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teori arsitektur I
Introduction
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The Ancient City of Bam
Eastern Kermān province, Iran, Sāsānian dynasty (224 –651 CE)
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FIRMITAS|UTILITAS|VENUSTASdurability , convenience , and beauty
The term theory of architecture was originally simply the accepted
translation of the Latin term ratiocinatio as used by Vitruvius, a Roman
architect-engineer of the 1st century AD
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De Architectura book 1
(c.25 BC),
VITRUVIUS
Six principles of architecture,
which are
Order|taxis|modul, simetri,
aturan
Arrangement|diathesis|design,denah, elevasi, tata ruang
Eurythmy|eurythmos|proportion,
numerical ratios
Symmetry| proper harmony of the
parts to each other and to the whole
Propriety| pantas, cocok
Economy| cost, biaya
The five Orders, the Encyclopaedia Brittanica
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The Symbolism of Churches
and
Church Ornaments (1286),WILLIAM DURANDUS
The glass windows in a church
are Holy Scriptures, which expel the
wind and the
rain, that is all things hurtful, but
transmit the light of the true
Sun, that is, God, into
the hearts of the faithful
The piers of the church are bishops
and doctors: who specially sustain the
Church of
God by their doctrine
Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, French
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On the Art of Building(1443 –52)LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
Alberti gives the earliest
definition of the role of the architect.
The architect is to be concerned
firstly with the construction. This
encompasses all the practical matters
of site, of materials and their
limitations and of human capability.The second concern is
"articulation"; the building must work
and must please and suit the needs of
those who use it. The third concern
of the architect is aesthetics, both of
proportion and of ornament.
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence, constructed between 1296
and 1436 (dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420 –36).
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Architecture Course
(1675)FRANÇOI S BLONDEL
Architecture is the art of building well. Agood building is one that is solid,commodious, healthy, and pleasing. Thefirst thing that the architect must do is tolocate a proper site to place his building,the choice of which is made by goodwater, clean and pure air, a well exposedsite that is not subject to vapors andgases that render habitations unhealthyor infected. It is for the architect todispose and to divide his particularspaces in such a way that the parts relateto each other with an agreeableproportion and justness, each beingconvenient and separated withoutencumbrance. He must know the natureof the terrain, the stone, wood, lime,and other materials, and employ themwith such prudence and care that thefoundations will be solid, the wallsstrong, the wood well-joined, andeverything so well laid that nothingcontradicts it. Then he must take care toembellish the facades of his buildingwith ornaments that are proper anddisposed with regard to the doors,windows, and other parts; in theirarrangement they must please and satisfythe eyes that regard them.
Elaborately carved and painted gallery characteristic of French Renaissance design: The
château of Fontainebleau, Gallery of Francis I, c. 1533 –45.
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Notes for a textbook
on Architecture (c.1835)
KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL
all architectural forms were based onthree basic ideas:
(1) on forms of construction;
(2) on forms possessing traditional or historical importance;
(3) on forms meaningful in themselves
and taking their model from nature.
Königschauspelhaus, Berlin (1818)
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ETHYMOLOGY
The word "architecture" comes from the Latin, "architectura" and
ultimately from Greek,"arkitekton", αρχιτεκτων , an architect, or more
precisely "master builder", from the combination of αρχι a "chief" or "leader" and τεκτων , a "builder" or "carpenter .” – wikipedia
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DEFINITION
Architecture is the art and science of designingbuildings and other physical structures. A wider definition
often includes the design of the total built environment from the macrolevel of town planning, urban design,
and landscape architecture to the microlevel of construction details and, sometimes, furniture – wikipedia.org
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PRIMARY ELEMENTS
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Primary Elements
point (titik), line (garis), plane(bidang), volume (ruang)
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POINT|TITIK
A Point marks a position in space. Conceptually it
has no length, width, or depth, and is thereforestatic, centralize and directionless |Sebuah titik menandai
sebuah posisi dalam ruang, secara konseptual ia tidak memiliki panjang,
lebar atau dalam, sehingga statik, terpusat, dan tanpa arah
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Point|Titik
Sebagai elemen primer daribentuk, titik berperan sebagaipenanda:
• Kedua ujung dari sebuahgaris
• Perpotongan atara dua garis
•
Pertemuan garis-garis padasudut sebuah bidang atauvolume
• Pusat sebuah bidang
Walaupun titik secara teoritis tidakmemiliki bentuk, keberadaannya mulai
terasa jika diletakkan pada medan visual(visual fields). Di pusat, sebuah titikmenjadi stabil dan mendominasisekitarnya. Ketika dipindahkan dari pusat,medan di sekitarnya menjadi lebih agresif dan mulai bersaing supremasi visual.
