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LINUXIN A NUTSHELL

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Ellen Siever, Stephen Spainhour,Stephen Figgins & Jessica P. Hekman

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Linux. . - . . - : -, 2001. - 912 ., .ISBN 5-93286-012-

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LILO Loadlin, RCS CVS, GNOME KDE fvwm2. - Red Hat - Debian - dpkg. .

ISBN 5-93286-012-ISBN 0-59600-025-1()

-, 2001Authorized translation of the English edition 2000 O'Reilly & Associates Inc. Thistranslation is published and sold by permission of O'Reilly & Associates Inc., the ownerof all rights to publish and sell the same. , -

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1. 15 Linux 16 17 Linux 18 18 21 22

2. 27 27 33 TCP/IP 35 41 NFS 43 NIS 45 NIS 46RPC XDR 47

3. Linux 48 49

4. 459 459LILO: Linux 461Loadlin: MS-DOS 473 Linux Windows NT/2000 475, 477initrd: RAM- 479

5. Red Hat Debian 481 Red Hat 482 Debian 494

6. Linux 514 514 515 516 518

7. bash: 519 519 521 523 534 539 541 544 573

8. csh tcsh 575 576 576 577 582 595 599 603 608 csh tcsh 609

9. 633 634 Linux 634 636 638

10. Emacs 641 641 641 644 Emacs 652 Emacs 657

11. vi 664 vi 665 vi 667 668 670 672 677 ,

678 681 682 vi 695

12. sed 699 sed 699 700 sed 701 sed 702 sed 704

13. gawk 713 714 714 716 gawk 718 719 720 awk 721 721

14. CVS RCS 729 729 CVS 732 CVS 733 CVS 754 RCS 782 RCS 783 RCS 783 RCS 784 RCS 789

15. GNOME 803 804 807 809 GNOME 811

16. 830 831 837 KDE 839

17. fvwmZ 857 fvwm2 858 858 859

860 fvwm 861 863

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52 3. Linux

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-Ipath path .include.

-

.

L , L.R .W .

as

at [options] time

(time) - (date). . (. batch.) - EOF. (time) - (, ), . -

(date) , - (today tomorrow). .

.

at -.

/etc/at.allow, ; /etc/at.deny. ,

.

job [job...] .

.

-d job [job...] .

atrm.

at

56 3. Linux

at -f file file, .

1 , - , . -

atq.m ,

, -

.

q letter ,

(letter), letter [a-z] [A-Z]. ( - ). - .

V .

hh:mm [modifiers}

( 24- - ); - ; - ,

h, hh ( ) hhmm ( , ). , : 5, 5:30,0530, 19:45. am 12- . - zulu - (Greenwich Mean Time).

midnight | noon j teatime | now -

, teatime 4 ; now (increment).

month num[, year] (month) ,

; ;

57

at (year) . , , -

, at - .

day , -

.

today | tomorrow , -

. (date) , at - today, , -

(tomorrow).

, ,

.

minute, hour, day, week,month year ( ). next + 1.

, :

at 1945 pm December 9at 7:45pm Dec 9at 3 am Saturdayat now + 5 hoursat noon next day

atq [options] .

,

. -

at -1.

q queue , -

.

-v , , .

V .

atq

58 3. Linux

atrm atrm [options] [job] [job...] . at d.

-q queue .

V .

badblocks badblocks [options] device block-count .

device. - (block-count).

b blocksize blocksize .

- f i l e .

-v .

w - .

banner banner [options] [characters] (characters) - . characters , ban-ner . -

,

.

w width width -. , /. w, - 132. w , -, 80.

/usr/games/banner -w50 Happy Birthday! |lpr

59

basename name [suffix]basename option

. -

suffix, -. .

help -

.

version basename - .

% basename /usr/lib/libm.alibm.a

% basename /usr/lib/libm.a .al ibm

basename

bash [options] [file [arguments]]sh [options] [file [arguments]] Linux, . bash 7 bash: .

bash

batch [options] [time]

, .

, , -

(. . 0,8). -, at, -, . -

. at.

-f file , .

-

-

.

batch

60 3. Linux

batch -q letter ,

(letter), letter- [a-z] [A-Z]. ( - ). - .

V . , -

.

be be [options] [files]

be ( ), . be . -

,

, . -

.

-

. (file) . be - quit EOF.

1, mathlib -

.

s, standard

POSIX.w, warn

-

POSIX -.

q, quiet .

V, version .

61

. -

, -

. -

. -

, . -

.

,

. , -

:

.

x[i] i. i 2047 .

(,) . .

-

ibase, obase, scale last .

.

