze da nawarmoebis gmirebi maTive eniT
aemetyvelebina. aseTi midgomis meoxebiT mweralma SeZlo eCvenebina, rom
ucxo warmomavlobis burJuaziam Tavisi JargoniT wabilwa qarTuli ena;
rom barbarizmebisa da dialeqtizmebis uadgilo, gadaWarbebuli xmareba
sasacilos xdida aseTi eniT molaparakeT. magram imis gamo, rom misi
gmirebi im sazogadoebriv fenebs ganekuTvnebodnen, romlebic marTla
bilwavdnen Cvens enas, misi komediebic gadatvirTulia JargoniTa da
barbarizmebiT. am mxrivac mis komediebSi dadebiTi gmiris rols
mxolod sicili asrulebs. Pplaton ioselianis TqmiT, giorgi erisTavma
„dabada ena qarTuli axalis guarisa mwerlobisaTvis.“ mas mwerlis ena
miaCnda mxolod komediebis Sesaferisad, rac sruliadac ar
ewinaaRmdegeba sami stilis Teorias.
unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom kritikuli realizmi qarTul
literaturaSi dramatulma Janrma SemoiRo. es metad xelsayreli
aRmoCnda, radgan sazogadoebaze maSin swored am Janrs hqonda didi
zegavlena Teatris meSveobiT. saerTod kritikuli realizmisTvis,
romelic mowodebulia sinamdvilis amsaxveli farTo mxatvruli
tiloebis SeqmnisaTvis, swored prozaa yvelaze xelsayreli.
prozauli Janris ganviTarebisa da saliteraturo enis
gamartivebis sakiTxi kategoriulad daayena cnobilma mweralma
lavrenti ardazianma, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana am moTxovnis
1 g. qiqoZe, XIXs. qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.III, gv. 221, Tb. 1966w.
66
praqtikul gadaWraSic. Jurnal „ciskris“ furclebze man gamoaqveyna
cnobili nawarmoebebi „solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“ da „morCili,“
romlebic pirveli socialuri romanebia Cveni literaturis istoriaSi.
aseve sayuradReboa amave JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli misi mxatvruli
narkvevi „mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarze,“ leqsi „fulebi.“
lavrenti ardazianma solomon mejRanuaSvilis saxiT Seqmna
savaWro burJuaziis warmomadgenlis dasrulebuli tipi. am mxriv mas
veravin Seedreba qarTul literaturaSi. am nawarmoebSi naCvenebia is
gza, romelic ganvlo savaWro burJuaziis pirvelma Taobam Cvens
sinamdvileSi, naCvenebia moqmedebis meTodebic, romlis wyalobiTac igi
arafris mqonedan yovlisSemZle gaxda. lavrenti ardaziani gvacnobs
solomonis cxovrebis TiTqmis mTel gzas, amasTan gvixatavs mas
yoveldRiur moqmedebaSi. magram Tanadrouli sinamdvilidan aRebuli
movaWris saxis ganzogadebam mwerali bolos TviTon daafiqra. is,
rogorc cnobilia liberaluri Tavadaznaurobis ideologi iyo, amitom
romanis dasasruls sinamdviles erTgvarad uRalata da solomoni
monanie vaWrad warmogvidgina, xolo aleqsandre raindiZe _ cxovrebiT
kmayofil bednier adamianad.
magram lavrenti ardazianis romanebi, d. gamezardaSvilis TqmiT,
avtoris survilis sawinaaRmdegod gvarwmuneben, rom „maRali wodebidan
gamodian ara raindiZeebi, aramed kerpaZeebi da tuCmoxeuliSvilebi
(„solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili“), lifsimeebi da gorjaspebi
(„morCili“); rom es wodeba (Tavadaznauroba) uZluria mejRanuaSvilebis
winaSe da cxovrebis saWe raindiZeebis TeTri xelebidan
mejRanuaSvilebis WuWyian xelebSi gadadis.“ 1
lavrenti ardazianma qarTul literaturaSi pirvelma dagvixata im
droindeli Tbilisis inteligenciis saxe. TbilisSi, romelic kavkasiis
centrs warmoadgenda, garda adgilobrivi inteligenciisa, mravlad
SexvdebodiT Soreuli adgilebidan karieris saZebnelad Camosul
ganaTlebul pirT, romelTa umetesoba cinikosi da mkvexaraa. isini
pativs ar scemen arc sakuTari eris kulturas da arc sxva xalxTa
kulturaSi erkvevian; sxvebs dascinian, raki Rrma moazrovneebad moaqvT
1 d. gamezardaSvili, kritikuli realizmi da misi damkvidreba qarTul literaturaSi (qarTuli literaturisa da kritikis istoriidan, tI, gv.98) Tb.1974w.
67
Tavi, magram Rirebuls verafers qmnian da verc Seqmnian. mweralma Seqmna
swored aseTi pedantebisa da cruswavlulTa tipuri saxeebi,
gansakuTrebiT urcxvaZisa da axmaxis saxiT Tavis moTxrobaSi
„mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarze.“
amrigad, lavrenti ardazianma Tavisi SemoqmedebiT met-naklebi
sisruliTa da siRrmiT asaxa im droindeli saqarTvelos socialuri
yofa. ganviTarebis gzaze damdgari kritikuli realizmi man gaamdidra
sayuradRebo romanebiT da narkveviT, didi ostatobiT Seqmnili tipebiT,
romlebic cxovrebis sinamdvilidanaa aRebuli. misma Semoqmedebam
udidesi roli Seasrula qarTuli realisturi prozis mxatvruli
formis SemuSavebasa da saliteraturo enis sasaubrosTan daaxloebaSi.
lavrenti ardaziani uaRresad niWieri realisti prozaikosia,
magram misi realizmis kritikuli paTosi erTgvarad Seasusta
batonymuri urTierTobisadmi Semwynareblobam, maSin, roca batonymobis
namdvili buneba ukve srulad iyo gamovlenili daniel WonqaZis
„suramis cixeSi.“ Tu giorgi erisTavi pirveli qarTveli mwerali iyo,
romelmac Tavadaznaurobis komikuri saxe dagvanaxa, daniel WonqaZe
pirvelia, romelmac am wodebis bralmdeblis roli ikisra.
me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi iyvnen mwerlebi, romelTac
eyoT gambedaoba istoriuli warsulisaTvis vardisferi saTvaleebis
gareSe SeexedaT. aseTebi iyvnen magaliTad, daviT guramiSvili, ioane
batoniSvili; xolo grigol orbeliani, vaxtang orbeliani saqarTvelos
istoriuli warsulis idealizacias axdendnen, magram ara imitom, rom
WeSmaritebis siyvaruli ar hqondaT; maT undodaT uferuli awmyosaTvis
Seferilad daxatuli warsuli daepirispirebinaT, raTa jansaRi
patriotizmis grZnoba gaeRviZebinaT gulgatexili da gadagvarebis
gzaze damdgari qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. daniel WonqaZemac Tavisi
moTxrobis „suramis cixis“ moqmedeba warsulSi gadaitana da amiT
TiTqos scada romantikuli burusisagan gaeTavisuflebina feodaluri
saqarTvelos suraTi. sinamdvileSi ki es moTxroba avtoris Tanadrouli
sazogadoebis kritikas warmoadgenda.
daniel WonqaZe pirveli mweralia, romelmac pirdapir da mkacrad
gailaSqra feodaluri urTierTobis winaaRmdeg maSin, roca batonymobis
gadavardnis sakiTxi mwvaved jer kidev ar iyo dayenebuli. ufro metic,
68
zogierTi sakmaod cnobili sazogado moRvawe imasac ki irwmuneboda
TioTqos saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi batonymoba Tavisebur
keTilSobilur socialur instituts warmoadgenda da mis
xeluxleblad datovebas moiTxovda. „suramis cixem“ yvelasaTvis
gasagebi gaxada am `keTilSobiluri Taviseburebis~ WeSmariti xasiaTi.
masSi Seulamazeblad aisaxa batonymuri urTierTobis mTeli saSineleba
da pirdapiri simwvaviT daisva misi gauqmebis aucileblobis sakiTxi.
daniel WonqaZem pirvelma Cvens literaturaSi Semoiyvana
batonymobis, mebatonis winaaRmdeg iaraRiT xelSi mebrZoli glexi.
nodarma amowyvita mebatonis ojaxi, riTac xalxis TanagrZnoba
daimsaxura. niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom mdevrebma ki ar Seipyres
gaqceuli yma, rogorc davalebuli hqondaT, aramed axalcixisken
mimavali gza aswavles. es ki mauwyebeli iyo imisa, rom nodaris
magaliTs sxvebic mibaZavdnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom batonymobis uRels
TavdaRweuli nodari da durmiSxani sazogadoebaSi kuTvnil adgils
vaWrobiT ikaveben.
daniel WonqaZem mourideblad amxila agreTve eklesiis msaxurTa
garkveuli nawilis namdvili saxe da maTi roli gabatonebuli klasis
samsaxurSi, amasTan crumorwmuneobis saSineleba da misi uaryofiTi
gavlena sazogadoebaze. rogorc vxedavT daniel WonqaZe ara marto
amTavrebs kritikuli realizmis pirvel periods, aramed gvauwyebs meore
periodis dawyebasac.
romantizmi SedarebiT mkvidr niadagze aRmocenda Cvens poeziaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, 50-ian wlebSi niWieri lirikosis rafiel erisTavis
SemoqmedebaSi mkveTrad iCina Tavi kritikulma realizmma. igi Tavis
pirvel leqsebSi ver ascda romantikosTa gavlenas, magram maleve
dainteresda cxovrebis sinamdviliT da Tavisi poeziis mTavar sagnad
gaixada socialuri da erovnuli motivi. misi am periodis leqsebi
„mTxovneli msajulisadmi,“ „yadis jori,“ „buzebi,“ „mTxovara glaxaki“
da sxva gamoirCevian WeSmaritad realisturi xedviT da aaSkaraveben
sazogadoebis mankier mxareebs. es exeba urTierTobas batonsa da ymas
Soris, qalaqSi lukma-puris saSovnelad gadaxvewili glaxakis beds, vai
inteligentebis Tu cru ganswavlulTa cxovrebis wessa da sxva Temebs,
romlebic Zalze mtkivneuli iyo maSindeli sazogadoebisaTvis.
69
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis naSromSi „werilebi qarTul literaturaze“
ambobs: „rafiel erisTavma am ormocdaaTian wlebis xanaSi daiwyo Tavisi
moRvaweoba. amanac, rogorc TiTqmis yvela Cvenma poetma, miarTva pirvel
xanebSi Tavisi xarki siyvarulsa da trfialebas, magram amasTanave ar
uimisod morCa, rom e.w. saWirboroto sagans cxovrebisas ar
gaxmaurebiyos. jer batonymobis gadavardnaze CuCunic arsad iyo, rom
kacTmoyvare gulma poetisam igrZno usamarTloba misi da yma-deda aCvena
msajulTan „sxva rad hpatronobs Cems naSobsao...“1 aseve gansakuTrebuli
simpatiiT ixsenebda mas akaki wereTeli rogorc winamorbedsa da
sakuTari sityvis mqone Tanamokalmes. xolo giorgi wereTeli mas
garkveuli skolis meTauradac miiCnevda: „r. erisTavs uWiravs Tavisi
sakuTari wre qarTul poeziaSi. misi ena, misi grZnoba da misi ideali
namdvilad xalxis grZnoba da misi idealia... rafielma ukve Seqmna
Tavisi Skola poeziisa.“ XIX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi, ganasakuTrebiT
50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebas xeli
Seuwyo aseve kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebam, romelsac Tavis mxriv
xeli Seuwyo qarTuli Teatris daarsebam. pirveli nabijebi am
mimarTulebiT Tbilisis rusulma presam gadadga. gazeTebSi „zakavkazski
vestniksa“ da „kavkazSi“ TiTqmis sistematurad ibeWdeboda recenziebi
axali Teatraluri warmodgenebis Sesaxeb, romelTa avtorebi sagangebo
yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen piesis ideur azrsa da mxatvrul Rirseba-
naklovanebaze. Teatralurma kritikam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
rogorc Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi, ise literaturaSi
kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebaSi. am saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili
miuZRviT mixeil TumaniSvilsa da ivane polonskis. 50-ian wlebSi
kritikis erT-erTi umTavresi sagani iyo qarTuli samwerlobo enis
principTa dadgenis sakiTxi, romelic gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT ukve 60-
ian wlebSi daisva Jurnal „ciskris“ furclebze.
axali Tematika, axali Janrebi, axali mxatvruli saSualebani da
sasaubro enasTan daaxloebuli samwerlobo ena ― ai, ra SesZina 40-50-
iani wlebis kritikulma realizmma Cvens literaturas axal ideur
azrTan erTad. man Cvens literaturaSi Semoiyvana xalxi, rac metad
1 i. WavWavaZe, werilebi qarTul literaturaze, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.546, Tb. 1991w.
70
mniSvnelovani movlena iyo. am drois qarTvelma realistebma Seqmnes
tipuri saxeebi, romlebic dRemde inarCuneben cxovelmyofelobas.
cxovrebis sinamdvilesTan literaturis daaxloeba da tipuri saxeebiT
misi gamdidreba Seadgens Cveni mwerlobis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs am
periodSi. swored 40-50-ian wlebSi kritikuli realizmi mtkiced
eufleba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sadaveebs. literaturuli kritika da
publicistikac CvenSi realizmis samsaxurSi dgeba, exmareba mas
romantizmTan brZolaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodis realisturi
mwerloba valmoxdili Sexvda Tavisi ganviTarebis Semdgom periods,
romelic 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da romelsac qarTveli
„Tergdaleulebis“ saxelebi amSveneben.
71
kritikuli realizmis sakiTxebi ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki
wereTlis esTetikaSi
qarTvel samocianelTa literaturuli Sexedulebebis Seswavlas
realizmis Teoriis Suqze didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod maTi
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis gasagebad, aramed qarTuli kritikuli
realizmis TaviseburebaTa gasaTvaliswineblad, miT umetes, rom
garkveuli gansxavaveba arsebobs pirvel da meore daselTa amgvar
naazrevs Soris. „Tergdaleulebma~ mdidar mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan
erTad dagvitoves mravamxriv sayuradRebo werilebi da statiebi,
romelTa uSualo daniSnuleba iyo materialisturi esTetikis
principebis dasabuTeba da damkvidreba qarTul mwerlobaSi, rac maT
arsebiTad SeZles kidec. es ki ganpirobebuli iyo mTeli rigi mizezebiT,
romelTa safuZvels warmoadgenda rogorc qveynis SigniT mimdinare
socialur-politikuri Tu kulturul-ekonomikuri movlenebi, ise
sagareo, pirvel rigSi rusuli faqtori.
Zveli qarTuli sazogadoeba ZiriTadad samxedro sazogadoeba iyo,
xolo me-19 saukunisa ― samoqalaqo, ramac SesaZlebloba misca Cvens
xalxs Tavisi energia ZiriTadad mSvidobiani saqmianobisaTvis moexmara.
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobamde Cveni qveyana wina aziis
kulturul wreSi Sedioda da amis gamo mis literaturaze da saerTod
xelovnebaze Tavdapirvelad gavlena qristianma erebma ― somxebma
sirielebma da ZiriTadad, berZnebma iqonies, xolo Semdeg mahmadianma
xalxebma ― arabebma da sparselebma. ra Tqma unda, qarTuli
literaturac Tavis mxriv keTilismyofel zegavlenas axdenda mezobeli
xalxebis sityvakazmul mwerlobaze, riTac orive maTgani mdidrdeboda
rogorc Tematurad da Janrobrivad, ise mxatvruli formis
TvalsazrisiTac.
me-19 saukuneSi saqarTvelos kvlav gaexsna gza kulturuli
kacobriobisaken da qarTuli literaturac evropul-rusuli kulturis
sferoSi mohyva. magram, radgan mas sakmaod didi xnis manZilze sul sxva
kulturis wyaroebi hkvebavda da mravalsaukunovani tradiciac hqonda,
72
politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis miuxedavad, Tavisi erovnuli da
originaluri saxe ar daukargavs. qarTvel samocianelTa realisturi
Sexedulebebi ganpirobebulia ara mxolod rus revolucioner-
demokratTa moZRvrebiT, aramed maTi Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebiTa da qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis doniTa Tu
tradiciiT. „TergdaleulTa ideuri winamZRoli ilia WavWavaZe TviTon
miuTiTebs am garemoebaze, roca ambobs: „Tqma ar unda, rom rusulma
literaturam didi xelmZRvaneloba gagviwia warmatebis gzazed da didi
zemoqmedeba iqonia yovel maszed, rac Cvens sulier Zal-Rones Seadgens
da Cvens gonebas, Cvens azrsa, Cvens grZnobasa da erTob Cvens
mimarTulebas zed daaCnia man Tavisi av-kargianoba. ar aris dRes CvenSi
arc erTi moRvawe da moqmedi kaci mwerlobaSi Tu sazogado saqmeTa
sarbielzed, rom Tavisufali iyos xsenebuli literaturis
zegavlenisagan. sakvirvelic ar aris rusulma skolam ― mecnierebam
gagviRo kari ganaTlebisa da rusulmave literaturam moawoda sazrdo
Cvens gonebasa da gamohkveba Cveni azri moZraobis gzazed... rasakvirvelia,
am zemoqmedebam rusuli literaturisam marto imas SesZina sikeTe,
romelmac yoveli gamonarkvevi am literaturisa Tavis sakuTar kritikis
qarcecxlSi gaatara, brmad ar iwama ― brmad ar miiCema da amrigad ar
daixvia xelzed cxovrebaSi iolad wasvlisaTvis... maT (Tergdaleulebs)
jer gamouZiebiaT es (rusuli literateraturis) gamonarkvevi da mere ise
an SeuTvisebiaT, an uaruyviaT... imav kritikiT da gamoZiebiT xandaxan
asdevnebian am literaturis winsvlasa, warmatebas da ar gaCerebulan mis
romelime xanazed.“ 1 rogorc vxedavT, ilia WavWavaZe TergdaleulTa
momzadebis saqmeSi uaRresad did rols akuTvnebs rusuli mwerlobisa
da rusi moazrovneebis zegavlenas. amasTan garkveviT laparakobs imis
Sesaxebac, rom TavianTi misia Seasrules ara brmad mimbaZvelebma, aramed
imaT, vinc kritikulad da SemoqmedebiTad aiTvises rusuli
literaturisa da mecnierebis miRwevebi, gamoiyenes igi qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa Tu mwerlobis viTarebisa da moTxovnis
Sesatyvisad.
„TergdaleulTa“ damsaxurebad ilia WavWavaZes miaCnia ara marto
is, rom maT daiwyes `sakuTar qveyanaSi naTeli azrebis~ gavrceleba,
1i. WavWavaZe, dedaTa saqmis gamo, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.466, Tb.1991w.
73
aramed gansakuTrebiT is, rom `xeli mihyves sakuTari viTarebis
gamorkvevas, kerZod `erovnuli viTarebis gacnobas.“ „am naTelis azrebis
mixedviT, _ ambobs ilia WavWavaZe, _ Caukvirda (Tergdaleulebi) Cvens
cxovrebas, aRmoaCina zogi imisi Rirs-naklovaneba da amiT aRZra im
dromde miZinebuli sazogado azri. vinc Tvalxiluli iyo da yurTasmena
hqonda, yvelam Seigno Tu ra iyo mizezi Cvenis daqveiTebisa, ra iyo
xelCasaWidi da sazrunavi. ase Tu ise sazogadoebam cotaTi mainc igrZno
ramdenad saWiroa sakuTari viTarebis gamorkveva da Segneba.“ 1
adgilobrivi viTarebis Rrma Seswavlisa da gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
maT ar SeeZloT TavianTi xalxisaTvis Sesaferi amagis gaweva da verc
gaxdebodnen namdvili erovnuli moRvaweebi, radgan, rogorc nikolai
CerniSevski Tavis statiaSi „rusuli literaturis gogolis periodis
narkvevebi,“ – wers: „simarTle yovelTvis simarTlea, magram yovelgvari
simarTle rodia yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairad mniSvnelovani da
erTnairad rodi SeuZlia yuradRebis aRZvra: TiToeul saukunes,
TiToeul xalxs Tavisi moTxovnilebebi aqvs; is, rac germanels
ainteresebs, xSirad sruliadac ar aris saintereso frangisaTvis an
rusisaTvis, imitom rom pirdapiri damokidebuleba ara aqvs misi
cxovrebis moTxovnilebebTan. unda vilaparakoT imaze, rac Cvens
sazogadoebas Cvens droSi esaWiroeba.“ 2 marTlac, miuxedavad mTeli
rigi saerTo niSnebisa, rusi da qarTveli xalxebis socialur-
politikuri cxovrebis viTareba im droisaTvis gansxvavebasac aSkarad
amJRavnebda. jer erTi ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelo moklebuli
iyo saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas, meorec burJuaziuli
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad CamorCeboda. amas
unda davumatoT isic, rom rogorc rus, aseve qarTvel xalxs hqonda
Tavisi sakuTari, TviTmyofadi, mdidari tradiciebis mqone literatura
da kultura. bunebrivia, yovelive es Taviseburad moqmedebda TiToeuli
am qveynis mwerlobaze. amitomaa, rom qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi
im saerTo materialistur principebTan erTad, rac uSualod rus
revolucioner-demokratTa moZRvrebidan gamomdinareobs, yuradReba
1 i. WavWavaZe, `Tergdleulni~ da axali Taoba, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv. gv.422, Tb.1991w. 2 n. CerniSevski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, gv.546, Tb. 1945w.
74
gamaxvilebulia im momentebzec, romlebic qarTuli sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis TaviseburebiTaa nakarnaxevi.
Cvens mizans amjerad ar warmoadgens yvela qarTveli samocianelis
esTetikuri Sexedulebebis sruli da yovelmxrivi ganxilva. amitom
davkmayofildebiT mxolod maT esTetikaSi realizmis TeoriisaTvis
saintereso calkeul sakiTxTa CvenebiT, raTa ukeT SevZloT giorgi
wereTlis, erT-erTi Tergdaleulis, amgvari Sexedulebebis ufro
TvalsaCinod warmoCena. aqve gvinda SevniSnoT, samocianelebis
Sexedulebebi am mxriv ise axlos arian erTmaneTTan, rom SesaZlebeli
iyo TiToeul maTganze cal-calke arc ki SevCerebuliyaviT, magram
migvaCnia, rom maTi warmodgenebis ganxilva mokled mainc aucilebelia
qarTuli kritikuli realizmis ukeT gagebisaTvis. amave dros es
dagvexmareba giorgi wereTlis e.w. „Seuferavi realizmis“ ganxilvaSi,
„Seuferavi realizmisa,“ romelsac xan naturalizmTan aigivebdnen, xan
raRac Sualedur rgolad miiCnevdnen kritikul realizmsa da
naturalizms Soris da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom azrTa sxvdasxvaoba am
sakiTxis garSemo dResac arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom kritikosTa Tu
literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTa didi umravlesoba am „Seuferav
realizms“ kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurad
miiCnevs giorgi wereTlis Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare.
qarTul sinamdvileSi ilia WavWavaZe iyo materialisturi esTetikis
pirveli WeSmariti fuZemdebeli ara mxlod kritikuli statiebisa da
werilebis meSveobiT, aramed Tavisi ukvdavi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTac.
Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom „axalgazrdobaSi ilia
WavWavaZe ver acda idealisturi filosofiis gavlenas,“ 1 rom adre „mis
msoflmxedvelobaSi idealizmi sWarbobs.“ 2 amaze metyvelebs ori
esTetikuri fragmenti, romelic dawerili unda iyos 1857-58 wlebSi,
romelic profesorma g. abzianiZem aRmoaCina da saTanado komentarebiT
pirvelad 1940 wels gamoaqveyna „literaturis matianeSi.“ mkvlevarma
guram asaTianma yuradReba miaqcia ilia WavWavaZis leqss „Citi“ da
sruliad samarTlianad aRniSna, rom Citi aq, iliasTan marto
Tavisufali arsebis simbolo ki araa, aramed amave dros „mgaloblis,
1 p. ratiani, i. WavWavaZe, gv.51, Tb.1965w.
2 v. gagoiZe, i. WavWavaZis msoflmxedveloba, gv.222, Tb.1962w.
75
momRerlis, mgosnis Tavisebur saxesac warmoadgenda.“ 1 marTlac, Citis
aRsarebaSi („vgalob da vgalob da imiT vxarob, rom me qveyanas galobiT
vatkbob, Cemia wera, mRera da mRera, lxena, galoba, Tavisufleba.“) ilias
gadmocemuli aqvs Tavisi adrindeli Sexedulebebi poetis rolsa da
daniSnulebaze. rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebisaTvis
tradiciad iqca „uideo poetebis Sedareba tkbilad mgalobel „garegan“
frinvelebTan, rac saTaves iRebs goeTes leqsidan „momRerali,“ romelic
CarTulia romanSi „vilhelm maisteris moswavleobis wlebi.“ Tumca
leqsi „wminda xelovnebis“ ideas ar gamoxatavs, magram man araswori
interpretacia miiRo da daukavSirda formalisturi xelovnebis
filosofias.
ilia WavWavaZis adrindeli esTetikuri mrwamsi, prof. vaxtang
vaxanias azriT, yvelaze realiefurad gadmocemulia leqsSi „miTxari
risTvis...“, romelic dawerilia 1858 wels. „mxiaruli krebis“ moRalate
da Tavis TavTan darCenis msurveli ganmartoebis mZebneli da mxolod
„erTi varskvlavis“ motrfiale, romelic xSirad iqiTken garbis, sadac
gaSlili velia da „siyvaruliT aRtacebuli“ bulbuli dafrinavs,
_ aseTia ilia WavWavaZis poeti zemoT dasaxelebul leqsSi.“ 2 Cveni
mxridan gvinda davamatoT, rom ilia WavWavaZis adrindel poeziaSi Zalze
Zlieria pesimisturi hangebi, melanqoliuri ganwyobileba („daRonebuli,
ar vici razed,“ „marto mivcurav cxovrebis zRvaSi,“ „bevri vitanje,“
„mwuxareba,“ „dabnelda suli,“ „roca wuxili mCagravs uwyalo“ da sxva).
cxadia, amgvari ganwyobileba xelsayreli niadagi iyo idealisturi
Teoriis warmoSobisaTvis. amasTan angariSgasawevia is viTarebac, rom
ilia WavWavaZis adrindel poeziaSi calke rkalad gamoiyofa
moqalaqeobriv-sazogadoebrivi motivi, romelic, rac dro gadis, sul
ufro Zlierdeba da sabolood (1859-1860ww.) gabatondeba kidec.
amdenad, ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis pirveli periodi Sinaganad
rTuli, winaaRmdegobis momcveli da Taviseburia. am dros xdeba misi
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba-formireba, raSic udidesi roli
peterburgis universitetSi, ruseTis gonebrivi moZraobis centrSi,
studentobis wlebma iTamaSa. amitomac ambobda igi am periodis Sesaxeb
1 g. asaTiani, qarTveli lirikosebi, gv.127, Tb.1963w.
2 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv.18, Tb.1988w.
76
Tavis „mgzavris werilebSi:“ „eg oTxi weliwadi cxovrebis saZirkvelia,
cxovrebis wyaros saTavea, bewvis xidia, sibnelisa da sinaTlis Sua
bedisagan gadebuli, magram yvelasTvis ki ara, marto imisTvis, vinc
ruseTSi wasula, raTa Wkua avarjiSos, tvinsa da guls moZraoba misces,
_ fexi aadgmevinos.“ 1
„mgzavris werilebs“ exmianeba ufro adre dawerili „oriode
sityva“ da saprogramo xasiaTis leqsi „poeti.“ es ukanaskneli pirveli
nawarmoebia ara marto ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi, aramed, saerTod,
mravalsaukunovan qarTul mwerlobaSi, romelSic ase naTladaa
formirebuli poeziis utilitaruli principi, magram ara calmxrivad,
aramed poeziis ormagi _ „zeciuri“ da „miwieri“ bunebis warmoCeniT.
poezia „zeciuria“ Tavisi warmoSobiT, momdinareobiT, magram „miwieria“
mowodebiT, daniSnulebiT.
ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi Sexedulebebi gamoTqva iseTY sakiTxebze,
rogoricaa: literaturis arsi da daniSnuleba, xelovneba da sinamdvile,
xelovneba da mecniereba, xelovneba da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba,
mxatvruli asaxvis Tavisebureba, ena da literatura, literaturis
xalxurobis problema da sxva. Tavis pirvel kritikul werilSi
(„oriode sityva..“) iliam miuTiTa, rom grigol orbelianis muxambazebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom TeTri leqsiTaa dawerili, ganuzomlad
maRla dganan „ciskris“ mweralTa poeziaze, radgan maTSi naTlad
igrZnoba Tbilisel yaraCoRelTa fiqrebis „namdviloba da WeSmariteba.“
ilias gansazRvriT, „poezia gansaxovnebaa WeSmaritebisa,
cxovrebisa.“ amiT xazi gaesva im garemoebas, rom literaturis (unda
vigulisxmoT saerTod xelovnebis) daniSnuleba cxovrebiseuli
sinamdvilis asaxvaa, rac mxatvruli saxis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. misi
TqmiT, xelovneba aris ganxorcieleba saxeSi ideisa, azrisa: musika,
mxatvroba, poezia – eseni sul saxeSi gamoTqvamen ideas, mxolod imiT
ganiyofebian, rom Tavisi ideis gamosaTqmelad sxvadasxva masalebsa
xmaroben, rogorc musika―xmasa, mxatvroba―xazsa, poezia―sityvasa.“2 amiT
ilia xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom xelovnebis yoveli dargi, saboloo
1 i. WavWavaZe rCeuli Txzulebani, „mgzavris werilebi“, gv.167. Tb.1985w.
2 i. WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.34, Tb.1991w.
77
jamSi, saxeebiT azrovnebs da maT Soris gansxvavebas mxolod am saxeebis
SeqmnisaTvis saWiro masalis sxvadasxvaoba iwvevs.
ilia WavWavaZes sworad aqvs gagebuli obieqturi sinamdvilisa da
xelovnebis urTierTdamokidebuleba. „cxovreba Ziria, _ ambobs is, _
xelovneba da mecniereba maszed amosuli Stoebi arian. rogorc miwidan
amoxeTqili Stoebi isxamen nayofsa da roca saTeslod mosweven, isev
miwas gadmoscemen, rom axali Ziri gaikeTon da am Zirma sxva axali
Stoebi amoxeTqon, agreTve cxovrebazed amosuli Stoebi – mecniereba da
xelovneba – isxmen zed cxovrebis nayofsa da roca mohsweven saTeslod,
isev cxovrebazeve gadmoscemen axalis cxovrebis gamosakvanZavad.
amisTana damokidebuleba aqvs cnobierebas cxovrebazed da cxovrebasa
Tavis rigzed – cnobierebazed.“ 1 aSkaraa, rom ilias cxovreba,
sazogadoebrivi yofiereba bazisad miaCnia, xolo xelovneba – zednaSenad
mecnierebasTan erTad. amave dros ara pasiur zednaSenur kategoriad,
aramed cxovrebaze aqtiuri zemoqmedebis unaris mqoned. „mecniereba da
xelovneba ibadebian cxovrebisgan da arseboben cxovrebisaTvis... igini
win midian cxovrebis viTarebis gamo da mere Tavis rigzed win mihyavT
cxovreba.“ 2
amrigad, xelovnebis arseboba da daniSnuleba, ilia WavWavaZis
azriT, ganpirobebulia cxovrebiseuli sinamdviliT, amave dros igi am
sinamdvilis erTi garkveuli nawilia. literatura, xelovneba
mowodebulia asaxos sinamdvile, amasTan aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos
misi gaumjobesebisa da gardaqmnisaTvis brZolaSi. aseTive amocana
akisria mecnierebasac, romelic cxovrebas Seimecnebs cnebebis
saSualebiT, „poezia ki xatebiTa da suraTiTa.“ magram imisTvis, rom
mweralma SesZlos am amocanis Sesruleba, aucilebelia niWTan erTad
mecnieruli codnis SeZenac, radgan, Tu poeti mecnierebas ar moiwvevs,
marto carieli niWi ver uTargmnis am wignsa“ (cxovrebas, k. T.).
ilia WavWavaZes kargad aqvs gaTvaliswinebuli xalxis cxovrebasa
da literaturas Soris arsebuli urTierToba. misi azriT, rac ar aris
sinamdvileSi, an risi arsebobac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mier ar aris
momzadebuli ar SeiZleba iyos literaturaSic. mwerali xalxis Svilia,
1 i. WavWavaZe, `saqarTvelos moabezed,~ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv 126., Tb.1991w.
2 iqve, gv.127.
78
sazogadoebis wevria da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatavs imas, rac
sazogadoebaSia, rac TviTon cxovrebam dabada. amitom literaturis
xarisxi Zalze bevrs gvamcnobs TviT xalxis, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
doneze.
ilia WavWavaZe aSkarad daupirispirda cxovrebisgan ganze gamdgar
Semoqmedebas da „xelovnebas xelovnebisaTvis.“ misi azriT, xelovneba,
literatura „droa Cavides cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSia, iq monaxos
Sigmdebare azri Tavis cxovel suraTebisaTvis. iq, cxovrebis ZirSi is
ipovis bevrs magaliTsa da ufro bevrs lafsa da laqsa; arc erTis
gamoxatva ar unda aSinebdes xelovnebasa da arc meorisa.“ 1 amiT ilia
uaryofs Teorias „xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis“ da upirispirebs mas
xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis samsaxurSi Cadgomis amocanebs.
Tavis kritikul-publicistur da mxatvrul nawerebSi ilias ara erTxel
aRuniSnavs, rom „laqisa da lafis“ sajarod gamotana, naklovan mxareTa
mxileba cxovrebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi pirobaa, e.i. sasargebloa
xalxisa da qveynisaTvis. jer kidev „oriode sityvaSi“ igi werda: „rogor
unda gavswordeT Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba? netavi oriode kaci
iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros da
dagvanaxos... aba, is iqneba namdvili saqebari mamulis moyvare, da ara is,
vinc metis metad damJavebulis siyvarulsa gamo, angeloziviT asaxelebs
saqarTvelosa. borotebis aRviareba naxevari gasworebaa.“ 2 am
patriotuli SegnebiT iyo nasazrdoebi ilia WavWavaZis satira, romlis
mizandaniSnuleba maSin yvelas rodi esmoda swored da isic ganmartebas
iZleoda:
„Cemzed amboben: „is siaves qarTvlisas ambobs,
Cvens cuds ar malavs, eg xom cxadi siZulvilia!
briyvni amboben, kargi guli ki maSinve cnobs
am siZulvilSi raodenic siyvarulia.”
ilia WavWavaZes kargad hqonda gaazrebuli mxatvrul saxesTan
dakavSirebuli mTavari problemebi, romelTagan umTavresia Semdegi:
sinamdvilis ganzogadebuli asaxva, e.i. tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxi;
1 i. WavWavaZe, “saqarTvelos momabezed,” TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, gv.132, Tb.1991w.
2 i. WavWavaZe, “oriode sityva,” TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.133 Tb.1991w.
79
mxatvruli fantaziis mniSvneloba da roli sinamdvilis asaxvaSi;
xelovnebis specifikuri funqcia da miznebi.
xelovneba sinamdvilis ganzogadebas axdens mxatvruli saxis
meSveobiT. sinamdvile, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, romelsac xelovneba
asaxavs, mravalferovania. isini xasiaTdebian garkveuli niSan-TvisebebiT,
romelTagan zogierTi kerZo da SemTxveviTia, xolo zogi – zogadi da
arsebiTi. namdvilma xelovnebam unda SeZlos `sazogado niSnebis erTad
wyobilad Sekreba.~ Tavis erT-erT werilSi `xelovneba da mecniereba“
ilia werda: `ai, vTqvaT, midixar da xedav luskumas (statua),
marmarilodan gamokveTils adamianis saxes da agebulebas. Tu is
luskuma marTla-da wminda xelovnebaa, TandaTan ufro migizidavT.
imitom, rom im marmarilodan TandaTan gamosWvivis Sigmdebare azri,
romelic Tan sulsaviT Cauyolebia gamomkveTsa.~ amitom igi usityvod
gvacnobs moqandakis azrs imiT, rom igi konkretulad arc erTs ara hgavs
da kidevac hgavs, imitom, rom `rac sazogado niSnebi hqonia mTeli qveynis
vaJkacobas, didebulebs, Tavgamodebulebs, isini sul arian gamokveTilni
am marmarilos saxezed... da rac ki kerZoobiTi niSnebi hqoniaT, rac ki
erTsa hqonia da meores ara, imaTTvis guli ar uTxovebia gamomkveTsa,
amitom ara hgavs.~ amrigad, ilias azriT, xelovnebam sinamdvilis mxolod
zogadi mxare unda gamoxatos. 1
mxatvruli ganzogadebis gareSe xelovneba saerTod ar arsebobs,
magram gansxvavebulia ganzogadeba, romelsac kritikuli realizmi
axdens. profesori m. duduCava savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs, rom
`tipurobas ilia WavWavaZe erT SemTxvevaSi ganixilavs, rogorc
xelovnebis erT-erT zogad kanons, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ― rogorc
sakuTriv realizmis niSandobliv Tvisebas. pirveli arsebiTad
gulisxmobs mxatvrul ganzogadebas saerTod... meore SemTxvevaSi ki
mxatvruli ganzogadebis (tipizmis) gamovlenis konkretul-istoriuli
formis ― kritikuli realizmis arsis gansazRvrasTan gvaqvs saqme.” 2
ilias azriT, rac ufro metia mxatvrul saxeSi zogadi, miT ufro
uaxlovdeba igi tips da sabolood gadadis kidec masSi.
1 i. WavWavaZe, “xelovneba da mecniereba,” TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V, gv.608 Tb.1991w.
2 m. duduCava, i. WavWavaZis esTetika, gv.35-36.
80
roca ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur naazrevSi tipisa da tipurobis
sakiTxs exebian, Cveulebriv miuTiTeben `kacia-adamianis?!”
winasityvaobaze, romelSic ise reliefuradaa cxadyofili kritikuli
realizmis Tvalsazrisi tipurobis Sesaxeb, rom SeuZlebelia gverdi
auaro mas. am winasityvaobaSi mwerali aRwers im garemos, romlis
aRwerac ganuzraxavs. esaa damyayebuli, xavsmokidebuli, sulis SemxuTavi
wumpe, romelsac `qarTvelebi samasxaraod cxovrebas eZaxian, rogorc im
orfexa cxovelebs, romelnic Siga lpebian, adamianebs.~ cnobismoyvare
avtori erT maTgans (luarsab TaTqariZes) napirze gamoiyvans. mis
Rrialze sxva orfexa cxovelebic gamocvivdebian da yiJinas dascxeben:
`vinc magas naxavs ― miTam Cvenc unaxivarT... Cveni lafi magas acxia da
magisi Cvena... magis Sercxvena Cveni Sercxvenaa...~ avtori maT
guldamSvidebiT miugebs: `mec eg mixarian, rom Tqven esa ggavT da Tqven
masa. imisaTvis meZneleba amisaTvis Tavis danebeba, rom kai nimuSia.~ 1
rogorc vxedavT, luarsabi karki nimuSia, tipuri warmomadgenelia
sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisa. am tipur xasiaTTan erTad tipuri
garemocaa naCvenebi. xolo realizmi fr. engelsis Tqmisa ar iyos,
`gulisxmobs garda detalebis simarTliT gadmocemisa, tipur viTarebaSi
tipuri xasiaTebis swor asaxvas.~ 2 amave azrs aviTarebs ilia WavWavaZe
Tavis werilSi `akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani,~ romelSic man
gaakritika akaki wereTeli Tavisi sajaro leqciis gamo am poemaze, sadac
am ukanasknelma ugulvebelhyo rusTvelis personaJTa zogadsakacobrio
buneba. amitomac iliam mTavari aqcenti swored am momentze gaakeTa.
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom zogadsakacobrio tipi mowyvetilia
erovnul niadags. `Tqma ar unda, _ wers ilia WavWavaZe, _ rom eri,
romelsac ekuTvnis amisTana mwerali, Tavisis samkauliT akazmvinebs,
Tavis saferaviT afervinebs poets yovels xats, yovels namoqmedars
Semoqmedebisas, magram eg marto samkaulia, feria da ara Sinagani buneba
xatisa, romelic am SemTxvevaSi zogadia da ara kerZo, da romelic
marto Tavis sakuTars kanonebs eqvemdebareba.~ 3 ase rom didi xelovanis
1 i. WavWavaZe, „kacia-adamiani?!“, rCeuli Txzulebani, gv.270, Tb.1985w.
2 k. marqsi, fr. engelsi, rCeuli werilebi, gv.446, Tb.1949w.
3 i. WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli da „vefxistyaosani,“ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.V,
gv.364 Tb.1991w.