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Point elements
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LINE|GARIS
A point extended becomes a line. Conceptually, a linehas length, but no width or depth. Whereas a point is bynature static, a line in describing the path of a point iscapable of visually expressing direction, movement, andgrowth|sebuah titik yg dipanjangkan menjadi sebuah garis. Secara
konseptual, garis memiliki panjang namun tanpa lebar dan dalam. Berbeda dgntitik yang statis, sebuah garis mampu mengekspresikan arah, gerak dantumbuhnya sebuah titik
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Line|Garis
Sebuah garis adalahelemen penting dalam
pembentukan setiap
konstuksi visual
Sebuah garis berperan:• Menghubungkan, mendukung,
atau memotong elemen visual lain
• Mendeksripsikan batas dan
memberi bentuk pada bidang
• Mengartikulasi sebuah
permuakaan bidang
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Line|Garis
Meskipun garis secara teoritishanya memiliki 1 dimensi, ia
harus mempunyai ketebalan
untuk dapat terlihat.
Karakter sebuah garis apakah
kurus, atau lemah, tebal, halusatau kasar, ditentukan oleh
persepsi kita terhadap panjangnya
– rasio lebar, kontur, dan tingkat
keberlanjutannya.
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Linear elements
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PLANE|BIDANG
A line extended in a direction other than its intrinsic
direction becomes a plane. Conceptually, a planehas length and width but no depth| sebuah garis yang
dipanjangkan kearah selain arah aslinya menjadi sebuah bidang. Secarakonseptual, sebuah bidang memiliki panjang dan lebar, tapi tidak memiliki dalam
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Plane|Bidang
Shape adalah karakteristikutama dalam mengenali
sebuah bidang.
Bentuk ditentukan oleh oleh
kontur garis yang membentuk
batas-batas sebuah bidang
Properti tambahan dari sebuah
bidang-seperti warna permukaan,
pola, dan tekstur- mempengaruhi
berat visual dan stabilitasnya
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Planar elements
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VOLUME|RUANG
A plane extended in a direction other than its
intrinsic direction becomes a volume, conceptually,
a volume has three dimensions: length, width, anddepth|sebuah bidang yang dipanjangkan kearah selain dari arah aslinya
menjadi sebuah ruang, secara konseptual, sebuah ruang memiliki tiga dimensi:
panjang, lebar dan dalam
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Volume|Ruang
Form adalah karakterisktikutama dalam
mengidentifikasi volume. Ia
disusun oleh bentuk dan hubungan
antara bidang yang menyatakan batas
batas ruang
Sebagai elemen 3 dimensi dalam
desain arsitektur, sebuah ruang bisa
berupa solid atau void
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Volumetric elements
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FORM
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Circle|Lingkaran
Lingkaran bersifatterpusat, introvert,
biasanya stabil dan
menjadi titik pusat dari
sekelilingnya.
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Triangle|Segitiga
Segitiga adalah
stabilitas, ketika bertumpu
pada salah satu sisinya,
segitiga adalah figur yang
sangat stabil.
Namun ketika bertumpu pada salah
satu sudutnya, ia bisa menjadi
seimbang atau menjadi tidak stabil
dan cenderung untuk jatuh menimpa
ke arah sisinya
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Square|Persegi
Persegi mewakilikemurnian dan rasional. Ia
memiliki figur statis dan
netral yang tidak memiliki
arah tertentu.
Seperti segitiga, persegi juga statis
ketika bertumpu pada salah satu
sisinya, dan menjadi dinamik jika
diletakkan pada salah satu sudutnya.
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THANK YOU
[email protected]: Architecture: Form Space and Order (Ching); Encyclopaedia Britannica; Architectural Theory vol. I (Malgrave);
en.wikipedia.org\architecture