. A-F - 10-15.ibase =

(, ) - ( = 10).

obase =

( = 10). : ibase obase , .

scale = ,

( - 0, . . -). scale .

last .

be

62 3. Linux

be

. -

.

if (rel-expr) {statements} [else {statements}] (statements), rel-expr . , -

else, . -:

i f (x==y) { 1 = 1 + 1 } else { 1 = 1 - 1 }

while (rel-expr) {statements} (statements), rel-expr . :

while (i>0) {p = p * n ; q = / ; 1 = 1 - 1 }

for (exprl; rel-expr; expr2) {statements} while. , - , , 5, :

for ( 1 = 1 ; 1

63

b (backspace)f (form feed) (newline) (carriage return)q (double quote)t (tab)\ (backslash)

continueGNU-. for.

haltGNU-. be.

limitsGNU-. ( be).

define f(args) { /, - args. . - . -

}.auto x,

-

, -

0. - .

return(e^pr) . -

return 0, . .

sqrt(expr) .

lengih(expr)

.

be

64 3. Linux

be scale(expr)To , length, - .

read()GNU-. -. , -

ibase.

be 1. - scale 20.s(angle)

(angle); .

c(angle) (angle); - .

() .

() ().

1() ().

j(n, ) .

. -

, , -

.

+ - * / %

-++

=+ =_ =* =/ =% =- =

< >= == !=

65

/* */ .

() -, , -

. , -

, -

.

{} .

[] .

"text" (text).

, ( -) , - .

ibase = 8 20 16 -

obase = 2 , -

20 10000 ibase = scale = 3 8/7 1.001001000 !

?obase = 10 -

, .

8/71.142 ,

3 .

be

66 3. Linux

be :

def ine p(r, ) { auto vv = r"n

return (v)}scale = 5x=p(2.5, 2)x6.25

length(x)3

scale(x)2

= 2,5-2

biff biff [arguments} -

, biff . -, comsat(8). - biff , a biff n .

.

bison bison [options] f i l e -

(file), -- .

file.c. .

.,

- . -

( ) + .

b prefix, file-prefix=pre/ix -

fix.d, defines

file.h, #define, - bison , - .

67

, raw

file.fi , -- .

k, token-table file.c YYNTO-KENS, YYNNTS, YYNRULES YYNSTATES.

1, no-lines #line file.c ( - ).

n, no-parser -

, . -

switch - file.act.

file, output-file=/j/e .

prefix, name-prefix=pre/ijc (prefix) .

-t, debug .

-v, verbose . -

file.output.V, version

bison.

-, , fixed-output-files

.

bison

bootpd [options] [configfile [dumpfile]] TCP/IP. (Internet Boot Protocol), bootpd /etc/in-etd /etc/inetd.conf:

bootps dgram udp wait root /etc/bootpd bootpd

bootpd

68 3. Linux

bootpd bootpd , .

.

bootpd /etc/bootptab ( configfile, - ), BOOTREQUEST. /etc/services bootpd , . : bootps -- bootp bootpc - , - .

bootpd -DDEBUG, - SIGUSR1 /etc/bootpd.dump - dumpfile.

- directory bootpd.

d level . level , - 1.

t timeout .

.

bootpd -, -

. -

. :

hostname: tg=value\ tg=value: tg=value

hostname - - bootp, a tg - , - value. .

bf .bs 512 .cs cookie.ds (DNS).

69

gw .ha .hd .hn .ht (. RFC Assigned

Numbers - ).im .ip IP- .lg log-.1 1-.ns IEN-116.! -

.

sm .

tc .to UTC ( ).ts .vm cookie .

, -

( RFC 1048). -

, ASCII-, - .

bootpd

bootpgw [options] server (Internet BootProtocol Gateway). , server bootpd. -OTREPLY, BOOTREQUEST. bootpgw /etc/inetd /etc/inetd.conf - :

bootps dgram udp wait root /etc/bootpgw bootpgw

bootpgw - , bootpgw , bootpd, -.

bootpgw

70 3. Linux

bootptest bootptest [options] server [template] TCP/IP. bootpd server 10 . template, .

-{file .

h , IP-.m magic-number

magic-number - .

bzip2 bzip2 [options] filenamesbunzip2 [options] filenamesbzcat [option] filenamesbzip2recover filenames , gzip, -

. bzip2 - , -

.2. bunzip2 -, bzip2 ( ), bzcat , a bzip2recover -

.

-

.

-dig - dig . 100 , dig - 1 9.

, stdout

.

d, decompress .

71

f , force . -

. -

.

k, keep .