81
mier Seqmnili tipebi erTdroulad zogadsakacobrionic arian (Sinagani
bunebiT e.i. SinaarsiT) da erovnulic (samkauliT, saferaviT, e.i. formiT).
erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio ilias marTebuli gagebiT, erTmaneTs ki
ar upirispirdebian, aramed erTmaneTSi gadadian da erT mTlianobaSi
gveZlevian. pirveli meoris Ziridan modis, erovnul niadagze ibadeba da
aqedan maRldeba sakacobrio donemde.
zogadis, tipuris Seqmnis safuZvelad ilia WavWavaZe udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxatvrul gamonagons, mxatvrul fantazias. cxadia,
SeTxzuli sruliadac ar niSnavs realur cxovrebas mowyvetils, misgan
usagnod daSorebuls, aramed saubaria imaze, rom es sinamdvile am
SemTxvevaSi `mogonili ambiTaa cxadyofili.~ albaT amiTacaa
ganpirobebuli, rom ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc wesi, Tavis mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSi ar sargeblobda cxovrebiseuli pirvelsaxiT. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom mis gmirebs oriode iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda prototipi
ar hyavT. ufro metic, ilias TxzulebaTa personaJebs sakuTari saxeli
da gvari ara aqvT (myinvarze mdgomi moxuci `aCrdilidan,~ zaqros mama,
zaqros batoni, meurme `kako yaCaRidan,~ gabros mama, didi batoni,
mRvdeli `glaxis naambobidan~); an mxolod saxeliTaa gamoyvanili:
zaqro, gabro, daTiko, pepia, kiazo, beJani, petre, arCili, keso, sosia
mewisqvile da sxva. vfiqrobT, es sruliadac araa SemTxveviTi.
ilia WavWavaZe formasa da Sinaarss erTnairad did rols aniWebda
da romelime maTganis upiratesobis sakiTxs arc ki svamda. marTlac,
Sinaarsi ar arsebobs formis gareSe ise, rogorc forma _ Sinaarsisagan
damoukideblad. mSveniereba xelovnebaSi mxolod wminda forma rodia,
igi, imave dros, Sinaarsis mxrivac aucileblad maRal dones gulisxmobs.
amitomac iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe yovelTvis mkacrad gmobda
Sinaarsisagan daclil, mxolod wminda formis Semoqmedebas, amave dros
mouridebeli pirdapirobiT ilaSqrebda susti mxatvruli formis
winaaRmdegac. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare daiwuna man a. cagarelis
patriotuli Sinaarsis drama `qarTvlis deda.~ martooden Sinaarsi
esTetikur gancdas ver warmoSobs, xolo am ukanasknelis gareSe
xelovnebis arsebobas azri ara aqvs. mxolod RrmaSinaarsiani da
maRalmxatvruli formis qmnilebas SeuZlia adamianis aRfrTovaneba,
82
moxiblva; mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqceva igi sazogadoebis winsvlisa
da ganviTarebis uZlieres faqtorad.
sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva xalxis interesebis TvalsazrisiT
SeuZlebeli iyo saerTo-saxalxo erTiani literaturuli enis gareSe.
gamodioda ra im marTebuli mosazrebidan, rom `kacis ena kerZo pirsaviT
izrdeba da viTardeba~ da amitom `kanonebi erT dros saWironi, sxva
dros uvargisni arian xolme.~ ilia WavWavaZe mkacrad ilaSqrebda
sqolastikuri `sami stilis~ Teoriis winaaRmdeg. man kategoriulad
moiTxova da daasabuTa kidec saliteraturo enis demokratizaciis
aucileblobis sakiTxi. `radgan xalxia enis kanonis damdgeni da anbanT
Teoretika,~ saWiroa literaturuli ena efuZnebodes xalxis cocxal
metyvelebas. Zveli Taobis warmomadgenlebi enis sakiTxebSic edavebodnen
Tergdaleulebs, maT Soris uwinaresad ilia WavWavaZes, magram, rogorc
cnobilia, aqac damarcxdenen.
unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac _ Tavis esTetikur SexedulebebSi
ilia WavWavaZe ZiriTadad rusi revolucioner-demokratis besarion
belinskis Tvalsazriss iziarebs, magram ukritikod ki ar imeorebs
Tavisi maswavleblis debulebebs, aramed ise, rogorc sxvagan, aqac
inarCunebs originalobas. amis sailustraciod erTi magaliTis moyvanac
kmara. belinskis mtkicebiT, `sinamdvile mSvenieria Tavis Tavad, magram
mSvenieria Tavisi arsebiT, Tavisi elementebiT, Tavisi SinaarsiT da ara
formiT. am mxriv sinamdvile aris bajaRlo oqro, magram
gausufTavebeli, gauwmendavi, madansa da miwaSi areuli.~ ilia WavWavaZis
azriT ki, is rac sinamdvileSi mSvenieria, mSvenieria ara marto
SinaarsiT, aramed formiTac. ufro misaRebi da angariSgasawevi ilias
Tvalsazrisia, vidre belinskisa. rac Seexeba meore did revolucioner-
demokrat CerniSevskisTan urTierTobas, unda iTqvas, rom ilia ar
iziarebda mis debulebebs sinamdvilesTan xelovnebis esTetikuri
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.
ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad, realizmis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi
meTodis, did Teoretikosad gvevlineba meore gamoCenili qarTveli
samocianeli akaki wereTeli. moRvaweobis naxevari saukunis manZilze
isic Cveuli SeurigeblobiTa da pirdapirobiT ibrZoda idealisturi
lozungis _ `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~ winaaRmdeg da gabedulad
83
icavda materialisturi esTetikis principebs. misi msoflmxedvelobac da
esTetikuri koncefciac im sazogadoebriv-literaturuli da sicialur-
politikur garemoSi Camoyalibda, romelSic gamomuSavda ilias
Sexedulebebi. es iyo 60-iani wlebis xana, rodesac `yirimis omma Tvali
gamoaxelina ruseTs, petre didisagan gamoWrili sarkmeli maSin aixada
da rogorc iqna Zalauneburad SemoaSuqa ganaTlebam bneleTSi... im dros,
ese igi mesamoce wlebSi, italia da ungreTi scdiloben ganTavisuflebas
da ebrZodnen avstrias. garibaldi, maZini da koSuti gauxdaT yvela
Segnebul mamuliSvilebs idealad. swored am dros gamovida saratoveli
seminarieli CerniSevski, Caudga saTaveSi Jurnal `sovremenniks~ da
dobroliubovTan, antonoviCTan, nekrasovTan da sxvebTam erTad dasca
ruseTs kiJina, amoZravda ruseTi.~ 1 aq naTladaa miTiTebuli is ideuri
wyaroebi, romelTa uSualo zegavleniTac Camoyalibda TergdaleulTa
Sexedulebebi: erTi mxriv, Cagrul, dapyrobil xalxTa erovnul-
gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, rac samocianelebs `mamulis daxsnisaTvis~
aRanTebda da meore mxriv, rus revolucioner-demokratTa socialuri
idealebi, rac klasobrivi brZolis gakveTilebi iyo maTTvis.
akaki wereTelma peterburgSi yofnis periodSi miiRo farTo
ganaTleba, SeiTvisa progresuli Sexedulebebi. mas kargad esmoda 60-iani
wlebis RrmaSinaarsiani da rTuli epoqa, igi zedmiwevniT icnobda im
droindel sxvadasxva esTetikur Teorias, maT Soris gaCaRebuli
principuli brZolebis istorias. rogorc cnobilia, am dros
literaturis rolis gagebaSi ori ukiduresoba sufevda _ idealisturi
da nihilisturi, akakis sityvebiT – `am axirebulobis dros gamosca
CerniSevskim patara wignaki `xelovneba marto xelovnebisaTvis, Tu
cxovrebisaTvis?~ aman didi gavlena iqonia mkiTxvelebze. bevrs aaRebina
musikaze xeli da mxatvruloba-qandakebac uarayofina. maSin
literaturac orad gaiyo: umetesoba sruliad uaryofda mwerlobaSi
xelovnebas da meore, bevrad naklebi, ise gadahyva xelovnebas, rom garda
keTilxmovanebisa da musikisa aRara swamda ra mwerlobaSi.~ 2 sxvagan
akaki wereTeli ufro safuZvlianad exeba am or ukiduresobas Soris
gamarTul gamwvavebul polemikas da Tavis `Cems TavgadasavalSi~
1 a. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.VII, gv.92, Tb.1958w.
2 iqve, gv.91w.
84
yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe acxadebs, rom arc erT ukiduresobas
ar emxroba: `sxvebsaviT wamxedurobiT umetesobis mimdevari ar
vyofilvar. zaicevs arad vagdebdi, niWier pisarevs Tumca vafasebdi,
magram misi bevri ram ar momwonda da arc is mejera, meore partiis, rom
mwerlobaSi mxolod musika da keTilxmovaneba unda iyos da kmarao.
orTa Sua myofs me Cemi gza mqonda arCeuli da mivdiodi wynarad.~ 1
amrigad, akaki wereTeli ar ekuTvnoda arc idealistebis, arc
nihilistebis banaks. mas Sua adgili eWira. esaa naTqvami mis saprogramo
leqsSic `poeti.~ `arc miwisa var, arc cisa... Suakaci var ubralo.~ es
saSualebas aZlevda mas yofiliyo `garemoebis sayviri~ da Cveuli
principulobiT emxilebina rogorc erTi, ise meore ukiduresobis
mimdevrebi.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, akaki wereTeli samwerlo asparezze
gamosvlis pirveli dReebidanve gabedulad dgeba ilia WavWavaZis
gverdiT da TavgamodebiT ibrZvis konservatorul-liberaluri
mimarTulebis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, igi `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ ar
TanamSromlobda, `ciskarSi~ darCa, magram aqedan ebrZoda `mamaTa~ banaks.
aqve daibeWda misi statia `ramodenime sityva `Canguris~ Sesaxeb” 1865
wels, romelsac saprogramo xasiaTi hqonda. rogorc cnobilia, am
werilSi akaki wereTelma pirvelma miuTiTa nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da
ilia WavWavaZis ideur naTesaobaze: `baraTaSvili da WavWavaZe, swored
erTs taxtzed sxdomis Rirsebi arian, erTgvari damsaxureba aqvT Cvens
literaturaSi, erTgvarad dauviwyrebi arian. erTis ganuwyvetelis
jaWviT gadabmulebi erTi meorezed; erTis umeoresoT gageba Znelia!
erTi sityviT, egeni arian mose da aaroni Cvenis literaturisa.~ akaki
wereTlis azriT, n. baraTaSvili pirveli qarTveli poetia, romelmac
yuradReba miaqcia sazogadoebriv kiTxvebs. xalxis momvalze fiqri, is
axali Strixia qarTul mwerlobaSi, romelic axali viTarebis
Sesabamisad ganagrZo ilia WavWavaZem. nikolz baraTaSvilma Tavis droze
Tqva, `cudad xom mainc ara Caivlis es ganwirulis suliskveTeba, da gza
uvali Sengan Telili, merani Cemo mainc darCebao...~ didi xnis
ganmavlodaSi mas mimdevari ara hyolia, akakis azriT, da am `sikotris
Jams gamoCnda ilia WavWavaZe... is Seudga baraTaSvilis kvals da,
1 a.wereTeli, t.XII, gv.242, Tb.1961w.
85
radganac dros xels umarTavda, ufro Tamamad, ufro tiriliT dauwyo
xalxs SeCivla: ai, ra unda eTqva TqvenTvis baraTaSvilsao. akakis
sruliad samarTlianad miaCnda, rom `meranis~ gaTelil gzas gahyva ilia
WavWavaZe. am gziT midioda Tavadac, rasac erTxmad aRiareben rogorc
misi Tanamedroveni, ise Semdgomi epoqis literaturis mkvlevarni Tu
kritikosebi.
`Cangurze~ daweril am Tavis statiaSi akaki wereTeli
Tanmimdevrulad icavs realizmis poziciebs da ama Tu im mwerlis
Semoqmedebas afasebs imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad axlosaa igi
cxovrebasTan, sazogadoebis saWiroebasTan. `poeziaSi Cven marto
xelovnebas ar veZebT, _ wers akaki (xelovnurad naTqvami sisulele da
ocneba, mainc sisulele da ocneba iqneba) – Cven veZebT Wkvian azrebs.~ am
TvalsazrisiT moiwona man ilia WavWavaZis `guTnis deda,~ `xma
samaridan,~ “kacia-adamiani?!”, `glaxis naambobi.~ am TxzulebaTa Rirseba
imaSia, rom iq vxedavT `yovels dRiurs WeSmaritebas, Cvens naklovanebas
da Cvens saWiroebas.~ amasTan dakavSirebiTYakakim maRali Sefaseba misca
Tavisi Tanamokalmis saprogramo xasiaTis leqss `poeti,~ romlis Sesaxeb
werda; `ai, ras ambobs poeti! WavWavaZis garda uTqvams vinmes es azri? ai,
ras niSnavs kacoba da ara bulbuloba!”
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan naTelia, rom ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki
wereTlis esTetikuri mrwamsi ZiriTadad erTnairia. am ori samocianelis
Tvalsazrisi principSi erTmaneTs ar upirispirdeba. akakis esTetikur
naazrevSi SeimCneva mxolod Taviseburi niuansebi ama Tu im konkretuli
sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.~ 1
xelovneba sinamdvilis asaxvaa da ara absoluturi ideis gamoxatva.
aRniSnuli debulebis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis akaki wereTeli xSirad
mimarTavs martiv analogias. poetis guls adarebs sarkes, mwerals _
mesarkes, xolo mwerlobas _ mesarkeobas. `es guli sarked qceuli,
bunebis naTavxedia, mxolod mis saxes giCvenebT, rasac Sig Cauxedia~-o _
ambobs igi leqsSi `poeti.~ erT-erT publicistur werilSi ki wers: `vin
ar icis, rom literatura sarke unda iyos cxovrebisa da lite-
ratorobac mesarkeoba?~ akaki wereTlis mtkicebiT, mweralma Tavisi
Tanamedrove realoba ise unda asaxos, rom nawarmoebma momavali
1 d. gamezardaSvili, qarTuli kritikuli realizmi, gv.561, Tb.1967w.
86
TaobisaTvis istoriuli dokumentis roli Seasrulos. `mwerloba
zneobiTi mesarkeobaa. nawerSi, rogorc sarkeSi, naTlad unda isaxebodes
mwerlis Tanadroeba misis siswor-simrudiT, rom saistorio suraTebiT
gadaeces momaval droebs.~ msgavs Sedarebas iyenebda Seqspiri, roca
hamletis piriT ambobda: `Teatris azri uwinac es yofila da dResac is
aris, rom bunebas sarked gauxdes, saTnoebas misi saxis metyveleba
aCvenos, biwierebas misi umsgavsoeba, droebasa da xalxs maTi viTareba da
nakvalevi.~ amasve imeorebs frangi mwerali stendali Tavis erT
nawarmoebSi: `romani sarkea, romelsac Saragzaze atareben. xan is zecis
laJvards asaxavs xan gzis talaxs da Waobs.~ Cvens sinamdvileSi
pirvelad ilia WavWavaZem gamoiyena msgavsi analogia Tavis werilSi
`saqarTvelos moambezed.~ akakis kritikul-publicistur werlebsa da
mxatvrul nawerebSi, profesor vaxtang vaxanias marTebuli SeniSvniT,
mwerloba-mesarkeobis analogias raRac kanonizirebuli da sistemis
xasiaTi aqvs. igi am xerxiT daJinebiT usvams xazs realizmis ZiriTad
princips, rom xelovneba sinamdvilis asaxvaa. mwerloba amave dros
ucnauri sarkea, romelSic cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile gveZleva mwerlis
gonebis prizmaSi gardatexiT. amis Sesaxeb garkveviTaa naTqvami akaki
wereTlis saprogramo leqsSi `poeti:~ `enac mas ambobs, rac smenas
sxvisagan gaugonia, an Tvals unaxavs, da Wkuas gauzom-auwonia.~ gazomva-
awonva SerCeva-SefasebasTan erTad ganzogadebasac niSnavs. ase rom
mwerloba da mesarkeoba identuri ar aris, pirveli xelovnebaa, meore-
mesarkeoba ― xelosnoba.
akaki wereTlisaTvis sinamdvilis sarkiseburi asaxva da mwerlobis
grZnoba-gonebis prizmaSi gatareba erTmaneTs ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed
avsebs. xelovnebaSi _ am `ucnaur sarkeSi~ _ simarTliT mxolod is
aisaxeba, rac mwerals Seusisxlxorcebia da safuZvlianad
gadaumuSavebia. mwerali sinamdvilis mona ki ar aris, aramed Semoqmedia,
axali sinamdvilis Semqmnelia. `akaki wereTeli mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis
manZilze Segnebulad ibrZoda sinamdvilis fotografiuli asaxvis
winaaRmdeg. `ganTiadis~ avtori aSkarad gmobda, saerTod xalxosnebis,
kerZod qarTvel xalxosanTa esTetikur kredos. akaki wereTlis udavo
damsaxurebaa, rom man erT-erTma pirvelma misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
pirdapirobiTa da mourideblobiT gaakritika xalxosnuri realizmis
87
Teoriuli safuZvlebi.~ 1 am sakiTxs Tavis droze Seexnen mkvlevarebi S.
ratiani (`ak. wereTeli da realizmis sakiTxebi~) da S. vaSaymaZe
(`qarTveli samocianelebi da xalxosnebis literaturul-kritikuli
moRvaweoba~), aseve v. vaxania da sxvebi. amitom saWirod ar migvaCnia am
sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom xalxosnuri
realizmi saboloo jamSi iyo kritikuli realizmis daknineba da,
maSasadame, ukan gadadgmuli nabiji.
didi qarTveli poeti akaki wereTeli ukompromiso principulobiT
ilaSqrebda aseve meore ukiduresobis _ formalizmis winaaRmdeg, radgan
miaCnda, rom mxatvruli qmnileba zemoqmedebiT Zalas kargavs, roca
ugulvebelyofilia ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxare da formis erTianoba Tu
Sesabamisoba. erT Tavis publicistur werilSi akaki wereTeli
formalistur jambazobas `obrodobas~ uwodebs da mwared dascinis im
vai-kalmosnebs: `xSiraT, rogorc TviT mwerlebs, ise maT kritikosebsac
obrodoba poezia hgoniaT: magaliTad, `devis ZuZu miwoviao,~ e.i.
ubralod rom vTqvaT mTaSi vyofilvar da iq mTis wyali damileviao;
`cas folaqebi amSvenebeno,~ e.i. caze varskvlavebi ariano; `caze mWadi
micuravdao~ – viTom mTvare amodiodao... eseebi yvela, Cveni kritikosebis
SexedulebiT, sul poeturi mxatvroba-warmodgena aris da amtkicebs
udides SemoqmedebiTs niWs.~ 2 aseTi formalisti poetis SesaniSnav
daxasiaTebas iZleva akaki wereTeli satirul leqsSi `panorama:~
`cota niWi, cota codna,
zed qarTuli ana-bana...
ca qudad ar miaCnia
da qalamnad es qveyana!
xan rusTvelobs, xan SavTelobs,
xanac moiCaxruxavebs...
aZirmwarebs tkbil qarTulsa;
xan Tavs sWris da xan atyuebs.
wamoyaWavs tkbil-tkbil riTmebs:
`kuWo-muco, gulo-fulo,~
da boloSi miakerebs;
1 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv.113, Tb.1968w.
2 ak. wereTeli, „ubralo saubari,“ rCeuli nawarmoebebi, t.V, gv.172, Tb.1990w.
88
`oh, mamulo daRupulo!” 1
aseTi poetis leqsebSi, bunebrivia, araviTari azri ar moipoveba da
arc araviTari idea, iq mxolod `sityvebs gaaqvs braxa-bruxi, rogoradac
barabansa.~ rogorc zemoT dasaxelebul leqsSi, ise werilSi
`obrodobis~ gavrcelebis erT-erT mizezad miCneulia saliteraturo
kritikis dabali done. es ki Tavis mxriv mowodebaa realizmis xazidan
yovelgvari gadaxris winaaRmdeg brZolisaken.
brZola formalizmis winaaRmdeg, bunebrivia, ar niSnavs imas, rom
akaki saerTod uaryofda poeziaSi tkbilxmovanebas. piriqiT, igi
yovelTvis (TviT `Cangurze~ daweril werilSic ki, sadac gakicxuli
arian qarTuli literaturis `bulbulebi~) imas asabuTebda, rom
`bulbuloba~ poetis upirvelesi Tvisebaa, magram yovelTvis
aucilebelia zomierebis dacva, radgan Sinaarsi da forma mTlianobaSi
unda iyos da ar Candes romelime maTganis upiratesoba.
akaki wereTli, rogorc poeti, Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa riTma _ `pirveli simdidre Cvenis leqsisa,~
ritmi, poeturi ena da sxva. mas savsebiT marTebulad miaCnda, rom
Txzulebis mxatvrul sisustes ver gamoisyidis verc Temis aqtualuroba
da verc ideuroba. amitom igi mkacrad epyroboda im poetebs, romelTa
nawerebs mxatvruloba aklda. am mxriv is, SeiZleba iTqvas, zomaze metad
TaviTkritikulic ki iyo.
akaki wereTeli ilia WavWaZis msgavsad Tvlida, rom `mwerali
xalxis moZRvari,~ eris mama da winamZRolia. igi valdebulia dReniadag
xalxSi trialebdes da mimdinare saWirboroto sakiTxebze werdes,
dauyovnebliv gamoexmauros Tanamedroveobis yvela cotad Tu bevrad
mniSvnelovan movlenas, TviT wvrilmanic ar unda darCes reagirebis
gareSe. TviTon am mxriv akaki wereTeli samagaliTo iyo. bulbulad
dabadebuli poeti `gaZaRlebuli droebis~ gamo iZulebuli iyo xSirad
Tavisi nebis sawinaaRmdegod xan yoraniviT `eCxavla,~ xan ZaRliviT
`eyefa~ qveynisa da xalxis sasicocxlo interesebidan gamomdinare.
cxovrebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis mimarT
damokdebulebis sakiTxebSi akaki wereTeli sxva qarTveli
samocianelebis msgavsia, magram aqvs is originaluri ram, rasac TviTon
1 ak. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.II, gv.322, Tb.1950w.
89
poeti `akakurs~ uwodebda. `Cemi kalami batis frTisaa ― frinvelis! da
mitomac msubuqi aRmamfreni da xan da xan CitiviTac moWikWike!... tari
ZaRlis Zvlisa aqvs da misi bralia, rom yefa-Rrenac exerxeba!... magram
orive ki, yefac da WikWikic akakuria.~ 1 am `akakurobisaTvis~ mas moyvarec
moyvarec bevri hyolia da mter-momduravi ufro meti, magram erTxel
arCeuli gzidan arasodes gadauxvevia da arc unania Tavisi saqcielis
gamo. `xelaxla rom Tavidan momayolon cxovrebas, mainc isev im gziT
gavivli, romliTac mivlia _ yefiTa da WikWikiT. Tumca mecodineba, rom
WikWiki veras SemZens da yefa ki bevrs damaklebs cxovrebaSi.~ 2
Zalian xSirad akaki wereTlis leqsebsa da poemebSi, moTxrobebsa
da dramebSi poetis bevri Tanamedrove sakuTar Tavsa Tu nacnob-
megobrebs scnobda, rac akakis, rogorc realizmis didi Teoretikosisa
da praqtikosis gamarjveba iyo. mas Zalian kargad esmoda, rom realuri
sinamdvilis ganzogadeba da tipuris Seqmna mxatvruli fantaziis,
SeTxzvis nayofia. mxatvruli saxe, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebeli
sinamdvilea da swored amaSi gamoixateba misi tipuroba. ganzogadebisa
da tipurobis sakiTxs akaki wereTeli ara erTxel Sexebia Tavis
werilebsa Tu mxatvrul qmnilebebSi. razec ara erTxel Tqmula da
dawerila qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarTa mier. amitom Cven amaze ar
SevCerdebiT, vityviT mxolod, rom Cveni sasiqadulo poeti am sakiTxebze
ilia WavWavaZisa da besarion belinskis Sexedulebebs iziarebda.
akaki wereTeli, saerTod, maRali Sexedulebisa iyo mSvenierebaze
bunebasa da mxatvrul nawarmoebSi. mTeli arsebiT ganicdida am
mSvenierebis momxibvlelobas, rasac adasturebs misi poeturi Tu
prozauli Txzulebebi, romlebSic mas araerTxel uCvenebia bunebis
Tvalwarmtaci silamaze Tu mis mier SeqmnilTa momxibvleloba. msgavsi
Tvalsazrisia gatarebuli mis kritikul-publicistur werilebSic.
Tanamedrove esTetikaSi miRebuli Sexedulebaa, rom ar SeiZleba bunebisa
da xelovnebis mSvenierebaTa dapirispireba da maT Soris gamoricxulia
absoluturi sxvaobis arseboba, radgan, jer erTi, orive mSvenierebaa da
meorec, orive maTgani gansxvavdeba kidec erTmaneTisgan, rameTu
mSveniereba bunebaSi silamazis saxiT TavisTavad arsebobs, xolo
1 ak. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.XII, gv.256, Tb.1962w.
2 ak. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.XII, gv.266, Tb.1962w.
90
xelovnebaSi mSveniereba _ misi mxatvrulobaa. orive erTnairad
mimzidveli Tu momxibvlavia da esTetikuri tkboba, xelovnebis
nawarmoebisgan miRebuli xarisxobrivad arafriT Camouvardeba bunebis
silamazisagan gancdils da piriqiT.
akaki wereTelma kargad icis, rom mSveniereba xelovnebaSi
uSualod sinamdvilis movlenebiT aris ganpirobebuli, magram
xelovnebas gaaCnia Tavisi mSveniereba, rac igive mxatvrulobaa da,
maSasadame, aucilebelia, ZiriTadia xelovnebis yoveli dargisaTvis. misi
azriT, mSveniereba, rogorc xelovnebis Tavisebureba, amave dros
damoukidebelia, TviTmyofia, radgan keTili iqneba asaxuli Tu boroti,
lamazi Tu maxinji ― yvela maTgani xelovnebaSi mSvenierebad iqceva,
erTnairi siZlieriT xiblavs da ipyrobs adamians, xelovnebis
nawarmoebis aRmqmels. xelovneba yvela SemTxvevaSi asaxuli sagnisa Tu
movlenis xasiaTisagan damoukideblad yovelTvis iwvevs esTetikur
tkbobas da misi specifikuri mizanic swored esaa. aqve unda davamatoT
isic, rom akaki wereTlis rwmeniT, mSveniereba xelovnebaSi miiRweva
formisa da Sinaarsis SesabamisobiT, maTi mTlianobiT.
amrigad, akaki wereTeli TiTqmis mTlianad iziarebda ilia
WavWavaZis esTetikur principebs, Tumca zogierT sakiTxebSi garkveul
originalobasac amJRavnebda, rac savsebiT bunebrivad gveCveneba aseTi
maRali rangis Semoqmedisagan. orive samocianeli ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda
didi rusi revolucioner-demokratis besarion belinskis Sexedulebebs
da amave dros qarTul sinamdvilesTan axamebda materialistur
esTetikas da bevr rameSi arc ki eTanxmeboda Tavis maswavlebels.
91
giorgi wereTeli qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi
giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, esTetikuri Tu
filisofiuri Sexedulebebi sxvadasxva dros ara erTi qarTveli
literaturis mkvlevaris Seswalis sagani gamxdara da TiToeul maTgans
met-naklebi warmatebiTac gaurTmevia Tavi am arc Tu ise martivi
sakiTxisaTvis. am samocianelis Semoqmedebam Tavidanve miipyro kritikosTa
yuradReba. mis erT-erT pirvelsave mxatvrul nawarmoebs `mgzavris
wignebs~, anu `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzikas~ gmoexmaura niko nikolaZe
Tavis werilSi `giorgi wereTlis pirveli Sroma,~ romelic `moambeSi~
daibeWda 1894 wels. mwerlis es Txzuleba, rogorc cnobilia, gamoqveynda
Jurnal `krebulSi~ 1873 wels da Sedgeba ori nawilisagan, xolo
TiToeuli maTgani _ 14-14 Tavisagan. kritikosma moiwona moTxrobis
pirveli nawili da misi gamosvla ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianisas?!~
Seadara, riTac arc Tu ise cota iyo naTqvami. Tumca daiwuna nawarmoebis
meore nawili da sruliad samarTlianadac, vinaidan aq mxatvruli sityvis
ostati Secvala publicistma, polemistma, romelic TviTonve cdilobs
axsnas yvelaferi ise, rom mkiTxvels gansjis aranair saSualebas ar
utovebs. amave werilSi niko nikolaZe giorgi wereTels sayvedurobda
imerizmebis xSiri xmarebis gamo. marTlac am ukanasknelis Semoqmedebas
sxva samocianelebze metad axasiaTebs rusicizmebi da imerizmebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTTan erTad TviTonac ibrZoda saliteraturo enis
siwmindisaTvis.
msgavsi SeniSvnebi hqonda giorgi wereTlis mimarT akaki wereTelsac,
roca werda: `mis Sromas orgvari beWedi azis: zogs niWisa da zogs
moqancvis; es bevrjer mimxelia misTvis, magram ras gavxdebodi, is Tavisas
ar iSlida da mec, rom meti gza aRar damrCa ra, davcine: orTava davuZaxe...
imis naSrom-naRvaws ise unda uyurebdnen, rogorc oqros madneulis
ZarRvs: unda gamoarCio, garecxo, ramodenime fuTi sila-talaxi moaSoro,
rom mere gamoarCion ramdenime oqros marcvali.~ 1
giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebaze mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT arc Tu
ise maRali Sexedulebisa iyo ilia WavWavaZec. Tavis cnobil werilSi 1 a. wereTeli, `Cemi Tavgadasavali,~ qarTuli proza, t. IX, gv. 106, Tb. 1985w.
92
`akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani,~ saubrobs ra poetur fantaziaze,
romlis meoxebiTac `aryofili yofilad~ iqceva, rogorc es magaliTad
`vefxistyaosanSia,~ iqve SoTas poemis sapirispirod ilia asaxelebs
giorgi wereTlis `rux mgelsa~ da `gulqans,~ rogorc zegardmo
STagonebas moklebul nawarmoebebs. 1 amgvari STagonebis gareSe ki
iliasTvis WeSmariti literatura arc arsebobs.
rac Seexeba giorgi wereTlis mier meore dasisa da sakuTar
SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebul `Seuferav realizms,~ mkvlevarTa nawili
(k. abaSiZe, v. vaxania) mas naturalizmad miiCnevda, nawili (g. jiblaZe, m.
gafrindaSvili) naturalizmsa da kritikul realizms Soris aTavsebda da
raRac Sualedur rgolad warmoaCenda. rogorc cnobilia,
literaturaTmcodneoba aseT mimdinareobas saerTod ar icnobs da is arc
arsebobs. mecnierTa didi nawili (d. gamezardaSvili, S. vaSaymaZe, n.
Wolokava, a. Wilaia, da sxva) ki amtkicebda, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~
sxva araferia Tu ara kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis axali safexuri
morgebuli XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis qarTul sinamdviles, magram
bolomde ar an ver ganmartavda, Tu ratom dasWirda giorgi wereTels
Tavis cnobil werilSi `kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba~ (daibeWda
Jurnal `kvalis~ N 46-Si 1897 wels) erTgvarad daepirispirebina igi ilia
WavWavaZis realizmisaTvis.
rogorc cnobilia, `Seuferavi realizmi,~ rogorc literaturul-
esTetikuri termini da kritikuli relizmis ganviTarebis garkveuli
safexuri, CvenSi daamkvidra niko nikolaZem, romelmac Tavis mxriv is
isesxa cnobili rusi revoluciener-demokratis nikolai CerniSevskisagan.
am ukanasknelma ki es debuleba wamoayena Tavis samagistro naSromSi `не
начало ли перемены.~ cota mogvianebiT am cnebas giorgi wereTelma
principuli mniSvneloba mianiWa da, rogorc zemoT iTqva, garkveulwilad
daupirispira kidec ilia WavWavaZisa da mis mimdevarTa `Seferil
realizms.~
Tavis droze cnobilma kritikosma kita abaSiZem, romelic cdilobda
briuneteris evoluciuri meTodis `WeSmariteba~ daedasturebina axali
qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis magaliTze, sruliad umarTebulo
1 i.WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani,~ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, gv. 364, Tb. 1991 w.
93
axsna misca `Seuferav relizms.~ misi azriT, XIX saukunis qarTuli
mwerloba evoluciis Semdeg safexurebs gaivlis: iwyeba igi saliriko
romantizmiT, romlis Semomtani aleqsandre WavWavaZea, ganmaviTarebeli _
grigol orbeliani, umaRles safexurze amyvani _ nikoloz baraTaSvili,
xolo misi dacemisa da dekadansis gamomxatveli _ vaxtang orbeliani. 50-
ian wlebSi romantizmi icvleba realur prozad. romlis damwyebi giorgi
erisTavia, udidesi warmatebis gamomxatveli ilia WavWavaZe (poemebi, proza)
da akaki wereTeli (lirika), xolo realizmis dacemisa da gadagvarebis _
giorgi wereTeli. 1. ufro metic, kritikosma am ukanasknelis mier Tavis
SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli `Seuferavi, SeukeTebeli realizmi~
gaaigiva `uferul realizmTan~ da naturalizmTan, Tan ise, rom misi
daxasiaTeba mogvca mwerlis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, misive azriT, sust
mxareebze dayrdnobiT. es ki, sxvas yvelafers Tavi rom gavaneboT,
sruliad gaumarTlebelia Tundac sakiTxisadmi midgomis TvalsazrisiT,
vinaidan avtori unda Sefasdes imiT, rac mogvca da ara imis mixedviT,
risi mocema ar an ver SeZlo. rasakvirvelia, naklic uasTuod unda
aRiniSnos, magram mxolod am ukanasknelis mixedviT mwerlis Semoqmedebis
mokuTvneba romelime mimdinareobisaTvis yovlad gaumarTleblad migvaCnia.
Semdgomi periodis mkvlevarTa naSromebSi `Seuferavi realizmi~
sxvadasxvagvarad iqna gagebul-Sefasebuli da azrTa es sxvadasxvaoba
garkveulwilad dRemde grZeldeba. Tavis gamokvlevaSi `giorgi wereTlis
Semoqmedeba~ akademikosma giorgi jiblaZem praqtikulad pirvelma mogvca
kita abaSiZiseuli mcdari koncefciis mecnieruli da safuZvliani kritika.
man gviCvena, Tu ramdenad gaumarTlebelia am ukanasknelis ganmarteba
naturalizmisa, e. i. am mimdinareobis bunebis gansazRvra mwerlis `mdare
individualobiT~ an misi, rogorc xelovanis sisustiT. mkvlevaris azriT,
da sruliad samarTlianadac, literaturuli mimdinareobis (am
SemTxvevaSi naturalizmis) principebis gansazRvra mxolod mwerlis
mxatvruli unaris diapazoniT msoflmxedvelobisagan gaTiSulad, misgan
gancalkevebiT `idealisturi literaturuli kritikis sakuTrebaa~ da
yovlad gaumarTlebeli. 2
1 k. abaSiZe, etiudebi, t. II, gv. 42, Tb. 1962w
2 g. jiblZe, kritikuli etiudebi, w.II, gv. 199, Tb. 1958w.
94
amave dros giorgi jiblaZis azriT, `Seuferavi realizmi,~ rogorc
SemoqmedebiTi meTodi, ar iyo bolomde mecnieruli gza sinamdvilis
SemecnebisaTvis. movlenebs is zogjer gadmogvcemda fotografiulad da
uaryofda sinamdvilis tipizacias, ris magaliTadac mohyavs revaz
bakuriZis mier petriela kvesaZis dedisa da dis datirebis scena (g.
wereTlis `gulqani~). es faqti mkvlevars miaCnia `Seuferavi realizmis~
damarcxebad Tu giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis `aqilevsis
quslad.~ aqedan gamomdinare giorgi jiblaZe askvnis: `revaz bakuriZis
tirili rodamis cxedarTan aris `Seuferavi realizmis~ mTeli sisuste da
araTanmimdevrulad mecnieruli xasiaTis konkretuli gamovlena.~ 1 unda
aRiniSnos is garemoeba, ar arsebobs mxatvruli meTodi, romelic
sinamdvilis Semecnebis bolomde mecnierul gzas warmoadgendes. magram
amjerad CvenTvis sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom, rogorc mkvlevri daviT
gamezardaSvili aRniSnavs, giorgi jiblaZe `Seuferav realizms~ calke
arsebul SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebs. amasTan kita abaSiZisagan
gansxvavebiT, igi ar aigivebs mas naturalizmTan, magram asxvavebs
kritikuli realizmisagan da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, maT (kritikul
realizmsa da naturalizms) Sua aTavsebs. magram, rogorc cnobilia, aseT
Sualedur mimdinareobas literaturaTmcodneoba ar icnobs da arc
SeiZleba icnobdes misi ar arsebobis gamo. 2
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom kita abaSiZes yovelmxriv
ise rodi esmoda naturalizmis arsi, rogorc dRes gvesmis. albaT, es iyo
erT-erTi mizezic imisa, rom man SesaZleblad miiCnia esaubra qarTul
literaturaSi am mimdinareobis arsebobaze. Tumca, rogorc cnobilia,
naturalizms, rogorc SemoqmedebiT meTods, Cveni sityvakazmuli mwerloba
saerTod ar icnobs. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT daviT gamezardaSvili
fiqrobs, rom kita abaSiZisa da giorgi jiblaZis Sexedulebebi `Seuferav
realizmze~ didad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da maT Soris, SeiZleba
iTqvas, terminologiuri sxvaoba ufroa, vidre tipologiuri. 3
saqme imaSia, rom orive mkvlevari (kita abaSiZe, giorgi jiblaZe)
giorgi wereTlis mier Tavis SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli `Seuferavi
1 g. jiblaZe, kritikuli etiudebi, w.II, gv. 212, Tb. 1958w.
2 d. gamezardaSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis istoriidan, t. II, gv. 602, Tb. 1957 w.
3 iqve, gv. 621
95
realizmis~ daxasiaTebas gvaZlevs mwerlis mxolod mxatvrul
Semoqmedebaze da isic, maTi azriT, mis sust mxareebze dayrdnobiT. magram
xom yovlad dauSvebelia, rom SemoqmedebiTi meTodi damokidebuli iyos
mwerlis mxatvrul SeasZleblobasa Tu ostatobaze. amave dros
aucilebelia publicistur-kritikuli werilebisa da esTetikur-
filosofiur SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebac. xolo is garemoeba, rom
giorgi wereTeli Tavisi `Seuferavi realizmiT~ erTgvarad emijneba ilia
WavWavaZisa da sxva pirveldaselTa `Seferil realizms,~ sruliadac ar
gavZlevs imis uflebas, rom igi Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi meTodiT
naturalizms an sxva romelime, miT umetes, saerTod ar arsebul
literaturul mimdinareobas mivakuTvnoT.
1955 wels gamoqveynda mixeil gafrindaSvilis naSromi `giorgi
wereTlis msoflmxedveloba.~ aq avtors `Seuferav realizmze~ garkveuli
daskvnebi gamoaqvs giorgi wereTlis kritikul-publicistur werilebze
(da ara Semoqmedebaze) dayrdnobiT. magram misi daskvnac, rom `Seuferavi
realizmi~ mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kritikuli realizmisagan,~ 1 ar
aris sruli da mainc da mainc marTebuli.
1988 wels calke wignad wignad gamovida profesor vaxtang vaxanias
naSromi `realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi,~
romelSic mkvlevarma erTob saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva `Seuferavi
realizmis~ Sesaxeb. mas miaCnia, rom niko nikolaZe Tavisi `Seuferavi
realizmiT~ Zalze axlos dgas ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur SexedulebebTan,
vidre giorgi wereTeli Tavisi publicistur-kritikuli werilebiTa Tu
mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT. ufro swored, pirveli (niko nikolaZe) TiTqmis
mTlianad iziarebs `iliaseul Sexedulebebs da `Seuferavi realizmis~
upirveles warmomadgenlad swored mas asaxelebs, meore ki (giorgi
wereTeli) piriqiT, upirispirdeba kidec samocianelTa pirvel Taobas
literaturuli esTetikis mTel rig principul sakiTxebSi.~ vaxtang
vaxanias miaCnia, rom `debuleba, TiTqos cxovrebis Seuferavad asaxva
warmoadgens kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis revoluciur-demokratiul
etaps sworia, savsebiT sworia rusuli literaturis mimarT, magram
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iTqmis Cvens `Seuferav realizmze,~ im realizmze,
1 m. gafrindaSvili, giorgi wereTlis msoflmxedveloba, gv. 270, Tb. 1955 w.
96
romlis principebsac Cveni samocianelebi niko nikolaZe da giorgi
wereTeli icavdnen.~ 1 mkvlevars miaCnia, rom giorgi wereTlis
SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sinamdvilis TiTqmis zusti
mecnieruli asaxva, yofiTi elementebis siWarbe, gadametebuli
detalizacia, marTali ambebis (nanaxis, gagonilis an uSualod gancdilis)
aRwera da a. S. aqedan gamomdinare igi askvnis, rom Cveni meoredaselis
`Seuferavi realizmi,~ gansxvavebiT niko nikolaZisagan, naturalizmisaken
ixreba, magram `es ar aris naturalizmi, rogorc literaturuli
mimarTuleba, SemoqmedebiTi meTodi... giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi
relizmi~ arc ilia WavWavaZis kritikuli realizmia. maT Soris
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa.~ 2 vaxtang vaxanias msjelobidan logikurad
gamomdinareobs, rom giorgi wereTels sakuTari literaturuli
mimarTuleba, hqonia, romelic mxolod misi SemoqmedebisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, rac, rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba swori iyos.
gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi qarTul
literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~
ara Tu upirispirdeba ilia WavWavaZisa da pirveldaselebis realizms an
ixreba naturalizmisaken, aramed warmoadgens kritikuli realizmis
ganviTarebis revoluciur-demokratiul etaps. daviT gamezardaSvilis mier
wamoyenebuli es debuleba mogvianebiT sxva mkvlevarebmac gaiziares.
magaliTad v. taliaSvili wers: `sinamdvileSi `Seuferavi realizmis~ qveS
niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli gulisxmobdnen axal, maRal etaps
kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebaSi da ara misgan gadaxras
naturalizmisaken. isini am terminSi moiazrebdnen imave Sinaarss,
romelsac vxvdebiT nikolai CerniSevskis statiaSi `не начало ли перемены.~ 3
amasve ambobs m. sajaiac Tavis naSromSi `niko nikolaZe _ qarTuli
literaturis istorikosi da kritikosi.~ arsebiTad am Tvalsazriss
aviTarebs g. abzianiZec. misi TqmiT, niko nikolaZem daakonkreta da
ganavrco kidec n. CerniSevskis mier wamoyenebuli debuleba: `es iyo 70-iani
wlebis periodSi qarTuli realizmis SemoqmedebiTi procesis Rrma
1 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv. 183, Tb. 1988 w.