L, license, V, version , -

.

q, quiet .

s, small ,

.

t, test , .

-v, verbose .

. -

-v .

z, compress ,

bunzip2 bzcat. repetetive-fast, repetetive-best

0.9.5 ( - ) -

.

++ [options] files. g++.

cal [-jy] [[month] year]

12 ( ) - .

(month) 1 12, (year) - 1 9999. - .

bzip2

++

cal

72 3. Linux

cal j (

1 365, ). ,

- .

cal 12 1995cal 1994 > year_fi le

cardctl cardctl [options] command . -

PCMCIA . , -

, ( - /etc/pcmcia). scheme .

PCMCIA- , , .

config [socket} .

eject [socket] ( - ).

ident [socket] -

.

insert [socket] .

reset[socket] .

resume [socket]

.

scheme [name]

().

73

status [socket] .

suspend [socket] -

.

directory -

/etc/pcmcia.-f file

-

, /var/run/pcmcia-scheme.s f i l e

-

, /var/'run/stab.

cardctl

cardmgr [options]

, PCMCIA.cardmgr PCMCIA . ,

( /etc/pcmcia/config). - cardmgr - .

,

. ,

, - , -

. , -

. -

/var/'run i'stab.

- directory -

directory /etc/pcmcia.-d PCMCIA- -

modprobe insmod.

cardmgr

74 3. Linux

cardmgr f ,

.

mdirectory PCMCIA- - , /lib/modules/ \

, -

.

-pfile cardmgr - , /var/run/cardmgr.pid.

q He .sf i le

-

, /var/'run/stab.v .

V .

cat cat [options] [files] (files) - .

, -

. EOF. -

> - .

, show-all , vET.

-b, number-nonblank

. 1. , vE.

-, show-ends $ .

n, number . 1.

75

s, squeeze-blank -

.

t To , vT.-, show-tabs

(TAB) 1. ,

Unix-.-v, show-nonprinting

,

(LINEFEED) (TAB).

cat ch1

cat ch1 ch2 ch3 > all

cat notesS notes cat > tempi ,

EOF

cat > temp2 STOP , STOP

[options] files. gee.

cfdisk [options] [device]

. -

. device /dev/hda ( ), /dev/hdb, /dev/sda,/dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, /dev/sdd. . fdisk.

- , -

.

cylinders

.

cat

cfdisk

76 3. Linux

cfdisk h heads .

s sectors .

z ; .

format : ( ), s ( ) t ( ).

.

.

b (bootable) .d ( ,

).g . -

, (, h s, ).

h .m -

.

.

.

.

q .t . (, -

, ).W . ,

.

chattr chattr [options] mode files .

Linux (Second Extended Filesystem). - chmod - +, - =. (mode) . . Isattr.

77

R -.

-V . version

version.

+ .

.

= ( , ).

.

.

.

.

d dump.i .

.

s ; -.

.

S .

chattr +a myfi le ,

chattr

chfn [options] [username] , /etc/passwd finger. (options), chfn - . , -

.

. -

-

.

chfn

78 3. Linux

chfn f, full-name

.

h, home-phone .

, office .

, office-phone .

u, help -

.

, version .

chfn -f "Ellen Siever" ellen

chgrp chgrp [options] newgroup fileschgrp [options]

files. -- (newgroup) , , /etc/groups. -

-.

, changes .

f, silent, quiet , -

.

help -

.

R, recursive , -

.

79

reference=filename chgrp filename. newgroup .

V, verbose .

version .

chmod [options] mode fileschmod [options] reference=/itename files (mode) (files).

. (mo-de) (who opcode permission), . -

() - . -

mode, .

-, changes , -

.

f, silent, quiet , chmod - .

help -

.

-R, recursive ,

.

reference=/ri/ename filename.

-v, verbose ,

, -

.

chmod

80 3. Linux

chmod version .

.

g . .

( ).

+ .

.

= ( ).

.

w .

.

s ().t . ()

().

.

g .0 . -

.

, - ,

- .

:

4 .2 .1 .: , , - . -

:

4 , , , -

.

81

2 , , ,

.

1 .

(execu-te-by-user permission):

chmod u+x file

, -

(7), (5) (1) a (file):

chmod 751 filechmod u=rwx, g=rx, o=x file

(file):chmod =r filechmod 444 filechmod a-wx, a+r file

, -

, , -

- :

chmod 4755 file

chmod

chown [options] newowner f i l e schown [options] reference=filename files (files) - (newowner). -

, /etc/passwd. chown - : .. -. -

, .

,

, .

.

chown

82 3. Linux

chown , changes

, -

.

dereference .

f, silent, quiet , -

- .

h, no-dereference ( - ), , .

, verbose , -

, .

R, recursive , -

.

reference=filename filename .

help -

.

version chown .

chpasswd chpasswd [option] . -

, chpasswd username.-password ( ). , (password) - .

.

83

chroot newroot [command] . -

command , ,

.

. -

/ newroot . -

newroot. .

chroot

chsh [options][username]

,

,

. /etc/shells, . . chsh .

.

-1, list-shells , -

/etc/shells, .

s shell, shell shell , -

.

-u, help -

.

, version chsh .

chsh -s /bin/tcsh

chsh

84 3. Linux

cksum cksum [files] (CRC) (files) . -

, .

, -

( , ).

clear clear

.

[options] filel file2 [skipl [skip2]] filel file2. - - , -

. . comm diff. - . skipl skip2 -

.

, print-chars .

-i , ignore-initial=nu7n .

-1, verbose .

s, quiet, silent ; , - :

0 .1 .2 .

,

( 0):cmp -s old new && echo 'no changes'

85

col [options] escape- -

tbl nroff , .

(backspace); - (manpages). ,

. ( - -

.)

. -

128. , col , - , -

.

.

f i l e tbl nroff -

col :tbl myfile | nroff | col | more

man- (manpage) Is out.print, (backspace), ".

man Is | col -b > out.print

col

-f

-Ira

-x

colcrt [options] [files] escape-, -

tbl nroff , -. (, -) ( ) - .

.

2 -.

colcrt

86 3. Linux

colrm colrm [start [stop]] , -

.

,

. 1; start () - stop (). - start stop; (backspace) 1.

colrm 3 5 < testl > test2

column column [options] [files] (files), . -

, .

() .s char

char. t.

t . - , -

-s.

, -

.

comm comm [options] filel file2

filel file2.

: , -

, ,

. comm diff, . . - . comm - uniq. , comm - -

, uniq - .

87

.

. -

, .

help .

version -

.

, :

comm -12 slskel_top10 ebert_top10

comm

compress [options] files .

.Z. -, ,

. -

. , -

, . . gzip.

-b maxbits .

,

.Z.

d , . - uncompress.

f , .

-

.

.

V , , .

compress

88 3. Linux

[options] filel file2 [options] files directory filel file2 files directory. , -; , - ( ).

, archive -

. , -dpR.b, backup

.

d, no-dereference ,

.

f, force

.

i, interactive -

.

-1, link

( )., preserve

, -

.

, parents -

.

. ,

parents jphekman/book/ch1 newdir jphekman/booh/chl /newdir/jphekman/book/chl, -.

89

, R, recursive .

-S backup-suffix, su f f i x=backup-su f f ix , -

.

SIMP-LE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. - ~(). , - (. . .bak, bak).

s, symbolic-link

. -

.

u, update , -

( ) ., verbose

.

V type, version-control=fype .

VERSI-ON_CONTROL. existing. :

t, numbered .

nil, existing

, ,

.

never, simple .

, one-file-system ,

.

cpio flags [options] ( ) ( ) . - (flags) -i, -p .

90 3. Linux

i, extract [options] [patterns] , -

(patterns). -

. ( , -

cpio.) , . -

( - ).

, create [options] , -

.

, pass-through [options] directory (directory) .

.

, -

i, , . .

i: bcdf mnrtsuv SVCEHMR IF: vABL VC HM 0 Fp: Oa d 1m uv L V R

-0, null ,

, -

, -

.

, reset-access-time ( ) .

, append ( ). - F.

91

b, swap -

32- .

-,

5120 ( 512).blocksize=size

(blocksize) / - size x 512 .

ASCII-. - .

, io-size==rc , -

.

d, make-directories .

file, pattern-file=/iZe file.

f, nonmatching : , -

patterns.-F file, f i le=fi le

file, - (stdin) (stdout). ,

user@hostname:file ( user ).

force-local, ( F, I -) ,

:.

type, format=type type. - bin. -:

bin .ode (POSIX.1) .

92 3. Linux

newc

(SVR4) .

(SVR4) , .

tar-.

ustar POSIX.1 ( , GNU- tar).

hpbin HP-UX ( -, ).

hpodc HP-UX.

-I file (file) . - (. - -F).

-k , -.

-1, link .

-L, dereference .

-m, preserve-modification-time .

-M msg, message=msg msg .

%d, . - -

I .-n, numeric-uid-gid

-

.

no-absolute-filenames

.

93

no-preserve-owner , , -

.

.

- file (file). - (. F).

only-verify-crc CRC- CRC -, .

quiet .