2 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv. 193, Tb. 1988 w.
3 v. taliaSvili, rusul-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobebi, gv. 208, Tb. 1967 w.
97
revoluciur-demokratiuli interpretacia.~ 1 mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
icavs da aviTarebs im Sexedulebas, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~ igive
kritikuli realizmia da maT Soris arsebiTad principuli sxvaoba ar
arsebobs; rom ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi
meTodebi ZiriTadad erTnairia da a. S.. am Tvalsazriss iziarebdnen: m.
zandukeli (`axali qarTuli literatura,~ t. II, Tbilisi, 1963 weli), a.
maxaraZe (`narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan,~ t. II, Tbilisi,
1963 weli), mkvlevari s. avaliani (`giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba,~ Tbilisi, 1954 weli), g. natroSvili (`winaparni da
Tanamedroveni,~ Tbilisi, 1961 weli), S. vaSaymaZe (`giorgi wereTeli da
Jurnali `kvali,~ ix. `literaturuli Zirbani,~ t. XIV, Tbilisi, 1963 weli),
a. Wilaia (`giorgi wereTeli,~ Tbilisi, 1964 weli), o. WurRulia
(`kritikuli werilebi,~ soxumi, 1961 weli), b. bardaveliZe (`giorgi
wereTlis moTxrobebi,~ ix. Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 105, Tbilisi, 1965 weli), n.
Wolokava (`giorgi wereTlis literaturul-esTetikuri Sexedulebani,~ ix.
`macne,~ N3, Tbilisi, 1964 weli) da mravali sxva.
am debulebis sailustraciod, Cveni azriT, sakmarisia movitanoT
cnobili mwerlisa da kritikosis giorgi natroSvilis sityvebi:
`Seuferavi realizmi~ _ es igive kritikuli realizmia. vinc guldasmiT
gascnobia, erTis mxriv, giorgi wereTlis werilebs literaturaze da,
meores mxriv, mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebas _ misTvis udavo unda iyos, rom
swored amgvarad esmoda mas cneba `Seuferavi realizmisa.~ 2 Cvenc Cveni
mxriT sruliad veTanxmebiT am mosazrebas da sadisertacio naSromSi
swored amis dadasturebas vcdilobT, rac sabolood, vfiqrobT, SevZeliT
kidec.
1 g. abzianiZe, narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli azrovnebis istoriidan, gv. 183, Tb. 1959 w,
2 g. natroSvili, winaparni da Tanamedroveni, gv. 218, Tb. 1961 w.
98
`Seuferavi realizmis~ warmoSoba da misi arsi
XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi batonymobis gauqmebisa da sxva
burJuaziuli reformebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad mTeli ruseTis
imperiaSi, maT Soris, rasakvirvelia, saqarTveloSic, swrafi tempiT
mimdinareobs kapitalisturi urTierTobis ganviTareba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. bunebrivia, aman YTaviseburi asaxva hpova
sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi.
„Tergdaleulebi“ 60-ian wlebSi qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis
miznebisa da amocanebis gagebaSi erTsulovanni iyvnen, magram 70-ian
wlebSi Tavi iCina uTanxmoebam, rac sabolood ganxeTqilebiT damTavrda.
es ki ganpirobebuli iyo im periodSi mimdinare sazogadoebrivi
movlenebisadmi sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebiT. ilia WavWavaZe da misi
momxreebi, romelTac mogvianebiT giorgi wereTelma „pirveli dasi“
uwoda, Rrmad iyvnen darwmunebuli imaSi, rom qarTveli erisaTvis
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeboda erovnuli sakiTxis gadaWras, kerZod
damoukideblobis mopovebas, risTvisac aucileblad miaCndaT sxvadasxva
klasebisa da socialuri fenebis erTianoba, „saerTo niadagis“ Seqmna.
ilias programa erovnulis upiratesobiT moicavda socialur
problematikasac, raki masSi dapirispirebuli klasebisa da socialuri
fenebis SeTanxmeba-Serigebis idea iyo wamoyenebuli.
niko nikolaZem, giorgi wereTelma da sergei mesxma 70-ian wlebSi
Camoayalibes e.w. „meore dasi,“ romelmac miuReblad miiCnia iliaseuli
programis is nawili, rac socialur sakiTxs exeboda. maT moiTxoves
erovnuli moZraobis programaSi socialisturi ideebis Setana,
socialuri sakiTxis gadaWra ara „saerTo niadagis,“ aramed
socialisturi moZRvrebis safuZvelze. Tumca maTi socializmi ufro
erovnuli xasiaTisa iyo, vinem marqsistuli. aqedan gamomdinare isini
moiTxovdnen, rom literaturas realuri sinamdvile aesaxa yovelgvari
Seferiloba-Selamazebis gareSe. maSin, roca „saerTo niadagis“
Sesamzadeblad mowodebuli mwerlebi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs
asaxavdnen TavianTi mizandasaxulobidan gamomdinare.
99
yovelive aman gamoiwvia dapirispireba pirvel da meore „daselebs“
Soris literaturaSic. maT (meore daselebma) wamoayenes e.w. „Seuferavi
realizmis“ idea da Seecadnen kidec misi marTebulobis dasabuTebas,
rogorc Teoriulad, ise mxatvruli SemoqmedebiTac. misi arsis
gagebisaTvis mniSvnelovania niko nikolaZis, rogorc am principis
pirvelwamomyeneblis, esTetikur SexedulebaTa gacnoba.
„TergdaleulTa“ Taobis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo
niko nikolaZe, romelic ufros TanamokalmeebTan _ ilia WavWavaZesTan,
akaki wereTelTan, giorgi wereTelTan erTad aTeuli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi Tavdadebulad emsaxureboda Tavis samSoblos da idga
qarTveli xalxis interesTa sadarajoze, amxelda yovelive dromoWmuls
da gabedulad eweoda progresul-demokratiul SexedulebaTa
propagandas. 1876 wels „droebaSi“ gamoqveynebul erT-erT statiaSi igi
ase mimarTavda sazogadoebas: „mas aqeT, rac me Cems Tavs vicnob, me erTi
wadilis meti ara mqonia, erTi RmerTis garda sxvisTvis Tayvani ar
micia... me Sen miyvardi, Sen mwamdi, Sen gemsaxurebodi, avad Tu kargad,
rogorc SemeZlo, rogorc Wkua miWrida. me Sen miyvardi rogorc Cemi
qveynis kaci, Cemi Tanamemamule da Zma, rogorc iseTi piri, romlis bedi
da ubedoba, romlis avi da kargi Cemi piradi bedi da ubedoba, Cemi
sakuTari avi da kargi megona.“ 1 Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT, rom igives
Tqma Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mTel im Taobaze, romlis warmomadgenelic
niko nikolaZe TviTon iyo.
peterburgSi yofnisas niko nikolaZe axlos gaecno da daumegobrda
kidevac iseT cnobil rus sazogado moRvaweebs, rogorebic iyvnen
nikolai CerniSevski, mixail antonoviCi, ivan roJdestvenski, stopakevi
da mravali sxva. maTTan, gansakuTrebiT nikolai CerniSevskisTan,
megobrobam didi zegavlena iqonia Cveni samocianelis msoflmxedvelobis
Camoyalibebaze. 1864 wels nikolaZe miemgzavreba sazRvargareT (parizSi,
londonSi, JenevaSi, ciurixSi), sadac is ecnoba da uaxlovdeba gamoCenil
evropel moazrovneebsa da emigraciaSi myof rus revolucionerebs. ase
TandaTan izrdeba da farTovdeba misi nacnob-megobarTa wre, interesTa
sfero da sazogadoebriv-praqtikuli moRvaweobis are.
1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebebi, t.IV, gv.361, Tb.1964w.
100
niko nikolaZeze didi zegavlena iqonia nikolai CerniSevskis
literaturul-esTetikurma naazrevma, imdenad didi, rom xSirad
qarTveli kritikosi ama Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebis analizs axdens
gamoCenili revolucioner-demokratis SexedulebaTa Suqze. CerniSevskis
samagistro disertacia da vrceli statia „не начало ли перемены~ iyo
qarTveli kritikosis literaturul SexedulebaTa erT-erTi mTavari
Teoriuli wyaro. swored am statias daeyrdno niko nikolaZe, roca
qarTul literaturaSi pirvelad wamoayena e.w. „Seuferavi realizmis~
principi. es moxda 70-ian wlebSi. 1873 wels Jurnal „krebulis~ V-VI
nomrebSi man gamoaqveyna vrceli werili „glaxis naambobi,~ moTxroba
ilia WavWavaZisa,~ romelic i. WavWavaZis „glaxis naambobis“ ganxilvas
miuZRvna da amave dros vrclad Seexo zogadi mniSvnelobis mqone aqtiur
literaturul sakiTxebsac. kerZod, mimoixila XIX saukunis 50-iani
wlebis rusi realisti mwerlebis grigoroviCis, potexinis, turgenevis,
pisemskisa da markovoCkovis is Txzulebebi, romlebic glexTa cxovrebis
aRweras exeba da romelTa mizani iyo TanagrZnobiTa Tu simpatiiT
ganewyo mkiTxveli sazogadoeba batonymuri uRlisagan ganawamebi
glexobis mimarT. amave dros gviCvena ilias, rogorc realisti mwerlis,
SemoqmedebiTi zrda da masze dayrdnobiT mwerlobas dausaxa Semdgomi
ganviTarebis WeSmaritad realisturi gza. ufro gvian, 90-ian wlebSi,
giorgi wereTelma sakiTxi principul simaRlemde aiyvana da „Seuferavi
realizmi“ saerTod meore dasis, anu „axali axalgazrdobis“ jgufis
mxatvrul meTodad gamoacxada. magram amaze SemdgomSi gveqneba saubari.
niko nikolaZis azriT, zemoT dasaxelebuli rusi mwerlebis
Secdoma imaSi mgdomareobda, „rom isini glexkacobas xatavdnen ise,
TiTqos win namdvili glexi ki ara, maTi sakuTari Tavi yofiliyo
glexkacis farajaSi Cacmuli... mkiTxvelis win namdvili, cocxali
glexis magieraT, mis Seuferavi grZnobis adgilze idga naswavli kaci,
glexur samoselSi, romelic Tavis namdvil enas, Tavis sayovelTao
dards da azrs ki ara, gazepirebul, wignidan amokiTxul baironisa da
Sileris frazebs ambobda da gamoTqvamda... mkiTxvels is STabeWdileba
rodi rCeboda, romelsac mougoneli grZnobis Seuferavi gamoTqma
101
stoebs,.. am STabeWdilebis magier igi xedavda Seferil, galamazebul,
naswavl da zepir molaparake glexs.“ 1
ilaSqrebs ra sinamdvilis Selamazebulad, Seferilad warmodgenis
winaaRmdeg, niko nikolaZe ayenebs sinamdvilis Seuferavi asaxvis pincips,
radgan realobis Selamazebulad asaxva xels SeuSlis mkiTxvel
sazogadoebas realuri cxovrebis WeSmarit aRqmaSi. radgan ar arseboben
iseTi adamianebi, romel wodebasac ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini, romlebic
yovelmxriv idealuri an mxolod uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mqoneni iyvnen,
amitom mwerlobam unda miatovos is tradicia, romlis mixedviT
nawarmoebis gmirTagan erTni idealurni arian da meoreni _
yovelmxriv sazizRarni. aseTi mwerloba, niko nikolaZis TqmiT,
„prokuraturas Camogavs.“
amave werilSi niko nikolaZe saubrobs mwerlobis daniSnulebaze,
rac „imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dauxatos mkiTxvels sazogadoebas xalxis,
sazogadoebis da kerZo piris namdvili mdgomareoba, xasiaTi, saWiroeba,
dauxatos ise, rom mkiTxveli am mdgomareobis, xasiaTis da saWiroebis
namdvil garemoebebs da Tvisebebs xedavdes, kargs da av mxares scnobdes
da Tan mizezebis gagebac hqondes, romelTac eseebi daubadnia.“ 2 e. i.
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mtkice kavSirSi unda iyos ori momenti: ukeTesi
momavlis ideali da awmyo viTarebis swori Cveneba, Tan ise, rom erTi
(momavali) meorisagan (awmyosagan) gamomdinareobdes.
niko nikolaZis azriT, mwerlobis winaSe ori ZiriTadi amocana
dgas _ ra asaxos da rogor asaxos. aqedan mniSvnelovania realobis
Seuferavad asaxva da wera imaze, rasac moiTxovs Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba, e.i. Tavad cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile. Cveni kritikosis
azriT, i. WavWavaZis „kacia-adamiani?!“, „mgzavris werilebi“ mTlianad
akmayofileben am moTxovnas, rasac ver vityviT „glaxis naambobze,“
romelsac, niko nikolaZis TqmiT, zemoT dasaxelebuli rusi mwerlebis
gavlena atyvia. magram, radganac mimbaZveli brma mibaZvas ar sjerdeboda,
„radganac misi xelovnuri grZnoba, maSinac xedavda amgvari mwerlobis
zogierT sust mxareebs, imis „glaxis naambobSi“ es sisusteebi metismetad
Semsubuqebuli arian. magaliTad... rom vambobdi, rusul romanebSi glexi
1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.118, Tb.1960w.
2 iqve, gv.124,
102
Cvil, sentimentalur mwerlobis enaze laparakobda-meTqi, i. WavWavaZes
ugrZvnia es nakluvaneba da mis „glaxis naambobSi“ glaxis naswavl enas,
mis grZnobier da poetur suraTebs da fiqrebs mkiTxvels imiT
aviwyebinebs, rom am glexs siyrmidanve erT keTilmoqmed Rvdels Seyris,
romelic imas wera-kiTxvas aswavlis da „vefxistyaosans“ akiTxebs,
ayvarebs da agebinebs. „vefxistyaosanze“ aRzrdils da siymawvileSive
zneobiTi darigebebiT gamokvebil kacSi, rasakvirvelia, naswavli
laparaki da Seferili an namdvili grZnobiereba advili warmosadgeni da
gasagebia. amave aRzrdiT aixsneba is grZnobis sinarnare-sifxizle, is
patiosnuri amayoba da zneobiTi sisufTave, is gadaWarbebuli
grZnobiereba da gulis siCvile, romelic „glaxis naambobSi“ ase aSkarad
ewinaaRmdegeba namdvili cxovrebis suraTebs. magram verc es xerxi, ver
calke adgilebis mSvenieri suraTebi, ena, Sedarebebi, igavebi, andazebi da
marjveT, mokleT gamoTqmuli dakvirvebebi ver malaven im sazogado
naklulevanebas am Txzulebisa, rom misi deda-sagani iSviaTi
ganviTarebuli SemTxveva da xasiaTia. mkiTxvels niadag is azri aqvs
TavSi, rom es ambavi „SekeTebuli,“ Seferili, gangeb gasufTavebuli da
galamazebuliao, is namdvil cxovrebas ar eTanxmebao.~ 1
niko nikolaZis am sityvebs principuli mniSvneloba aqvs
„Seferili“ da „Seuferavi“ realizmis cnebebis gasarkvevad. amave dros
rogoradac ar unda aRviqvamdeT amgvar Sexedulebas „glaxis naambobze,“
mainc aSkaraa misi avtoris maxvili mzera da sityvis Zala.
niko nikolaZe miiCnevs, rom „glaxis naambobTan“ axlo dgas poema
„kako yaCaRi,“ magram masSi naklebi sentimentalobaa da „moqmedi pirebis
xasiaTis gamoxatvas Sig meti Zala da simtkice aqvs, vineb „glaxis
naambobis“ amave mxareebs.“ 2 samagierod „kacia adamianSi?!“ gamorCeuli
sagani swored isea aRwerili, rogorc namdvil cxovrebaSi arsebobs.
amiT xazi esmeba ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc mwerlis evolucias ostatobis
TvalsazrisiT.
amgvarad, niko nikolaZem ganaviTara nikolai CerniSevskis
Sexedulebebi sinamdvilis Seferili da Seuferavi asaxvis Sesaxeb. TviT
terminebic („Seferili“ da „Seuferavi“) misgan aqvs nasesxebi da
1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.137, Tb. 1960w.
2 iqve, gv.136
103
pirvelad gamoyenebuli Cvens literaturul kritikaSi. udavoa isic, rom
„Seuferavi realizmis“ principi araTu upirispirdeba kritikul
realizms da naturalizmisaken ixreba, rogorc es zogierT mkvlevars
warmoudgenia, aramed warmoagens kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis
garkveul etaps. amas adasturebs isic, rom niko nikolaZe „Seuferavi
realizmis“ upirveles warmomadgenlad swored ilia WavWavaZes miiCnevs.
„Seuferavi realizmis“ ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb cota qvemoT
gveqneba saubari. axla gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT niko nikolaZis
damokidebulebaze mxatvruli ganzogadebisa da tipis Seqmnis garSemo.
misi azriT, imisaTvis, rom mweralma moaxdinos ganzogadeba da Seqmnas
tipi, man Rrmad unda gaigos Tanamedrove cxovreba, marTebulad
„ganWvritos misi mTavari mamoZravebeli zambara“ da amitom kritikosi
mkacrad kicxavs im mwerlebs, romlebic ise „daufaseblaT xataven
cxovrebas, rogorc fotografi bunebis suraTebs an kacis pirsaxes
iRebs.“ 1 rac ufro meti iqneba mxatvrul saxeSi zogadi, rac ufro bevr
adamians „emsgaseba“ tipi, miT ufro didi Rirsebisaa esa YTu is
nawarmoebi. niko nikolaZe Jurnal „Oтечественные записки“-Si 1882 wels
gamoqveynebul werilSi „Борцы поневоле“ werda: „mxatvruli saxe mxolod
imitom ki araa mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi, rom is mkafioa da naTeli,
aramed ZiriTadad imitom, rom mas emsgavsebian realuri pirebisa Tu
movlenebis mTeli wyeba, rom is aris mravali erTgvari xasiaTebisa da
movlenebis saerTo, zogadi tipi... rac ufro meti realuri piri Tu
movlena emsgavseba mxatvrul saxes, anu tips, miT ufro Zlieria mxatvris
SemoqmedebiTi unari, da mxolod am SemoqmedebiT unarSia mwerlis
literaturuli mniSvnelobis sawindari.“ 2 swored amitom fiqrobda niko
nikolaZe, rom „cxovreba, romelic TxzulebaSi gamosaxulia, mkiTxvels
nacnob da Tan ucnob sagnad eCveneba.“ 3
niko nikolaZe 1890 wels gazeT „Новое обозрение“-Si gamoqveynebul
werilSi exeba mwerlis movaleoba-daniSnulebas da mis adgilsa Tu
rols sazogadoebaSi. msjelobs ra am sakiTxebze aleqsandre puSkinis
„winaswarmetyvelsa“ da mixeil lermontovis „poetze“ dayrdnobiT,
1 nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv. 419, Tb. 1960w.
2 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.421, Tb.1951w.
3 iqve gv.412
104
akeTebs savsebiT marTebul daskvnas, rom mwerali arc mosamarTlea da
arc advokati, aramed cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis kritikulad amsaxveli
da sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiTebeli mankierebis mamxilebeli, amave
dros sazogadoebis aRmzrdeli da ukeTesi mermisis maCvenebeli. „Писатель
не судья, а воспитатель, руководитель своего обшества, ― werda niko nikolaZe
zemoT dasaxelebul gazeTSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi „на праздники.“
niko nikolaZem kargad icis, rom xelovneba, msgavsad mecnierebisa,
zednaSenuri kategoriaa da damokidebulia cxovrebaze ― bazisze. misi
azriT „poeti Tavisufali rodia, misi Semoqmedeba TviTon im
sazogadoebis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli, romelSic is cxovrobs, im
xasiaTsa da wadilze, imis bedze da zogierT sxva garemoebebze.“ 1 ra
Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom xelovneba pasiuria da gavlenas ar
axdens bazisis ganviTarebaze. literatura garkveul rols asrulebs
sazogadoebis, cxovrebis ganviTarebaze, magram yovelTvis da yvelgan
erTnairad ara. istoriis manZilze aris periodebi, roca literatura
TiTqmis Camkvdaria da ver axdens zemoqmedebas sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaze, magram aris periodebi, rodesac literatura Seesatyviseba
xalxis, sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs da misi mniSvneloba Tu
zemoqmedebis Zalac izrdeba da ganuzomlad didia. magaliTad, XIX
saukunis 40-60-iani wlebis „rusuli literatura gavlenas axdenda
mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gonebaze. miuxedavad mZime sacenzuro
pirobebisa, mainc axerxebda mdgariyo ruseTis gonebrivi moZraobis
saTaveSi da gavlena moexdina rusul azrovnebaze, rusuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaze. ruseTis yvela patiosani da gonieri Zalebi guldasmiT
usmendnen maSin am literaturis odnav mkafio sityvebsac ki,... mxolod
masSi eZebdnen cxovrebis gzis maCvenebel Zafs,.. literatura maSin iyo
ara marto xelmZRvaneli, aramed megobaric mkiTxveli sazogadoebisa, mas
hqonda ara marto gavlena, aramed sargeblobda sazogadoebis ndobiTac
da siyvaruliTac.“ niko nikolaZis azriT, mwerals maSin usmendnen, mis
sityvas „ciur mananasaviT“ elodnen, radgan amiT mkiTxvelis
msoflmxedveloba farTovdeboda. igi axal, manamde ucnob garemos
ecnoboda, romelic misTvis misaRebi da sasurveli iyo. magram „es
1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.II, gv.124, Tb.1960
105
saintereso dro wavida, misgan kvalic ar darCenila. Cveni Tanamedrove
literatura daeca“... _ werda kritikosi. 1
niko nikolaZis azriT, xelovneba sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebas
axdens suraTebiTa da xatebiT da amiT gansxvavdeba mecnierebisagan.
„poetis niWisa da Zalis dasafaseblad yvelaze uwin im mxares unda
miaqcios kacma yuradReba, Tu rogori xelovnebiT, rogori
mxatvrulobiT, sisworiT da simarjviT gamoTqvams is Tavis azrsa da
grZnobas da ra sinamdvile da siRrme aqvs TviTon am azrs da am
grZnobas.“ 2 aqedan gamomdinare xelovnebis, literaturis nawarmoebs ori
mxare gaaCnia _ erTi is, Tu raa asaxuli masSi, xolo mere is, Tu
rogoraa asaxuli, e.i. Sinaarsi da forma. xelovnebis Zegli Rirebulia
mxolod maSin, roca es ori mxare urTierTSesatyvisia. Tan rac ufro
maRal doneze dgas TiToeuli maTgani da orive erTad, miT ufro
Rirebulia mxatvruli qmnileba, amasTan ufro misaRebi da sasargeblo
sazogadoebisaTvis, radgan mas (literaturas) udidesi zneobriv-
aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia ekisreba. „daimorCilo Tavisi Tavi, TanaugrZno
sxvebs, SeZlo sxvisi mdgomareobis gageba, SegeZlos patieba da
siyvaruli, tanjva da SeZuleba _ es iseTi ramaa, uromlisodac adamiani
arc SeiZleba CaiTvalos arc srulyofilad, arc gonierad da arc
kargad. yvelaferi es SeiZleba aswavlos adamians mxolod literaturam
da es aris misi aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvnelobis mTavari mxare.“ 3
amrigad, niko nikolaZe, rogorc erT-erTi gamorCeuli qarTveli
samocianeli, Cvens winaSe dgas, rogorc realisturi xelovnebis
damcveli da mqadagebeli, rogorc im materialisturi esTetikuri
principebis mimdevari da ganmvrcob-gamagrZelebeli, romelic CvenSi
daamkvidra ilia WavWavaZem, romelic Tavis droze rusul literaturas
da xelovnebas saerTod dausaxes ganviTarebis gzad revolucioner-
demokratebma, uwinaresad besarion belinskim da nikolai CerniSevskim.
imisaTvis, rom Rrmad gaverkveT, Tu ras warmoadgens es `Seuferavi
realizmi,~ aucileblad migvaCnia detalurad ganvixiloT nikolai
CerniSevskis werili `не начало ли перемены,~ romelsac eyrdnoboda niko
1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, tII, gv.137 Tb.1860
2 iqve, gv.136
3 iqve, gv.419
106
nikolaZe, roca ayenebda `Seuferavi realizmis~ princips qarTul
mwerlobaSi. amave dros mizanSewonilad migvaCnia gavaanalizoT is
msgavseba-gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi
wereTlis literaturul-esTetikur Sexedulebebs Soris. es erTi mxriv.
meores mxriv, raki giorgi wereTels qarTvel mkvlevarTa garkveuli
nawili naturalizmis warmomadgenlad miiCnevs, ganvixiloT
naturalizmis erT-erTi udidesi Teoretikosis emil zolasa da giorgi
wereTlis esTetikuri naazrevisa Tu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis msgavseba-
gansxvaveba.
rogorc cnobilia, nikolai CerniSevskis naSromi `не начало ли
перемены~ XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ruseTSi Seqmnili revoluciuri
situaciis uSualo gamoZaxili iyo. didi rusi revolucioner-demokrati
revoluciuri ideebis propagandisaTvis xSirad mimarTavda
literaturul kritikas. kerZod, zemoT dasaxelebul statiaSi is
vrclad ganixilavs rusi mwerlis n. uspenskis nawarmoebTa krebuls,
romelic mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam 1861 wels miiRo. nikolai CerniSevski
miiCnevda, rom glexoba SeZlebda demokratiuli revoluciis moxdenas,
ris garantiasac iZleoda is didi mRelvareba da calkeuli
SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi, rasac adgili hqonda XIX saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi. swored aseT pirobebSi literaturis winaSe isaxeboda axali,
metad aqtualuri amocana _ eCvenebina glexoba yovelgvari idealizaciis
gareSe, daexata misi yoveldRiuri cxovreba SeukeTeblad, Seuferavad,
mTeli simarTliTa da sisruliT, Tavisi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi
mxareebiT. es xels Seuwyobda farTo masebis gaTviTcnobierebas, misi
klasobrivi TviTSegnebis amaRlebas da aqedan gamomdinare potenciuri
revoluciuri energiis gamovlenas. erT-erTi pirveli mwerali, romelic
daadga am gzas iyo n. uspenski. Tavis statiaSia nikolai CerniSevski
pirdapir aRniSnavs, rom misi moTxrobebi ar xasiaTdebian saintereso
siuJetiT, ar gamoarCevian arc fsiqologiuri analiziT, xasiaTebisa da
tipebis daxatviT da sxva mxatvruli RirebulebiT. magram miuxedavad
amisa avtorma mainc mokle droSi daimsaxura niWieri mwerlis reputacia,
rasac miaRwia imiT, rom `oн пишет о наpoде правду, без всяких прикрас.~
aseTi iyo moTxovna, romelic n. CeniSevskim wamoayena Tavis saprogramo
mniSvnelobis mqone statiaSi. am moTxovnaSi `писать о нарoде правду, без
107
всяких прикрас~ _ igi debda revoluciur azrs, radgan masSi igrZnoboda
mowodeba farTo masebis mier socialur-politikuri iniciativis
gamovlenisaken. amasTan CerniSevskisaTvis erTnairad mniSvnelovania is,
Tu rogor da raze an visze weron mwerlebma _ xalxze yovelgvari
Selamazebis gareSe. swored amis gamo eZleva am Teziss revoluciuri
xasiaTi.
niko nikolaZisa da giorgi wereTlisaTvis am ori moTxovnidan
ufro mniSvnelovania wera Seuferavad, Seulamazeblad. ra Tqma unda,
isini winaaRmdegi ar arian glexobis cxovrebis asaxvisa, magram
mwerlobisagan moiTxoven saerTod cxovrebis marTal asaxvas. `gonierma
mkiTxvelma mwerlobidan imis codna unda gamoitanos, Tu rogoria
namdvili cxovreba, ra Tviseba aqvs Tanamedrove xalxs da sazogadoebas,
ra saWiroeba adgia, ras eZebs da Txoulobs exlandeli kacobrioba.~ 1
nikolai CerniSevkis azriT, 50-iani wlebis mwerlebi glexobas
Selamazebulad imitom gvixatavdnen, rom maSin glexoba sabrZolvelad
mzad ar iyo da misi naklovani mxareebis mxilebas azri ar hqonda,
radgan xalxi YTavisTvis sasargeblos miiRebda mxolod mwerlis
TanagrZnobiT. amitomac werdnen maSindeli (50-iani wlebis) mwerlebi
xalxze ise, rogorc nikolai gogoli akaki akakieviCze. xolo niko
nikolaZis azriT, 50-iani wlebis rusi mwerlebi (grigoroviCi, potexini,
pisemski, turgenevi, romelTa Semoqmedebasac mimoixilavs igi Tavi
werilSi `glaxis naambobi,~ moTxroba i. WavWavaZisa~) glexobas
Seferilad, Selamazebulad xatavdnen imis gamo, rom cxovrebas ar
icnobdnen. `isini (zemoT dasaxelebuli mwerlebi) glexis mdgomareobas
arc ki icnobdnen, imaT glexebi Soridan daenaxaT, da TavianT kabinetSi,
peterburgs, moeazrebinaT, rom radganac glexi CvenisTana adamiania,
imasac Cvennairi guli unda hqondeso, isic CvensaviT unda grZnobdeso...~ 2
`xelovneba da literatura, _ giorgi wereTlis azriT, _ mxolod maSin
aris sazogadoebis ganmaviTarebeli, roca igi TviT cxovrebazea
damokidebuli, rodesac igi aRmoxatavs namdvilad zedmiwevnili
simarTliT cxovrebis viTarebas, mis gulis tkivils... rodesac xelovneba
am zomamde dakavSirebulia cxovrebasTan, ai, maSin hqvia mas namdvili
1 n. nikolaZe, Txzulebani, t.III, gv.378, Tb. 1953w.
2 iqve, gv.373
108
xelovneba, e.i. realuri xelovneba.~ 1 swored aseTi realuri xelovnebis,
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis `Seuferavi,~ `SeukeTebeli~ asaxvis
damkvidrebas cdilobdnen TavianTi publicistikiTa Tu mxatvruli
SemoqmedebiT niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli, romlebic ilia
WavWavaZisa da da mis mimdevarTa msgavsad savsebiT samarTlianad
miiCnevian rus revolucioner-demokratTa besarion belinskisa da
nikolai CerniSevskis moswavleebad Tu mimdevrebad.
giorgi wereTlis `Seuferav realizms~ Zalian xSirad amsgavseben,
zogjer ki aigiveben naturalizmTan. amitom mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,
mokled ganvixiloT am mimdinareobis udidesi Teoretikosis emil zolas
esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, raTa ukeT warmoCindes msgavseba Tu
gansxvaveba Cveni mwerlis amgvar naazrevTan.
emil zola, rogorc cnobilia, franguli da ara mxolod
franguli literaturis erT-erTi udidesi waemomadgenelia, romelic
miCneulia amave dros naturalizmis, rogorc literaturuli
mimdinareobis damamkvidreblad da udides Teoritikosadac. swored man
Cauyara safuZveli da srulyofili saxec misca naturalistur
esTetikur Sexedulebebs, romlis ganviTareba, misi Sinagani kanoni _ esaa
mudmivi Seudrekeli brZola xelovnebaSi sayovelTao realizmis
dasamkvidreblad.
emil zolas literaturul-esTetikuri Teoria sam ZiriTad
wyarozea agebuli, esenia: 1. ogiust kontis `pozitiuri filosofiis
kursi;~ 2. ipolit tenis `xelovnebis filosofia~ da 3. klod bernaris
`eqsperimentuli medicinis Sesavali.~ Ooriode sityva TiToeul maTganze.
ogiust kontis pozitivizmi acxadebs, rom is Tavis TeoriebSi
eyrdnoboda ara `abstraqtul daskvnebs,~ aramed mxolod pozitiur
faqtebs, romelTa damtkiceba SesaZlebelia cdiTa Tu eqsperimentiT. am
SemTxveaSi mecnieris roli mdgomareobs faqtebis ara axsnaSi, aramed
mxolod mis aRwera-aRnusxvaSi. Semecneba praqtikulad ar scildeba
grZnobadi aRqmis (cocxali ganWvretis) farglebs. misTvis nacnobia,
magram amave dros TiTqmis miuRebeli Semecnebis meore safexuri _
abstraqtuli azrovneba (gonebaWvretiToba). aqedan gamomdinare
pozitivizmi iZleva sagnebisaAA da movlenebis ZiriTadad garegnul saxes
1 g. wereTeli, Teatris matiane, krebuli `g. wereTeli Teatris Sesaxeb,“ gv.125, Tb.1956w.
109
da TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyofs bunebis Sinagani, obieqturi
kanonzomierebis axsnas, rac sakiTxisadmi calmxrivi midgomaa. 1
ipolit tenis filosofiuri sistemis sayrdens warmoadgens
determinizmi _ moZRvreba movlenaTa sayovelTao kanonzomieri kavSiris,
mizez-Sedegobrivi ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, rasac tenTan absoluturi
xasiaTi eZleva. swored absoluturi determinizmis pricipiT xdeba tenis
filosofiur naazrevSi istoriuli, socialuri, esTetikuri da sxva
msgavs movlenaTa analizi. misi azriT, sazogadoeba igive cocxali
organizmia. amitom rogorc am ukanasknelis nawilebi arian erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli da erT maTganSi momxdari cvlileba iwvevs saTanado
cvlilebas sxva nawilebSi, aseve religia, filosofia, literatura da
sxva qmnian erT mTlian organizms, sistemas, romelSic adgilobrivi
xasiaTis yovelgvari cvlileba iwvevs cvlilebas mTlianad mTels
sazogadoebaSi, rac savsebiT logikuria. tenis absoluturi determinizmi
mTlianad gamoricxavs individis nebelobas, nebisyofis Tavisuflebas. es
ki udavod didi naklia, radgan am ukanasknelTa gareSe ver
Camoyalibdeba srulfasovani pirovneba, xolo aseT pirovnebaTa gareSe
verc sazogadoeba, anu pirovnebaTa, individTa erTianoba. 2
rac Seexeba klod bernars, man gviCvena, rom eqsperimenti, romelic
ase farTod gamoiyeneba qimiasa da fizikaSi, gamosadegia fiziologiasa
da xelovnebaSic. eseni am SemTxveveSi mxolod safexurebia _ boloSi
dgas eqsperimentuli romani. romanisti da eqsperimentatori, emil
zolas azriT, iRebs damtkicebul faqtebs, aRwers adamiansa Tu
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare movlenebis im meqanizmebs, romelTac ukve
daeufla mecniereba, xolo Tavis pirad gancdebs urTavs mxolod im
movlenebis aRwerisas, romelTa kanonzomiereba jer kidev araa
dadgenili, cdilobs ra imave dros rac SeiZleba maqsimalurad
gaakontrolos Tavisi aprioruli idea dakvirvebisa da esperimentis
(cdis) daxmarebiT.
Tavisi esTetikuri Sexedulebebi emil zolam ZiriTadad
Camoayaliba cnobil statiebSi: `naturalizmi TeatrSi,~ `stendali,~
1 filosofiuri leqsikoni, gv.456, Tb.1987w.
2 iqve, gv.130,
110
`balzaki,~ `gustav floberi,~ `eqsperimentaluri romani~ da sxva. am
statiebis ZiriTadi nawili Setanilia mwerlis 24-e da 25-e tomebSi
rCeuli Txzulebebisa, romelic gamocemulia 1966 wels gamomcemloba
`Художественная литература~-s mier. swored am gamocemas veyrdnobiT, roca
mogvyavs misi zogierTi gamonaTqvamebi. unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac:
emil zolas mier literaturaze dawerili statiebis didi nawili
pirvelad daibeWda rusul JurnalSi _ `Петербургский вестник~-i 1875-1880
wlebSi.
emil zola samarTlianad fiqrobda, rom nebismieri literaturuli
mimdinareobis damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi saTanado
safuZvlis arseboba. amave dros esa Tu is mimdinareoba eyrdnoba winare
mimarTulebas. amitomac miaCnda mas, rom `naturalizmis Zala, romlis
safuZvelsac yovlisSemZle saRi azri warmoadgens, imaSia, rom misi
fesvebi Rrmadaa gamjdari Cvens erovnul (frangul, k.T.)
literaturaSi. is gamomdinareobs kacobriobis uZvelesi wiaRidan da
imiTaa Zlieri, rom didxans mwifdeba.~ 1
emil zolas miaCnda, rom klasicizmi, romelic ori saukune
batonobda literaturaSi, dafuZnebuli iyo absolutizmze, rogorc myar
socialur urTierTobaze; xolo romantizmi, romelsac araviTari
safuZveli ar gaaCnda, garda zogierTi poetis avadmyofuri warmosaxvisa,
warmoadgenda erTgvar amboxebas arsebulis winaaRmdeg da rogorc
yovelgvari amboxeba, maleve unda gamqraliyo, radgan, roca evolucia,
anu mSvidi Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis procesi eufleba cxovrebis
yvela sferos, maT Soris literaturasac, swored maSin Tavs iCens
naturalizmi, vinaidan `mxolod is miesadageba Cveni drois (XIX s. 60-70-
iani wlebi, k.T.) sicialur wyobas, mxolod isaa Rrmad fesvebgadgmuli
Cveni epoqis sulierebaSi.~ emil zola ar gamoricxavs naturalizmTan
erTad sxva literaturuli mimdinareobis arsebobasac, magram isini
iqnebian mxolod `malgaqrobadi moduri mimdinareobebi, rogorc
efemeruli fantaziis nayofni.~ naturalizmi ki epoqis amsaxvelia da
`misi gaqrobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom romelime axalma socialurma
Zvram gardaqmnas Cveni demokratiuli cxovreba.~ 2
1 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.15, moskovi1966w.
2 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.15, moskovi1966w.
111
aqedan gamomdinare, emil zola miiCnevs, rom yvela epoqas Tavisi
mxatvruli forma gaaCnia. amitom eqsperimentuli mecnierebis epoqaSi
literaturac eyrdnoba sazogadoebrivi yofis mecnierul analizs,
radgan simarTle araviTar Selamazebas ar saWiroebs, amitomac igi unda
gamoCndes mTeli Tavisi siSiSvliT. naturalisti mwerali poezias unda
xedavdes Tavisi garemomcveli samyaros yvela sferoSi, ufro realur
dRevandelobaSi, vidre abstraqtul warsulSi. yvela movlena yovelgvar
gamovlinebaSi Tavisi sakuTari poeziis, sakuTari silamazis matarebelia.