.

-R [user][:group], owner [user][:group] , -

. -

.

s, swap-bytes .

S, swap-half-words .

sparse -

-

.

-t, list ( - -). v - Is 1.

u, unconditional ; , .

v, verbose .

-V, dot () ( - cpio, ).

94 3. Linux

version -

.

find , - .old. cpio:

find . -name "*.old" - print | cpio -ocBv > /dev/rst8 , -

save ( ):cpio -icdv "save*" < /dev/rst8

:

find . -depth -print | cpio -padm /mydir

cpp cpp [options] [if He [ of He ]]

GNU- . - -

gcc. - , gcc, - , ifile ofile , , -

; .

-$ $ .

. -

#define, - .

-dD dM,

.

idirafter dir dir, .

95

imacros f i l e f i l e - .

include f i l e file .

ipre f iK prefix iwithprefix (prefix).

iwithprefix dir dir , - ,

. -

-iprefix, dir.lang-c, -lang-c++, -lang-objc, -lang-objc++

, C++, Objective Objective C++, .

-lint lint : #pragma lint command.

nostdinc -

, .

-nostdinc++ , -

C++ .pedantic

.

pedantic-errors , -

-pedantic .traditional

, ANSI .undef

.

A name[=def] def, - #assert.

96 3. Linux

- ( , ). - .

Dname[=def\ def ( #define). (=def), 1. D, U.

( - ) .

-Idir

dir #include, /, .

,

/, - , -

, I, .

- [-MG] .

make, - . MG, , -

.

-MD file , -

.

-

. ,

#include "file".-MMD file

MD, .

-

, -

.

97

\lname , -

-

, -

D. , - Intel, - unix 1386.

Wcomment, Wcomments .

Wtraditional , ANSI - , .

-

. :

DATE ( Oct 10 1997).

FILE__ ( ).

LINE ( ).

TIME ( 12:00:00).

-

, ,

. -

#line.

# . -

# -. :

#assert name (string) string. - (assertions) #if. - #system,#cpu #machine.

98 3. Linux

#unassert name .

#define name token-string token-string. - token-string.

#define name(arg arg) token-string . -

token-string. - token-string.

#undef name . -

#undef.#ident string

string - .

#include "filename"', #include filename .

" > .

#line integer-constant "filename" -

.

,

(integer-constant) filename. - filename . - -

.

#endif, , -

(#if, #ifdef #ifndef). .

#ifdef name, -

#endif #else, #elif, , . -

.

99

#ifndef name, -

#endif #else #elif, , .

.

#if constant-expression, -

#endif #else #elif, , constant-expression .

#elif constant-expression #elif #if, #ifdef #ifndef - #else #endif. , #elif #else, #elif #endif, - , -

-

#elif , - constant-expression . #elif #else .

#else, -

#endif, -, -

#elif . -

#else .#

.

#warning , .

. -

. -

, -

/etc/cron/tabs. - .

crontab.

100 3. Linux

crontab crontab [options] [file], -

crontab. - crontab , u user. crontab ( ), .

. , ,

:

0-590-231-311-12Jan, Feb, Mar,0-6, 0 Sun, Mon, Tue, . , .

,

,

- (*). , crontab :

59 3 * * 5 find / -print | backup_program00 1,15 * * echo "Timesheets due" | mail user

3:59 , 1- 15- . -

crontab . - /etc/cron.allow, , - - /etc/cron.deny. , .

, 1 , .

crontab ( , -).

1 crontab - .

101

crontab .u user

,

crontab.

crontab

csh [options] [file [arguments]] (C-shell), . -

8 csh tcsh.

csh

csplit [options] file arguments

( < 100). , -

. . split.

.

b suffix, suffix-format=sw//ir (suffix). - . -

, ,

. -

:

% d .% i , % d.% .% .% .% X , % .

-f prefix, pref ix=pref ix prefixOO prefixn ( ).

k, keep-files , -

( ). , {}, -

csplit

102 3. Linux

csplit out of range ( )

.

, digits=raum

. = 2.s, -q, silent, quiet

.

z, elide-empty-files . -

, .

. , -

, .

/expr/ [offset} , -

,

. (offset) + , - .

%expr%[offset] //, , - , .

. -

({}) - .

{} .

. -

, ,

. -

*, , -

.

20 - novel.csplit -k -f chap, novel '/CHAPTER/' '{20}'

103

100 ( - 99), , address_list.

csplit -k address_list 4 {99}

csplit

ctags [options] files ,

, C++, FORTRAN,Java, Perl, yacc . ( - tags) :

file context

name - , file - , , a context - - , , -

name. () vi :

:set tags=tagsfiJe: tag name

vi , - tagsfile ( - t).etags - Emacs.

-, append .

-d, defines -

.

i file, mcliide=file tags file, - .

-1 language, language=language , ,

language. h -

.

file, output=file file.

ctags

104 3. Linux

ctags -rregexp, regex=regexp , -

regexp. , .

-R, no-regex ,

. ,

.

-t, typedefs type-defs.

-u, update , -

(, ). , .

-v, vgrind () ,

( 64 ).-w, no-warn

.

-, cxref , ,

.

-, backward-search .

-, ++

, . . C++, .

-, -h, help .

-S, ignore-indentation ctags ; - .

-, typedefs-and-c++ typedef, struct,enum, union - C++.

105

V, version

.

ctags

cut options [files} -

.

(list) - . , -

(, 1-10,15,20 50). . paste join.

-b list, bytes list list ; , .

list, characters list .

d , delimiter f ( - ). (-, ) .

-flist, fields list , list.

- , ,

-s, only-delimited -f .

output-delimiter=srmg

. -

, .

help -

.

version cut .

cut

106 3. Linux

cut

/etc/passwd:

cut -d: -f1,5 /etc/passwd

, (- ):

, who | cut -d" " -f1 (file) - :

cut -c4 file | paste - file

date date [options] [+format] [date] .

(format). , ( - ), , . -

.

.

+format , -

:

X date +" Xj X n X k %p"Tuesday 24815

% % b % % % Z% Y, . . Tue Sep 5 14:59:37 EDT 2000.

d date, date date date ( ), - d days months d days - , . ago , .

(. ).

f datefile, file=datefile -d datefile.

107

I [timespec], iso-8601[=f imespec] ISO-8601. timespec, : date ( ), hours, minutes,seconds. .

- f i l e , reference=/4te .

-R, rfc-822 RFC 822.

help .

version .

s date, set date .

-u, universal (Greenwich Mean Time), a .

% %. ( -

)._ ( - ).% .% .% .%d (01-31).% h % b.% j (001-366).% k 24-

(0-23).%1 12-

(1-12).% (01-12).% .

date

108 3. Linux

date

%r%s

%y%z

%p : a.m. - . . - ( AM ). 12- % I:% M:% S%p. , , . .

00:00:00 UTC 01.01.1970 ( - ).

%t .%w ( Sunday = 0).% .

(00-99). , RFC 822.

% .% .% D % m/% d/% .% 24- (00-23).%1 12- (01-12).% (00-59)%S (00-59).% % : % : % S.% U (00-53), -

.

% V (0152), - .

% W (00-53), - .

% X .% Y (, 1996).% Z .

, ,

. ,

MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]. , ,

.

time hhmm: 24- - .

109

day date

MMDD - . - .

year ( ) - . - -

.

: 1 (0701), 4 (0400), 1995 (95):

date 0701040095

date +"HelloXt Date is X D X n X t Time is XT"

:

Hello Date is 05/09/93Time is 17:53:39

dd [option=value]

(if) - , ( , of ). , of if - , .

dd , -

.

bs=ra

;

ibs obs.

cbs=ra

( - ) . ascii, ebcdic, ibm, block unblock.

dd

110 3. Linux

dd conv=flags -

( ) . - flags .ascii

EBCDIC ASCII.ebcdic

ASCII EBCDIC.ibm

ASCII EBCDIC IBM.

block (. . , ) - .

unblock .

lease .

ucase

.

.

notrunc .

swab .

sync , -

ibs.

.

ibs=n (512 ).

if=file file ( ).

111

dd (512 ).

of=file file ( ).

seek=n ( - , obs) .

skip=n ( - , ibs) .

help dd -.

version dd .

() 1024, 512 2, , , k, b w. -

.

:

dd if=caps_file of=small_file conv=lcase

( - data_retrieval_cmd) out, - :

data_retrieval_cmd \ dd of=out conv=sync,block

debugfs [[option] device]

. -

ext2. device , , -

ext2 (, /dev/hda3).

w .

debugfs

112 3. Linux

debugfs cat file

inode- -.

cd directory .

chroot directory inode-.

close -

.

clri file inode-, file.

dump f i l e out_file inode- out_file.

expand_dir directory .

find_free_block [goal] , goal ( -), .

find_free_inode [dir [mode]] inode- .

freeb block block .

freei file inode-, file.

help debugfs.

icheck block inode-.

initialize device blocksize ext2 .

kill_file file .

113

In source_file dest_file .