`Cvens irgliv cxovroben WeSmariti didebiTa da ZlierebiT gamorCeuli
gmirebi da ara epopeis SemqmnelTa mier damzadebuli marionetebi.~ 1
imis gasarkvevad, Tu romelia misaRebi da umjobesi, emil zola
erTmaneTs adarebs stendalisa da balzakis nawarmoebTa personaJebs da,
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRtacebuli iyo stendalis gamWriaxi gonebiT,
upiratesobas balzakis gmirebs aniWebda, radgan isini `xorcSesxmuli
adamianebia garkveuli samosis matarebeli da garkveuli garemoTi
SemosazRvruli.~ zolas stendali ainteresebs imdenad, ramdenadac
daainteresebda `genialuri meqanikosi, romelic urTulesi manqanis
demonstrirebas axdens;~ xolo balzaki ipyrobs `mis mier Seqmnili
cxovrebiseuli ZlevamosilebiT.~ 2 e.i. pirvelis (stendalis) personaJebi
xelovnurad Seqmnili gmirebia, xolo meorisa (balzakis) _ realuri
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli da literaturul nawarmoebSi
avtoris mier gadasaxlebuli adamianebi.
emil zola Zalze did Sefasebas aZlevda gustav floberis
Semoqmedebas, gansakuTrebiT mis `madam bovaris.~ es ukanaskneli mas
naturalisturi romanis tipur magaliTad miaCnda. swored am frangi
mwerlis Semoqmedebaze daweril statiaSi `gustav floberi~ Camoayaliba
emil zolam naturalisturi romanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is sami
ZiriTadi Tviseba, romelic unda iyos amosavali debuleba yvela
naturalisti mwerlisaTvis. naturalisturi romanisaTvis damaxasiTebel
pirvel niSans, emil zolas azriT, `warmoadgens cxovrebis zusti
aRwera,~ romelic Tavisufali iqneba yovelgvari `romantikuli
warmosaxvisagan.~ amgvari romanis Seqmnisas mwerlis funqcia daiyvaneba
1 iqve, gv.17
2 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.405
112
yofiTi movlenebis guldasmiT SerCevasa da maT urTierTSexamebaze
iseTnairad, rom mwerlis `mcdelobis Sedegad miviRoT xelovnebisa da
mecnierebis Zegli.~ aseTi nawarmoebidan ukugdebulia yovelgvari
mxatvruli gamonagoni, radgan mwerali `cxovrebiseul movlenebze
iuveluri sizustiT dinjad mogviTxrobs da amcnobs mkiTxvels
sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul faqtors, da roca amTavrebT romanis kiTxvas,
Tqven geCvenebaT, rom quCaSi seirnobis Semdeg ubralod dabrundiT
sakuTar saxlSi.~ 1
naturalisturi romanis meore ZiriTadi Tavisebureba realuri
sinamdvilis zusti, oqmiseburi aRweraa, radgan mwerals Tu surs
`gadmosces sadagi yoveldRiuroba, aucileblad unda darCes mis
farglebSi.~ Tavis winamorbed mwerlebs emil zola imis gamoc
akritikebs, rom isini winaswardasaxuli gegmis mixedviT qmnian `uzomod
gaberil pirovnebebs, kolosebad gardaqmnil muyaos kacunebs.~ aseTi
gmiri xSirad Tavisi gavlenis qveS aqcevs avtors da, raTa ar dairRves
Txrobis logikuroba an ar daknindes mxatvruli saxis grandiozuloba,
mwerali iZulebulia uRalatos sinamdviles da Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobis CarCoSi moaqcios igi _ es ki ukve sinamdvilis,
realobis damaxinjebaa, radgan `sinamdvileSi araordinaluri
pirovnebebi iSviaTobas waremoadgenen.~ miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi
personaJebi samudamod rCebian literaturis istoriaSi da did gavlenas
axdenen mkiTxvel sazogadoebaze, amgvari praqtika sityvakazmul
mwerlobaSi sabolood unda iqnas ukugdebuli, radgan Semoqmedis
`mTavar amocanas marTali da mwyobri nawarmoebis Seqmna warmoadgens,
romelic unda iyos romelime cxovrebiseuli movlenis zusti oqmi.~ 2
naturalisturi romanisaTvis mesame da gansakuTrebiT
ganmasxvavebel Tvisebad emil zola miiCnevs imas, rom `mwerali
mTlianad unda CamoSordes im movlenebs, romlebzec mogviTxrobs.~
mwerali ar unda msjelobdes Tavisi gmiris saqcielze, ar unda
gansjides mas. naturalistur romanSi `amao iqneboda gveZebna
moTxrobili faqtebidan gamomdinare raime daskvna, morali an
aRmzrdelobiTi gakveTili. es faqtebi cudi Tu kargi ubralod
1 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.405
2 iqve, gv.439
113
Segrovilia wignSi da gamotanilia gansasjelad. mkiTxveli, Tu
moisurvebs, TviTon gaakeTebs daskvnas wakiTxulis Sesaxeb, Seecdeba
gamoarkvios wignis zneobrivi ideali da miiRos misgan gakveTili.~
mwerali am SemTxvevaSi statistia, romelic mxolod keTilsindisierad
aRwers realobis romelime mxares an realobas mTlianad, xolo Tavad
wminda mxatvruli mosazrebiT ganze rCeba. `es sruliad axali poetikaa,
romlis mimdevroba cvlis romanis xasiaTs.~ 1
emil zolas miaCnda, rom romanisti erTdroulad damkvirvebelicaa
da eqsperimentatoric, romelic jer akvirdeba sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
faqtebs, arCevs iqidan misTvis sasurvel movlenas, rogorc sawyis
wertils da mxolod amis Semdeg iwyebs eqsperiments _ romanis weras,
Sehyavs ra Tavisi personaJi sxvadasxva garemosa Tu situaciaSi. am
SemTxvevaSi mwerali kmayofildeba ara mxolod fotografis roliT,
aramed Tavadve arCevs da gankargavs situacias, anu cdas, romelSic igi
ayenebs Tavis gmirs, raTa gaigos, Tu rogor ganviTardeba adamianuri
vneba ama Tu im garemoebasa da garemoSi. Semdeg xdeba movlenis
ganviTarebis, gmiris moqmedebis oqmiseburi, gnebavT, fotografiuli
sizustiT aRwera. `erTi sityviT, mTeli operacia (mxatvruli nawarmoebis
Seqmna, k.T.) mdgomareobs imaSi, rom faqtebi aiReba naturidan, Semdeg
Seiswavleba movlenis meqanizmi, risTvisac masze zemoqmedeben garemosa
da garemoebis SecvliT, arasodes ar uxveven ra amave dros bunebis
movlenebs.~ saboloo mizania adamianis, rogorc individis da
sazogadoebis wevris, mecnieruli Semecneba.
emil zolas da saerTod naturalizmis mimdevrebs sayvedurobdnen
imis gamo, rom isini xSirad akninebdnen mwerlis, Semoqmedis rols. amaze
zola pasuxobda, rom naturalistur romanSi aRwerili `faqtebis
gamomwvevi meqanizmis saCveneblad Cven (naturalistebs) gvWirdeba
movlenebis gamowveva da warmarTva, da aq Cven vaZlevT Tavisuflebas
SemoqmedebiTi fantazias,~ radgan meTodi, am SemTxvevaSi naturalisturi,
mxolod iaraRia, saSualebaa, xolo `Sedevrs qmnis ostati, romelic
iyenebs am iaraRs.~ 2 am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria meTodi, romelic saerTo
unda iyos yovelgvari literaturisaTvis, xolo formisa da stilis,
1 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXV, gv.441
2 emil zola, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXIV, gv. 274, moskovi1966w.
114
rogorc mwerlis niWierebisa da temperamentis gamoxatulebis, SerCeva
TviTon Semoqmedzea damokidebuli da amaSi mas sruli Tavisufleba
eZleva.
mwerali unda eyrdnobodes mecnierebis miRwevebs, radgan igi
mogvxiTxrobs yvelaferze, vinaidan axlandeli romani aris bunebisa da
adamianis Seswavlis saSualeba. bunebisa da adamianis mecnierul
miRwevebze dayrdnobiT Seswavlas, emil zolas azriT, erTaderTi mizani
gaaCnia _ßukeTesi gaxados individi da is socialuri garemo, romelSic
igi moqmedebs. swored amaSi xedavda igi udides zneobriobas, radgan
Tvlida, rom idealisti mwerlebis yovel swrafvas zecisaken
iracionalursa da zebunebrivze dayrdnobiT mosdevs ufskrulSi vardna,
metafizikuri qaosi. 1
emil zolas araerTxel ganucadebia, rom cxovrebas ayenebda
xelovnebaze maRla. `me upiratesobas vaZlev cxovrebas xelovnebasTan
SedarebiT.~ – werda is Tavis statiaSi `msaxiobebi.~ mxatvruli simarTle
miiRweva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ukugdebulia xelovnebis
tradiciuli pirobiToba da sinamdvile pirdapir, Tavisi pirvelyofili
saxiT Seva nawarmoebSi. werilSi viqtor hiugoze am azrma miiRo ufro
mkafio gamoxatuleba: `Cven naturalistebi... vqmniT faqtebis koleqcias,
Cven TanmimdevrobiT vaxdenT uamravi dokumentebis klasifikacias.~ am
SemTxvevaSi igi imowmebs balzaks, rac aSkara Zaldatanebaa. balzaki ar
iyo faqtebis koleqcioneri. is mxatvrulad gardaqmnida sinamdviles,
agebda daZabul dramatul siuJetebs da yvelaze nakleb SesaZleblad
miiCnevda cxovrebiseuli masalis pirdapir gadatanas romanSi. aqve unda
aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom zola, rogorc mwerali, amas TviTonac ar
akeTebda da arc SeeZlo gaekeTebina. moZRvreba SiSvel simarTleze,
romelic mxolod cxovrebiseul kanonebs emorCileba da mxatvrul
pirobiTobas ugulvebelhyofs, Teoriulad ususuria da ewinaaRmdegeba
esTetikis yovelgvar safuZvlebs. naturalizmis Teoriis gafetiSeba
zolasaTvis iyo mxolod argumenti sinamdvilis damaxinjebuli, yalbi
romantikuli konstruqciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
1 iqve, gv.280
115
emil zolas mier es argumenti yvelaze ufro energiulad iqna
gamoyenebuli mis mravalricxovan Teatralur naSromebSi, romelTac arc
Tu ise cota roli iTamaSes safrangeTSi realisturi Teatris
damkvidrebis saqmeSi. misi azriT, yoveli realisturi nawarmoebi _ esaa
brZola pirobiTobasTan da miT ufro Rirebulia igi, rac ufro `srulia
gamarjveba miRweuli am brZolaSi.~ dekoracia, rekviziti, kostiumi – es
yvelaferi materialuri garemoa, personaJebis garemomcveli da
mowodebuli ara scenis mosarTavad an mayureblis Tvalis gasaxarad,
aramed personaJTa xasiaTis asaxsnelad, scenaze im funqciis
Sesasruleblad, rasac romanSi aRwera asrulebs. 1
zolas brZola iyo aucilebeli etapi realisturi Teatris
damkvidrebisaTvis, magram Tu am sakiTxs mivudgebiT im droidan
saukuneze meti xnis manZilze dagrovili gamocdilebis TvalTaxedviT,
maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom zola, gatacebuli Tavisi drois
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebiT, Zalze azviadebda `nivTis~ mniSvnelobas
pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. Tanamedrove Teatri Zalze daSorda mis
programas. XX saukunis Teatraluri moRvaweebi pirobiTobas miiCneven
ara mxolod SesaZleblad da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulad,
aramed aucilebladac, raTa pirvel rigSi warmoCindes socialuri
pirovnebis formirebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, vidre
uSualod materialuri garemo. `magram ueWvelia zolas damsaxureba e.w.
`intrigis Teatris~ winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. igi yovelTvis samarTlianad
Tvlida, rom am Teatrs scenaze gamohyavda ara cocxali adamianebi,
aramed sardrisa da diumas piesebSi scenaze moZraobdnen usicocxlo
Tojinebi, romlebic monawilebdnen mxolod rTuli dramatuli siuJetis
gaxsnaSi.~ 2
emil zolas miaCnda, rom mTeli Tavisi literaturuli
Semoqmedebis manZilze igi midioda pirdapiri gziT, `ar ixreboda arc
marjvniv, arc marcxniv, rom mas yovelTvis surda erTi ram _ yofiliyo
WeSmaritebis jariskaci, Tan Zalze darwmunebuli. zolas sityvebi imis
1 e. etkindi, zolas esTetikuri naSromebi, ix. zolas rCeuli Txzulebanis t.XXIV gv.530-540 2 e. etkindi, zolas esTetikuri naSromebi, ix. e. zolas rCeuli Txzulebani, t. XXIV
gv.562-565
116
Sesaxeb, rom `didi romantisti unda flobdes realuris grZnobas da
weris individualur maneras~ _ dResac ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas.
misi azriT, XIX saukunis realistebi imitom arian didebuli mwerlebi,
rom asaxaven sinamdviles, Tavis epoqas da ara imitom, rom Txzaven
zRaprebs.
da bolos, unda iTqvas isic, rac SesaZlebelia yvelaze
mniSvnelovanic iyos, moraluri saxe zola kritikosisa, simarTlis
mZebnelisa da literaturaSi simarTlisaTvis mebrZolisa, rCeba
misabaZad misi momavali TaobebisaTvis, romelTa mimarT igi ambobda: `Cemi
gadasawyveti araa gavavrcele Tu ara sinaTle, magram SemiZlia vamtkico,
rom me yovelTvis mindoda sinaTle da rom misken erTi da imave gziT
mivdiodi, mqonda ra erTi mizani _ WeSmariteba.~
Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT kritikul realizmsa da naturalizms,
vnaxavT rogorc msgavsebas, ise mniSvnelovan gansxvavebasac. orive
dainteresebulia arsebuli sinamdvilis asaxviT, Tumca naturalizmi
kritikuli realizmisagan gansxvavebiT dainteresebuli iyo ara movlenis
socialur-istoriuli arsebiT, aramed misi garegnuli aRweriT. maT
SemoqmedebaSi socialuri adamianis nacvlad vxedavT adamianTa
fiziologiur saxeebs. realistebi garemo sinamdviles asaxaven dinamikur
ganviTarebaSi da garkveulwilad iZlevian momavlis konturebsac, maSin,
roca naturalistebi cxovrebis realobas gviCveneben statikaSi da
sagangebod `amtkiceben,~ rom awmyos poziciebidan SeuZlebelia msjeloba
momavlis Sesaxeb. emil zolas miaCnda, rom realizmi aviwroebda
mxatvrul-literaturul horizonts, Tumca sinamdvileSi ufro
piriqiTaa, radgan `movlenaTa danawilebis gziT naturalizmma gaamravla
dakvirvebis sferoebi,~ magram amiT SeuZlebeli gaxada misi asaxva
mTlianobaSi.
naturalizmis Teoriis mixedviT konkretulia is saxe, romelic
sagansa Tu movlenas aRwers srulad, yovelmxriv, magram literaturul
praqtikaSi aseTi saxe ar arsebobs. mxatvruli saxe ufro konkretulia.
magram saxis konkretuloba realizms esmis ara rogorc Sesaferi saxis
yovelmxrivi, sruli aRwera, aramed piriqiT _ realizmis Teoriis
mixedviT, saxis konkretulobas Seadgens sagnisa Tu movlenis sagangebod
SerCeuli niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT misi mTlianad asaxva da ara mxolod
117
nawilisa. nawili xom pirdapir kavSirSia mTelTan da gamoxatavs mas.
amitomac realists Seswevs unari kerZoSi gviCvenos zogadi, romelic
Tavis TavSi aerTianebs yvela kerZoobiTs, ZiriTads, romelic mas
saSualebas miscems sworad warmoadginos mTeli. naturalisturi saxe
araa tipuri. igi ki aRwers sagansa Tu movlenas, magam ver asaxavs mas,
ver iZleva orientirs aRwerili sinamdvilis gagebisaTvis, vinaidan mas
ara aqvs is ideuri SemecnebiTi cxovelmyofeloba, rasac realisturi
saxe Semoqmedis tendenciis wyalobiT iZens. 1
Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom naturalizmi ugulvebelyofs
asasaxav movlenaTa Tu saganTa SerCevas. amgvar SerCevas mimarTaven
rogorc naturalistebi, ise realistebic, magram maT Soris gansxvaveba
swored am SerCevis principSia _ naturalisti arCevs iseT detalebs,
romlebic ar gamoxataven Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis arss,
e.i. gaurbis ZiriTads, tipurs, ar iZleva mis Sefasebas. amdenad igi
TiTqmis xeluxleblad tovebs Tanadroul sinamdviles, rogorc mTlians
da mxolod araarsebiTi movlenis kritikiT kmayofildeba. realisti ki
arsebuli sinamdvilis swori asaxvisa da gardaqmnis mizans emsaxureba.
igi iRebs mxolod imas, rac mTavaria, tipuria. amasTan iZleva mis
Sefasebas, Tanadrouli cxovrebis Rrma gagebas da momavlis
gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas.
naturalizmi mxatvruli saxeebiT mxolod imeorebs sinamdvilis
calkeul suraTebs, realizmi ki asaxavs mis arsebiT mxareebs da iZleva
realobis dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas. naturalizmi saWirod aRar
miiCnevs asaxul movlenaTa ganzogadebas. man mxatvari, moazrovne aqcia
ubralo meTvalyured da calkeuli faqtebis registratorad, movlenaTa
aRmwerad da ara amxsnelad. Tavis droze emil zola kidevac amayobda,
rom ar iZleoda sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis politikur Sefasebas.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom emil zola ver daimsaxurebda WeSmaritad didi
mwerlis saxels, rom mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ganuxrelad gaetarebina
Tavis werilebSi Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebani. misi, rogorc
Semoqmedis, sidiade swored imaSia, rom sakmaod mkveTrad gaaSiSvla
Tavisi YTanadrouli sazogadoebis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebi da
1 e. etkindi, zolas esTetikuri naSromebi, ix. zolas rCeuli Txzulebani, t.XXIV, gv.553
118
mogvca WeSmaritad realisturi mxatvruli tiloebi, romelTa badali
iSviaTia frangul da ara mxolod frangul literaturaSi.
119
giorgi wereTeli _ qarTuli kritikuli
realizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli da ganmaviTarebeli
„jer aqnobamde es dauRalavi da gulwrfeli moRvawe xeirianad ar
aris dafasebuli Cveni kritikisagan, arc aravina kisrulobs misi
Txzulebebis tomebad gamocemasa. samwuxaroa aseTi gulcivoba
giorgisadmi“ – Cvenma cnobilma mweralma sofrom mgalobliSvilma es
survili Tu gulistkivili 1914 wels gamoTqva. mas Semdeg giorgi
wereTlis SemoqmedebiTi Tu publicisturi memkvidreobis gamocemis da,
rac mTavaria, dafasebis TvalsazrisiT bevri ram gakeTda. mwerlis
moTxrobebi da romanebi araerTxel gamoica; misi Txzulebebis sruli
krebulis 15 tomad gamocemas Seudga s. xundaZe, magram samwuxarod ar
dascalda. saerTod qarTvel mkiTxvels dRemde ar uxilavs amgvari
gamocema, romelSic Tavmoyrili iqneboda yvelaferi, rac ki giorgi
wereTels Seuqmnia _ publicisturi werilebi, romanebi da moTxrobebi,
piesebi, poemebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi, kerZo werilebi da sxva.
giorgi wereTeli mravalmxriv da farTod ganswavluli pirovneba,
mwerali da sazogado moRvawe gaxldaT. igi iyo Jurnalistic,
kritikosic, dramaturgic, poetic, istorikosic, arqeologic,
bunebismetyvelic _ erTi sityviT qarTvel samocianelTa saxelovani
Taobis Rirseuli wamomadgeneli. mTeli oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi
igi dauRalavad iRwvoda sazogadoebriv-literaturul sarbielze da
uSualod monawileobda mis dros wamoWrili yvela met-naklebad
mniSvnelovani saWirboroto sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi.
qarTuli realisturi prozis saxelmoxveWili ostati giorgi
wereTeli daibada zemo imereTSi, sofel gorisaSi, 1842 wlis 14 maiss
(Zveli stiliT), saSualo SeZlebis aznauris eqvTime wereTlis ojaxSi.
momavali mwerlis deda barbare quTaTelaZe adre gardaicvala. misi
xsovna patara giorgis ar SerCenia. dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg igi
ZiZasTan izrdeboda samegreloSi. albaT, amitomacaa, rom Cveni qveynis am
kuTxes mwerali yovelTvis saTuTi siyvaruliT ixsenebda xolme. giorgis
mamas _ eqvTime wereTels damTavrebuli hqonda quTaisis sasuliero
saswavlebeli da Tavisi droisaTvis sakmaod ganaTlebuli pirovneba iyo.
amas adasturebs Tundac is faqti, rom igi aqtiurad monawileobda e.w.
120
TaobaTa brZolaSi „mamebis“ mxareze. eqvTime sxvadasxva dros sakmaod
maRal Tanamdebobaze muSaobda quTaisis guberniaSi. man didi zegavlena
moaxdina Svilis xasiaTisa da samomavlo miznebis Camoyalibebaze. ojaxSi
miRebuli pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis Semdeg cxra wlis giorgi
quTaisis gimnaziaSi Seiyvanes, sadac maSin swavlobdnen akaki wereTeli,
niko nikolaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe da sxva. am saswavlebelSi maSin
swavla-aRzrdis metad mZime, uxeSi policiuri reJimi yofila
damyarebuli, rac mSvenivrad asaxes kidevac akakim „Cems TavgadasavalSi,“
niko nikolaZem Tavis „mogonebaSi“ da Tavad giorgi wereTelma „Cveni
cxovrebis yvavilSi.“
quTaisis gimnaziis dasrulebis Semdeg 1860 wels giorgi wereTeli
peterburgs gaemgzavra da Sevida universitetis fizika-maTematikis
fakultetis sabunebismetyvelo ganyofilebaze. aq igi male dauaxlovda
da daumegobrda peterburgis universitetSi myof qarTvel studentebs.
aqve gaecno rusi revoluciner-demokratebis _ belinskis, gercenis,
CerniSevskis, dobroliubovis naazrevs. yovelive aman imdenad Zlieri
zegavlena iqonia axalgazrda giorgize, rom ideurad moumwifebeli,
morwmune da moridebuli ymawvili sul male aqtiurad Caeba studentur
moZraobaSi. amis Taobaze niko nikolaZe mogviTxrobs Tavis mogonebebSi –
„studentobis pirveli dro.“ „gogita lenCi (ase eZaxdnen g. wereTels
amxanagebi studentobisas) RvTis mavedrebeli kacis Svili iyo, RvTisa da
ufrosebis SiSSi da moridebaSi aRzrdili. peterburgs is movida
ymawviluri sarwmunoebiT savse... xorcSesxmuli umankoeba iyo
yvelaferSi.“ magram revoluciuri idebis gacnobis Semdeg mis Sinagan
arsebaSi daiwyo Rrma krizisi, rasac sabolood axlis miReba, Zvelis
CamoSoreba mohyva. „uwin SeTvisebul azrebsa da axlad gagonil fiqrs
Sua tviniani kacis TavSi tydeba uSvelebeli, gamwarebuli brZola...
mTeli sxeuli monawileobas iRebs am brZolaSi: xSirad am Sinagan,
uCinar brZolas didi, an mZime avadmyofoba mosdevs... lenCsac ase
daemarTa, jer gaCumda da Tavis kuTxeSi mijda, mere fiqrs Seudga
yvelaferze, rac ki gaegona, bolos xurveba daemarTa, Cawva loginSi da
mTeli erTi kvira sicocxlesa da sikvdils Sua iyo garCenili. Zmurad
vuvlidiT yvelani. morCa, wamodga es kaci da veRar vicaniT.
gaecocxlebia is fiqrs da azris muSaobas. wamodga aRtacebuli,
121
energiiT savse, axali ocnebiT da mizniT gatacebuli... Zveli aRaraferi
darCenila masSi, sxeulis meti.“ 1
giorgi wereTeli marTlac didi energiiT ewafeba rusi
revolucioner-demokratebisa da evropis mowinave moazrovneebis
nawarmoebebs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom momavali mwerali ise axlos
icnobda CerniSevskis, rom sxva qarTvel studentebTan erTad (n.
nikolaZe, n. RoRoberiZe, d. RoRoberiZe da sxva) am didi moazrovnis
ojaxSic daiareboda, sadac, bunebrivia, xvdeboda „sovremenikis“
TanamSromlebsac, rogorebic iyvnen: dobroliubovi, panteleevi,
piotrovski da sxva. amis Taobaze cnobebs gvawvdis iakob isarliSvilis
mogonebani, romelic mixeil TumaniSvilma gamoaqveyna, da niko nikolaZe
Tavis TxzulebaSi „mogonebani samocian wlebze.“ yovelive amis Semdeg
sulac araa gasakviri, rom giorgi wereTeli 1861 wlis Semodgomaze
aqtiurad Caeba studentur moZraobaSi. antisamTavrobo demonstraciaSi
monawileobisaTvis sxva studentebTan erTad igi daapatimres da jer
petre-pavles, xolo Semdeg kronStadtis cixeSi moaTavses, sadac ori
Tve imyofeboda, Semdeg ki TavdebiT gaaTavisufles policiis
zedamxedvelobis qveS. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg man kvlav ganagrZo swavla
universitetSi da ufro energiulad ewafeboda codnis SeZenas.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda literaturas, istorias,
arqeologias, ekonomikur moZRvrebas.
giorgi wereTeli samoRvaweo asparezze jer kidev studentobis
periodSi gamovida. 1863 wels ilia WavWavaZis `saqarTvelos moambeSi“
gamoqveynda misi werili `ciskars ra akakanebda,~ romelSic mweralma
naTelhyo Tavisi saprogramo Sexedulebebi da gabedulad daupirispirda
e.w. `mamaTa~ banaks. imave wels giorgi wereTeli samSobloSi brundeba.
1864 wels igi TbilisSi gadasaxlda da jer kerZo pansionSi, xolo
Semdeg realur saswavlebelSi daiwyo muSaoba qarTuli enis
maswavleblad. swored aqedan iwyeba misi mravalmxrivi sazogadoebrivi
moRvaweoba. XIX saukunis qarTuli presa da Jurnalistika
warmoudgenelia giorgi wereTlis damsaxurebis gareSe. roca ilia
WavWavaZis „saqarTvelos moambem“ arseboba Sewyvita, sazogadoebas Zalian
sWirdeboda progresuli mimarTulebis mqone da amgvari ideebis
1 n. nikolaZe, rCeuli nawerebi s. xundaZis redaqciiT, t.I, gv.75-176
122
mqadagebeli perioduli gamocema. giorgi wereTelma 1866 wels daarsa
yovelkvireuli gazeTi `droeba,~ romlis garSemo Seikribnen `meore
dasis~ wevrebi, romelTa erT-erTi lideri Tavad iyo. am gazeTs mwerali
oTxi weli redaqtorobda. Zalian male, 1868 wels `droebis~
paralelurad igi iwyebs `sasoflo gazeTis~ gamocemas, romelSic
glexobis praqtikuli saWiroebis Sesabamisad da popularulad
Suqdeboda sasoflo-sameurneo sakiTxebi. male mweralma `droeba~ Tavis
Tanamoazre sergei mesxs uboZa, xolo `sasoflo gazeTi~ aseve
meoredasel petre umikaSvils gadauloca, TviTon ki axladdaarsebul
Jurnal `krebuls~ Caudga saTaveSi. redaqtorebma es Jurnal-gazeTebi
qarTveli xalxis erovnuli, social-politikuri da kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo interesebis samsaxurSi Caayenes. aq ibeWdeboda ilia
WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis da sxvaTa mxatvruli qmnilebebi Tu
sxvadasxva problemaTa warmomCeni publicisturi da literaturuli
werilebi.
1873 wels giorgi wereTeli codnis gasaRrmaveblad evropaSi
miemgzavreba _ turinSi, ciurixSi, miunxenSi, frankfurtSi. 1875 wels man
colad SeirTo olimpiada nikolaZe – niko nikolaZis da. 1877 wels igi
samSobloSi brundeba da sacxovreblad quTaiss irCevs. am periodSi
mwerali aqtiurad TanamSromlobs `Тифлисский вестник~-sa da peterburgis
gazeT `Голос~-Si, aseve `iveriaSi,~ `jejilsa~ da `kvalSi;~ aRniSnulis
paralelurad eweva dauRalav literaturul Sromasac.
1880 wels giorgi wereTeli qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevrad airCies. amave periodSi,
kerZod, 1881 wlidan i. muxranskisTan erTad zemo imereTSi, Walis mTis
midamoebSi igi Seudga navTobis sabadoebis Ziebas, magram usaxsrobis
gamo iZulebuli gaxda am saqmisaTvis Tavi gaenebebina. XIX saukunis
oTxmocian wlebSi Ggiorgi wereTeli did daxmarebas uwevda axlad
aRorZinebul qarTul Teatrs, kargad iTvaliswinebda ra mis udides
erovnul mniSvnelobas. misi repertuaris gasamdidreblad dawera man
piesebi: `jibri,~ `ojaxis ufrosi,~ `daria.~ amasTanave giorgi wereTeli
qarTul da rusul presaSi sistematurad aqveynebda statiebs, romlebSic
cdilobda gaerkvia Teatraluri xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba,
calkeul msaxiobTa damsaxureba, Teatrisa da mayureblis
123
urTierTdamokidebulebis buneba da a.S. 1891 wels mwerali moskovis
arqeologiuri sazogadoebis wevrad iqna arCeuli. am sazogadoebis
davalebiT man imogzaura saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da Seiswavla
arqeologiuri Zeglebi. misi ori Sroma gamoica kidec, romelTagan erTi
mdinare yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri gamokvlevisadmia miZRvnili,
xolo meoreSi mocemulia gelaTis monastris kedlebsa da qvebze
arsebuli warwerebis sruli aRweriloba.
1891 wels giorgi wereTeli isev TbilisSi gadadis sacxovreblad.
amave periodSi daqvrivebuli mwerali colad irTavs Jurnal „jejilis“
redaqtors anastasia TumaniSvils, romelTan erTad 1893 wels aarsebs
yovelkvireul gazeT „kvals,“ romlis redaqtori a. TumaniSvili iyo,
Tumca faqtobrivad giorgi wereTeli uZRveboda. am gazeTSi
TanamSromlobdnen akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, iakob gogebaSvili,
egnate ninoSvili da sxva. mweralma `kvalis~ furclebze farTo asparezi
misca `mesame dasis~ wevrebs, xolo 1897 wlidan es gazeTi mTlianad maT
gadasca.
ormoci wlis Tavgamodebuli moRvaweobis Semdeg, 1900 wlis 12
ianvars 58 wlis asakSi giorgi wereTeli gardaicvala. amave wels calke
wignad gamovida mwerlis gardacvalebis gamo dabeWdili werilebis,
leqsebisa Tu warmoTqmuli sityvebis krebuli. saxelmoxveWili mwerali
dakrZalulia Tbilisis mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa didubis
panTeonSi.
giorgi wereTlis, rogorc saerTod yvela mwerlis, esTetikuri
kredo, mxatvruli Semoqmedeba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mis
filosofiur da sazogadoebriv-politikur SexedulebebTan. ufro metic
mwerlis esTetikuri naazrevis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani gansazRvrulia
misi sabunebismetyvelo-materialisturi da demokratiuli
msoflmxedvelobis SinaarsiT. aqedan gamomdinare misi mxatvrul-
SemoqmedebiTi meTodis TaviseburebaTa Seswavla yovlad SeuZlebelia
filosofiuri da politikuri Sexedulebebis gacnobis gareSe.
giorgi wereTelma `meore dasis~ samoqmedo programa ase
Camoayaliba: 1. `xelovnur, anu sityvakazmul literaturaSi man daarsa
namdvili, Seuferavi, SeukeTebeli realizmi. 2. politikur-ekonomikur
SexedulebebSi is emxroboda ufro polit-ekonomistis milis Teorias,
124
magram cxovrebaSi es progresul-demokratiuli dasi burJuaziasa da
muSa xalxs Soris gamwvavebuli brZolis dros ufro im Teorias adga,
rom saxelwifo kanonmdeblobiTi Zala Seerios am brZolaSi muSaTa
klasis sasargeblod, rom man alagmos Zalmomreoba burJuaziisao. 3.
sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis ganviTarebaSi es dasi uars hyofda rogorc
Tavadaznaurobas, iseve dabali xalxis gankerZoebiT yofnas. man wamoayena
namdvili eri, romelSiac Tanaswori uflebebiT Sediodnen yvela
wodebebi, arc erTisken saswors ar xrida, xolo demokratiuli,
wodebaTa ganurCevlad, sazogado weswyobileba miaCnda aseTi eris
Sesaferad. 4. sakredito dawesebulebaTa Soris is ewinaaRmdegeboda
Tavadaznaurobis saadgilmamulo bankis daarsebas (i. WavWavaZisa da misi
jgufis sabanko politika). amis magierad is urCevda moklevadian
samrewvelo bankebis weswyobilebas. amasTan am dasma wamoayena win
sasoflo da saqalaqo samrewvelo krediti, da erTi amgvari wvrilmani
banki kidec daarsa im dros TfilisSi wvrilman movaWreTaTvis.“ 1
pirveli da meore dasis programebs Soris giorgi wereTlis
mixedviT principuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobda. isini erTmaneTisagan „ise
ganirCeodnen rogorc cecxli da wyali da literaturaSi mudam
principulad ibrZodnen. xandaxan praqtikul asparezedac mosvliaT
xolme imaT gamwvavebuli Sejaxeba.“ 2 SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom meore
dasma Tavis Tavs „axali axalgazrdoba“ uwoda, riTac Tavisi
dapirispireba gamoxata „Zveli axalgazrdobisadmi,“ e.i. pirveli
dasisadmi. jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi meore dasi mkacrad akritikebda 60-
iani wlebis axalTaobas da masTan dapirispirebaSi ayalibebda Tavis
samoqmedo programas. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is garemoebac, rom mesame dasi
swored meore dasis lideris giorgi wereTlis gazeTis – `kvalis~
garSemo Seikriba maSin, roca sxva perioduli gamocemebic arsebobda.
arc is SeiZleba SemTxveviTad CaiTvalos, rom TviTon mwerali 90-ian
wlebSi dauaxlovda marqsistul axalgazrdobas da Tavisi gazeTic maT
gadauloca.
1 `kvali,“ 1897w. #46, amowerilia s. Aavalianis naSromidan „g. wereTlis filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba,“ gv.25
2 s. avaliani, `g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba,” gv. 25
125
me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gazeT „kvalsa“ da „iverias“ Soris
mwvave polemika warmoebda, rac erTgvari gagrZeleba iyo im kamaTisa,
romelic jer kidev 70-ian wlebSi gazeT „droebaSi“ daiwyo. es kamaTi
imdenad mwvave iyo, rom zogjer literaturuli kritikis farglebsac
scildeboda. man kidev ufro mZafri da, SeiZleba iTqvas, daundobeli
xasiaTic ki miiRo mas Semdeg, rac gazeT „kvals“ mesame dasi daepatrona
da am dasis zogierTi publicisti ilia WavWavaZis mTeli damsaxurebis
ugulvebelyofas Seecada. aseT ukiduresobas adgili ar hqonia giorgi
wereTlis redaqtorobis dros. piriqiT, es ukanaskneli uaRresad pativs
scemda ilia WavWavaZes da, miuxedavad misi moRvaweobisadmi kritikuli
damokidebulebisa, saTanadod afasebda didi samocianelis damsaxurebas
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi. 1
„mesame dasisa“ da giorgi wereTlis ideur naTesaobas araerTxel
usvamdnen xazs TviT mesame daselebi da ara marto isini. ilia WavWavaZe
mas am dasis meTauradac ki Tvlida. Tavis leqsSi „orxmiani saaxalwlo
opereti“ poeti giorgi wereTels sakuTar Tavze aTqmevinebs: „beberi,
magram mainca Tavi axali dasisa“. Tavad g. wereTelic exeboda ra Tavis
kavSirs mesamedaselebTan, 1895 wels „kvalSi“ gamoqveynebul erT-erT
werilSi werda „axali gundoba wlovanebaze ki ar aris damokidebuli,
aramed mimarTulebaze da miswrafebaze; axal muSakTa gundSi
SesaZlebelia moxucebulnic erion da uwlovani axalgazrdebic. „mesame
dasi“ wlovanebiT ki ar gansazRvravs Tavis programis moqmedebas,
aramed ideiT, principiT“. Tumca es xels ar uSlida g. wereTels
gaekritikebina mesamedaselTa misTvis miuRebeli zogierTi mosazreba.
amis naTeli dasturia misi werili egnate ninoSvilisadmi, romelSic
socializmis ZiriTad miznad klasobrivi eqsploataciis mospoba ki ar
miaCnda, aramed uwinaresad erovnuli Cagvris aRmofxvra da nacionaluri
Tanasworobis damyareba: „nu vumtyunebT socialur (e.i. socialistur)
princips, magram imdenad ramdenadac es... ar gadaiqces Cvensave dasaklav
danaT. Cven bedSi myofi xalxi orive xeliT unda veWidebodeT Cvens
istorias, cxovrebas, Cvens qarTvelobas da amasTanave Cvensave qveyanaSi
vavrcelebdeT socialur ideebs, rom wodebiTi da SeZlebiTi
uTanasworoba rogorme movspoT... ai, am garemoebis ZaliT Cven unda viyoT
1 ix. g. wereTeli, werili `kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba.”
126
nacional-socialistebi manamdis, sanamdis qveyanaze daCagruli naciebi,
rogorc Cvenca varTa, ar ganTavisufldebian sxva ufro Zlieri naciis
monobisagan.” 1
amrigad, erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas giorgi wereTeli
yvelaze ufro aqtualur saqmed miiCnevda. didtanian socialur romanebs
werda, Tu patara, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo statiebs, nacionaluri da
socialuri Cagvris mizezebs eZebda, Tu glexebs `bostnis ganyofas,
kvlebis garigebas~ da abreSumis Wiis movlas aswavlida, peterburgis
studentTa demonstraciaSi monawileobda Tu Walis mTaSi navTobis
sabadoebis daeZebda, qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani kulturis
miviwyebul Zeglebs ikvlevda Tu romeliRac Tavxed Sovinists
ekamaTeboda qarTuli enis Sesaxeb, giorgi wereTels mudam Tvalwin
daCagruli samSoblo edga da, sruliad bunebrivia, rom misi
TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas pirvel rigSi ayenebda. ufro metic,
qarTveli xalxis socialuri gaTavisuflebis pirobad erovnul
damoukideblobas acxadebda. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis da aqedan gamomdinare
esTetikuri Sexedulebebisa Tu mxatvrul-publicisturi memkvidreobis
Seswavla da jerovani Sefaseba.
giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri naazrevis gacnobisas ar unda
dagvaviwydes is, rom igi, rogorc demokrati mwerali da moazrovne,
mTeli mondomebiT cdilobda Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis popularuli
eniT gadmocemas, raTa misawvdomi yofiliyo farTo masebisaTvis. amitom
gasakviri ar aris, Tu igi xSirad uars ambobs rTuli filosofiuri
terminebis xmarebaze da mas cvlis sayovelTaod cnobili terminebiT,
romlebic zogjer adekvaturad ar Seesabameba im filosofiur cnebebs,
romelTa nacvladac isini arian naxmari. ase iqceoda ara mxolod giorgi
wereTeli, aramed TiTqmis mTeli imdroindeli axalgazrda Taoba.
rogorc cnobilia, filosofiaSi ori ZiriTadi mimdinareoba
arsebobs idealizmi da materializmi, romlebic saTaves jer kidev
antikuri xanidan iReben. bunebrivia, rom giorgi wereTeli, rogorc
yvela samocianeli, ganicdida ra rusi revolucioner-demokratebis
zegavlenas, materializmis mimdevari iyo. materia, g. wereTlis mixedviT,
1 g. wereTlis `werili e. ninoSvils” ix. eg. ninoSvilis Txzulebani, t.III, gv.156
127
Cvengan damoukidebel obieqtur realobas warmoadgens. yoveli
materialuri nivTi cvalebadi da warmavalia, eqvemdebareba ra qmnadobas,
magram Tavad materia maradiulia. `Zala da materia ukvdavi arian. igini
arc Cndebian, arc moispobian. igini yofilan, arian da iqnebian ukuniTi-
ukunisamde.” `Tumca yoveli arseba icvleba, erTi kvdeba, meore ibadeba,
magram sazogadod buneba arasodes arc berdeba, arc kvdeba, yovelTvis
axali da mSvenieria.” 1 e.i. materia, buneba maradiulia, magram icvlebian
materialuri sagnebi da movlenebi, rac Sedegia ganuwyveteli moZraobisa.
giorgi wereTlis mixedviT, maradiulia ara marto materia, aramed
Zalac. igi garkveviT ambobs, rom `ukvdavia materia da ukvdavia masTan
Tandayolili Zala.~ aq saqme gvaqvs ara dualizmTan, anu erTmaneTisagan
mowyvetil or realobasTan, aramed Zalisa da materiis erTianobasTan.
Zala materiis Tvisebaa da mis gareSe ar arsebobs. bunebaSi nivTebi
Zalisa da materiis urTierTqmedebiT warmoiqmneba. isini „erTmaneTis
zemoqmedebiT warmoSoben yovelis tanisa da gvaris cxovrebas da arsebas
_ suliersa da usulos.“ 2 e.i. materia, romelsac aqvs `Tandayolili
Zala~ TviTon warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis Semoqmeds, TviTon Seicavs
Tavisi arsebobis mizezs. buneba, materia mwerlis mier gagebulia
rogorc TviTmizezi.
iwonebs ra foierbaxis, moleSotisa da biuxneris materialistur
Sexedulebebs, giorgi wereTlis azriT, filosofiis sagani unda iyos
ara sulis ukvdaveba an adamianis sulisa da sxeulis erTianoba, aramed
buneba, materialisturi samyaro, romelsac Tavisi sayovelTaod moqmedi
kanonebi gaaCnia, romelTac yoveli materialuri nivTi Tanabrad
emorCileba. `yvelafers Tavisi rigi da kanoni aqvs.~ bunebaSi adgili aqvs
ara TviTnebobas, aramed igi `brZnulad agebuli~ kosmosia, sadac arc
erTi nivTi ar aris zedmeti. araferi `uangariSod ar Cndeba,~ piriqiT,
TiToeuli maTgani raRac rols asrulebs bunebis kononzomierebaSi da
aucilebelia sxva nivTebis arsebobisaTvis. `bunebaSi yovel arsebas
Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs, is cxovrobs im sjuliT, rac bunebas da imis
Sina-agebulebas imisaTvis ganuwesebia.~ aqedan gamomdinareobs giorgi
wereTlis Semdegi debulebac, rom `qveyanazed araferi ar moxdeba
1 g. wereTeli, `moleSoti,” `kvali” #25, 1893w.
2 iqve
128
umizezoT da SemTxveviT; imas marTaven mtkice da Seucvleli kanonebi.” 1
amiT praqtikulad mTlianad gamoiricxeba SemTxveviToba.
zemoT Tqmuli sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom materialisti giorgi
wereTeli aTeistic iyos. igi, marTalia, ibrZoda crurwmenebis
winaaRmdeg, magram ar uaryofda qristianul religias, piriqiT,
ewinaaRmdegeboda am ukanasknelis nacvlad axali religiis SemoRebas.
giorgi wereTeli miiCnevda, rom yovelive materialurs sami
aucilebeli niSani gaaCnia, esenia: ganfeniloba sivrceSi, adgili da
ganzomileba. swored am Tvisebebis matarebelia yvela sxeuli, romelic
Tavis mxriv specifikuri niSnebis mixedviT or jgufad iyofa _ organul
da araorganul sxeulebad. pirvels ganekuTvneba mcenareebi, cxovelebi,
maT Soris adamianic, xolo yvela danarCeni _ meores.
giorgi wereTeli aRiarebda raodenobrivi cvlilebebis saSualebiT
axali Tvisebebis gamovlenas, rasac igi bunebis `sakvirvel da
gasaocebel kanons~ uwodebs. unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom Cveni
mwerali dimitri mendeleevis Tanamedrove iyo da rogorc
bunebismetyvelebiT dainteresebuli pirovneba, bunebrivia, icnobda am
didi rusi mecnieris qimiuri elementebis tabulasac. amas mowmobs
Tundac is faqti, rom, misi azriT, qmnadoba, e.i. sxeulis Seqmna
sxvadasxva elementis dakavSirebiT, ufro swored, maTi Semadgeneli
umciresi nawilakebis _ atomebis SeerTebiT xdeba. es elementebi ki
qmnadobis gareSe dgas im gagebiT, rom TviTon arc iqmneba da arc ispoba,
ubralod xdeba elementebis Sedgenilobis gadasxvafereba. 2
bunebaSi, giorgi wereTlis mixedviT, nivTebi da movlenebi mtkice
mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaSi imyofebian, ganapirobeben ra erTmaneTis
arsebobas. amitom TiToeuli maTganis mospoba rogorc mizezisa, meoris
mospobaa da a.S., mTeli bunebis ganadgurebas iwvevs. `cxovrebaSi erTi
damokidebulebaa erTi-erTmaneTisagan. erTi meores asazrdoebs da
hkvebavs, meore _ mesames, mesame _ meoTxes da sxva; Tu pirvels sazrdo
moespo, maSin meorec moispoba, meorisagan _ mesamec... da sxva.~ – werda
giorgi wereTeli erT-erT statiaSi. 3
1 g. wereTeli TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.311
2 g. wereTeli, saukeTeso codna, gv.38-43
3 g. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.311
129
giorgi wereTlis mecnierul-publicisturi da mxatvruli
memkvidreoba adasturebs, rom mas SeumCneveli ar darCenia bunebis
movlenaTa winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi; misi azriT, mxolod brZola da
winaaRmdegobaa sicocxle, xolo simSvide da uZraoba _ sikvdili.
`sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, rogorc suldgmulT moqmedebaSi, mudam
ipoebian erTmaneTis winaaRmdegi elementebi; maSasadame maTSi yovelTvis
unda sufevdes mudmivi brZola, radgan gansveneba sikvdilis wesia.” 1
analogiur debulebebs giorgi wereTelTan sxvaganac ara erTxel
vxvdebiT. es ukve dialeqtikis elementebia, rac uTuod adasturebs im
garemoebas, rom Cveni mwerali icnobda ara mxolod rusi revolucioner-
demokratebis, aramed hegelis, foierbaxis, romelsac `axali filosofiis
lampris amnTebs~ uwodebs; aseve marqsisa da engelsis filosofiur
Sexedulebebsac.
giorgi wereTeli kargad amCnevda da axasiaTebda im Zireul
msgavseba-gansxvavebas, rac arsebobs organul da araorganul materias
Soris, aseve organuli materiis jgufebs, TviT cxovelsa da adamians
Soris. `kacic egre cxovrobs rogorc yoveli sulieri qmnileba; is
sWams, svams, Zinavs, sunTqavs da moZraobs. amisTana cxovrebas cxovelis
cxovrebas eZaxian. magram kacs sxva ganviTarebuli cxovrebac aqvs.
amisTana cxovreba arc erT cxovels ara aqvs. amisTana cxovrebas eZaxian
suliers, anu psixiurs cxovrebas.~ adamians cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT
`namdvili goniereba da saukeTeso azri aqvs,~ riTac igi gabatonebulia
bunebaSi. mas bunebaSi `pirveli alagi uWiravs Tavisi WkuiT... kaci Tavis
WkuiT Zalian maRla dgas yovel cxovelze.~ rogorc vxedavT, giorgi
wereTels adamianis cxovelisagan ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSnad fsiqika
da azrovneba miaCnia. Tumca moleSotis, biuxnerisa da fogtis
vulgaruli materializmis sapirispirod, ar aigivebs azrovnebas
fiziologiur procesebTan.
sainteresoa giorgi wereTlis Sexeduleba Tavisuflebaze. misi
azriT, damoukidebeli moqmedebis unari, anu Tavisufleba warmoadgens
sicocxlis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas. `yvela suldgmuls bunebaSi
Canergili aqvs Tavisi kanonebi da moTxovnilebani. waarTviT mas es
moTxovnilebani, SeaCereT imisi bunebiTi kanoniT msvleloba da gaxsna, _
1 g. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.16-17
130
es imis sikvdilis Tanasworia. ginda mogiklavs es suldgmuli da ginda
SegiCerebia Tavisufali Sinagani sicocxle. rodis SeiZleba vsTqva, rom
vcocxlob? maSin rodesac Cemi Sinagani Zalani aRmoSoben Tavis Sesafers
moqmedebas, rodesac me warmovadgen ganmartoebuls qveyanas, sadac erTi
Zala meorezed moqmedebs da imaTis urTierTis zemoqmedebiT aRenTeba
sicocxlis lampari.~ maSasadame, `Sinagani Zala,~ Tavisufali moqmedebis
unari, anu aqtivoba warmoadgens sicocxlis aucilebel pirobas. Tumca
mxolod es araa sakmarisi. aseve aucilebeli, magram ara sakmao pirobaa
garegani Zalebi _ garemo. orive erTad _ Sinagani da garegani _
sicocxlis aucilebel da sakmaris pirobas warmoadgens. 1 aRsaniSnavia
is garemoebac, rom giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTTan aigivebs aqtivobasa da
nebelobas. sinamdvileSi aqtivoba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebeloba.
nebeloba cnobieri, e.i. mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiTebeli,
moqmedebaa. am SemTxvevaSi aqtivoba gacnobierebul formaSi arsebobs,
cxovelis aqtivoba ki impulsuri da aracnobieria.
amrigad, giorgi wereTlis warmodgeniT, buneba, rogorc organuli,
ise araorganuli, mudmivi ganviTarebisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba; amave dros es cvlileba-ganviTareba xdeba materiis, bunebis
SigniT da amdenad igi maradiulia. ganviTarebis procesSi Zvelisagan
axlis warmoSoba xdeba raodenobriv cvlilebaTa TvisobrivSi gadasvlis
gziT; aseve samyaroSi moqmedebs urTierTdapirispirebulobis procesi,
romlis drosac obieqtur sayovelTao kanonebze dayrdnobiT
urTierTqmedeben da erTmaneTs ganapirobeben bunebis sagnebi da
movlenebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli, gabatonebuli adgili
uWiravs adamians, radgan sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT gaaCnia fsiqika da
azrovneba.
aseTia giorgi wereTlis Sexedulebani bunebis raobisa da misi
ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. magram SeiZleba Tu ara am
kanonzomierebaTa Secnoba da maTi gamoyeneba adamianisa Tu sazogadoebis
gardasaqmnelad. es ukve Semecnebis sakiTxia, romlis vrceli
filosofiuri dasabuTeba giorgi wereTels ar moucia, magram mTeli
misi praqtikuli moRvaweoba da calkeuli Teoriuli mosazrebani
1 g. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.120
131
naTlad mowmoben, rom igi aRiarebda bunebisa da misi kanonebis
Secnobisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. 1
Semecnebis unari, giorgi wereTlis mixedviT, adamianis
Tandayolili Tvisebaa, is, rac `bunebam daatana.~ mTeli codna, romelic
adamians gaaCnia, man SeiZina Tavisi ganviTarebis xangrZliv procesSi.
vinaidan adamianis goneba misi ganviTarebis pirvel safexurze `sufTa
dafas~ warmoadgenda. Semecnebis gza arcodnidan codnisaken msvlelobis
gzaa, rasac adasturebs misi istoriuli ganviTarebac. SemecnebisaTvis
aucilebeli pirobaa ara mxolod amgvari unaris qona, aramed saWiroebac
Semecnebisa. `visgan unda eswavla da gadaeRo pirvel kacs?... cota codna
xom ver daarCenda? marTlac, pirvel kacs jer kidev bevri ra hqonda
Seutyobeli da radgan uamisoT rigianad cxovreba ar moxerxdeboda,
amisaTvis kacis goneba ar isvenebda, yovelTvis fiqrSi da gamoZiebaSi
iyo.~ e.i. adamiani imecnebda, radgan codnis gareSe `rigianaT cxovrebis
mowyoba ar moxerxdeboda.~ 2 aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom giorgi
wereTels kargad ar hqonda gagebuli rogorc sazogadoebrivi praqtikis,
ise individis SromiTi saqmianobis roli SemecnebaSi.
cnobilia, rom Semecnebis ZiriTad da aucilebel pirobas, mis
amosaval punqts Semmecneblisa da Sesamecneblis, subieqtisa da obieqtis
erTianoba warmoadgens. Tu es erTianoba darRveulia, Tu subieqti da
obieqti sxvadasxva kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba, maSin Semmecnebels
Sesamecnebelisaken gza moWrili aqvs. giorgi wereTlis mixedviT ar
arsebobs absoluturi gansxvaveba adamiansa da bunebas Soris; isini
erTsa da imave kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. radgan adamiani `bunebis nawils
Seadgens,~ ar SeiZleba masze bunebis kanonebi ar moqmedebdes. vinaidan
azrovneba da cnobiereba mxolod adamianis tvinis produqtia, xolo
adamiani Tavisi tviniT bunebis nawilia. amitom sabolood azrovnebisa
da cnobierebis safuZveli materiaSi arsebobs da ara mis gareT. giorgi
wereTlis azriT, materia ar azrovnebs, magram TavisTavSi Seicavs
azrovnebis SesaZleblobas. 3
1m. gafrindaSvili, g. wereTlis msoflmxedveloba, gv.210-218, Tb1955w.
2 s. avaliani, g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, gv.103 Tb.1954w.
3 iqve, gv.105
132
Tu azrovneba materiis ganviTarebis umaRlesi produqtis _
adamianis Tvisebaa, xolo TviTon materia ar azrovnebs, maSin azrovnebis
ganviTarebis safexurebi unda arsebobdes materiidan adamianamde,
rogorc misi ganviTarebis umaRles safexuramde. giorgi wereTlis
SexedulebebSi SegviZlia, davadginoT Semecnebis ori ZiriTadi safexuri
_ SegrZneba da azrovneba. SegrZneba organuli bunebis mxolod erT
nawils _ cxovelebs axasiaTebT. 1 sxvaTa Soris xSir SemTxvevaSi
gacilebiT ufro maxvili vidre adamians, rac, Cveni azriT,
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom cxoveli mTlianad bunebis wiaRSi rCeba, xolo
adamiani bunebaze da bunebis kanonebze dayrdnobiT Tavad qmnis misTvis
saWiro sanebsa Tu nivTebs, e.i. kulturas farTo mniSvnelobiT. amis
SesaZleblobas mas aZlevs azrovnebisa da abstraqciis unari, romlis
gareSec ar arsebobs Semecneba.
giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs or ZiriTad grZnobas:
garegansa da Sinagans. garegani Tavisi xuTi organos saSualebiT Cvengan
damoukideblad arsebul materialur sinamdviles asaxavs. rac Seexeba
Sinagan grZnobas, igi subieqturi xasiaTisaa. am oridan upiratesoba
garegans eniWeba, radgan es ukanaskneli adamianis gonebas akavSirebs gare
samyarosTan. swored isini Riziandebian garegani zemoqmedebis Sedegad
da `tvinis Zafebis~ meSveobiT gadascemen informacias centralur
nervul sistemas. esaa Semecnebis pirveli safexuri, xolo meore
safexuri _ azrovneba pirvelisgan miRebul masalas gadaamuSavebs da
ayalibebs cnebebs. swored azrovneba iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom
SevimecnoT ara mxolod grZnobadi da konkretuli obieqtebi, aramed
iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi, `romelic arc TvaliT dainaxeba, arc
ynosviT, arc smeniT, arc xelis SexebiT icnoba.~ swored aseTia `sikeTe,
boroteba, WeSmariteba, suli da sxva.~ 2 analogiuri azria gamoTqmuli am
sakiTxze TxzulebaSi `saukeTeso codna.~
bunebaSi moqmedi kanonebis SemecnebiT adamiani imecnebs sakuTar
Tavsac, radgan `Tu kaci namdvilaT naswavli da ganaTlebulia, iman
icis... bunebis kanonebi, maSasadame imasa aqvs bunebis codna,~ da radganac
TviTon bunebis nawils Seadgens, `mas aqvs Tavisi Tavis cnobac... kargaT
1 s. avaliani, g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, gv.107 Tb.1954w.
2 g. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.203
133
scnobs Tavis sicocxlis kanonebs.~ amasTan erTad Semecneba, giorgi
wereTlis SexedulebiT, viTardeba winaaRmdegobis gziT. swored es
ukanaskneli warmoadgens Semecnebis ganviTarebis pirobas, radgan `azrTa
Seucileblad, SeukamaTeblad WeSmariteba ar gamorkveula.~ 1
saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs giorgi wereTels metyvelebisa da
azrovnebis, enisa da azrovnebis Sesaxeb Tavis werilebSi _
`filologiuri ganxilva qarTuli enisa~ (daibeWda `krebulSi~ 1872 wels)
`saukeTeso codna~ da sxva. aseve sainteresoa misi Sexedulebebi
religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb iseT werilebSi,
rogorica `berikoba~ (daibeWda `kvalSi~ 1893 wels); jer kidev 1875 wels
frankfurtSi dawerili da 1895 wels `kvalSi~ gamoqveynebul poemaSi
`mwuxare deda,~ romelic mkvlevar s. avalianis azriT, aTeisturi
xasiaTisaa, da a.S. Tavis droze niko nikolaZec werilSi
`studentobis pirveli dro~ saubrobda TanamebrZolis aTeistobaze.
magram es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom giorgi wereTeli
Camoyalibebuli aTeisti iyo. is uaryofda im crurwmenebs, romlis
mixedviTac adamiani cdilobda bunebis movlenebis axsnas irealuri
Zalebis meSveobiT da miaCnda, rom bunebaTmecnierebis ganviTareba
SesaZlebobas miscemda adamians gaTavisuflebuliyo am crurwmenisagan;
ufro srulyofilad gacnoboda bunebis kanonebs da Tavis sasargeblod
gamoeyenebina isini.
jer kidev sabolood gamorkveuli araa giorgi wereTlis
damokidebuleba socializmis TeoriasTan, romelsac igi udavod icnobda.
ufro metic, cnobili revolucioneris al. wulukiZis erT-erTi
werilidan Cans, rom mwerali marqsizmis mimdevradac ki Tvlida Tavs. am
mosazrebas zurgs umagrebs is garemoebac, rom 90-ian wlebSi Tavisi
gazeTi `kvali~ mesamedaselebs _ social-demokratebs gadasca; swored
gazeT `kvalSi~ daibeWda giorgi wereTlis werili `gazeTi `iveria~ da
misi sapolemiko xasiaTi,~ romelSic igi marqsis Teorias
politekonomiasa da sociologiaSi im droisaTvis ukanasknel mecnierul
daskvnas uwodebs.
niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom giorgi wereTeli miuxedavad
imisa, rom burJuaziul-demokratiuli weswyobilebis momxrea, mainc da
1 g. wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, gv.130
134
mainc aRfrTovanebuli ar Cans CvenSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyisi
periodiT, romelic im droisaTvis garkveulwilad velur xasiaTs
atarebda da iseve Cagravda mSromel mosaxleobas, rogorc batonymoba.
amitom igi Seecada mxatvrul formebSi moeca misTvis sasurveli
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis literaturuli nimuSebi. idealuri vaWris
saxea, magaliTad, `gulqanSi~ nikolai nikiforoviCi, miuxedavad imisa,
rom gmiri, rogorc tipi, sustia da zerelobis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
aseve mkrTaladaa gaSuqebuli giorgi wereTlisaTvis sasurveli
wyobileba zRaparSi – `TaviWamiebi~ (ibeWdeboda `kvalSi~ 1893 wels).
es sazogadoebrivi wyobileba srulyofiladaa naCvenebi sabavSvo
moTxroba-zRaparSi – `RvTiswyaloba,~ romelic Jurnal `jejilSi~
daibeWda 1891 wels. am moTxrobaSi aRwerilia Tanasworuflebiani
moqalaqeebisagan Semdgari sazogadoeba, romelSic arsebobs ara
adamianTa diferenciacia socialur fenebad, aramed monoliTuri
sazogadoeba yovelgvari `wodebrivi gankerZoebis~ gareSe. `iq yvelani
TavisTavis patronni iyvnen; WirSi da lxinSi mudam erTmaneTis
Tanamoziareni da TanamebrZolni iyvnen, iq Raribi da gaWirvebuli ar
moiZebneboda, radgan yvelani mudam Tanasworad Sromobdnen, yvelas
saerTo saqme sakuTar saqmed miaCnda, yvelani erTis gulisaTvis Tavs
swiravdnen da erTi _ yvelasaTvis.~ 1 ase axasiaTebs giorgi wereTeli im
idealur sazogadoebas, romelsac `oqros qveyanas~ uwodebs. swored am
qveyanaSi miemgzavreba Raribi qveynis Svili RvTiswyaloba, swavlobs
ucxo qveynis ekonomikur da politikur struqturas da samSobloSi
dabrunebis Semdeg saTaveSi udgeba ra sakuTar xalxs, oqros qveynis
principebze awyobs Tavisi qveynis cxovrebas. mokle droSi Tavisufal
Sromasa da Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba did warmatebas
aRwevs. am `qveynis xalxi... TandaTan mravldeba, mdidrdeba da win midis,
sanam Sromaze, swavla-gamocdilebaze xels ar aiRebs.~ 2 diax, swored
swavla-ganaTleba, bunebaTmecnierebis miRwevebis gamoyeneba praqtikul
saqmianobaSi, axali teqnologiebis danergva warmoebaSi, dapirispirebuli
socialuri fenebis Serigeba da yvela maTganis Cabma sazogadoebisaTvis
1 g. wereTeli, `RvTiswyaloba,” gv.25, Tb.1925w.
2 iqve, gv. 32
135
sasargeblo SromaSi _ es aris gza, romliTac SesaZlebelia erTiani,
monoliTuri, harmoniuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobilebis damyareba. Cveni
azriT, es aris ara is socializmi, romelic gvqonda da romelic
sayovelTao siRaribeze ufro iyo mimarTuli, vidre simdidreze, aramed
socialurad orientirebuli kapitalizmi, romelic miiRweva
TandaTanobiTi reformirebis gziT. amas adasturebs giorgi wereTlis
polemikuri xasiaTis werili eg. ninoSvilisadmi (1894 w.), romelSic igi
wers: `namdvili socializmi imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cven Cveni
teritoriidan avbargdeT. Cveni istoria daviviwyoT, Cveni tipi ukuvagdoT,
qarTuli daviviwyoT, rusuli ena SeviTvisoT da rusebi gavxdeT. ara,
socializmi individualur Tvisebas, rogorc kerZo tipisas, ise
erovnebisas, ar exeba. exeba ki ara, kidec ifaravs, da aq aris progresuli
mxare TviT socializmisa; qarTveli, rusi, francuzi, germaneli, somexi,
CaCani, gogentoti da aTasi sxva im tipze darCnen, rogorc isini Seuqmnia
bunebas, geografiul garemoebas, istoriul cxovrebas da etniur
kanonebis zegavlenas. mxolod socializmi iTxovs, rom yoveli kaci,
RvTisgan gaCenili, ekonomikis uTanasworobiT ar iCagrebodes, yoveli
nacia meore naciis Zalmomreonisagan ar iCagrebodes... es mxolod maSin
moxdeba, roca... kerZo sakuTreba sazogado sakuTrebad gadaiqceva, rom
ufleba cxovrebisa ufro samarTlianad ganawildes.~ 1
ekonomikuri da politikuri Tanasworoba, erovnuli da
pirovnuli Tavisufleba, eqsploataciis mospoba, sayovelTao
sazogadoebrivi Sroma dafuZnebuli sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze _ ai, ra
esmis socializmis qveS giorgi wereTels. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom mwerali ki ar Seecada Tavisi moZRvreba `SeeuRlebina
marqsizmTan,~ rogorc miiCnevda s. xundaZe Tavis werilSi – `socializmis
istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi,~ aramed TviT mis msoflmxedvelobaSi iyo
iseTi ram, rac marqsizmTan daaxloebis saSualebas iZleoda. es
safuZveli iyo socializmi, magram ara marqsistuli, proletariatis
hegemonobiT klasTa brZolis Sedegad miRweuli, aramed sayovelTao
Serigebisa da swavla-ganaTlebis gziT damyarebuli da Tavisufal
1 eg. ninoSvili, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.III, gv.157
136
Sromaze dafuZnebuli `harmoniuli socializmi,~ romliskenac, Cveni
azriT, miiswrafvis Tanamedrove kacobrioba.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
giorgi wereTeli eZebda da xsnida im Teoriul sakiTxebs, romelTa
gadawyvetasac moiTxovda qarTveli xalxis erovnuli interesebi,
romelTa dacva, misi azriT, SeuZlebeli iyo xalxis mier maTi Secnobis,
sabunebismetyvelo codnis gavrcelebis, vaWroba-ekonomikis ganviTarebis
gareSe. amitomac giorgi wereTlis filosofia aris, belinskis sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, ara `idumali da cxovrebisaTvis ucxo codna... ara
mwignobruli filosofia, romelic mxolod Tavs icnobs da pativs scems
mxolod sakuTar interesebs, ara filosofia gulcivi da gulgrili
samyaros mimarT, romlis Semecnebac mis Sinaarss Seadgens,~ aramed
cxovrebis filosofia, 1 misi drois mecniereba bunebisa da sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis kanonebis Sesaxeb. amaSi mdgomareobs giorgi wereTlis
filosofiis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. amitomac SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mwerlis
filosofia aris `sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli codna, anu sabunebis-
metyvelo-mecnieruli materializmi, ganzogadebuli da gamoyenebuli
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelos erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis praqtikuli amocanebis Sesabamisad.~ 2
im droindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisia
giorgi wereTlis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi da mxatvrul-literaturuli
Semoqmedebac. sxvagvarad warmoudgenelicaa, vinaidan igi iyo qarTvel
samocianelTa tipuri warmomadgeneli, romelic erTdroulad iyo
poetica da publicistic, redaqtor-gamomcemelica da dramaturgic.
`rasakvirvelia, niWisa da codnis aseTi daqsaqsva TviT produqciis
Rirebulebaze axdenda garkveul gavlenas, _ mis zogierT nawers es
uciloblad atyvia,~ 3 _ wers s. xundaZe g. wereTlis TxzulebaTa
sruli krebulis I tomis winasityvaobaSi. amasve aRniSanvda Tavis droze
akaki wereTelic, roca werda: `mis (g. wereTlis) Sromas orgvari beWedi
azis: zogs niWisa da zogs moqancvis... imis naSrom-naRvaws ise unda
1 b. belinski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebani, gv.479, Tb.1967w.
2 m. gafrindaSvili, g. wereTlis msoflmxedveloba, gv.246, Tb,1955w.
3 g. wereTlis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.I, winasityvaoba, gv.7
137
uyurebdnen, rogorc oqros madneulis ZarRvs: unda gamoarCio, garecxo,
ramodenime fuTi sila-talaxi moaSoro, rom mere gamoarCion ramdenime
oqros marcvali.~ 1 msgavsi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli niko nikolaZesac
Tavis werilSi `giorgi wereTlis pirveli Sroma,~ romlic `moambeSi~
daibeWda 1894 wels: `mgzavris wignebis yvela nawili, yvela Tavi
erTnairi mxatvruli siZlieriT araa dawerili da es marto Cveni azri
rodia, aramed Tavis droze, gamoqveynebisTanave ase Seafasa mkiTxvelma
sazogadoebam... swored aRtacebis Rirsia am Txzulebis pirveli xanebi,
pirveli nawili; umsgavso, usicocxlo iyo ukanaskneli naxevari da
mkiTxvelmac ase igrZno, ase gansaja.~ 2 garkveulwilad, albaT, amanac
ubiZga kita abaSiZes, rom swored giorgi wereTlisaTvis miekuTvnebina
`uferuli realizmis~ warmomadgenloba. Cven vfiqrobT, rom misi
Semoqmedebis mravalmxrivoba zereloba ki araa, aramed avtori
dakvirvebuli TvaliT ucqeris qveyanas da mxatvruli Tu mecnieruli
gzebiT cdilobs mis ZiriTad amocanaTa garkvevas, romelic imdenad
sagulisxmoa, ramdenadac aq gamoCnda giorgi wereTlis originaluroba,
rac gamoarCevs mas `TegdaleulTa~ wridan. sruliad samarTlianad
aRniSnavda mkvlevari vaxtang kotetiSvili, rom `mas (g. wereTels) aqvs
sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi samflobelo, movlenaTa Taviseburi Segneba da
momavlis naTeli perspeqtiva... mis SemoqmedebaSi yoveli scena rasme
moralur, politikur Tu sxva WeSmaritebas gadmogvcems, yvelgan Cans an
mowoneba, an gakicxva, raTa yovelma moTxrobilma ambavma raRac
aswavlos mkiTxvels. es iyo im drois aucilebeli moTxovnileba, radgan
irgvliv erTgvari sicariele sufevda.~ 3 Cvenis mxriv davamatebT, rom
giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba TematikiT Raribia ara mwerlis
uniWobis gamo, rogorc zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, aramed maSindeli
qarTuli sinamdvilis gamo, romelsac igi Tavisi msoflmxedvelobidan
gamomdinare ver gaeqceoda da romelic Tavis mxriv TviTon iyo
erTferovani. amitomacaa, rom Tematuri siRaribe da erTferovneba
axasiaTebs XIX saukunis qarTul literaturas saerTod. sxva mwerlebTan
SedarebiT ki giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedeba ara Tu Raribia
1 a. wereTeli, „Cemi Tavgadasavali“, qarTuli proza, t.IX, gv.106, Tb.1985w.
2 n. nikolaZe, giorgi wereTlis I Sroma
3 v. kotetiSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, w.I, gv.128, Tb.1965w.
138
Tematurad,Paramed yvelaze mravalferovanic. sworad SeniSnavda mixeil
zandukeli, rom giorgi wereTeliA`Cvens literaturaSiAerT-erTi
pirvelia, romelmac ara marto igrZno Zvelisa da axali cxovrebis
gayris mwvave tkivilebi, aramed dainaxa, aiTvisa, gaigo, SesZlo Tavis
SemoqmedebiT laboratoriaSi maTi gadamuSaveba, mocema mkveTri da
niWieri realuri suraTis gadaSliTa da cocxali saxeebis galereiT
Tavis TxzulebebSi.~ 1
giorgi wereTels samwerlo da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba mouwia
feodalizmis rRvevisa da kapitalizmis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis dros.
es iyo periodi, roca Widili Zvelsa da axals Soris qarTuli
sinamdvilidan gamomdinare mimdinareobda ara bunebrivi cvalebadobis an
Sinagani gardaqmnis gziT, rogorc, magaliTad, dasavleT evropaSi,
aramed ufro meqanikuri, xelovnuri Zaldatanebis gziT, rac bunebrivia,
ver qmnis erTgvari Seguebis aucilebel ganwyobilebas. es iyo ara
burJuaziuli revolucia, aramed memamuluri xelisuflebis mier
iZulebiT da sanaxevrod gatarebuli reformebi, romelTac marTlac
moaxdines garkveuli gardaqmna, magram ara im efeqtis momcemi, romelic
pirovnebas aamaRlebda, aramed ufro gaurkvevel, erTgvarad komikur
situaciaSi Camyenebeli. ase mouvida Tavadaznaurobas batonymobis
gauqmebis Semdeg, roca jiutad, fuqsavaturi ampartavnobiT eWideboda
ukve arafris maqnis gvariSvilobas, Tumca niadaggamoclili da axali
cxovrebisaTvis sruliad moumzadebeli uSedegod aqeT-iqiT exeTqeboda
gamosavlis ZebnaSi. glexobamac, marTalia, piradi Tavisufleba da miwis
mcire nakveTic miiRo, magram fsiqologiurad isev ymad darCa da imasac
ki gaurboda, vinc misi keTildReobisaTvis fiqrobda. burJuaziam
moqmedebisaTvis ufro meti Tavisufleba miiRo, magram ara imdeni, rom
sazogadoebis winamZRol Zalad Camoyalibebuliyo. xolo inteligencia,
romelic gabatonebuli fenidan iyo gamosuli, Tumca gonebiT emijneboda
am wodebas, magram saqmiT ver miuaxlovda im fenas, romlisaTvisac
Teoriulad Tavs sdebda. marTalia, samocianelebma TavianTi
SesaZleblobis maqsimumi gaiRes sakuTari qveynisaTvis, magram mizani
mainc miuRweveli darCa. amitomac iyo albaT, rom niko nikolaZem Tavis
erT-erT werilSi `saaxalwlo godeba~ aseTi mkacri ganaCeni gamoutana
1 m.zandukeli, Txzulebani, t.me-5, gv.196, Tb.1962w.
139
Tavis Taobas: `Cveni Taoba Sercxva xalxis win, Sercxva miT, rom gamodga
xalxis umecrebis eqspluatatorad, xalxis ubedurebis mosargebleT,.. mis
magier, rom imas esargebla saqveyno yrilobiT xalxis gonebis
asamaRleblad, mis magier, rom imas eZebna marto sazogado sikeTe, piradi
sargeblobis daviwyebiT, am Taobam daiviwya yvelaferi, rasac uwin
ambobda. iman isargebla sazogado umecrebiT da Tvali auxvia uimisodac
dabrmavebul xalxs.~ swored umecrebiT dabrmavebuli xalxisaTvis
Tvalis axelas cdilobda giorgi wereTeli mTeli Tavisi mxatvruli
SemoqmedebiTa Tu praqtikuli moRvaweobiT.
Ggiorgi wereTeli mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam gaicno publicisturi
weriliT `ciskars ra akakanebda,~ romelic 1863 wels gamoqveynda
`saqarTvelos moambeSi.~ masSi mweralma Camoayaliba Tavisi Sexebulebebi
mwerlisa da mwerlobis movaleoba-daniSnulebaze: `mwerali aris erTi
Tavis sazogadoebis wevrTagani, erTi im pirTagani, romlebis krebas
Seadgens sazogadoeba. es aris sazogadoebis tanjvisa da Svebis
TanamgrZnobeli. raSi mdgomareobs misi Rvawli sazogadoebis winaSe? –
aCvenos sazogadoebas Tavisi azri im naklulevanebis Sesaxeb, uCvenos
imgvari saSualebani, romlebic misi fiqriT saukeTesoni arian am
naklulevanebis mosaspoblad.~ 1 amiT giorgi wereTelma uaryo `ciskris~
publicistis debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom mwerali aris xalxis mama da
misi qmedebis warmmarTveli. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom igi
TiTqos amcirebdes Semoqmedis rols sazogadoebaSi, rogorc es zogierT
mkvlevars miaCnia, upirispirebs ra giorgi wereTlis debulebas mwerlis
sazogadoebis wevrobaze, ilia WavWavaZis Sexebulebas mxatvruli
sityvis ostatze, rogorc eris winamZRolze (`RmerTTan misTvis
vlaparakob, rom waruZRve wina ersa~). amas adasturebs Tundac Semdegi
nawyveti `mgzavris wignebidan:~ `Cven ar unda vamcirebdeT umaRless Cvens
am soflad movlenasa egreTi gulis ganazebiTa da sisustiTa. raT
daviviwyeT Cveni movaleoba da mizani Cvenis sicocxlisa?... Cven mxolod
jer unda vibrZodeT pirispir yovlisa siborotisa, usamarTlobisa da
daCagvrisa, vidremdis ar amovTxriT qveynad yovelsa am uwmindurebasa
Zirianad. vidremdis ar movfenT mTlad saqarTvelosa swavlisa naTelsa,
1 gwereTeli, „ciskars ra akakanebda?“, krebuli „qarTuli literaturis kritikis
istoriisaTvis“ (Semdgeneli s.xuciSvili) 1-li, Tb.1954w. gv.328
140
ar ganvabnevT bnelsa da ar aRvadgenT Cvens sazogadoebasa, esreT
mwareT dacemulsa.~ 1 yovelive es, cxadia, ar ZaluZs sazogadoebis
mxolod rigiT wevrs. aseTi ram rCeulTa xvedria, Tan ara erTisa da
oris. ubralod giorgi wereTels gazviadebulad miaCnia `molaybis~ (iv.
kereseliZe) debuleba, rom `mwerali aris mama xalxisa~ da aseT gagebas
`ugnur ganmartebas~ uwodebs, radgan miaCnia, rom mwerali sazogadoebis
Svilia, xalxis wiaRSia aRzrdili da mWidro uerTierTobaSi imyofeba
masTan. aqedan gamomdinare igi ara marto aswavlis, aramed TviTonac
swavlobs xalxisagan.
maSasadame, mwerali, giorgi wereTlis azriT, ara Tu unda
eTiSebodes sazogadoebas, aramed misi erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri unda iyos.
ar varga is poeti, romelic `yovels kacs zemodan dascqeris ufro
sibralulis grZnobiT, vidre Tavis Tanaswors arsebas.~ mwerali
sazogadoebis `tanjvis da Svebis TanamgrZnobeli~ unda iyos; igi xalxs
unda emsaxurebodes da xels uwyobdes sazogadoebis Semdgom progressa
da gaviTarebas. 2 amgvari warmodgena literaturisa da mwerlis
daniSnuleba-movaleobaze saerToa yvela samocianelisaTvis da Cven
veranair sxvaobas ver vxedavT am sakiTxs garSemo giorgi wereTlis da
sxva `TergdaleulTa~ Sexedulebebs Soris, rogorc es zogierT
mkvlevars (mag. v. vaxania) miaCnia.
xelovneba, literatura sazogadoebas unda emsaxurebodes, mas unda
Sehqondes xalxSi cocxali azrebi da mowinave idebi; igi unda uCvenebdes
sazogadoebas gzas momavlisaken da mouwodebdes arsebuli
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis gardaqmnisaken. is, rasac publicisti
argumentaciiT amtkicebs, xelovnebam unda gamosaxos mimzidveli
ferebiT. aq politikasa da xelovnebas, publicistikasa da esTetikas
Soris SesaZlebelia naTesauri kavSiri gaidos. erTica da meorec erTsa
da imave ideebs emsaxureboda, mxolod sxvadasxva saSualebebiTa da
meTodebiT. amiT giorgi wereTelma sazogadoebriv-politikuri momenti
Seitana xelovnebasa da esTetikaSi.
xelovnebis ZiriTadi mizani, giorgi wereTlis azriT, sinamdvilis
mxatvrul asaxvaSi mdgomareobs. `Tavi kanoni esTetikisa, _ ambobs igi
1 g.wereTeli, „mgzavris wignebi,“ ix. qarTuli proza, t.me-10 gv.691, Tb.1985w.
2 s.avaliani, g.wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, gv.132
141
erT-erT werilSi, _ aris cxovrebis suraTis sityviT gacocxleba.~
xelovneba da maT Soris literatura namdvil cxovrebas unda asaxavdes
da ara iseT obieqtebs, romlebic mxolod warmosaxvisa da fantaziis
nayofs warmoadgens. rodesac xelovneba uars acxadebs realuri
cxovrebis asaxvaze, an damaxinjebulad warmoadgens mas, maSin `irRveva
Tavi kanoni esTetikisa~ da xelovneba veRar asrulebs Tavis
daniSnulebas.
xelovneba, romelic ar asaxavs realur sinamdviles, ara marto
usargebloa progresisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed mavnec, radgan xels
uSlis adamians bunebis kanonzomierebis SemecnebaSi. ararealuri
xelovneba adamianis gonebas abnelebs, SecdomaSi Sehyavs igi da
yovelmxriv abrkolebs WeSmaritebis Semecnebas, adamianis codnis
gaRrmavebasa da ganviTarebas. amis sailustraciod giorgi wereTels
mohyavs sagmiro eposis magaliTi: `rodesac Tvals gadavavlebT im TiTo-
orola Txzulebas, rac rusTavelamdis da imis dros SeuTxzavT, Cven
gagvakvirvebs am Txzulebebis uSveri da umsgavso suraTebi, romelTa
msgavsi zRaprad Tu sadme ipoeba, Torem cxadad arsad ar aris. is veeba
cxraTaviani devebi, is grZneuli kacebi... sul bunebis movleniT
SeSinebuli kacis gonebis moWorebulia... amisTana mdgomareobaSi kaci
kargaT veRar gaicnobs bunebis movlenas. am saxiT saca eris
gamoxatuleba bunebis kanonebis winaaRmdegia, poeturi suraTebi cru da
eris gonebis SemaSinebelia, iq namdvili codnis SeZena da mecnierebis
mopoeba SeuZlebelia.~ 1
giorgi wereTlis azriT, xelovnebis WeSmariti qmnileba
sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgens, es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis mxatvrul
literaturaze. masSi mocemuli tipebi realuri adamianebi unda iyvnen da
ara fuWi fantaziis nayofi. am mxriv giorgi wereTeli maRal Sefasebas
aZlevs `vefxistyaosans,~ radgan misi gmirebi iseTia, rogorc
sinamdvileSi xdeba. `aq aris aRwerili mxolod kacis namdvili
gulisTqma da garemdebare buneba. TviT is qajebic ki, romlebic
asaxulia am TxzulebaSi realurad arsebul adamianTa tipebs
warmoadgenen. es grZneuli pirebic ki iseTi kacebi arian, iseTi
1 g.wereTeli, daviT guramiSvili da imis wina droebi, amowerilia s.avalianis wignidan
„g.wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba,“ gv.128
142
gulisTqma aqvT da ise itanjebian, rogorc Cven; imaTi grZneba mxolod
is aris, rom uswavlel kacze ufro meti ician da meti moxerxebac aqvT.~1
giorgi wereTeli swored imaSi xedavs SoTa rusTavelis udides
damsaxurebas, rom man pirvelad qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi aCvena
garemomcveli buneba ara rogorc saSiSi ram, aramed rogorc
keTilismyofeli da gonebis `sawvrTneli~ mniSvnelobis mqone.
xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze Tavisi
Sexeduleba giorgi wereTelma kidev ufro mkafiod gamoTqva erT-erT
kritikul statiaSi – `xafangi,~ drama oTx moqmedebad mevelesi,~
romelic daiwera 1894 wels `mevelis~ (d. miqelaZe) winaaRmdeg. masSi Cveni
mwerali Tvlis, rom literatura da xelovneba saerTod mxolod maSin
aris sazogadoebis winsvlisaTvis xelis Semwyobi, roca dakavSirebulia
cxovrebasTan da `zedmiwevnili~ simarTliT asaxavs mas: `rodesac igi
aRmoxatavs namdvilad, zedmiwevnili simarTliT cxovrebis viTarebas, mis
gulis tkivils, mis gulis Wrilobas, rom sazogadoebam da mTelma erma
samarTlianad eZios wamali Tavisi satkivarisa da damauZlurebeli
senisagan Tavi ganikurnos, ai, maSin hqvia mas namdvili xelovneba, es igi
realuri xelovneba.~ 2 giorgi wereTlisaTvis miuRebelia, ufro metic,
mavnebelia iseTi literatura, romelic cxovrebiseul sinamdviles
iseTnairad ki ar asaxavs, rogorc aris, aramed ise, rogorc xelovanis
azriT sasurvelia iyos. iseT mimdinareobas literaturaSi igi
`tendenciur mimarTulebas~ uwodebs da mTlianad emijneba mas
Teoriulad mainc.
xelovneba da mecniereba erTsa da imave mizans emsaxureba _ esaa
adamianis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, magram am miznis miRwevis
meTodi, misi ganxorcielebis gza TiToeuli maTgans sxvadasxva aqvs,
Tumca orive sinamdvilis kanonzomierebas asaxavs da xsnis. mecnieruli
Semecneba cnebebis saSualebiT warmoebs, ris Sedegs garkveuli
Teoriuli codna warmoadgens. es codna xalxs unda emsaxurebodes, raTa
arsebuli viTareba gaumjobesdes. amisTvis ki, uwinaresad, saWiroa misi
1 g.wereTeli, daviT guramiSvili da imis wina droebi, amowerilia s.avalianis wignidan
„g.wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba,“ gv.129
2 g.wereTeli, „xafangi,“ drama oTx moqmedebad mevelesi,“ ix. krebuli „g.wereTeli
Teatris Sesaxeb,“ gv.121, Tb.1955w.
143
xalxSi gavrceleba, popularizacia. es ki literaturis saqmea. xelovneba
swored iqidan iwyebs Tavis saqmianobas, sadac mecniereba amTavrebs.
mwerali garkveuli mecnieruli ideebiT xelmZRvanelobs, romelsac igi
xorcs asxams mecnierebis mier SemuSavebuli abstraqtuli cnebebis
mxatvrul TvalsaCinoebamde dayvaniT. amiT igi xels uwyobs codnis
gavrcelebas da aCqarebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis
process. realobis `zedmiwevnili~ simarTliT asaxva literaturas
saSualebas aZlevs miuTiTos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli uaryofili mxareebis gaumjobesebis gzebsa da
saSualebebze. xelovneba unda iyos ara gasarTobi, drois gasatarebeli
saSualeba, aramed adamianis kulturuli moRvaweobis iseTi sfero,
romelic xels Seuwyobs kacobriobis Semdgom progress. `wminda
xelovnebis~ Teoriis sapirispirod giorgi wereTeli sruliad
garkveulad da aSkarad icavs realistur xelonebas, `xelovnebas
cxovrebisaTvis.~
giorgi wereTeli Zalze did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Sinaarsisa da
formis Sesabamisobas. iq, sadac es erTianoba darRveulia, saqme gvaqvs
ara namdvil xelovnebasTan, aramed `moWoril tendenciasTan.“ fsevdo-
klasikuri mwerloba xelovnebis mizans mxolod esTetikur tkbobaSi
xedavs da arsebiTad yalb niadagze dgeba, riTac `dakarga cxovrebaSi
Tavisi mniSvneloba da xalxis cxovrebisagan ganSorebulma, man ver
SesZlo misTvisve gamoekvlia gonieri da safuZvliani sawyisebi,
romelzedac magrad unda dafuZnebuliyo momavali politikuri
wyobileba.~ am konkretul magaliTze giorgi wereTeli aseT daskvnas
akeTebs: `mavnebelia literatura da poezia, rodesac is ar msaxurebs
xalxis cxovrebas, atarebs droebas fuW deklamaciaSi, rodesac
gadaRebaSi, nametur amgvar ganaTlebis mxareebis, rogorc poezia da
literatura, misi gadmomRebi xelmZRvanelobs erT garegan brkiala
saxiT da ver scnobs mis marTals mniSvnelobas, mis Sinagan azrs,
uromlisodac TviT elvare forma fuWia da mavnebeli.~ 1 ase werda
mwerali jer kidev 1963 wels `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi _
„ciskars ra akakanebda,~ romelSic man mkacrad gaakritika idealisturi
1 g.wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.1-li, gv.14
144
esTetikis Teoria da mis nacvlad xelovnebis materialisturi da
realisturi principebi daicva.
giorgi wereTlis `Seuferavi realizmis,~ misi esTetikuri Teoriis
amosavali debuleba is aris, rom xelovneba, kerZod literatura, unda
asaxavdes bunebisa da sazogadoebis realur cxovrebas. am SemTxvevaSi
igi emyareboda Tavisi maswavleblis nikolai CerniSevskis debulebas,
rom `xelovneba aris sinamdvilis xelaxla warmoqmna... xelovnebis
pirveli daniSnuleba, romelic uklebliv mis yvela nawarmoebs ekuTvnis,
_ bunebis da cxovrebis gadmoReba, xelaxla warmoqmnaa.~ 1 am mxriv
giorgi wereTeli araviTar gansxvavebas ar xedavda xelovnebasa da
mecnierebas Soris. `mxatvruli literatura, _ ambobda igi, _ iseTive
miznebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes cxovrebaSi, rogorc yoveli zusti
mecniereba: cxovrebaze uSualo dakvirvebis gziT man unda mosZebnos
WeSmariteba.~ amasTan, mwerlis azriT, xelovneba mxolod daaxloebiT
asaxavs cxovrebaSi ufro sruli saxiT arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs.