Is [pathname] Is.

modify_inode f i l e inode-, .

mkdir directory .

mknod f i l e [ [[ | b] major minor]] .

ncheck inode inode- > .

open [w] device .

pwd .

quit debugfs.

rm file .

rmdir directory .

setb block .

seti file inode-, - .

show_super_stats .

stat file inode-, .

testb block, .

debugfs

114 3. Linux

debugfs testi block, inode-, - .

unlink file .

write source_file file file - source_file.

depmod depmod [options] modules

. -

(mo-dules). - modprobe . depmod /sbin/depmod - - /etc/rc.d, .

,

/etc/conf.modules.d . -

.

(unresolvedsymbols).

v .

/etc /conf. modules , ,

.

/sbin/insmod, /sbin/rmmod, depmod.

115

df [options] [name] -

(name), df .

-

1 512 ( - POSIXLY_CORRECT). () (, /dev/hd*), (, /usr) - ( df , ).

, all

.

block-size=n .

h, human-readable , (. .1,9 1967156).

, si h, - 1000, 1024.

i, modes -

mode, -.

k, kilobytes , 512 .

1, local

.

m, megabytes .

no-sync sync ( ) .

.

df

116 3. Linux

df , portability POSIX (-

).sync

sync ( ) .

-t type, type^type -

(type)., print-type

-

.

type, exclude-type=fype , -

type.help

.

version .

diff diff [options] [diroptions] filel file2 , diff - filel file2. - ,

filel . - ed (, d), - filel file2. - - , -

. ,

diff , (, diff my_dirjunk diff my_dir/junk junk). - , diff , (, olddir/program newdir/program). , diff , -

, . . .

117

-, text .

.

b, ignore-space-change -

; .

, ignore-blank-lines .

: .

- , context[=n] : .

-d, minimal , -

,

, ,

.

Dsymbol, i fdef=symbol

,

, #ifdef #ifn-def, .

-, ed (, d), filel file2 ed.

F regexp, show-function-lme[=regexp] diff - , -

regexp, .

- , -

-

; .

diff

118 3. Linux

diff help .

horizon-lines=/i -

, -

.

-i, ignore-case . -

-

.

-I regexp, ignore-matching-lines=regexp ,

regexp.-1, paginate

, .

-L label, label label, label=label diff - label . -

, , , - .

left-column (-) - .

-, res

diff RCS.-N, new-file

.

-, show-c-function ,

- Java, , . -

-,

diff.-, unidirectional-new-file

-

, -

.

-q, brief , .

119

, recursive .

-s, report-identical-files .

-S filename, startmg-file=filename filename, ,

.

suppress-common-lines (-) .

t, expand-tabs -

.

-, initial-tab -

.

diff: - , -

.

-U , unified[=ra] diff: -

. -

3 .-v, version

diff.w, ignore-all-space

.

W , width=ra (-) - .

130.- regexp, exclnde=regexp

, -

regexp.

diff

120 3. Linux

diff -X filename, exclude-from=/t/enameHe , -, filename.

, side-by-side .

-

. -

-U.

diff3 diff3 [options] filel file2 fileS .

- ( ). :

.

_^ -jfilel , file2 fileS .

====2file2 , filel fileS .

====3fileS , filel file2 .

diff3 - (, - ,

). diff3 - , -

-

. (-merged changes),

. -

-

(merged changes). , , -

(overlapping change). , -

(file2) - (fileS), filel.

121

-3, easy-only ed, filel -, file2 fileS.

, text .

-, show-all ed, filel -, .

, ed ed, filel - file2 fileS.

, show-overlap ed, filel - , -

.

-, overlap-only ed, filel - .

X -, .

m, merge , ( ed).

L label, label=ZabeZ label .

i (w) (q) ed.

-, initial-tab ( ) -.

V, version

.

diffS

122 3. Linux

dip dip [options] [chat scriptfile] . -

, dip - , . -

-

. dip - -

diplogiii diplogini.

-

. diplogini.i .

diplogin.k dip , -

, 1.1 device

k .

m mtu

(MaximumTransfer Unit). 296.

protocol : SLIP, CSLIP, TERM.

t . .

V .

-

, .

beep times -

.

bootp IP-, .

break BREAK.

123

chatkey keyword code ( ) .

config [interface | routing] [pre | up | down | post] arguments (interface) (routing) : (), (up), (down) - (post). , - if config route.

databits 718 .

dec $variable[value] variable value. 1.

default IP- , - .

dial phonenumber [timeout] phonenumber. - ,

timeout . $errlvl - .

echo on | off .

exit [n] -

.

flush .

get $variable [ask | remote [timeout]] value variable value. ask, -. remote, . -

timeout .goto label

label.

dip

124 3. Linux

dip help .

if expr goto label label, -.