`...kacobriobis civilizaciam, _ werda igi, _ Seqmna saxviTi xelovneba,
ferwera, qandakeba da poezia. yoveli maTgani cdilobs asaxos TviT
cxovreba, Tumca yoveli maTgani, rogorc calke, ise erTad uZluria
savsebiT miaRwios im mTavar mizans _ mTavari mizani cxovrebis cocxali
tipebis asaxvaa: magram raki maT ar SeuZliaT savsebiT ganaxorcielon
TavianTi mowodeba, kmayofildebian mxolod daaxloebiT SesrulebiT...~ 2
aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom bunebrivi mSveniereba ufro
sruli da maRalia, vidre xelovnebiseuli. aqac giorgi wereTeli
mTlianad eTanxmeba nikolai CerniSevskis. aqedanve gamomdinareobs misi
Sexeduleba tipisa da tipurobis Sesaxeb. `mxatvari movalea mogvces
TviT cxovrebis saxe misi garemomcveli yvela garemoebiT ise, rogorc
igi aris, raTa miviRoT misi yvelaze marTali asaxva. masSi TiToeuli
piri ukve TavisTavad tipia; mas atyvia Rrma anabeWdi im cxovrebisa,
romelmac es piri Seqmna. aRuricxvelad mraval aseT pirTa rigSi arian
iseTebi, romlebic cxovrebis mTlian SemadgenlobaSi mTeli TaviT
maRla dganan sxva maT msgavsebze.~ 3 xelovnebam realuri cxovrebis
yvela movlena, didic da mcirec, bunebrivad unda asaxos. amasTan, giorgi 1 n.CerniSevski, rCeuli filosofiuri Txzulebebi, gv.405-406
2 g.wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.1-li, gv.195
3 g.wereTeli, Лекции в кружке Г.Палъма и Ерицова
145
wereTlis azriT, es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos yvela movlena tipuri
iyos. tipuria ganzogadebuli realoba, romelic arsebobda, arsebobs an
iarsebebs. `me minda agiwero iseTi qveyana, romelic arc im adgils
aCvenebdes, sadac Cemgan moxsenebuli ambavi moxda, arc dros, roca
moxda, arc gvamebs, vinc moaxdina. moxda ganusazRvrels alags, uJamod,
ese igi SeiZleba momxdariyos, axlac xdebodes da Tu axla ara, SeiZleba
SemdegSi moxdes; SeiZleba aravis moexdinos da isic SeiZleba yvelas
moexdinos; SeiZleba arsad ar momxdariyos da isic SeiZleba, yvelgan
momxdariyos.~ 1 amave sakiTxze mwerali sxvagan werda: `mwerals SeuZlian
gamoiyvanos xolme Tavis TxzulebaSi imisTana gvami, romlis msgavsic
bevri ipoeba sazogadoebaSi, an imisTana gvami, romelic amJamad
samagaliToa sazogadoebisaTvis; da Tu axla ara, Semdegs ufro
gamjobinebuls cxovrebaSi mainc SesaZlebelia amgvari pirebis
arseboba.~2 magram giorgi wereTels yovelive arsebuli an SesaZlebeli
ar miaCnia tipurad. tipuris ufro arsebiT niSnad miCneulia is, rom tipi
aris mraval msgavs movlenaTa ganzogadebuli jami. `xelovnebis
romelsame nawarmoebisagan Cven viTxovT tips (sazogado SemkreblobiTis
movlenis nayofs) da ara gankerZoebuls (SemTxveviTs movlinebas)~ –
werda igi erT-erT werilSi. tipisa da tipuris aseTi daxasiaTeba, Cveni
azriT, principSi mTlianad emTxveva ilia WavWavaZisa da sxva
`TergdaleulTa~ Sexedulebas am sakiTxze. magram aq
gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoeba – giorgi wereTeli upiratesobas
aniWebda `cocxal tips,~ e.i. realuri cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan
aRebuls, xolo ilia WavWavaZe ufro mxatvruli gamonagonis gziT
Seqmnils, romelic cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis ganzogadebis saSualebiT
iyo miRebuli. albaT, amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom ilia WavWavaZis
gmirebs xSirad konkretuli gvar-saxelebi ar gaaCnia. aseTia, magaliTad,
myinvarze mdgomi moxuci (`aCrdili~), qarTlis deda (`qarTvlis deda~),
zaqros mama, zaqros batoni, meurme (`kako yaCaRi~), gandegili, mwyemsi
qali (`gandegili~) da mravali sxva. xSiria agreTve SemTxveva, roca esa
Tu is personaJi marto saxeliTaa gamoyvanili gabro, zaqro, daTiko,
pepia, kiazo, arCili, keso da sxva. yovelive es mkvlevar v. vaxanias
1 g.wereTeli, moTxrobebi, gv.5, Tb.1939w.
2 `droeba”,N #35, 1867w.
146
SemTxveviTobad ki ar miaCnia, aramed sistemad, romliTac ilia WavWavaZe
Taviseburad Sordeba empiriul sinamdviles da zogadisaken miiswrafvis.
amiT mwerali udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxatvrul fantazias,
gamonagons, rogorc zogadis Seqmnis safuZvelsa da aucilebel pirobas.1
e.i. ilia WavWavaZe sinamdvileze dakvirvebis Sedegad sakuTari mxatvruli
fantaziiT qmnis realuri cxovrebis ganzogadebul saxe-tips. maSin, roca
giorgi wereTeli konkretuli sinamdvilidan iRebs zogadis Tvisebebis
matarebel konkretul `cocxal tips~ da sxvadasxva garemosa Tu
garemoebaSi moqceviT TandaTan aniWebs mas tipurisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs. albaT amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom giorgi wereTlis
personaJebis did nawils prototipi hyavda TanamedroveTa Soris. amis
magaliTia Tundac mwerlis iseTi Txzuleba, rogoricaa `kikoliki,
Cikoliki da kudabzika.~ kikoliki igive nikoloz RoRoberiZea, `droebis~
erT-erTi damaarsebeli, SemdgomSi Savi qvis mrewveli da qvelmoqmedi,
saRaTa _ Tavad avtori, da a.S.. msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana kidev
SeiZleboda.
aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac, kerZod is, rom giorgi
wereTeli gmirisa xasiaTisa da idealis srulyofili Cvenebis mizniT
sxva mxatvrul xerxebTan erTad xSirad mimarTavs xelovnurad mogonili,
e.w. metyveli, anu mimaniSnebeli gvar-saxelebis gamoyenebas. amgvari
mxatvruli xerxi ucnobia rogorc Zveli, ise XIX saukunis pirveli
naxevris qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis, rac gvaZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas,
rom CvenSi misi SemoReba mivaweroT rusuli literaturis gavlenas.
metyveli gvar-saxelebi qarTul mwerlobaSi pirvelad giorgi erisTavma
da misma mowafem zurab antonovma gamoiyenes. esenia: vziatkini,
arzamanovi, dabaRovi (g. erisTavi); pintriSiZe, Rrebakovi (z. antonovi) da
sxv., magram piesebis msvlelobaSi personaJTa gvarebi arsad ixsenieba.
isini sinamdvileSi warmoadgenen remarkebs, riTac avtori Sesabamisi
rolis Semsrulebels uadvilebs gmiris saxis gagebas.
xelovnurad mogonil gvars, romelsac garkveuli ideuri
datvirTva gaaCnia, SeiZleba iTqvas, qarTul literaturaSi pirvelad
vxvdebiT lavrenti ardazianis `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilSi.~ esaa
1 v. vaxania, realizmis sakiTxebi qarTvel samocianelTa esTetikaSi, gv.70
147
Tavad mejRanuaSvili, romelic am gmiris socialur warmomavlobaze
migviTiTebs, aseve raindiZe _ aleqsandresa da mamamisis keTilSobiluri,
rainduli bunebis misaniSneblad da gamwkepaviZe. es ukanaskneli araa
gmiris xasiaTisa Tu idealis mimaniSnebeli, magram mas garkveuli ideuri
datvirTva gaaCnia. swored sosia gamwkepaviZesTan Sexvedram Seitana
mniSvnelovani gardatexa solomon mejRanuaSvilis cxovrebaSi da fulis
Sovnas daxarbebuli Cveulebrivi CarCi aqcia Tbilisis erT-erT
gamorCeul moqalaqed Tavisi materialuri mdgomareobiT. aki TviTonve
ambobs solomoni: `oh, gamwkepaviZe! gmadlob, rom Senis erTi danaxviT
gamwkipe da gonebaze momiyvane.~ 1
xelovnurad mogonili gvar-saxelebi qarTul mwerlobaSi arc
kritikuli realizmis damamkvidrebelT ilia WavWavaZesaE da akaki
wereTels gamouyenebiaT. samagierod maT sakmaod farTod da
moxerxebulad iyenebda giorgi wereTeli, rac misi mxatvruli meTodis
originalobiTa da TaviseburebiT unda aixsnas. metyvel gvar-saxelebs
vxvdebiT am mwerlis TiTqmis yvela mxatvrul TxzulebaSi. esenia:
kvimataZe, gaZarculaZe, xarbia, tvinTxelaZe (`Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~);
kudabzika, soflis saxelebi – glaxaTubani, mwiris ubani (`mgzavris
werilebi~ da mravali sxva. magram am mxriv gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis
Rirsia mwerlis erT-erTi saukeTeso moTxroba `ruxi mgeli.~ am
moTxrobis mTavar gmirs avTandil kvimataZes misi xasiTisa da xasiaTidan
gamomdinare saqcielis Sesaferisad mezoblebma `ruxi mgeli~ uwodes.
avtorma es Serqmeuli saxeli airCia moTxrobis saTauradac. avTandilis
gvari kvimataZe TavisTavadac metyvelebs personaJis xasiaTze, magram
mwerali amas ar dasjerda da damatebiT ruxi mgelic daanaTla misive
swrafvebis mgluri bunebis misaniSnebelad. aseTivea meqrTame advokatis
samsonis gvari `jibiaSvili,~ romelic sistematuri ugvano saqcieliT
srulad ganasaxierebs sakuTari gvaris Sinaarss. nawarmoebis gmirTa
moqmedebis garemos saxelic `sawioke mTa~ aseve mudmivi Sexla-Semoxlisa
da dawiokebis mimaniSnebelia.
am mxriv aseve aRsaniSnavia giorgi wereTlis socialuri romani
`pirveli nabiji,~ romelic qarTuli realisturi prozis mniSvnelovani
SenaZenia.AamATxzulebaSi metyveliYgvar-saxelebia: `jgirkoCa~ da
1 XIX s. qarTuli mwerloba, gv.216, Tb. 1979w.
148
`wunkala.~ `jgirkoCa~ megrul enaze karg kacs niSnavs, magram, roca
meqrTame boqaulisa da misi saqcielis Sefaseba xdeba mkiTxvelis mier,
misTvis Serqmeul am saxels mxolod satiruli da sasacilo Sinaarsi
eZleva. boqaulma jgirkoCam danaSaulis gazviadebiT daaSina, gaabriyva
da maxeSi gaaba TviT moxerxebuli baxva fulavac ki da `ocdaaTi Tumani
aswapna~ mas. boqauli samarTlianobis damcvelad manamde aCvenebs
adamianebs Tavs, sanam qrTams gamosZalavs, mere ki aRarc daanaSauli
axsovs da arc sindisi awuxebs. amitomac eniWeba mis metsaxels satiruli
xasiaTi. boqaulis saqciels, mis xasiaTs Tu kaikacurs vuwodebT, maSin
flidobas, farisevlobas, usamarTlobasa da usindisobas sikeTed
vaRiarebT. es ki dauSvebelia da amitom aSkaraa, rom mwerali am saxeliT
dascinis jgirkoCas da msgavsTa misTa zneobas.
aseTive zneobis, oRons ufro farTo gaqanebis mqonea veqili
wunkalac, gvarad CafxutaZe, romelic `mrudsa da marTals tyavs aZrobs,~
aravis indobs, radgan miaCnia, rom mxolod amgvari saqcieliTaa
SesaZlebeli cxovreba. wunkalam xelSi Caigdo cxovrebaze
gulacruebuli martod darCenili baxva fulava da roca Tavi qudSi Tu
CafxutSi daigula (baxvam igi Tavisi qonebis oficialur memkvidred
aRiara), ZaRlis mier gamoxruli ZvaliviT miagdo igi. `jandabamdisac gza
gqonia. Sen CemTvis aRar xar saWiro.~ – am sityvebiT gaacila wunkalam
ufskrulis gzaze Semdgari baxva fulava. ai, ase marTlac wunkali
saqcieliT amarTlebs advokati mwerlis mier Serqmeul saxels _
`wunkala.~ amiT igi wunkalisa da wunkalaobis seniT Sepyrobil
sasamarTlo da ara marto sasamarTlo moxeleebis zogad satirul
Sinaarss gamoxatavs. zemoT aRniSnuli gvaZlevs imisi Tqmis uflebas,
rom metyveli gvar-saxelebis gamoyenebiT giorgi wereTeli aRwevs
konkretulis ganzogadeba-tipizacias.
swored tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxSi iCens Tavs is arsebiTi
gansxvaveba, rac arsebobs ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis
esTetikur naazrevs Soris, anu `SekeTebul,~ `Seferil~ realizmsa da
`Seuferav~ realizms Soris. swored amis gamo iwunebda meoredaseli
giorgi wereTeli pirveldaseli ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas. `luarsabi
da darejani ufro karikaturas warmoadgenen batonis da qalbatonis
tipebisas, vidre xelovnuri xerxiT warmoSobils, cocxals erTnair
149
bunebaSi da garemoebaSi Seqmnil tipiur arsebas.~ 1 – werda giorgi
wereTeli Tavis werilSi `kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba.~ am
kuTxiT iwunebs igi ilia WavWavaZis sxva Txzulebebsac. movigonoT is
garemoebac, rom am TvalsazrisiT iwunebda niko nikolaZec amave mwerlis
`glaxis naambobs,~ Tumca `kacia-adamiani~ `Seuferavi realizmis~ nimuSad
aqvs miCneuli. Cvenc am SemTxvevaSi ar veTanxmebiT giorgi wereTels,
Tumca migvaCnia, rom aseTi mkacri Sefaseba polemikuri simwvaviT iyo
ganpirobebuli da ara ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis saerTo
miuReblobiT.
giorgi wereTeli fiqrobs, rom ilia WavWavaZe da saerTod
pirveldaselebi sinamdvilesTan midian da mis asaxvas iwyeben winaswar
SemuSavebuli ideiT, garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT da am ideas,
mizandasaxulobas argeben nawarmoebis mTel Sinaarss. magram sinamdvile
adamianTa, Tundac mwerlis ideaTa Targze rodia mowyobili. amitom aseT
SemTxvevaSi mxatvari iZulebuli xdeba Zala daatanos mas (sinamdviles)
da, ase vTqvaT, xelovnurad, ZaldatanebiT moargos mis mier adre
Camoyalibebul azrs. swored esaa mizezi imisa, rom giorgi wereTlis
azriT, mkiTxveli ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebSi xedavs SekeTebul,
Selamazebul sinamdviles da ar namdvil sinamdviles, sinamdviles,
rogorc aris. misi rwmeniT, azri TviT sinamdvileSia obieqturad
mocemuli, ufro sworad, `TviT cxovreba da misi movlena igive azri da
idea aris,~ da, maSasadame, saWiro ar aris am ideis garedan Setana,
aramed sakmarisia Rrmad SeviswavloT sinamdvile da iqidan gamovitanoT
azri, idea. ase iqcevian meoredaselebi da amitomac maTi realizmi
namdvili, Seuferavi da SeukeTebeliao – askvnis giorgi wereTeli.
amrigad, ideidan sinamdvilisaken (pirveldaselebi) da
sinamdvilidan ideisaken (meoredaselebi). pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
SekeTebul, Seferil realizmTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – SeukeTebel,
Seuferav realizmTan, rac principSi medlis or mxares warmoadgens. e.i.
tipisa da tipurobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi
wereTlis Sexedulebebs Soris saqme gvaqvs ara principul sxvobasTan,
aramed ufro sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxva gziT, gnebavT, meTodiT
midgomasTan, rac, Cveni azriT, ar cvlis TviT sakiTxis ZiriTad arss,
1 g. wereTeli, kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba,” `kvali,” #46, Tb.1897w
150
rom tipi da tipuri warmoadgens saerTo-sayovelTaosa Tu zogadis
konkretulSi moqcevas. aqve gvinda avRniSnoT isic, rom arc ilia
WavWavaZe iyo mainc da mainc maRali Sexedulebisa giorgi wereTlis
Semoqmedebaze. saubrobs ra poetur fantaziaze, romlis meoxebiTac
`aryofili yofilad~ iqceva, rogorc es, magaliTad, `vefxistyaosanSia,~
iqve SoTas poemis sapirispirod ilia WavWavaZe asaxelebs giorgi
wereTlis `rux mgelsa~ da `gulqans,~ rogorc zegardmoSTagonebas
moklebul nawarmoebebs.
giorgi wereTeli winaaRmdegia aseve literaturaSi SiSveli
tendenciurobis damkvidrebisa, radgan es ukanaskneli momaswavebelia
`literaturis ganSorebisa cxovrebisagan.~ `mavnebelia is literatura
da xelovneba, _ werda giorgi wereTeli Tavis werilSi `Cveni saxioba,~ _
romelic ikvlevs da aRmoxatavs iseTs suraTs ki ara, romelic
namdvilad cxovrebaSia, aramed iseTs, romelic ar arsebobs, magram, misi
azriT, sasurvelia, rom iyo. aseTs mimarTulebas literaturaSi da
xelovnebaSi ewodeba tendenciuri mimarTuleba.~ 1 swored es tendencia
ar aZlevs mwerals sinamdvilis swori, marTali asaxvis saSualebas.
amitomac, Semcdari mimarTulebis gamo miaCnia giorgi wereTels mevelis
(d. miqelaZe) drama `xafangi~ sust nawarmoebad. `aseTi Catexili xidis
gamTeleba da batonymobas Soris wodebrivi gankerZoebis mospobis nimuSi,
_ wers igi, _ mTeli `oTaraanT qvrivic~ aris Seqmnili. magram... aseTi
mosazreba mxolod im mweralTa keTilSobiluri guliswadilis nayofia
da ara namdvili cxovrebis suraTi. amas hqvia tendencia da am tendencias
Tund keTilSobiluri rom daarqvaT, Tu aseTi ram TviT cxovrebis
viTarebaSi ar aris, gamodis ubralo Tavis motyuebad.~ 2 unda aRiniSnos
is garemoebac, rom ramdenad sakamaToc ar unda iyos giorgi wereTlis
amgvari Sexeduleba ilias `oTaraanT qvrivze,~ aSkaraa misi, rogorc
kritikosis, maxvili mzera. amave werilSi giorgi wereTeli
tendenciurobis gamo iwunebs e. gabaSvilis piesas `bedi muxTalTa.~
samagierod iwonebs z. gulisaSvilis Txzulebas `cxovreba brZolaa,~
miuxedavad imisa, rom am piesis avtors, rogorc `dramaturgs aklia
dramatuli scenis codna... TviT drama, rogorc xelovnurad
1 g. wereTeli, `Cveni saxioba,” krebuli `g. wereTeli Teatris Sesaxeb,” gv.113. Tb.1955w.
2 iqve, gv.131
151
damuSavebuli Txzuleba, Zalian sustobs; igi arc kia drama,~ misi
warmodgena mainc `Cveni qarTuli scenis dResaswauli Seiqna~ da es
imitom, rom piesa iZleva `Cveni Tavadaznaurobis axlandeli cxovrebis
namdvil suraTs,~ gviCvenebs `namdvili qarTuli xasiaTiT aRbeWdil
tipebs.~ 1 am SemTxvevaSi gvagondeba n. CerniSevskis werili `не начало ли
перемены,~ romelSic igi iwonebs n. uspenskis aseve mxatvrulad sust
nawarmoebebs, romlebic ar gamoirCevian arc fsiqologiuri analiziT,
arc xasiaTebisa da tipebis daxatviT, ufro metic, maT did nawils
siuJetic ki ar gaaCnia, imitom rom O`oн пишет о нарoде правду, без всяких
прикрас.~ 2
es, ra Tqma unda, araa apolitikurobisa da obieqtivizmis qadageba
da arc gadaxra naturalizmisaken, rogorc zogierT mkvlevars surs
warmoaCinos. amas adasturebs Tundac giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli
Semoqmedeba, sadac ara erTgzis Cans mwerlis tendencia Tu simpatia-
antipatia. vfiqrobT, rom amgvari Sexedulebebis safuZveli saZiebelia
mwerlis `sabunebismetyvelo-mecnierul materializmSi.~
giorgi wereTlis naturalizmisaken gadaxris erT-erT maCveneblad
miaCniaT is, rom misTvis misaRebia xelovnebaSi sabunebismetyvelo, anu
realur mecnierebaTa, kerZod, fiziologiisa da anatomiis meTodebis
danergva. magram aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, rom Cveni
mwerali kritikul-publicistur werilebSi arsad ar aRiarebs
biologiuri sawyisebis upiratesobas socialurTan SedarebiT, maSin
roca naturalizmi swored biologiur sawyisebs aniWebs prioritets.
naturalistebi adamians gvixataven ara rogorc socialur individs,
aramed rogorc iseT suliers, romlis xasiaTsa da ganwyobilebas
ganapirobeben fiziologiuri da memkvidreobiTi monacemebi. amave dros,
maTi azriT, garemos zegavlena iseTi dauZleveli faqtoria, romelic
moazrovne subieqts gzas uketavs damoukidebeli moqmedebisaken,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mxolod garemo zemoqmedebs adamianze da ara
piriqiT. giorgi wereTeli cnobs garemosa da adamianis
urTierTzemoqmedebas, radgan adamiani fsiqologiurTan erTad
1 g. wereTeli, `Cveni saxioba,” krebuli `g. wereTeli Teatris Sesaxeb,” gv. 161-163,
Tb.1955w.
2 n. CerniSevski, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t.VIII, gv.856
152
socialuri individicaa, romelsac mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel
pirovnul niSnebTan erTad gaaCnia zogadadamianuri, sazogadoebrivi
mniSvnelobis mqone Tvisebebic. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom adre 70-
80-ian wlebSi emil zolas esTetikuri Teoriis zogierTi nawiliT
aRfrTovanebuli giorgi wereTeli 90-ian wlebSi akritikebs kidec frang
romanists da naturalizmis mamamTavars. igi zolas realizms `ultra
realizms~ uwodebs. `es iyo ukiduresi, gadamatebuli azri, xelovnebis
daniSnulebaze gamoTqmuli. TiTqmis geniosi zolac ver ascda am
gavlenis cuds mxares.~
amrigad, giorgi wereTlis esTetikuri naazrevi saerTo jamSi
principulad ar gansxvavdeba ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, niko
nikolaZis Tu sxva qarTveli samocianelis esTetikur-Teoriuli
Sexedulebebisagan. Tumca maT Soris SeiniSneba garkveuli sxvaoba ama Tu
im sakiTxisadmi midgomis meTodologiaSi, magram es Zireulad ar cvlis
sakiTxis arss. amitom migvaCnia, rom giorgi wereTelma kritikuli
realizmi ki ar uaryo Tavisi `Seuferavi realizmiT,~ aramed ganaviTara
igi 70-90-ian wlebSi Cvens qveyanaSi Camoyalibebuli socialur-
ekonomikuri viTarebidan da Tavisi msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare. e.i.
`Seuferavi realizmi~ unda miviCnioT ara naturalizmad an misken
gadaxrad, aramed kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurad,
romelic pasuxobda qarTveli xalxis maSindel moTxovnilebas. amgvari
azrisa iyo cnobili mkvlevari daviT gamezardaSvilic.
Cveni mxriT, gvinda davamatoT, rom giorgi wereTlis, rogorc
saerTod yvela literaturuli mimdinareobis orTodoqs TeoretikosTa,
esTetikur Sexedulebebs axasiaTebs garkveuli meTodologiuri
SezRuduloba Tu calmxrivoba, rac, upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebulia
Zveli da axali mimdinareobis dapirispirebiT da ara sruli Tu
absoluturi miuReblobiT. udavo WeSmaritebaa, rom yoveli axali
mwifdeba Zvelis wiaRSi da amave dros warmoadgens misi ganviTarebis
Sedegs. amitomac giorgi wereTlis da saerTod `axali axalTaobis,~ anu
meoredaselebis esTetikuri naazrevi warmoadgens `Zveli axalTaobis,~
anu pirveldaselebis amgvari Sexedulebebis ganviTarebis erT-erT
safexurs, misadagebuls mis Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoebriv
yofierebasa Tu cnobierebasTan.
153
erTia Teoriulad Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, xolo
meore da ZiriTadi misi ganxorcieleba mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT
praqtikaSi, radgan Zalze xSirad mwerali Tavisi individualobidan
gamomdinare ver eteva ama Tu im mimdinareobis Teoriul CarCoebSi,
Tundac mis mierve CamoyalibebulSi. rac ufro didia xelovani, miT
ufro met Tavisuflebas aZlevs igi Tavis SemoqmedebiT fantazias, riTac
afarToebs xelovnebis TvalTaxedvis aresa Tu horizonts. Tavidanve
unda iTqvas erTi ram, _ giorgi wereTlis TxzulebebSi met-naklebi
zomiT TiTqmis yovelTvisaa daculi `Seuferavi realizmis~ principebi,
rac kidev erTxel adasturebs mwerlis erTgulebas Tavisi esTetikuri
Sexedulebebisadmi.
Cvens amocanas ar Seadgens giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis dawvrilebiTi da amomwuravi daxasiaTeba. es metad
saintereso, masStaburi sakiTxia da calke gamokvlevis sagani. aqve
gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom misi Semoqmedebis aspeqtze Tavis droze ara erT
mkvlevars gamouTqvams Tavisi Sexeduleba, razec zemoT ukve iTqva da
amitom masze ar SevCerdebiT. gamovyofT mxolod imas, rom am mwerlis
sazogadoebriv-literaturuli moRvaweoba yvelaze ufro sruladaa
gaSuqebuli a. Wilaias fundamentur gamokvlevaSi `giorgi wereTeli,~
romelic 1967 wels gamoica.
rogorc cnobilia, giorgi wereTeli, rogorc mxatvari-Semoqmedi
metad mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo. igi werda leqsebs, poemebs, dramatul
nawarmoebebs, eweoda mTargmnelobiT saqmiqnobasac, magram farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis, uwinaresad, cnobilia rogorc beletristi, ara erTi
saintereso moTxrobisa Tu romanis avtori. qarTuli literaturis
istoria verasodes ver auvlis gverds mis mravalmxriv Semoqmedebas. amas
Taviseburad, magram mainc aRiarebs TviT kita abaSiZec ki, romelmac
mTlianad daiwuna giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba.
giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis sakmaod damajerebeli Sefaseba
mogvca jer kidev niko nikolaZem Tavis werilSi `giorgi wereTlis
pirveli Sroma,~ romelic Jurnal `moambeSi~ gamoqveynda 1894 wels. am
statiaSi saubaria `mgzavris wignebze,~ anu `kikoliki, Cikoliki da
kudabzikaze.~ rogorc cnobilia, Txzuleba ori nawilisagan Sedgeba,
romlebic Tavis mxriv 14-14 Tavad iyofa. moTxrobis pirveli nawili
154
daibeWda gazeT `droebaSi,~ xolo mTlianad nawarmoebi gamoqveynda
Jurnal `krebulSi~ 1873 wels. `roca, am ocdaxuTi wlis winad, _ werda
niko nikolaZe, _ `droebam~ daiwyo pirveli xanebis beWdva b-n
wereTlis `mgzavris wignebisa~ mkiTxvelebSi TiTqmis imgvarive moZraoba
Seiqna, rogorc cotaTi uwin b-n ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianma?!~
moaxdina. vfiqrobT, amiT cota ar aris naTqvami. mTelma sazogadoebam
miaqcia yuradReba damwyebi avtoris niWs. misi cxoveli suraTebi, misi
iumori, misi tipebi yvelas moswonda. `ucnobi ram gagvacno am kacmao,~ _
ambobda Tu grZnobda mkiTxveli. didi imedebic dabada yvelaSi am
bednierma dasawyisma. yvela eloda, ai axali beletristi gauCnda Cvens
mwerlobasao, fxizlad da cxovlad mxatveli Cveni qveynis da cxovrebis
ucnob mxareebisao.~ es exeba `mgzavris wignebis~ pirvel nawils, magram
meore nawilSi `mxatvari gahqra, mis alagi TiTqos viRac sxva adamianma
daiWira: modavem, mqadagebelma, Camgonebelma, TiTqos qadagma, ase
gasinjeT. is ki aRar xatavs, Tvalwin ki ar gifens cxovrebas, xasiaTs,
Tu bunebas, Sen ki ar gafiqrebs am cxovrebaze, xasiaTze Tu bunebaze,
TviTon Sen win xmamaRla fiqrobs an baasobs maTze. mxatvari TandaTan
mowinave werilebis damwers uTmobs da xelovnuri beletristika ubralo
da ufro publicistikad iqceva... nawarmoebs Tavidamac etyoba zog-zog
alagas, rom avtori Tavisi sakuTari suraTis amxsnelad gaxdomas rodi
Takilobs... es saSineli naklovanebaa xelovnur mwerlobaSi.~ 1
niko nikolaZis azriT, kikoliki da Cikoliki mkrTali mxatvruli
saxeebia, rac savsebiT sworia. sworia isic, rom moTxroba
gaWianurebulia, radgan masSi CarTulia msjelobani batonisa da ymis
urTierTobaze, xalxis fantaziis mier warmoSobili devebisa da
bumberazebis kavSirze socialur ZalebTan, italielebis nacionalur
brZolasa da garibaldize, Zveli romaelebis politikaze da a.S.
mkiTxvelis interess anelebs aseve kikolikis Tavdagasavlis detaluri
Txroba, im intrigebis aRwera, romelic Tan axlda `droebis~ da stambis
daarsebas da sxva. kikoliki gamoyvanilia alersiani niRbiT pirafarebul
adamianad, romelsac civi da egoisturi guli aqvs da viTomda
sazogadoebriv interesebze zrunvis saburvelSi gaxveuls piradi
keTildReobis miRweva gauxdia cxovrebis umTavres miznad. kikolikze
1 n. nikolaZe, `b-n wereTlis pirveli Sroma,” `moambe,” #3 1894w.
155
ufro mkrTali saxea Cikoliki, romelsac evropeli mwerlebis saxelebis
CamoTvla sCvevia xolme, Tumca maTi araferi waukiTxavs. saboloo jamSi
orive _ kikoliki da Cikoliki ufro mxatvruli saxeebia, vidre tipebi.
geronti qiqoZe miiCnevda, rom isini kerZo tipebia da ara ganzogadebuli,
Tumca maTi saxiT mweralma mogvca iseTi adamianebi, romlebic
sazogadoebriv asparezs ar unda gaakaro. samagierod, sul sxvaa
`virTagva bedaurze~ Seskupebuli kudabzika, romelsac Tavisi winaprebis
materialuri da zneobrivi dovlaTidan araferi SerCenia, amitom uazrod
yoyoCobs da ufro meti TavgamodebiT ebRauWeba sakuTar privilegirebul
warmomavlobas. magram sakmarisia cxeni dauvardes, rom kudabzikas
ampartavnobas niadagi gamoecalos. jer misi cxeni ra aris da mere am
cxenze damyarebuli ampartavnoba ra unda iyos?! SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
igi ramdenadme daviT kldiaSvilis `Semodgomis aznaurTa~ winamorbedia
qarTul mwerlobaSi.
kidev ufro reliefuradaa gadmocemuli zogierTi epizoduri tipis
portreti; misi brwyinvaleba dazga, Zaris simsxo mebatone, romelic isea
Semodebuli Tagvisodena jorze, rom am ukanasknels araferi uCans
Tavisa da grZeli yurebis garda; titvelwvivebiani talaxis sqeli qerqiT
kanWebSemosili glaxaTubneli glexi, romlis Tvalebi cecxliviT elaven
Calis qudidan; qera, Tvalebgadmokarkluli leCxumeli, romlis nikapi
TiTqos pirissaxes Cauylapavs; bolos axalgazrda qalis mawikos
suraTi amtkicebs, rom giorgi wereTels SeeZlo Seeqmna srulyofili
mxatvruli saxeebi da ganzogadebuli tipebic.
giorgi wereTlis realisturi TvalTaxedva da mwerluri niWi
kargad Cans agreTve bunebis suraTebis xatvaSi. `ganskuTrebiT
plastikurad da cocxali ferebiTaa daxatuli zemo svaneTi lafTaris
qedidan: misi CaSavebuli xeobebi, naxSiriviT gamuruli kldeebi,
kuprisfoTlebiani tyeebi, jojoxeTuri xmiT aRmuvlebuli mdinareebi da
moZravi myinvarebi. am pirquSi suraTis kontrasts warmoadgens samxreTiT
mdebare leCxumi Tvalis gamaxalisebeli simwvaniT, tyis vardisa da
Sqeris yvavilebiT aWrelebuli velebiT, muxis, wablisa da wiflis
tyeebiT.~ 1
1 g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.III, gv.117
156
`mgzavris wignebi~ metad mZafr istoriul epoqas exeba, saxeldobr,
CvenSi batonymobis gadavardnis wina periods. TxzulebaSi sakmaod
maRali mxatvruli doniTaa aRwerili is ganwyobileba, rac qarTul
sazogadoebaSi iyo Seqmnili saglexo reformis molodinSi.
Tavadanauroba gaborotebuli da SeZrwunebulia im azriT, rom Toxisa
da baris xelSi aReba mouxdeba, rom misi Svilebi glexis gogo-biWebTan
erTad miusxdebian skolis merxs; glexoba ki didi imediT elis
gaTavisuflebas. `netai RmerTi im Cems batons momaSorebdes, Tvara kaci
rava memjobineba qveyanaze!~ – ambobs leCxumeli da amiT TiTqos yvela
glexis azria naTqvami, Tu Cumi natvra xmamaRla gacxadebuli.
avtori gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas batonymobiT
gamowveul simaxinjeze, glexobis usaSvelo siRaribeze, SimSilsa da
sititvleze. mas kargad exerxeba aseve `dangreuli budeebis~ xatva.
dadianis gacivebuli sasaxle, sadac erT dros mTeli samegrelos
didebulebi iyridnen Tavs, martooden erTi beberi fareSis amara
darCenila. aseTive sevdian STabeWdilebas axdens am sasaxlis Soriaxlos
mdebare monasteri, sadac winaT asi kaci mainc sxdeboda sadilad, axla
ki oriode ber-monazoni cxovrobs. Tumca garSemo mdebare soflebis
gausaZlisi siRatakis fonze Soridan mainc SerCeniaT Zveleburi ieri. `am
dros uceb movtrialdi da Walis yelSi cali mxriT dadianis sasaxle
da meores mxriv monasteri, mdinaris iqiT-aqiT kuTxeSi, mTebis Zirs, or
kupriviT Sav devebad momeCvenen. Walis yelSi im ganzraxviT
dabinavebuliyvnen, rom mTeli es midamo klanWebSi hyolodaT gaZagruli
da gaukiTxavad eRoT xarki Tavis sarCenad.~ 1 – wers giorgi wereTeli.
amdenad, `mgzavris wignebi~ sakmaod saintereso mxatvruli
qmnilebaa, romelSic XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTuli
sazogadoebis realisturi suraTia daxatuli. rom ara Txzulebis meore
TavSi mwerlis mier mxatvruli suraTebis uaryofa da weris
publicisturi maneriT gataceba, nawarmoebi gacilebiT ufro momgebiani
iqneboda mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT.
publicisturi maneriT gatacebis kvali atyvia aseve giorgi
wereTlis Txzulebis `gulqanis~ im nawils, romelSic detaluradaa
aRwerili im sazogadoebrivi dapirispirebis istoria, romelic
1 g. wereTeli, `mgzavris wignebi,” ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.250
157
arsebobda pirvel da meore dass Soris, gauTavebeli dava da kamTi
bankis garSemo Tu TavadaznaurTa winamZRolis arCevnebis gamo da ase
Semdeg. albaT, umjobesi iqneboda, rom mwerals amis Sesaxeb calke
moeTxro mkiTxvelisaTvis da amiT nawarmoebi gaeTavisuflebina amgvari
detalizaciisagan.
TviTon giorgi wereTeli Tavis esTetikur naazrevSi mkacrad
ilaSqrebs mogonili, SekeTebuli realobis asaxvis Tu mxatvruli saxis
Seqmnis winaaRmdeg, amgvari Txzulebis avtorebs ki brals sdebs mavnebel
tendenciurobaSi. magram `gulqanSi~ gamoyvanili idealuri vaWari
nikolai nikiforoviCi aSkarad tendenciuri da amve dros utopiuri saxis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. nikolai nikiforoviCi marTlac `sxvagvari, sxva
rjulis kaci~ da vaWari iyo da ara iseTi `CarCi~ da `sulTamxuTavi,~
rogorc sxva. giorgi wereTels surda daexata, erTi mxriv, `kerZo
vaWroba, rac vaWrobis ZiriTad wess warmoadgenda burJuaziuli
urTierTobis gariJraJze, da, meore mxriv, Tavisufali sazogadoebis
axali tipis vaWari. am ori sxvadasxva bunebis erT tipSi dakavSireba,
sakvirveli ar aris, rom xelovnur xasiaTs atarebs. TviT mweralmac
mwvaved igrZno es dabrkoleba; man eqsploataciasa da borotmoqmedebis
gareSe vaWrobis saCveneblad metad arasaimedo xerxs mimarTa; avtorma
qaRaldis saSrobi siliT avaWra nikolai nikiforoviCi da masSi
moagebina fuli. amiT mas undoda eCvenebina `Tu ra ubralo nivTebiT
SeiZleba kacma isargeblos vaWrobaSi da kidec moigos.~ magram yovelive
es zerele STabeWdilebas tovebs da nikolai nikiforoviCis tipis
sisustes amJRavnebs.~ 1 Znelia ar daeTanxmo s. avalianis amgvar Sexedu-
lebas nikolai nikiforoviCis, rogorc usaxuri tipis Sesaxeb.
sxva mxriv `gulqanSi~ realisturadaa asaxuli qarTveli
Tavadaznaurobisa da glexobis urTierTdamokidebuleba batonymobis
gauqmebamde da gauqmebis Semdeg, savaWro burJuaziis Camoyalibebisa da
misi uflebebisaTvis brZolis procesi, mefis moxeleebisa da
TavadaznaurTa zneobrivi gaxrwna, romelic Tan sdevda qonebriv
gaRaribebas da a.S. erT dros didi SeZlebisa da mamulebis patroni
revaz bakuriZe imdenad gaRatakda, rom vaWris _ piotr gawerelias
1 s. avaliani, g. wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. gv.155
158
klanWebSi aRmoCnda, rasac, rogorc wesi, Sedegad mohyva is, rom yofili
Tavadis mamuli yofilma ymam, SemdgomSi vaWrad qceulma petrielam
dainarCuna. rogorc Cans am movlenas maSin sayovelTao xasiaTi hqonda.
amas adasturebs giorgi wereTlisave `pirvel nabijSi~ aRwerili suraTi
Tavad TavqfilaZis mamulis sajarod gayidvisa. am SemTxvevaSic mamulis
mepatroned vaWari, yofili yma, baxva fulava iqca. yovelive es naTlad
metyvelebs im garemoebaze, rom cxovrebis sadaveebs TandaTan xelSi
iRebs asparezze axladgamosuli, vin icis ra gziT gamdidrebuli
savaWro burJuazia.
giorgi wereTlis pirvel beletristul Txzulebas, romliTac man
mkiTxvelis yuradReba miipyro, warmoadgens nawilobriv
avtobiografiuli moTxroba `Cveni cxovrebis yvavili.~ igi warmoadgens
bavSvobisa da Wabukobis istorias dito qvelaZisa, romelic, SeiZleba
iTqvas, TviT avtoris odnav saxeSecvlili oreulia.
dito mkvircxli, cnobismoyvare da bunebiT saRi bavSvia, magram
ganebivrebuli da Tavgasuli, rogorc dediserTa vaJiSvili zemo
imereTis metad gavleniani diambegisa. aTi wlis ditos mdgomareoba
radikalurad Seicvala – bavSvi, romelsac xabiZginebisa da xis
dambaCebis garda araferi axsovda, ZaliT Sesves cxenze da quTaisSi
waiyvanes saswavleblad. aq is miabares Jverias, Sromismoyvare da
patiosan adamians, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa da istoriis mcodnes,
magram CamorCenils bavSvTa aRzrdis saqmeSi. rogorc maSindel
pedagogTa umravlesobas, masac bavSvis aRzrdis saukeTeso saSualebad
garozgva miaCnda. Jveria mcirejamagiriani moxelea, romelsac Tavisi
saxlis gverdiT facxa udgas, sadac aTiode moswavle cxovrobs. radgan
bavSvebs nawilobriv ugzoobis, nawilobriv mSobelTa daudevrobis gamo
saxlidan sanovage iSviaTad mosdiT, xolo Jverias qadageba qristes
marxulobaze maTTvis veraferi nugeSia, isini iZulebulni arian RamiT
mezoblebis saqaTmeebi da baRebi daarbion. ditoc, bunebrivia, am ambebis
monawile xdeba.
rodesac dito pirvelad saswavleblis saanbano klasSi Seiyvanes,
egona sagiJeTSi movxvdio. kedlebze Camokidebuli iyo qaRaldis
tabulebi rusuli anbaniTa da pirveldawyebiTi amosaRebiT. asamde bavSvi,
jgufebad dayofili, am tabulebis win damdgariyo da butbutiT,
159
yviriliT, RaRadisiT focxveris msgavsi rusulis maswavleblis
gakveTils imeorebda. pedagogi bavSvebis Tavze ise anavardebda saxazavs,
rom xan erTi iwivlebda da gulwasuli miesveneboda kedelze, xan meore.
marTlac, ukeTes sagiJeTs kaci ver inatrebs... gimnaziis gakveTilebma,
ucxo da gaugebar enaze leqsebisa da locvebis uazro dazepirebam,
garozgvis gamudmebulma SiSma dito erTxans sul gamoalenCa. isev
Jveriam ixsna Tavisi Zmiswuli imiT, rom qarTulad aswavla wera-kiTxva,
ramac bavSvSi raRac nacnobi da mSobliuri gaaRviZa. male ditos goneba
gaexsna da erT-erT saukeTeso moswavled iqca, miuxedavad imisa, rom
quTaisis gimnazia `sawvalebeli~ ufro iyo, vidre saswavlebeli.
gimnaziis maswavlebelTa Soris gansakuTrebul koloritul
figuras warmoadgens direqtori, romelsac sZuls yovelive qarTuli da
darwmunebulia, rom Cvens xalxs arc istoria hqonia odesme da ar
mwignobroba; is raRac Rrma da faruli siZulviliT uyurebs qarTvel
Segirdebs, Tumca pirSi efereba maT; aseTivea kuziani da
TvalebCacvenili rusulis maswavlebeli, romelsac Tavisi moswavleebi
Sublgabrtyelebuli maimunebi ufro hgonia, vidre adamianebi. gimnaziis
Segirdebs piruTvnelad sZulT TavianTi maswavleblebi da am siZulvils
arc malaven. am Savbnel samefoSi erTaderTi naTeli sxivi
bunebismetyvelebis maswavlebels _ umanskis Seaqvs, warmoSobiT
polonels, uimedod galoTebuls duxWiri da uferuli sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis gamo. is cdilobs damoukidebel azrovnebas miaCvios bavSvebi
da maTSi saukeTeso adamianuri grZnobebi gaaRviZos. umanski
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideba ditos, rogorc niWier da
gulisxmier bavSvs. misi zegavleniT ditoc ukeTesobisaken icvleba. masze
keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens ardadegebze glexobasTan urTierTobac.
dito gulisyuriT ecnoba maT ZarRvian sityva-pasuxs, Tavisebur
msoflmxedvelobas, gansakuTrebiT moswons ojaxis axlobeli glexis
Tonike kvimataZis maxvilgonivruli monaTxrobis mosmena. Tonikes saxiT
giorgi wereTelma dagvixata sakmaod gavrcelebuli tipi
reformiswinadroindeli glexisa, romelic saxazino an saeklesio
mamulze cxovrobda da sruliadac ar iyo valdebuli memamulis karze
emsaxura, magram nebayoflobiT midioda iq, radgan ojaxSi mZime Sromas
is erCia, rom rogorc kariskacs, batonisadmi mirTmeuli qrTamisa da
160
mosakiTxavidan miRebuli wiliT iolad ecxovra. niSandoblivia isic,
rom msgavsi glexis tipi ar gvxvdeba XIX saukunis arc erTi sxva
qarTveli mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi.
ditoze did STabeWdilebas axdenda kacxeli mRvdlis Svilis mose
sefiskveraZis STagonebuli saubari bibliur Temebze, xolo TviTon
mTxrobeli, romelic garegnobiT gacocxlebul berZnul-romaul
marmarilos qandakebas Camogavda, ymawvilisaTvis maRali adamianobis
misabaZ magaliTs warmoadgenda. moses msgavsi mxatvruli saxec iSviaTia
qarTul literaturaSi.
`Cveni cxovrebis yvavilis~ saukeTeso epizods warmoadgens misi
dasasruli, sadac ditos ymawviluri gataceba romantikuli ferebiTaa
warmodgenili. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom swored am adgils iwunebda
gansakuTrebiT kita abaSiZe, rogorc Zalze susts mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT, Tumca Cven Tavs uflebas mivcemT ar daveTanxmoT amgvar
Sefasebas Tundac imitom, rom ditosa da marines urTierToba
ymawviluri pirvelgataceba, urTierTltolva ufroa, vidre didi da
dauZleveli siyvaruli. amitomacaa, rom orivem es grZnoba saxadiviT
moixada da TavTavis gzas ewia _ marine sofelSi darCa, xolo ditom
gimnaziis sruli kursi daasrula da peterburgSi gaemgzavra umaRlesi
ganaTlebis misaRebad, im gadawyvetilebiT, rom sazogado moRvawe gaxdes.
dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli advilad SeamCnevs erTgvar msgavsebas
giorgi wereTlis `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilsa~ da akaki wereTlis `Cems
Tavgadasavals~ Soris, Tumca ara gvgonia es mibaZvis an gavlenis Sedegi
iyos, ubralod orive mwerals erTsa da imave saswavlebelSi
erTdroulad mouwia swavlam, ramac bunebrivad gamoiwvia orive
moTxrobaSi msgavsi momentebis arseboba.
`Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~ giorgi wereTlis pirveli beletristuli
Txzulebaa, axalgazrdobis asakSi dawerili, ris gamoc mas poeturi
uSualoba, adamianisadmi ndoba da optimizmi axasiaTebs. `mTeli is
patara samyaro, raRac momxiblav romantikul burusSia gaxveuli,
romlisganac ganZarculia avtoris Semdegi drois romanebi da
moTxrobebi, ufro fxizeli da gulgatexili mwerlis mier Seqmnili.~ 1
Tu `mgzavris wignebsa~ da `Cveni cxovrebis yvavilSi~ g. wereTelma
1 g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t.III, XIXs. qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.
161
batonymobis droindeli sazogadoebisa da saswavleblis asaxva mogvca,
`mamida asmaTSi~ man dagvanaxa is, Tu ra materialuri da sulieri
xasiaTis cvlilebebi gamoiwvia saglexo reformam aznaurobaSi.
moTxrobaSi moqmedeba warmoebs zemo imereTSi, Zirulas xeobaSi,
garemoSi, romelic esoden nacnobi da axlobeli iyo mwerlisaTvis.
TxzulebaSi saucxoodaa gadmocemuli saqarTvelos am kuTxisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli koloriti: xis boZebze Seskupebuli yavriT gadaxuruli
odebi, patara sufTa ezoebi da baRCebi, bilikebiT daserili ferdobebi,
romelzedac soflis gogo-biWebi WinkebiviT daxtian, simindis yanebis
mwvane da xorblis yviTeli zolebi tyeebiT Semosil mTis kalTebze da
a.S.
moTxrobis centraluri figuraa aznauris qvrivi mamida asmaTi,
Zlieri da rTuli xasiaTis mqone dedakaci. pirmTqmeli da pirferi,
gulkeTili da boroti, gautexeli da moqnili erTsa da imave dros. is
araviTar dabrkolebas ar erideba Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad, magram,
rodesac gamouval mdgomarebaSi vardeba, daTmobaze wasvlac ZaluZs,
magram es daTmoba ufro momavali WidilisaTvis Semzadebas hgavs
garkveulwilad. man uzomod icis siyvarulic da siZulvilic. rodesac
mamida asmaTi Tavis gazrdil obol Zmiswuls _ naTelas ealerseba,
mkiTxvels eCveneba, TiTqos Zu vefxvi eTamaSeba sakuTar bokvers.
naTela laRi bunebis wiaRSi gazrdili miamiti sofleli gogonaa,
romelic mamidas xelmZRvanelobiT morCilad swavlobs anbans, ismens mis
msjelobas col-qmrobaze, magram yvelafers fexSiSvela navardi urCevnia
mezoblis gogo-biWebTan. asmaTs unda Tavisi Zmiswuli qarTlel
TandilaZes miaTxovos da misgan sanacvlod qrTamsac elodeba, radgan
naTela lamazicaa da mamulis patronic. magram saqmeSi ereva asmaTis Zma
rosafi, romelic amave dros naTelas mzrunveladacaa daniSnuli mis
srulwlovanebamde. igi moxerxebulad sargeblobs amiT da ZmisSvilis
mamuls ufro Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs. rosafi cxoveluri instiqtebiT
dajildoebuli adamiania, romelic ara marto naTelas mamuls xravs,
aramed Tavisi dis sayanesac epatroneba da mis ZvirfasTvlian beWedsa da
qinZisTavsac iTvisebs. swored amis gamo da-Zmas Soris imarTeba
xangrZlivi da dramatizmiT aRsavse brZola, romelSic gamarjvebuls
sayane miwasa da ZvirfaseulobasTan erTad gasaTxovari naTelas guli da
162
xelic darCeba davlad. am brZolaSi asmaTi iSveliebs mezobel aznaur
oTars, romelic momRerali, momlxeni, magram uqnara adamiania da garda
sxvis mier gawyobil sufraze moxlxenisa, Zalian kargad exerxeba
mezoblis saqaTmesa Tu saTxeboSi Zroma. oTari Tavisi amfsonebisagan
dedobilis dasaxmareblad mTel razms adgens, romelic simindis texvis
dros Tavs esxmis rosafis moijardre glexebs da ramdenime kacs Wris da
klavs kidec. amis gamo igi Tavis sarbiels cimbirSi gadasaxlebiT
amTavrebs.
da-Zmas Soris atexil davaSi sabolood rosafi imarjvebs Tavisi
meuRlis, aranakleb gaqnili dedakacis mzexaTunis wyalobiT da naTelas
colis Zmiswulze iliko gogoriSvilze aTxovebs. es damarcxeba
sabolood mostexs asmaTs _ igi Tavis mamuls naTelas daumtkicebs,
xolo TviTon mis mamulSi dasaxldeba, raTa amJamad mis axalSobil
vaJiSvilze izrunos.
moTxroba mTavrdeba axalgazrda col-qmris idiliuri cxovrebis
sakmaod damajerebeli suraTiT, romelic amave dros Rrmad
fsiqologiuricaa. marTalia, naTela erTguli meuRle da mosiyvarule
dedaa, magram Sinaganad mainc ver Sehguebia imas, rom bavSvobaSi Zmad
miCneuli iliko misi qmaria da ocnebiT moelis im pirtitvela,
xuWuWTmian vaJkacs, romelasc Tavis namdvil Tanamecxedred miiRebs.
ratomRac kita abaSiZem miiCnia, rom giorgi wereTels am
moTxrobiT ilia WavWavaZis oTaraanT qvrivis msgavsi literaturuli
tipis Seqmna surda, magram uSedegod, radgan ar eyo niWi Tu mxatvruli
alRo. Cven vfiqrobT, rom am or WeSmaritad realistur mxatvrul saxes
Soris araviTari msgavseba ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes.
maSin, roca ilias oTaraanT qvrivi uangarobis, uzomo siyvarulisa da
sikeTis gansaxierebaa, giorgi wereTlis mamida asmaTi angarebiania TviT
siyvarulSic ki; misi yoveli qmedebis motivi egoizmia, oTaraanT qvrivi
ki am qvena grZnobisagan absoluturad Tavisufalia. am or literaturul
gmirs Soris msgavseba SeiZleba vipovoT mxolod xasiaTis simtkiceSi,
magram TviT xasiaTis TvisebebiT isini ise arian erTmaneTs daSorebuli,
rogorc dedamiwis ori ukiduresi polusi.
aseve realisturia giorgi wereTlis erT-erTi saukeTeso moTxroba
`ruxi mgeli,~ romelic calke wignad gamovida 1892 wels. masSi metad
163
muqi ferebiTaa aRwerili batonymobis gauqmebis Sedegad gaRatakebuli
imereli aznaurobis zneobrivi dacema da gadagvareba. nawarmoebidan Cans,
rom Secvlilma istoriulma viTarebam am wodebis warmomadgenelTa did
nawils adamianuri qcevis moraluri Sefasebis elementaruli unari
daukarga. maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva avTandil kvimataZe, romelic
`namdvili ruxi mgeliviT mawanwalobs~ da `marTlac am kacis saxe raRac
daundoblobasa da TvalTmaqcobas gamoxatavda. pawia WroRa Tvalebi,
vercxlis wyalsaviT dauxtodnen Tvalis upeebSi, mogrZo pirxmeli saxe
misi mgelsaviT wawvetebuli cxviriT iyo damSvenebuli. WaRara Tma da
wveri Zalian Sexamebuli iyo mis rux CoxasTan, welze magrad
SemoWerili qamari mimxmars mucels kidev ufro akravda ferdebze. is
midioda swrafad, fexakrefiT, TiTqo saSovars rasme eparebao.~ 1
kiTxulobT am portrets da Tvalwin warmogidgebaT saSovarze gamosuli
SimSilisagan ferdebCacvenili mgeli.
avTandilis mglur da kvimat xasiaTze meityvelebs misi saubari
Tavis megobar samson jibiaSvilTan: `Sen Tu cocxali meyole, meti ra
miWirs! am siwioke mTas xelSi dagaWerineb, oRond is aRsrulebiTi
furclebi daatake sawiokelebs, saqalaqo boqauli Cauyene yvelas, kapeiki
aravis moeZeva. avuweroT mTaSi monawileoba da gavuyidoT. mag ZaRlebis
Wamas, me da Sen vWamoT ara jobia?~ 2
avTandil kvimataZis msgavsia sasuliero seminariadamTavrebuli,
xelmrudobisaTvis saxelmwifo samsaxuridan ramdenjerme gamogdebuli
samson jibiaSvili, romelmac `...mianeba Tavi saxelmwifo samsaxurs da,
kanonebSi kargad gamoCarxuli, eloda axal dros, axali samarTlis
Semosvlas, rom daCagrulebis veqilad gamxdariyo da kancelariis
ganjinis magieraT xalxis jibe gamoexra... misi mokle kiseri urmis
morgvs hgavda, romelzedac TaTruli gogris sisxo Tavi damxoboda. misi
beWwaxrili tani koka-naxevrian gaberil tiks mogagonebdaT, romelic or
momsxo da mokakuWebul fexze iyo Seskupebuli.~ 3 (uneburad gagondebaT
ilias `kacia-adamiani?!~) amgvari fizikuri da sulieri TvisebebiT
Semkulma samson jibiaSvilma mokle droSi TavisTvis sasurveli
1 g. wereTeli, `ruxi mgeli,” qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.436, Tb.1985w.
2 iqve, gv.426
3 iqve, gv.428
164
urTierToba daamyara mosamarTlesTan, romelsac uxvad aZlevda ZRvens
da TviTonac qrTamiT iTbobda xels Tu isqelebda jibes. mudam
sasamarTlos karze atuzuli advokatis xaTri da SiSi hqonda
mebatonesac, glexsac da xazinasac, radgan sasamarTlos aRmasrulebeli
boqaulis wyalobiT araerTxel `daewiokebina sawioke mTis
mcxovreblebi.~
marTalia, avTandil kvimataZesa da samson jibiaSvilze sawioke
mTis mcxovreblebma Suri iZies _ sastikad scemes patiosani, mSromeli
aznauris baanas ojaxis dawiokebisaTvis, magram rux mgels darCa
Svilebi, romlebic mTaSi danavardoben da `visac waewevodnen,
gaucarcvels ar gauSvebdnen. `TviTon rom iyo, imaze ufro avi lekvebi
dazarda ruxma mgelma, seni wilime!~ – iZaxodnen danaRvlianebuli
osebi.~ 1
ai, am sityvebiT mTavrdeba giorgi wereTlis es mSvenieri moTxroba.
giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qmnileba
`pirveli nabiji~ gaxlavT, romlis saxiTac avtorma farTod gaSlili
socialuri romani mogvca. am romanis moqmedebis asparezs warmoadgens
Cveni qveynis ara erTi romelime provincia, aramed mTeli saqarTvelo _
foTidan dawyebuli Tbilisamde. mis moqmed pirebad gamodian yvela
sazogadoebrivi fenis warmomadgenlebi _ qvismtexeli muSebisa da
mkeravi qalebidan dawyebuli qarTveli TavadiSvilebiT, maRali rangis
rusi moxeleebiTa da mdidari somexi moqalaqeebiT damTavrebuli.
`pirveli nabijiT~ giorgi wereTelma XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
ganagrZo giorgi erisTavisa da lavrenti ardazianis mier amave saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi damkvidrebuli gza, oRond ufro farTo masStabiT.
am romanSi asaxulia is epoqa, rodesac amierkavkasiis rkinigzam
saqarTvelo gadasera, foTis navsadgurSi orTqlis gemebi gamoCnda da
Cvens qveyanasa da dasavleT evropas Soris sakmaod gacxovelebuli aReb-
micemoba gaCaRda. mwerali ereTgvarad Sehxaris am dros, radgan vaWroba
qveynis winsvlis aucilebel pirobad miaCnia. am movlenam fulis Sovna
ioli gaxada moxerxebuli da energiuli adamianebisaTvis. magram xarbi
da mtacebluri ucxouri savaWro kapitalis SemoWram xeli SeuWyo ara
marto tyeebis gakafvas, aramed mama-papuri tradiciebis moSlas, veluri
1 g. wereTeli, `ruxi mgeli,” qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.458, Tb.1985w.
165
konkurenciisa da zneobrivi aRviraxsnilobis gaZlierebas; kaklisa da
urTxelis saucoxoo xeebi morebad aqcia, raTa evropisa Tu ruseTis
bazarze gaziduliyo; adamiani Zveleburi artaxebisagan gaTavisuflda,
ramac zneobrivi normebis Seryeva gamoiwvia.
romanis mTavari gmiri baxva fulava socialuri organizmis
dasneulebis udanaSaulo msxverplia. is Raribi, mSromeli glexis Svili
iyo, romelic bavSvobaSi fexSiSvela datantalebda TeklaTis tyeSi da
Txebs mwyemsavda. ubralo SemTxvevam is foTSi, inJinris ojaxSi miiyvana,
sadac gemo auRo ioli da, cota ar iyos, mrude gziT fulis Sovnas.
Semdeg sakuTar saqmes mohkida xeli da gamdidrda kidec xe-tyisa Tu
simindis vaWrobiT. gakotrebuli Tavadis _ TavqfilaZis mamuls
daepatrona imereTSi, sadac dasaxlda Tavis axalgazrda colTan erTad,
romelic siyvarulis karnaxiT SeirTo. Aam saocrad swraf karieras
arsebiTad ar Seuryevia baxvas zneobis saRi safuZveli. is ojaxis
saukeTeso mama da sazogadoebis sasargeblo wevri iqneboda, rom TviT
sazogadoebis ukuRmarTad bneli Zalebi ar Sejaxebodnen ieremia warbasa
da uzneo moxeleebis saxiT.
ieremia warba erT-erTi yvelaze damajerebeli da reliefurad
daxatuli tipia ara mxolod giorgi wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi, aramed
saerTod XIX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi. igi bunebam uxvad
daajildova garegnobiTac da gonierebiTac. magram gonebaClungma
pedagogebma, gaugebari rusuli enis meSveobiT kidev ufro gaugebari
laTinuri da berZnuli frazebis TuTiyuSiviT gazepirebam mas swavlaze
guli aucrua. cxovrebis gakveTilebi ki misTvis ufro sabediswero
aRmoCnda. ieremia male darwmunda, rom mdidari qalis gulis monadireba,
kontrabandistoba, koxta samxedro tansacmeli da cxenze moxdenilad
jdoma ufro gauadvilebda cxovrebis gzaze siaruls, vidre Sroma. mas
ar undoda esmas mokvla, motacebisas Semoakvda igi. Semdeg iyo momentebi,
roca sindisis qejnas ganicdida Tavisi borotmoqmedebis gamo, radgan
ieremia ar iyo damnaSaved da mkvlelad dabadebuli _ aseTad igi
cxovrebam aqcia. SesaniSnavi fsiqologiuri suraTia aRwerili `pirvel
nabijSi,~ roca martod darCenili mkvleli fiqrebSi wasuli elaparakeba
sakuTar Tavs; `im Ramis Semdeg Cemi sicocxle ganaxevrebulia, Cemi guli
kupris morevia, gvel-bayayiT avsebuli, me aw raRam unda manugeSos? is
166
Cemi mkvleli mas aqeT avsuliviT Tavs damtrialebs... mSvidobiT aw
mosvenebav, mSvidobiT siamovnebav...~ 1 magram es iyo wuTierad, radgan
ieremia imdenadaa CaTreuli borotebisa da uzneobis wumpeSi, rom misi
iqidan amoyvana ukve SeuZlebelia. miT umetes, rom im sazogadoebriv
wres, romelSic uwevs triali validas meSveobiT TbilisSi gadaxvewil
ieremias TavisTavad SegviZlia vuwodoT borotebisa da uzneobis samefo.
amgvarma garemom mkvleli sabolood gaaTavisufla yovelgvari
zneobrivi grZnobisagan, radgan `bevri ram Seityo Tbilisis didkacobis
cxovrebidan: zogs colis mokvla braldeboda, zogs yalbi fulebis
moWra, zogs yalbi anderZiT auracxeli qonebis miTviseba, zogs
saidumlo mkvleloba, romlis gamo ubralo kacebi dausjiaT, TviT
mkvlelebs ki sapatio adgili uWiravT dResac sazogadoebaSi. amisTana
ambebma didi SeRavaTi misca mis SeSinebul warmodgenas. is ganviTarda
Tbilisis sazogadoebaSi,.. Seiqna mowonebuli sasiZo.~ 2
sazogadoebis amgvarma gakveTilebma ieremia warbas Taviseburi
nihilisturi filosofia SeamuSavebina. is darwmunda, rom am qveynad arc
samarTalia, arc codva-madli _ yvelaferi sargeblianobas eqvemdebareba;
oRond Zala moipove fulis, samsaxuris an Zlieri mfarvelis SemweobiT
da rac ginda moimoqmede, Sens namoqmedars usamarTlobis kvali ar
daaCndeba. vin gaasamarTla oboba qselis gabmisa da msxverplisaTvis
sisxlis gamowovis gamo? aseve moqmedebs Zalis mqone adamiani uZluri,
daCagruli arsebis mimarT. es pirquSi msoflmxedveloba marto ieremias
sakuTrebas rodi warmoadgens. mas iTvisebs baxva fulavac, roca
rwmundeba, rom sazogadoebas masze guli ar Setkiva, xolo
sazogadoebisave mier Seqmnil saxelmwifo organoebs moxele-Cinovnikebis
uzneobis gamo ar ZaluZT da didi survilic ar gaaCniaT, samarTali
miuzRon mas da misi colis mkveleli gaasamarTlon. amitom igi Tavis
adamianur valdebulebad miiCnevs sisxliT aRidginos Selaxuli ufleba
da daikmayofilos kanonieri SurisZiebis grZnoba. `qveyanam ar maRirsa
samarTali da me TviTon gavaCine. es aris Cemi colis esmas samagiero. ai,
axla gavcocxldi! me axla gavxdi isev uwindeli baxva. amieridan, saca
1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.602
2 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ qarTuli proza, t.X, gv. 623
167
unda viyo, yvelgan baxva merqmeva da qudic Tavze mexureba. madnebis
muSaobaSi gamagzavnian? – iqac kaci viqnebi.~ 1
qveynierebaze, adamianebze gulgatexili da gaborotebulia
`gulqanis~ gmiric piotr ivaniC gawerelia, igive petriela, yofili
Sinayma da SemdegSi sxvadasxva maqinaciebiT gamdidrebuli vaWari.
ganuzomelia misi mrisxaneba revaz bakuriZisadmi, romlic faqtiurad
mkvlelia rodamisa da misi qaliSvilisa, petrielas dedisa da disa.
amitomac mis gulSi `saSineli Suris grigali trialebda.~ mas `Tvalwin
basri xanjali, Tof-dambaCa da galesili culis meti ara elandeboda
ra. mohkali, nakuw-nakuwaT aage, misi erTaderTi axalgazrda qali
gaupatiure da es ambavi xeze mikrul mis ded-mamas ayurebine, mere dedac
da mamac ura cxenis kudze gamoabi da daaglejine, mere TviT maTi
qaliSvilic cxvarsaviT zed daakali!.. ai madli, balRam-gesliT avsebuli
gulis wamali! mxolod maSin Semimsubuqdeba Cemi Sinagani tanjvebi, roca
revazsa mis col-Svils vnaxav sawyali dedaCemis saflavze sakurTxad
dakluls, Sewiruls.~ 2 – ase fiqrobs gaborotebuli vaWari. am mxriv mas
arc mopirispire CamorCeba: `mohkali Siuka, eg gabRenZili.... rogor gabeda
magan Cven saxlSi Semosvla! gaagde ezodan, ZaRlebi miusie mag
gabRenZils, magas~ 3 – ZilSic abodebs gaborotebul Tavads da Siukac
klavs damSvidebuli sindisiT, radgan hgonia, amiT samarTlianoba
aRadgina. aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac – vaWarma gawereliam SurisZiebac
vaWruli icis, ara iaraRiT, aramed fuliT _ man nel-nela xelSi Caigdo
bakuriZis avla-dideba da sabolood daepatrona mis uZrav-moZrav qonebas,
xolo gamarjvebulma nabatonars misive saxlis aivnidn gadasZaxa – es me
var, petrielao.
cxovrebaze gulgatexiloba damaxasiTebelia `pirveli nabijisa~ da
`gulqanis~ TiTqmis yvela gmirisaTvis, rac maTi Sinagani bunebidan ki ar
gamomdinareobs, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mouwesrigeblbis
Sedegia. `pirveli nabijis~ gmiri esma jer kidev karSi gamousvleli da
1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza t.X, gv.672
2 g. wereTeli, rCeuli nawerebi, t.II, gv.332
3 iqve, gv.422
168
cxovrebis jurRmulebSi Cauxedavi axalgazrda qalia, magram qveyana
mainc pirquSad eCveneba: `ar Rirs cxovreba... risTvis, ra aris am qveyanaSi
kargi?... araferi; mudam mtroba, erTmaneTis daundobloba! gulaxdilaT
veravisTan gilaparaknia, veravisTan gagimJRavnebia Seni gulis wadili,
ase gagigonia? yvela Sen dagcinis, unda Seni martivi gonebis pasuxi
Seityos da mere uwyalod gagqelos... swored ar Rirs cxovreba im nemsis
yunwis sifarTo mxaiarulebisaTvis, romelic Cvens mwuxare cxovrebas
gamoereva.~ 1
unda iTqvas, rom esma erT-erTi momxiblavi tipia giorgi wereTlis
mier Seqmnili qalTa portretebis mdidar galereaSi. mamamisi
gaRaribebuli rusi xelosani iyo da Tavisi vnebis _ loTobis msxverpli
gaxda. rac Seexeba dedamiss, megrel qals _ salomes, miuxedavad imisa,
rom axalgazrdobaSi arc Tu ise uzado cxovrebiT icxovra, SemdegSi
Sromismoyvareoba da ojaxis erTguleba gamoiCina. esma aRizarda
saporto qalaqSi, sadac axalgazrda lamaz qals aTasgvari cduneba
eloda, miT umetes, rom, rogorc mkeravi, xSirad xvdeboda ganebivrebul
SeZlebul adamianebs, romlebic gancxromaSi atareben dros. miuxedavad
amisa, mas araviTari WuWyi ar gakarebia. garda silamazisa, mas axasiaTebs
kdemamosileba, patiosneba, Sromismoyvareoba. rogorc mawiko `mgzavris
wignebSi~ da naTela `mamida asmaTSi,~ ise esmac im faqizad mgrZnobiare
qalTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, romlebic sizmrebiT grZnoben ubedurebis
moaxloebas, xolo ocnebiT advilad gadadian sxva maTTvis sasurvel
qveyanaSi. amitom isini TiTqos ganmartoebulni arian tlanqi da gulcivi
adamianebis sazogadoebaSi.
samagierod, sul sxva bunebisaa revaz bakuriZis asuli gulqani _
TviTdajerebuli, jiuti, Tavmoyvare da amayi qali, romelic ufro
xSirad civi gonebiT sjis, vidre gulis karnaxiT, gansakuTrebiT mas
Semdeg, rac xorxianeTis gamgis colis rCeviT sabolood aRviri waxsna
Tavis zneobas da mzad aris yvela da yvelaferi fexqveS gaigos, oRond
ki Tavis mizans miaRwios. magram verc gulqani gamodga ise Zlieri, rom
pirquSi cxovrebisaTvis gaeZlo. nawarmoebis bolos vxedavT imdenad
gulgatexil qals, rom igi mzadaa aqauroba datovos da Tavis erTaderT
SvilTan erTad ucxoeTs Seafaros Tavi.
1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv. 623
169
erTob sainteresi saxea aseve `pirveli nabijis~ erT-erTi gmiri
valida, imereli Tavadis Svili da Tbiliseli generlis Svilobili,
brwyinvale wodebis qalTa tipuri warmomadgeneli, romlisTvisac
araferi wminda ar arsebobs am qveynad, garda pativmoyvareobisa.
`amieridan mas aRar hqonda araviTari rwmuneba aRarc siyvarulze, aRarc
gulaxdils megobrobaze... trfialebaSi is eZebda raime nivTiers
sargeblobas. misTvis sul erTi iyoo patiosani kaci, gind avazaki,
meqrTame, mruSi, xazinis qurdi da samarTlis damrRveveli, mxcovani,
gind QWabuki, oRond ki misi nebis morCili yofiliyo.~ amgvari uzneobiT
da Tavisi marTlac uzado garegnobiT validam male iseTi mdgomareoba
moipova sazogadoebaSi, rom `umaRlesi gamgeobis aRvirebi xelSi eWira
da, rasac moindomebda, yvelafers isrulebda.~ 1 amitomac daesivnen
imereli naTesavebi da viTom megobrebi, rom qalis aseTi gavlena TavianT
sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT. ai, aseTia is sazogadoeba, romelSic uwevT
cxovreba giorgi wereTlis gmirebs. eseni arian meqrTame boqauli
jgirkoCa, gadagvarebuli Tavadi TavqfilaZe, xorxianeTis gamge da misi
coli, advokati wunkala, maRalfardovnad molaparake sivila, romelic
mefe liris sityvebs imowmebs imis dasamtkiceblad, rom qveyanaze
araviTari danaSauli ar arsebobs; gulqanis meuRle, peterburgidan
Camosuli mRali rangis moxele, romelmac samarTali sasurvel qalTan
ramdenime Ramis alersze gacvala; umaRlesi sasamarTlo palatis wevri,
romelic kacis mkvlel ieremia warbas gaTavisuflebas apirebs validas
keTilganwyobis mopovebis mizniT, polkovniki lebovi da a.S. maTi ricxvi
praqtikulad uTvalavia, ufro swored, esaa mTeli sazogadoeba iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda. uzneoba Suri, mtroba, urTierTgautanloba da
undobloba sufevs irgvliv. amitomac sulac ar gikvirs, roca xedav, Tu
rogor iRupebian erTmaneTis miyolebiT fizikurad da sulierad
sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gamo giorgi wereTlis TxzulebaTa gmirebi _
damnaSaveni Tu udanaSauloni.
miuxedavad aseTi pirquSi suraTisa giorgi wereTlis Txzulebebi
mainc toveben imedis safuZvels, radgan axali sazogadoebrivi fenis _
burJuaziisa da glexobis daRupul warmomadgenlebs rCebaT ara marto
1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.645
170
biologiuri memkvidreebi, aramed, rac mTavaria, maTi saqmisa Tu
saqmianobis gamagrZelebelni. am mxrivac giorgi wereTlis Txzulebebi
aSkarad realisturi xasiaTisaa.
garda zemoT ganxiluli Txzulebebisa giorgi wereTels aqvs
rogorc originaluri, ise naTargmni literaturuli nawarmoebebi,
rogoricaa: `oci wlis winaT,~ `saCino,~ `ediSer qelbaqiani,~ `zemoTis
samarTali,~ `monadiris naambobi,~ dramebi _ `jibri,~ `ojaxis asuli,~
moTxroba-zRaprebi _ `TaviWamiebi,~ `RvTiswyaloba~ da a.S. Cven ar
SevudgebiT maT^ ganxilvas, radgan, jer erTi, isini garkveulwilad
meorexarisxovanni arian rogorc SinaarsiT, ise mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiTac da, meore, maTi ganxilva axals arafers mogvcems
giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlis kuTxiT.
amrigad, giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis ganxilva kidev erTxel
gvarwmunebs, rom mwerali kargad icnobs yoveli sazogadoebrivi fenis
yofa-cxovrebas da detalurad aRwers kidec mas; magram xandaxan
sagnebis mxatvruli asaxvis nacvlad maT CamoTvlas, erTgvar
inventarizacias iZleva. mgaliTad, mkiTxveli gebulobs, Tu ramdeni Txa,
xis jami da sxva sayofacxovrebo nivTi ergo baxvas ded-mamas Zmebisagan
gamoyofis dros; an ramdeni sapalne Rvino, ramdeni fuTi Tevzi daixarja
esmas dasakrZalav qelexSi da a. S..
giorgi wereTeli sworad grZnobs da asaxavs kidec adamianis
fsiqologiur ganwyobas. didi damajereblobiTaa aRwerili, magaliTad,
ardadegebze soflad Camosuli ditos romantikuli gataceba cqriala,
Tamami, jeiraniviT fexmardi marineTi; maTi pirveli Sexvedris suraTi,
romelic marines tkbili sizmari hgonia; maTi ganSoreba da am
ganSorebiT gamowveuli Sinagani gancda; aseve baxvasa da esmas sulieri
aforiaqeba ieremiasTan Setakebis Semdeg, baxvas usafuZvlo eWvebi esmas
mier gaTxovebaze uaris Tqmis gamo; gulqanis Sinagani Relva da a.S..
giorgi wereTeli kargad icnobs xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, mis
warmarTul warmodgenebs, saxalxo dResaswaulebs da moxerxebuladac
iyenebs maT Tavis TxzulebebSi. aseve uxvadaa warmodgenili
eTnografiuli masala mis moTxrobebSi. ase magaliTad, `saCinoSi~
mSvenivradaa aRwerili glexis darbazi. mis nawerebSi yuradRebas iqcevs
cocxlad daxatuli scenebi, rogoricaa uriasTan vaWroba, daTunasTan
171
qeifi amave moTxrobaSi da a.S.. giorgi wereTlis nawarmoebebi savsea
xalasi iumoriT, wminda xalxuri gamonaTqvamebiTa da sityvebiT.
giorgi wereTels umravles SemTxvevaSi kargad exerxeba personaJTa
portretis xatva. Zalze STambeWdavia, magaliTad, pirvelmaisobis
dResaswaulze esmasTan mocekvave baxvas portreti (`pirveli nabiji~):
`vaJi iyo SavaT gamowyobili. tanT ecva Savi megruli Salis Coxa, Savi
giSris qilebi, Savi rqis koplebiani qamari, Savtariani xanjali, Savi
samogvis wuRebi; mxolod Tavi hqonda TeTri baSlayiT Sekruli, viwro
yviTeli sirmiT movlebuli; baSlayis wverze yviTeli sirmis foCi ekida.
Wabuki iyo ocda-xuTi wlis moxdenili vaJkaci. misi Jruni gamwvavi
Tvalebi da qera wver-ulvaSi mis wiTur loyebs saucxooT amSvenebdnen;
pirisaxe qeraT eRinRleboda da misi loyebi simwifiT SewiTlebul atams
mogagonebdnen kacsa.~ 1 aseve mSevnivradaa daxatuli samgzavrod
gamowyobili kudabzika (`mgzavris wignebi~): `kudabzika imerulaT iyo
gamowyobili. mardi da metiCara. imis qera Tmaze, niskartian cxvirze da
wvrilaT gawkipinebuls ulvaSebze rom Segexedna, maSinve ityodi es
imereli unda iyoso. aseTi amayi da ukadrisi ram iyo es dalocvili,
tyuila ceri rom geCvenebina erT adgilze Sexteboda. aseTs gaxrekils
cxenze ijda, rom Zvlisa da tyavis meti ara iyo ra. swored wyalSi
amowumpuls virTagvas hgavda.~ 2 msgavsi magaliTebis CamoTvla mravlad
SeiZleba. aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac, rom giorgi wereTlis
TxzulebebSi portretis xatvisas SeiniSneba erTi da igive niSnebis
xSiri gameoreba, rasac garkveuli trafaretuli, Sablonuri xasiaTi
aqvs. aseTebia, magaliTad, `SavTvalwarba,~ `loyawiTeli,~ `brolis
fiqalsaviT mklavebi~ da sxva.
giorgi wereTeli bunebis suraTis aRweris mxriv 60-ianelTa
Rirseuli warmomadgenelia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, igi didebulad
aRwers svaneTis pirquS da erTgvarad zviadad amay bunebas `mgzavris
wignebSi.~ Semodgomis wynari da mTvariani Ramis moxdenili suraTia
aRwerili `pirvel nabijSi:~ `Semodgomis Rame iyo. gavsili mTvare
dedamiwas daqaTqaTebda. are-mare movercxlul haeris zRvaSi yvinTavda.
uzarmazari cacxvisa da kaklis xeebi vakeze aqa-iq Sejgufebulebi sqeli
1 g. wereTeli, `pirveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.498
2 misive `mgzavris wignebi,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.184
172
CrdiliT faravdnen mosaxleebs. mTvaris Suqi rZesaviT gadasxmoda casa
da qveyanas. laJvardi ca mis gamo TeTrad gamoblenciliyo. kavkasiis
qedebi muq tredis fraT SeRebuliyo, uzarmazar Robe-yoreT gahkrodnen
cis kidesa...~ 1 marTalia, bunebis es suraTi kita abaSiZes da vaxtang
vaxanias ar moswonT, magram Cven mogvwons da ra vqnaT. mogvwons, radgan
avtori gviCvenebs cocxal sanaxaobas, ferTa gama ki zustad iseTia,
rogoric unda iyos ara geografiis saxelmZRvaneloSi, aramed swored
sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi.
rac Seexeba giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli qmnilebebisa YTu
publicisturi da mecnieruli xasiaTis werilebis enas, ise rogorc
yvela 60-ianelis ena, gamoirCeva xalxurobiT, sisadaviTa da simartiviT.
es advilad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom
mwerali xelovnebisagan moiTxovda xalxis politikur da mecnierul
aRzrdas xalxisTvisve gasagebi da xelmisawvdomi formiT. amitom
ambobda igi: `me mecnierebisaTvis ki ar vwer, ufro mdabiur mkiTxvelis
meSinia... (sagnis) simZimem vai Tu imdenaT daRalos igi, rom pirvel
furclebzedve xvrini gaamarTvinoso.~ meore dasis erT-erT damsaxurebad
giorgi wereTels saliteraturo enis gamartivebac miaCnda. `am dasma _
werda igi werilSi `kita abaSiZe da `Cveni axalgazrdoba,~ _ axali
azrovnebis mimarTulebis garda, TviT mwerlobis enac Zirianad Secvala
mis dromdis arsebuli mwignobruli Znelad gasagebi, gadaprexili
literaturuli ena advil gasageb mdabio literaturul enad gadaaqcia,
romlisaTvisac Zlier gabrazdnen maSindeli parnasis mTis RmerTebi.~
aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom giorgi wereTlis TxzulebaTa ena araa
Tavisufali saliteraturo enisaTvis miuRebeli imerizmebisa da
rusicizmebisagan. ufro metic, dialeqtizmebi da barbarizmebi gacilebiT
farTodaa gamoyenebuli mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebasa Tu publicistikaSi,
vidre sxva samocianelebTan.
yoveli zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
giorgi wereTlis esTetikur Teorias, mis `Seuferav realizms~
safuZvlad udevs misive filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba _
sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli materializmi da socialur-politikuri
demokratizmi. amave dros misi esTetikuri Teoriis Sinaarsi
1 g. wereTeli `piveli nabiji,~ ix. qarTuli proza, t.X, gv.565
173
garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia me-19 saukunis meore naxevris
saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TaviseburebebiT, rac
gansazRvravda misi, rogorc mwerlis, Semoqmedebis xalxurobas.
giorgi wereTlis azriT, xelovneba, maT Soris literaturac,
Seuferavad, mTeli bunebriobiT, `zedmiwevnili simarTliT unda
asaxavdes realur cxovrebas yvela misi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi
mxareebiT.~ xelovnebis upirvelesi amocanaa `cocxali tipebis~ Seqmna,
romlebic gamoxataven gansazRvruli epoqis da socialuri wris
konkretul warmomadgenels, romelic amave dros am epoqisa Tu
wrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi niSnebis matarebelicaa. amgvari
tipebis Seqmna SesaZlebelia cxovrebaze dakvirvebiT da sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis mecnieruli kanonebis gaTvaliswinebiT; xelovneba
cxovrebas unda emsaxurebodes da cdilobdes xeli Seuwyos
sazogadoebrivi yofis gardaqmna-gaumjobesebas. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom
igi Tavisufali iyos tendenciuri, xelovnurad, sinamdvilis
damaxinjebis gziT mogonili ideebisagan, radgan cxovreba Tavadaa azris,
ideis Semcveli da amdenad mimwodebelic amsaxvelisaTvis. saWiroa
mxolod saukeTesos SerCeva da cxovrebis marTali, Seulamazebeli
asaxva, rac TavisTavad nawarmoebis ideurobasac niSnavs. xelovnebis
nawarmoebi amave dros unda iyos xalxuri SinaarsiTac da formiTac,
rameTu igi xalxis politikur, mecnierul aRzrda-ganaTlebas da
cxovrebis gaumjobesebas unda emsaxurebodes im naklovanebebis Cveneba-
asaxviT, romelnic aferxeben mis winsvlas; amasTan erTad unda
gviCvenebdes sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semferxebeli naklovanebebis
gamosworebis gzebsa da saSualebebs.
miuxedavad zogierTi naklovanebebisa, razec zemoT gvqonda
saubari, giorgi wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, gansakuTrebiT misi
saukeTeso Txzulebani, srulad asaxavs maSindeli saqarTvelos
socialur-politikur viTarebas da moicavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
ara romelime erT mxares, aramed mTlianobaSi warmogvidgens mas. isic
marTalia, rom mis nawerebs xSirad yoveldRiurobis niSnebi atyvia,
magram es mimaniSnebelia giorgi wereTlis mwerluri niWis ara
sisustisa, aramed gamoZaxilia im moTxovnilebebisa, romelic maSindeli
qarTuli sazogadoeba ayenebda literaturis winaSe da rasac angariSs
174
uwevda XIX saukunis meore naxevris TiTqmis yvela mwerali Tu sazogado
moRvawe, gansakuTrebiT samocianelebi.
giorgi wereTelma, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis miudgomelma
mematianem, Tavis TxzulebebSi WeSmaritad realisturad asaxa yvela is
ZiriTadi procesi da met-naklebad mniSvnelovani movlena, romelTac
Tavi iCines me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi. mis mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi
uxvad SexvdebiT im droindeli cxovrebis cnobil faqtebs, istoriul
detalebs, avtobiografiul momentebs _ mwerlis maxvili TvalisaTvis
araferi rCeboda SeumCneveli. ufro metic, Tavis TxzulebebSi avtors
zogjer zusti citatebic ki moaqvs im polemikidan, rac Tavis droze
imarTeboda saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi, politikuri Tu mxatvrul-
literaturuli viTarebis gamo. amitomac iyo, rom mwerals Tavisi da
saerTod meoredaselTa Semoqmedeba namdvili `Seuferavi realizmis~
nimuSad miaCnda da marTlac, mas Tavisuflad SegviZlia vuwodoT
socialuri da dokumenturi prozis ostati.
aqve gvinda davamatoT isic, rom giorgi wereTeli mTeli Tavisi
SemoqmedebiTa Tu esTetikuri SexedulebebiT aris ara naturalizmis
damamkvidrebeli Tu mimdevari, aramed, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, kritikuli
realizmis WeSmariti warmomadgeneli, romelsac Tavisi originaluri,
sxvisgan gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs rogorc mwerals Tu literaturis
Teoretikoss. Tu zogierTi araprincipuli msgavseba SeiniSneba mis
esTetikur naazrevsa da naturalizmis Teorias Soris, es, ra Tqma unda
ar niSnavs igiveobas, miT umetes, rom nawilobrivi msgavseba arsebobs ara
mxolod kritikul realizmsa da naturalizms Soris, aramed saerTod
yvela literaturul mimdinareobas Soris, iseve rogorc sxvaoba
xelovnebis erTi da igive mimarTulebis warmomadgenelTa Soris. aqve
gvinda davamatoT isic, rom XIX saukunis qarTuli realoba
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda dasavleT evropaSi arsebuli im
sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebidan, romelmac xeli Seuwyo
naturalizmis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas, rac Tavis mxriv
garkveulwilad mainc gamoricxavs giorgi wereTlis naturalistobas.
da bolos, literaturis, saerTod xelovnebis daniSnulebis
utilitaruli gagebis da sinamdvilis warmosaxvis dokumenturi, utyuari
meTodis wyalobiT moxda is, rom giorgi wereTeli aris erTi im
175
mweralTagani, upirvelesi Tu ara, vis SemoqmedebaSic mxatvruli
mematianis sisruliT da sizustiT iqna gadmocemuli me-19 saukunis meore
naxevris saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela mxare.
176
daskvna
didi xania SemCneulia, rom xelovneba yovelTvis gamoxatavda
sinamdviles, rogorc Tavis safuZvels da STagonebis wyaros. es miT ufro
iTqmis mis iseT umniSvnelovanes dargze, rogoricaa literatura. isic
cnobilia, rom xelovnebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis
socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan. swored sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobis ganviTareba, socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis evoluciuri Tu
revoluciuri cvalebadoba iwvevda xelovnebaSi, maT Soris
literaturaSic, sxvadasxva mimdinareobebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas,
romelTac hqondaT sakuTari meTodologia, ris safuZvelzec Tavisebur
damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen obieqturi sinamdvilisadmi.
rogorc cnobilia, dasavlur literaturaSi Tavisi ganviTarebis
manZilze arsebobdnen iseTi mimdinareobebi, rogoricaa:
1. antikuri xanis miTologiuri realizmi, romelic moicavda
erTdroulad realistur da iluzionur-fantastikur warmodgenebs
samyaros Sesaxeb, xsnida mas miTebis saSualebiT da Seicavda ra stiqiur
dialeqtikas, amkvidrebda pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis, individis Sinagani
samyaros erTianobis koncefcias. literatura da saerTod xelovneba
miCneuli iyo sinamdvilisadmi mibaZvad, rogorc meqanikuri (platoni) da
SemoqmedebiTi (aristotele) procesi, romelic warmoudgenelia
kacobriobis mTeli istoriuli ganviTarebis gareSe (lukreciusi).
2. Sua saukuneebis alegoriul-simboluri realizmi warmoadgenda
sinamdvilis inteleqtualuri Semecnebis saSualebas. am periodis
literaturisaTvis yovelive ganpirobebulia RmerTiT da Tavad samyaroc
orsaxovania _ xiluli, anu realuri da uxilavi, anu irealuri. es
ukanaskneli morwmuneTaTvis ufro realuria, vidre Tavad sinamdvile. am
drois mxatvruli Txzulebebi, rogorc sasuliero-religiuri, ise saero,
savsea alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT; misi gmiri moklebulia
nebelobas. neoplatonizmma da qristianobam xelovneba daukavSires _
pirvelma _ mistikur warmosaxvas, xolo meorem _ wminda religiur ideals.
3. aRorZinebis xanis humanisturi realizmi cdilobda samyarosaTvis
moeZebna Sinagani axsna TviT misive saSualebiT. man adamianSi aRmoaCina
sakuTar qmedebaSi Tavisufali individi da gviCvena Suasaukunoebrivi
177
asketizmisagan Tavdaxsnili titanuri bunebis mqone pirovnebis
Zlevamosileba da mSveniereba. es sruliad bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
im garemoebas, rom renesansi xelovnebas ucqeris rogorc sazogadoebriv-
politikuri brZolis saSualebas pirovnebis sruli gaTavisuflebisa da
`akeTe, rac ginda~ principis damkvidrebisaTvis. radgan aRorZinebis epoqis
literaturis centrSi moceulia adamiani, amitomac igi uaRresad
humanisturi xasiaTisaa.
4. ganmanaTlebluri realizmi mkvidrdeba gamZafrebuli
socialuri winaaRmdegobebis fonze, roca feodaluri aristokratiis
gabatonebul poziciebs utevs ekonomikurad moRonierebuli burJuazia,
romelic cdilobs wamyvani roli daikavos sazogadoebaSi. literaturis
demokratizacia, mibruneba xalxisaken, TviT sazogadoebis qveda
fenebiskenac ki. am drois realizmi, gansxvavebiT kritikulisagan,
socialuri arsis mqone tipur xasiaTebs aqcevs eqsperimentalur da ara
tipur garemoSi.
5. XVIII_XIX saukuneebis mijnaze socialuri afeTqebebis saboloo
miznebis miuRwevlobam warmoSva sayovelTao imedgacrueba Tu borotebis
ukvdavebisa da masTan ukompromiso mudmivi brZolis aucileblobis
koncefcia. yovelive es safuZvlad daedo romantizms, romlis centrSi
moeqca araordinaluri pirovnebis Sinagani sulieri samyaro. romantikosi
mwerali TviTon qmnis misTvis sasurvel mxatvrul sinamdviles, romelic
misTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre realoba. Tumca arc am
mimdinareobisTvisaa mTlad ucxo da miuRebeli realizmis elementebi
Tundac im TvalsarisiT, rom misi amayi gmiri Tavisi martoobiTa Tu
samyaros miuReblobiT Tavad realobaa.
6. XIX saukuneSi momxdarma mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam
warmoSva meurneobriobis msoflio sistema da yvela socialuri fena
warmoebaSi Caaba, ramac gamoiwvia maT Soris arsebuli mkveTri gansxvavebis
aRmofxvra. yovelive aman warmoSva kritikuli realizmi, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia mZafri kritikuli paTosi naklovanebebis gamosworebis
mizniT; realobis ganzogadeba da tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi asaxva;
humanistur idealebis dacva da a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kritikuli
realizmi XIX s. 20-30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde agrZelebs
178
arsebobas, miuxedavad mis gverdiT mTeli am xnis manZilze arsebuli ara
erTi modernistuli Tu avangarduli literaturuli mimdinareobisa.
qarTuli literatura, miuxedavad imisa, rom SemoqmedebiTad
iTvisebda aRmosavluri kulturis miRwevebs, tipologiurad yovelTvis
dasavluri iyo. Tumca garkveuli obieqturi mizezebis gamo igi ar icnobs
an Zalian sustad icnobs antikuri xanis miTologiur realizms,
klasicizms, naturalizms da sxva mimdinareobebs, romelebic arsebobda
evropaSi.
rogorc cnobilia, Cveni mwerlobis istoria V saukunidan, kerZod
`SuSanikis wamebidan~ iwyeba. misi pirveli periodi moicavs V_XVIII
saukuneebs da Zvel qarTuli literaturis saxeliTaa cnobili. V_X
saukuneebis, anu adrefeodaluri xanis mwerloba, rogorc yvela
qristianul qveyanaSi, sasuliero Janrebis, kerZod hagiografiis batonobiT
xasiaTdeba. am periodis qarTuli literaturisaTvis realizmis kuTxiT
damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebi:
1. konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvilis aRwera TviTmxilvelTa mier,
anu `WeSmaritad aRwera~ `Tana-daxudomelTa~ mier.
2. upiratesobis miniWeba SinaarsisaTvis formasTan SedarebiT,
erTgvari dapirispireba `sityuaxelovnebiT~ gamoxatvasa da xotba-
Sesxmisadmi.
3. uaryofiTi damokidebuleba `zRaprobisadmi,~ radgan masSi
warmarTobas da am sofliur sibrZnes xedavdnen, rac damdableblurad iyo
Sefasebuli.
4. Teoriulad mxatvruli gamonagonis uaryofa, praqtikulad
fantastikuri, magram sarwmuno elementebis saxiT misi arseboba.
5. iSviaTad, magram mainc personaJis portretisa da peizaJis arseboba,
X saukunidan ki yofiTi elementebisa da TviT samijnuro novelebis
CarTvac, Tumca garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT.
zemoT CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis arseboba iZleva imis saSualebas,
ganvacxadoT, rom qarTuli hagiografiis Zeglebi mTlianad akmayofileben
realizmis, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobis, ZiriTad moTxovnas,
rasac sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva hqvia. Tumca literaturis mkvlevarTa
Soris am mxriv dRemde arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba.
179
XI saukunidan qarTul mwerlobaSi TandaTan viTardeba da
Zlierdeba saero nakadi, xolo XII_XIII saukuneebSi gabatonebul
mdgomareobasac ikavebs, rac ganpirobebuli iyo Cveni qveynis politikuri
Tu ekonomikuri ZlierebiT, romelsac safuZvlad edo saqarTvelos
gaerTianeba mtkice samefo xelisuflebis mier, romlis dasayrdens saero
aristokratia warmoadgenda. swored am ukanasknelis esTetikur
moTxovnilebas akmayofilebda im droindeli samijnuro, saxotbo Tu
saraindo-saTavgadasavlo mxatvruli Txzulebebi, rogoricaa _ mose
xonelis `amirandarejaniani,~ SavTelis `abdulmesia,~ CaxruxaZis
`Tamariani~ da, ra Tqma unda, rusTvelis `vefxistyaosani.~ es ukanaskneli,
rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli renesansis mauwyebladacaa miCneuli.
klasikuri xanis qarTuli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
realizmis Semdegi niSnebi:
1. konkretuli istoriuli sinamdvilis asaxva aseve konkretuli
istoriuli pirebisaTvis xotba-Sesxmis gziT (`Tamariani,~ `abdulmesia~).
2. Cveni qveynis socialur-politikuri mdgomareobis realuri
viTarebis damajereblad asaxvis mizniT mxatvruli gamonagonis farTod
gamoyeneba (`amirandarejaniani,~ `vefxistyaosani~).
3. miTosur-fantastikuri elementebis gamoyeneba realistur planSi
gaazrebiTa da realobasTan organuli SerwymiT (`amirandarejaniani~).
4. mxatvruli sinamdvilis iseTi modelis Seqmna, romelSic
erTmaneTis tolfardovani gmirebi adamianuri arsebobis azrs
erTmaneTisaTvis mxardaWerasa da erTi miznisaTvis brZolaSi xedaven.
amgvari konstruqciis pirveli da arasrulyofili nimuSi mose xonelma
mogvca „amirandarejanianSi,“ xolo srulyofili _ rusTvelma
„vefxistyaosanSi.“
5. cocxal personaJTa individualizirebuli mxatvruli saxeebis
Seqmna, romelTa moqmedebasac warmarTavs Tavisufali nebeloba.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom „vefxistyaosanSi“ amgvari saxeebi atareben
zogadobis, tipurobis niSnebsac.
6. mxatvruli portretis, peizaJis, sayofacxovrebo elementebis
farTo gamoyeneba personaJTa xasiaTisa Tu arsebuli sinamdvilis
srulyofili gadmocemis mizniT.
180
7. maRalmxatvrul formebSi asaxva Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iseTi Cveulebrivi grZnobebisa da movaleobebisa,
rogoricaa: siyvaruli, megobroba, mtroba-siZulvili, qveynisa da
patronisadmi erTguli samsaxuri da a.S. Tan yovelive amas ganapirobebs am
qveynad sikeTis damkvidrebisa da adamianuri bednierebis miRwevis survili.
8. mxatvrul qmnilebebSi moqmed pirebad sxvadasxva socialuri wris
warmomadgenelTa gamoyvana, rogorc magaliTad „vefxistyaosanSia“ vaWarTa
fenis, mekobreebis Tu mona-zangebis saxiT. amave dros teritoriuli
TvalsazrisiT Zalze farToa personaJTa samoqmedo areali.
9. saliteraturo enis daxvewiloba da xalxur-sasaubrosTan
daaxloebis tendencia bunebrivadaa Serwymuli im drois nawarmoebTa
Zalze maRal donesTan mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT. es gansakuTRebiT iTqmis
rusTvelis ukvdav qmnilebaze, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba
„vefxistyaosnis“ kolosaluri zegavlena Semdgomi xanis mwerlobaze.
rogorc vxedavT, klasikuri xanis qarTulma saero literaturam
kidev ufro gaamravalferovna is realisturi tendenciebi Tu realizmis
elementebi, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo Cveni hagiografiisaTvis. ufro
metic, man farTod gamoiyena mxatvruli gamonagoni, rogorc sinamdvilis
asaxvis erT-erTi saSualeba da miaRwia mxatvruli saxe-tipis
ganzogadebasac ki. aqve gvinda davamatoT is, rom am drois mwerlebi
(upirveles yovlisa rusTveli), miuxedavad aSkara tendenciurobisa
(sruliad naTelia maTi simpatia aristokratiis mimarT), ar arian
moklebuli arsebuli sinamdvilis zogierTi mxaris (vaWarTa fenisa da qaj-
mekobreebis zneoba) kritikis unarsac.
realizmis niSnebi yvelaze metad mainc aRorZinebis xanis (XVII-XVIII
saukuneebi) qarTuli mwerlobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da es uwinaresad
iTqmis arCilisa da misi skolis, e.w. „marTlis Tqmis,“ mimdevarTa Sesaxeb.
am skolis warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi
realizmis TvalTaxedviT aseTnairad SegviZlia CamovayaliboT:
1. mwerlobam unda asaxos sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi an gagonili
simarTle, konkretul-istoriuli sinamdvile, romelSic moqmedeben aseve
konkretul-istoriuli pirebi. amiT garkveulwilad uaryofilia,
Teoriulad mainc, mxatvruli gamonagoni, rac sparsofilur
literaturasTan polemikuri simwvaviT unda aixsnas.
181
2. „marTlis Tqmis“ principi upirispirdeba ara mxolod „zRaprobas,“
romelic aerTianebs mxatvrul gamonagonsac da marTla zRaprulsac,
aramed realobis aRmatebulad, Seferilad asaxvasa da xotba-Sesxmasac,
radgan aseTi ram sazogadoebisaTvis mavnebladaa miCneuli.
3. mwerlobam mourideblad unda amxilos Tanadrouli
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mankieri mxareebi ara mxolod
mxilebisaTvis, aramed upirveles yovlisa mxilebulis gamosworebis
mizniT.
4. mwerlobisaTvis aucilebelia istoriul-nacionaluri Tematikis
damuSaveba, rogorc warsulis, ise Tanamedroveobis asaxva mTeli
mravalferovnebiT, Tavisi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebiT. amave dros
formasa da Sinaarss Tanabari mniSvneloba eniWeba.
5. gafarToebulia sinamdvilis is sfero da socialuri wre, romelic
SeiZleba mwerlobis Temad iqces. mxatvrulad aisaxa ara mxolod
konkretul-istoriuli Tu saraindo-safalavno ambebi, aramed Cveulebrivi
yofiTi elementebic (mag. daviT guramiSvilis „qacvia mwyemsi,“ besikis
„rZal-dedamTiliani“ da sxva).
6. mwerlobis Tematikis gafarToebam gamoiwvia Janrobrivi
mravalferovnebac. saistorio eposTan erTad da mis gverdiT iqmneba
mdidari literatura, sagmiro, romantikuli, sazRapro Tu didaqtikuri
eposisa da lirikis saxiT, romelic mxatvrul gamonagons efuZneboda. amave
dros sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis mwerlurma niWma
SesaZlebeli gaxada saukuneebis manZilze gabatonebuli rusTvelis
yovlismomcveli zegavlenis daZleva da qarTul mwerlobaSi axali
saleqso zomebis SemoRebasTan erTad prozis damkvidrebac.
7. didi yuradReba eqceva saliteraturo enis siwmindis dacvas. amave
dros aSkaraa misi xalxur-sasaubro enasTan daaxloeba, rac praqtikulad
axali saliteraturo enis damkvidrebas niSnavda. am saqmeSi
gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT sulxan-saba orbeliansa da daviT
guramiSvils.
8. sruliad naTelia literaturis demokratizacia da misi mibruneba
xalxis farTo masebisaken.
amrigad, aRorZinebis xanis mwerloba Tavisi TematikiT, Janrobrivi
mravalferovnebiT, ideuri mizandasaxulobiTa da saliteraturo enis
182
gaxalxurebiT Zalze axlos dgas kritikul realizmTan. am TvalsazrisiT
„marTlis Tqmis“ literaturuli skolis warmomadgenelTa naklad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvruli ganzogadebisa da tipuri xasiaTebis tipur
garemoSi asaxvis ar qona, Tumca arc amasaa moklebuli sulxan-saba
orbelianis „sibrZne sicruisa“ da daviT guramiSvilis „daviTiani.“
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma socialur-
politikurma viTarebam, damoukideblobis dakargvis xarjze dampyrobeli
ruseTis meSveobiT dasavlur samyarosTan kulturuli kavSiris aRdgenam,
msoflio sameurneo cxovrebaSi Cveni qveynis TandaTanobiTma Cabmam
SesaZlebeli gaxada qarTul mwerlobaSi evropaSi arsebuli mimdinareobis
romantizmis warmoSoba-ganviTareba. evropul romantizmTan msgavsebasTan
erTad qarTul romantizmSi aSkarad SeiniSneba gansxvavebac, rac sruliad
bunebrivia, radgan igi uwinaresad ikvebeboda mravalsaukunovani erovnuli
literaturuli tradiciebiT.
Tu qarTvel romantikosTa Semoqmedebas ganvixilavT realizmis
TvalTaxedviT, advilad SevamCnevT am ukanasknelisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs. aqve gvinda davamatoT isic, rom qarTuli romantizmisaTvis ar
yofila damaxasiaTebeli is Tanmimdevruli sayovelTao pesimizmis mkvebavi
reaqciuli Sinaarsi da mistikuri elferi, rac ase aSkaradaa gamoxatuli
evropel romantikosTa didi nawilis SemoqmedebaSi. qarTvel romantikosTa
Semoqmedeba qarTuli sinamdviliTaa nakarnaxevi da konkretul Sinaars
Seicavs.
qarTuli romantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia realizmis Semdegi
niSnebi:
1. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi qarTul sinamdvileSi wamoWrili
mTavari Temebisa da sakiTxebis asaxva mxatvrul TxzulebebSi. es
uwinaresad exeba Cveni qveynis damoukideblobis dakargvasa da ruseTTan
ZaldatanebiT SeerTebis av-kargianobas, rogorc, magaliTad grigol
orbelianis `mgzavrobasa~ da nikoloz baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisaSi.~
2. arsebuli socialuri struqturis kritika da sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobis realuri suraTis asaxva ukeTesi momavlis imedTan erTad.
aseTi Txzulebebia, magaliTad – aleqsandre WavWavaZis `visac gsurT~ da
grigol orbelianis `muSa boqulaZe.~
183
3. zogadsakacobrio Temebis _ megobrobis, siyvarulis arsis,
saerTod adamianis movaleobisa Tu misi adgilis gansazRvris mcdeloba
ara mistikur, aramed realistur planSi (gr. orbelianis `sadRegrZelo,~
al. WavWavaZis `siyvarulo Zalsa Sensa,~ n. baraTaSvilis `fiqrni mtkvris
piras,~ `merani~ da sxva).
4. warsulis saxelovan pirTa gmiruli suraTebis realisturi
gacocxleba garkveul idealizaciasTan erTad, magram ara awmyosagan
mTliani mowyvetiT, aramed masTan kavSirSi (gr. orbelianis `sadRegrZelo,~
n. baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisa~ da sxva.)
5. zviadi da maRali Tovlian-yinulian-myinvarebiani kavkasionis
mTagrexilebis, misi kalTebidan gadmomquxari Tergis Tu Seupovari aragvis
Semogarenis, usieri tyiT daburuli mTawmindis kalTebisa Tu mtkvris
sanapiros suraTebis savsebiT realisturi asaxva al. WavWavaZis (`kavkasia~).
gr. orbelianis (`sadRegrZelo,~ `saRamo gamosalmebisa~), n. baraTaSvilis
(`bedi qarTlisa,~ `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~) da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi.
6. qarTvelma romantikosebma ara mTlianad, magram garkveulwilad
mainc SeZles anton I skolis gavlenis daZleva da mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrules axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. amave
dros maT SemoqmedebaSi saboloodaa daZleuli Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sairis
xangrZlivi batonoba da damTavrebulia qarTuli leqsis teqnikuri
reforma, romelic wamoiwyes daviT guramiSvilma da mamuka baraTaSvilma.
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvel romantikosTa poezia
ZiriTadad grZnobis poezia iyo, es grZnoba ar gascilebia im garemos,
romelSic maT uxdebodaT cxovreba da moRvaweoba, Tumca Tvalsawieri
mTel kacobriobas wvdeboda. amitomaa, rom maT SemoqmedebaSi uxvadaa
warmodgenili sinamdvilis amsaxveli suraTebi da maT mier gamowveuli
fiqrebi Tu gancdebi.
rac Seexeba XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis qarTul literaturas,
igi ukve aSkarad realisturia, rac Cveni mwerlobis ganviTarebis
kanonzomieri Sedegi iyo, radgan kritikuli realizmis aRmoceneba
momzadebuliqna qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebriv-literaturuli
tradiciebiT. amave dros misi warmoSoba ganpirobebulia im sazogadoebriv-
politikuri cvlilebebiT, romelic Cvens qveyanaSi am dros xdeboda da
amave periodis rusuli literaturisa Tu azrovnebis keTilismyofeli
184
zegavleniT. kritikuli realizmis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo aseve XIX
saukunis Sua xanebSi qarTuli Tatris daarsebam da realisturi kritikis
arsebobam, raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes mixeil TumaniSvima,
ivane polonskim da, ra Tqma unda, giorgi erisTavma.
XIX saukunis Sua xanebis kritikuli realizmis warmomadgenelTa
SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:
1. mxolod da mxolod Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, misi
socialuri bunebis asaxva (yoveli sxva Tema am ZiriTadi Temis gaSuqebis
mizans emsaxureba); qarTvel TavadaznaurobaSi momxdari diferenciaciis,
burJuaziis cxovrebis asparezze gamosvlis, mefis ruseTis moxeleTa
Tavgasulobis, yma-glexobis araadamianuri Cagvris, fsevdo-inteligenciis
ususurobisa da sxva socialur-politikuri movlenebis realisturi da
reliefuri Cveneba.
2. axali Tematikis Sesabamisad axali Janrebis (sayofacxovrebo da
socialur-politikuri komedia, sayofacxovrebo drama, socialuri romani,
mxatvruli satira da sxva) Semotana da damkvidreba. amave dros bolo
eReba poeziis yovlismomcvel batonobas da proza Tavis kuTvnil adgils
ikavebs.
3. garkveuli konkretuli istoriul-socialuri garemos uSualod
gamomxatveli cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli TavianTi socialur-
klasobrivi mdgomareobiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli tipuri xasiaTebis
Cveneba.
4. arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis mZafri kritika TavadaznaurTa,
axalfexadgmul vaWarTa, mefis ruseTis moxeleTa Tu cru-inteligentTa
komikuri saxeebis CvenebiT (g. erisTavi, z. antonovi, l. ardaziani); savaWro-
savaxSo burJuaziis Camoyalibebisa da mis warmomadgenelTa Soris
arsebuli konkurenciis, gadagvarebul saeklesio pirTa saqmianobis
CvenebiT (l. ardaziani, d. WonqaZe) Tu batonymobisaTvis, rogorc
dromoWmuli da sazogadoebis winsvlis Semaferxebeli wyobisaTvis,
sabraldeblo daskvnis gamotaniT (d. WonqaZe, r. erisTavi).
5. personaJTa xasiaTebis srulyofili Cvenebis mizniT realisturi
portretis xatva, zogierT SemTxvevaSi metyveli gvar-saxelebis gamoyeneba
(vziatkini, Rrebakovi, gamwkepaviZe); moqmed pirTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis
maRalmxatvrul doneze gadmocema da sxva.
185
6. saliteraturo enis gamartiveba da xalxur-sasaubro enasTan
daaxloeba, sxvadasxva socialuri fenisaTvis, ZiriTadad ucxo erovnebis
vaWarTa wrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Jargonuli metyvelebis gamoyeneba da
sxva.
axali Tematika, axali Janrebi, axali mxatvruli saSualebebi da
sasaubrosTan daaxloebuli samwerlobo ena, tipuri xasiaTebis Cveneba,
arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis mZafri kritika, literaturaSi xalxis
Semoyvana _ mokled, ai, yvelaferi is, rac SesZina XIX saukunis Sua xanebis
kritikulma realizmma Cvens mwerlobas axal ideur azrTan erTad.
qarTul literaturaSi kritikuli realizmis Semotana XIX saukunis
40-50-ian wlebSi moRvawe mweralTa udavo damsaxurebaa, xolo am
mimdinareobis saboloo damkvidreba da Sesabamisi esTetikuri moZRvrebis
damuSaveba _ samocianelTa, anu `TergdaleulTa.~ es uknasknelni, rogorc
cnobilia, 60-70-iani wlebis mijnaze daiyvnen e.w. pirvel da meore dasebad,
romelTa Sexedulebebs Soris mraval msgavsebasTan erTad zogierTi
principuli sxvaobac arsebobs, gansakuTrebiT socialur-politikur da
ekonomikur sakiTxebSi.
pirveldaselTa sazogadoebrivi Tu esTetikuri da mxatvruli
SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi:
1. erovnuli sakiTxis win wamoweva da misi Sesabamisi Tematikis
mxatvruli damuSaveba qarTvel xalxSi erovnuli cnobierebisa Tu
TviTmyofadobis grZnobis gaRvivebis, saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis aucileblobis Segnebis damkvidrebis
mizniT.
2. socialuri sakiTxis Rrma, safuZvliani Seswavla da
maRalmxatvruli formebiT aRwera, brZola batonymobisa da misi
gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg maTi saboloo aRmofxvris mizniT da
Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolobiT liberalur-demokratiuli
sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis damyareba socialur fenebs Soris `Catexili
xidis~ gamTelebis gziT.
3. literaturis daniSnulebad miCneulia mxatvruli saxis meSveobiT
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis realisturi, `sarkiseburi~ asaxva misi dadebiT
Tu uaryofiTi mxareebisa da arsebuli naklovanebebis gamosworebis
saSualebebis Cvenebis gziT. amiT xdeba dromoWmuli Teoriis `xelovneba
186
xelovnebisaTvis~ uaryofa da axlis _ `xelovneba cxovrebisaTvis~ _
damkvidreba.
4. sinamdvilis realisturi gadmocema mxatvruli ganzogadebis,
tipizaciis gziT, rac gulisxmobs `tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi swor
asaxvas~ ise, rom isini erTdroulad atarebdnen erovnulisa da
zogadsakacobrios niSnebs. amasTan erTad tipuris Seqmnis safuZvlad
miCneulia mxatvruli gamonagoni, sinamdvilis `mogonili ambiT cxadyofa.~
5. mxatvruli nawarmoebis formisa da SinaaarsisaTvis Tanabari
rolis miniWeba, radgan mxolod RrmaSinaarsiani da maRalmxatvruli
formis mqone qmnilebas SeuZlia iqces sazogadoebis winsvlisa da
ganviTarebis mZlavr faqtorad. xelovneba, maT Soris literaturac,
miCneulia sazogadoebrivi yofierebis _ bazisis aqtiur, cxovrebaze
zemoqmedebis unaris mqone zednaSenad im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aucilebel
`zegardmo madliTcxebul~ niWTan erTad SeiaraRebulia Rrma mecnieruli
codniTac.
6. mwerlis, xelovanis eris iseT winamZRolad miCneva, romelic
dauyovnebliv exmaureba Tanamedroveobis yvela met-naklebad mniSvnelovan
movlenas, TviT wvrilmansac ki da cdilobs swori axsna mouZebnos mis
gamomwvev mizezebsa Tu mosalodnel Sedegebs.
7. xelovnebaSi asaxuli mSveniereba miCneulia uSualod realuri
movlenebiT ganpirobebulad, romelic amave dros TviTmyofi da
damoukidebelia, vinaidan xelovnebis nawarmoebSi keTili ineba asaxuli Tu
boroti, lamazi Tu maxinji _ yvela maTgani garkveul esTetikur tkbobas
iwvevs da sasargebloa sazogadoebisTvis, Tu Sesabamisi mxatvruli formiT
iqneba gadmocemuli. amiT xazi esmeba xelovnebis utilitarul
mniSvnelobas.
8. axali saerTo-saxalxo erTiani saliteraturo enis saboloo
Camoyalibeba da damkvidreba, radgan sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxva xalxis
interesebis TvalsazrisiT sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia. es ki garkveulwilad
ganapirobebda qarTvel samocianelTa Semoqmedebis demokratiulobasa da
humanurobas.
9. personaJTa xasiaTebis ukeT Cvenebis mizniT farTod gamoiyeneba
portreti, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba bunebis suraTebis aRweras da a.S.
187
amrigad, qarTveli samocianelebi, kerZod pirveldaselebi qarTul
mwerlobaSi sabolood amkvidreben kritikul realizms ara mxolod
mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT, aramed TavianTi esTetikuri SexedulebebiTac. es
ki ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc rusi revolucioner-demokratebis
Sexedulebebis ueWveli zegavleniT, ise Cveni sityvakazmuli mwerlobis
tradiciebiTac. pirveldaselebis mier damkvidrebuli kritikuli realizmi
Tanadrouli epoqis Sesabamisad ganaviTares `TergdaleulTa~ meore frTis
_ meore dasis, anu `axali axalgazrdobis~ warmomadgenlebma, uwinaresad
niko nikolaZem da giorgi wereTelma. swored maT SemoiRes da daamkvidres
termini `Seuferavi realizmi,~ rogorc garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi meTodis
aRmniSvneli cneba, ilia WavWavaZis da saerTod pirveldaselTa `Seferili
realizmis~ sapirispirod.
rogorc cnobilia, `Seuferavi realizmi~ literaturis mkvlevarTa
mcire nawilma gaaigiva naturalizmTan (mag. k. abaSiZe), an CaTvala calke
literaturul mimdinareobad (mag., g. jiblaZe); xolo mecnierTa didi
nawili, romelic am sakiTxs Seexo Tavis droze (a. Wilaia, n. Wolokava,
a.maxaraZe, o. WurRulia da sxva), Cveni azriT, sruliad samarTlianad
miiCnevs, rom g. wereTlis mier Tavis SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli
`Seuferavi realizmi~ warmoadgens pirveldaselebis mier damkvidrebuli
kritikuli realizmis ganviTarebis garkveul safexurs XIX saukunis 70-80-
ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis
Sesabamisad. aqve gvinda davamatoT, rom garkveuli msgavseba gansxvavebasTan
erTad saerTod arsebobs kritikul realizmsa da naturalizms Soris,
iseve rogorc sxvaoba kritikuli realizmis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebs
Soris.
Cven SeZlebisadagvarad SevecadeT gveCvenebina is principulad
mniSvnelovani msgavseba da umniSvnelo gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs
pirvel da meoredaselebis esTetikur naazrevsa Tu mxatvrul Semoqmedebas
Soris; aseve is umniSvnelo msgavseba da principuli sxvaoba, romelic
SeiniSneba naturalizmsa da `Seuferav realizms~ Soris, ris safuZvelze
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom `Seuferavi realizmi~ aris ara naturalizmi an
sxva romelime CvenTvis ucnobi literaturuli mimdinareoba, aramed
kritikuli realizmis garkveuli safexuri, romelic pasuxobda
meoredaselTa, kerZod giorgi wereTlis, Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi
188
viTarebis mier wamoyenebul moTxovnebs. amdenad, `Seuferavi
realizmisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad
Camoyalibdes:
1. realuri sinamdvilis Seuferavad asaxva, asaxva ise, rogorc aris
da wera imaze, rasac moiTxovs mwerlis Tanadrouli socialur-
politikuri viTareba, e.i. Tavad cxovrebiseuli sinamdvile. realobis
Seferilad, Selamazebulad asaxva da asasaxavi movlenis misadageba
Semoqmedis msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare mis survilTan
sazogadoebisaTvis mavneblad aris miCneuli.
2. erovnuli da socialuri problemis Rrma mecnieruli da
safuZvliani Seswavla da mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Seuferavi asaxva maTi
warmomSobi mizezebisa da mogvarebis saSualebebis CvenebiT. am sakiTxebis
mogvarebaSi upiratesoba eniWeba sazogadoebis ara romelime calkeul
fenas, Tundac Tavadaznaurobas, aramed masSi monawileobs mTeli eri.
socialuri dapirispirebis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia ara `Catexili xidis~
gamTelebiT, aramed TviT am dapirispirebis safuZvlis mospobiT.
3. literaturis daniSnulebad miCneulia sazogadoebaSi realurad
arsebuli dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebis realisturi, Seuferavi asaxva
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebis gamosworebis saSualebebis
CvenebasTan erTad. sinamdvilis Seferili asaxva tendenciuri
literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebadaa miCneuli da, rogorc mavne,
dagmobili. amave dros uaryofilia Teoria `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis.~
4. mwerali, xelovani miCneulia sazogadoebis iseT wevrad, romelic
maSinve exmaureba sazogadoebis met-naklebad mniSvnelovan saWirboroto
sakiTxebs, amxels misTvis damaxasiaTebel naklovanebebs da saxavs misi
gamosworebis gzebs Tavisi SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare.
5. mxatvruli nawarmoebis formasa da Sinaarss Soris garkveuli
upiratesoba eniWeba Sinaarss, radgan sazogadobis winsvlisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis umjobesia Semoqmedis qmnileba Rrma Sinaarsisa da
ideuri azris Semcveli iyos, vidre mxolod `brkiala~ formisa. ra Tqma
unda, saukeTesoa, rodesac Rrmaazrovani Sinaarsi gadmocemulia Sesabamisi
maRalmxatvruli formiT, rac mwerlis niWzea damokidebuli.
6. cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis realisturi asaxva ganzogadebisa da
tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi CvenebiT ise, rom isini erTdroulad
189
atarebdnen kerZosa da zogadis niSnebs. amasTan tipuris Seqmnis safuZvlad
miCneulia TviT cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi arsebuli zogadi niSnebis
matarebeli `cocxali tipi.~
7. literaturuli nawarmoebis mSveniereba warmoadgens bunebaSi
arsebuli mSvenierebis mxatvrul qmnilebaSi gadatanas. amasTan
upiratesoba eniWeba realur sinamdvileSi arsebul mSvenierebas. saerTod
miCneulia, rom mSvenieria is, rac sasargebloa, riTac literaturas eniWeba
utilitaruli mniSvneloba.
8. axali saliteraturo enis saboloo Camoyalibeba da damkvidreba
miCneulia mxolod `meore dasis~ damsaxurebad da garkveulwilad
ugulvebelyofilia am saqmeSi pirveldaselTa Rvawli, rac polemikuri
dapirispirebiT unda aixsnas.
9. personaJTa xasiaTebis ukeT Cvenebis mizniT farTod gamoiyeneba
mxatvruli portreti, metyveli gvar-saxelebi; mxatvrul nawarmoebSi
mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba bunebis suraTebis, yofiTi elementebis
aRweras da a.S.
amrigad, giorgi wereTlis `Seuferav realizmsa~ da pirveldaselTa
kritikul realizms Soris ar arsebobs arsebiTi da principuli sxvaoba,
amitom misi mikuTvneba naturalizmisaTvis an sxva romelime
literaturuli mimdinareobisaTvis, garda kritikuli realizmisa,
Secdomad migvaCnia. xolo is gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs ilia
WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis esTetikur Sexedulebebsa Tu mxatvrul
Semoqmedebas Soris ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia am ukanasknelis
Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi viTarebiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT mwerlur
niWTan erTad.
aqve kidev erTxel gvinda aRvniSnoT is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva
literaturuli mimdinareobebis esTetikur Sexedulebebs axasiaTebT
erTgvari meTodologiuri SezRuduloba, romelic gamoixateba wina
mimdinareobis, qvemimdinareobis Tu skolis literaturuli TvalTaxedvis
sruli an nawilobrivi miuReblobiT. es ukanaskneli umravles SemTxvevaSi
gamowveulia polemikuri simwvaviT, xolo iSviaTad pirovnuli
dapirispirebiTac. yuradsaRebia is garemoebac, rom nebismieri calke
aRebuli xelovani, mwerali TviTon qmnis axal mxatvrul realobas
sinamdvileze dayrdnobiT mxolod sakuTari msoflmxedvelobidan,
190
esTetikuri Sexedulebebidan, individualuri mxatvruli TvalTaxedvidan,
SemoqmedebiTi niWidan Tu energiidan gamomdinare. amave dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia mwerlis Sinagani bunebis, fsiqikisa Tu pirovnuli
`me~-s Tvisebebi, romelic yovelTvis individualuri da ganumeorebelia.
rac ufro didia mwerali, Semoqmedi, miT ufro originaluria igi da
gansxvavebuli misi Semoqmedeba, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom aseTi mxatvari
verasodes eteva erTi mimdinareobis, miT umetes qvemimdinareobisa Tu
skolis CarCoebSi, afarToebs mis farglebs da Tavis SemoqmedebaSi
garkveulwilad aerTianebs ramodenime mimdinareobas erTdroulad, gnebavT,
mTel epoqasac. amitom, roca literaturis mkvlevari mwerlis
Semoqmedebasa Tu esTetikur naazrevs ganixilavs ama Tu im
mimdinareobasTan mimarTebaSi, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli
zemoT naxsenebi garemoeba, rac samwuxarod, Zalze iSviaTad xdeba. amave
dros arc erTi Semoqmedi ar unda Sefasdes imis mixedviT, Tu ra unda
moeca mas dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu ra mogvca
man YTavisi Tanadrouli viTarebidan gamomdinare garkveul tradiciebze
dayrdnobiT. Tu am kuTxiT SevxedavT giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebas da
esTetikur naazrevs, kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom igi rogorc
mwerali da literaturis Teoretikosi `TergdaleulTa Taobis~ Rirseuli
warmomadgenelia, xolo mis mier SemoqmedebiT meTodad aRiarebuli
`Seuferavi realizmi~ igive kritikuli realizmia morgebuli mwerlis
Tanadroul sazogadoebriv viTarebas.
da bolos, yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli literaturisaTvis, rogorc nebismieri xalxis
yvela drois mwerlobisaTvis, dasabamidanve (V saukune) damaxasiaTebeli
iyo realisturi tendenciebi Tu realizmis niSnebi, raSic kidev erTxel
dagvarwmuna am kuTxiT Cveni mravalsaukunovani mwerlobis ganxilvam
`SuSanikis wamebidan~ moyolebuli giorgi wereTlis Semoqmedebis CaTvliT.
rac ufro viTardeboda da mdidrdeboda mxatvruli gamocdilebiT,
qarTul literaturaSi sul ufro TvalSi sacemi da xelSesaxebi xdeboda
realizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, ramac saboloo jamSi migviyvana
kidec kritikuli realizmis srul damkvidreba-gabatonebamde XIX saukunis
meore naxevarSi. am saqmeSi arc Tu ise cota wvlili miuZRvis giorgi
wereTels, romlis `Seuferavi realizmi~ sxva araferia, Tu ara kritikuli
191
realizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi axali etapi Tanadrouli sazogadoebrivi
moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad da mas araferi aqvs saerTo naturalizmTan,
romelsac rogorc literaturul mimdinareobas saerTod ar icnobs
qarTuli literatura.
192
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54. orbeliani gr., TxzulebaTa krebuli, Tb. 1954w.
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56. radiani S., axali qarTuli literatura, Tb. 1954w.
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58. ruxaZe tr., gardamavali xanis eposi, Tb. 1958w.
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63. feSangi, „Sahnavaziani,“ Tb. 1935w.
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66. qarTuli mwerloba, t. I-XV
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