: =, !=, ,=.

inc $variable [value} variable value. - 1.

init string , -

. QO VI XI.mode protocol

. :SLIP, CSLIP, TERM. - SLIP.

netmask mask .

parity E | | N : (even), (odd) ().

password .

ARP- .

print $variable variable.

psend command

. -

.

port device , -

.

quit . -

.

125

reset

.

securid System Secu-relD - .

securidf prefix System Se-curelD.

send string string .

shell command , -

.

skey [timeout] S/Key, . . -

, timeout. dip - S/Key.

sleep time time .

speed bits-per-second . 38400.

stopbits 1 1 2 .

term . -

.

timeout time , -

.

wait text [timeout] timeout text . ,

.

dip

126 3. Linux

dirname dirname pathname

pathname, . - . -

/ , dirname - . ( ). . basename.

dmesg dmesg [options] . -

.

-

() , -, .

.

n level -

.

dnsdomainname dnsdomainname

TCP/IP. DNS ( ).. hostname.

domainname domainname [name] NFS/NIS. - NIS-. - . , -

, ; - .

dosfsck dosfsck [options] devicefsck.ext2 [options] device . fsck, MS-DOS. MS-DOS - fsck. dosfsck - , .

127

,

.

MS-DOS Atari.-d file

-

. ,

.

,

, dosfsck .-1 file

.

.

.

.

t .

V . .

size, size; , .

-F .-L file

f i l e -.

dosfsck

du [options] [directories] -

(. . 1 ), - ( ).

-, all ,

.

du

128 3. Linux

du -b, bytes .

-, total -

.

-D, dereference-args ,

.

-h, human-readable .

-, si h, - 1000, 1024.

-k, kilobytes ( ).

-1, count-links , ,

.

-L, dereference .

eTtclude=pattern , -

pattern.max-depth=/mm

,

, -

.

-m, megabytes ,

-s, summarize -

.

-S, separate-dirs -

.

129

, one-file-system

.

-X, exclude-from=/zZe , -

- file.help

.

version -

.

du

dumpe2fs device

. -

device .

dumpe2fs

dumpkeys [options]

. -

key tables.

1, separate-lines / ,

plain.ccharset, charset=charset

, -

. - iso-8859-1. - help.

compose-only compose-.

1 compose- .

dumpkeys

1 , -

- , -

(, . .). - . . .

130 3. Linux

dumpkeys -f, full-table : , -

.

funcs-only -

; - .

-h, help .

-i, short-info . -

, , -

, -

(, ) - .

keys-only ; - .

-1, long-info , short-info, -

.

-n, numeric -

; - .

-S , shape=/m/n -

. :

0 .1 , full-table.2 , separate-lines.3 -

, /.

131

e2fsck [options] devicefsck.ext2 [options] device ,

fsck, - Linux. e2fsck fsck ext2fs.

-b superblock

.

d .f , -

.

e2fsck , .

-1 file f i l e - .

- .

.

. .

t .

.

.

- size size; , .

-F .-L file

-

.

e2fsck

echo [-n] [string]

/bin/echo. echo, - shell bash. - :

\ .

echo

132 3. Linux

echo \b .\c .\f ( ).\ .\ .\t .\v .\\ .\

ASCII- .

escape- (. ) .

.

escape-. -

.

help

.

version

.

/bin/echo "testing printer" | lp/bin/echo "TITLE\nTITLE" > file; cat dod doc2 file/bin/echo "Warning: ringing bell \a"

egrep egrep [options} [regexp] [files] (files) , regexp. egrep : \(, \), \, \, \{ \}. - , +, ?, | ( ). , -. 9 . egrep: 0 - - , 1 - , 2 - .

133

. egrepgrep. . fgrep. egrep, , .

Victor Victoria :egrep ' V i c t o r ( i a ) * ' f i l eegrep ' ( V i c t o r [ V i c t o r i a ) ' f i l e

, old.docl new.doc2, :

egrep -n ' (o ld |new)\ .doc? ' files

emacs [options] [files] emacs .

Emacs 10 Emacs.

env [options] [variable=value ...] [command] , -

(variable), (value) -. (command), - .

-, i, ignore-environment .

-u name, unset name .

help .

version -

.

env

etags [options] files ,

, Pascal,FORTRAN, yacc flex. ( tags) :

etags

134 3. Linux

etags name file context , file - , , a context - - , , -

. () Emacs :

ESC-x visit-tags-table

Emacs ; TAGS. ,

tagsfile, :ESC-x find-tag

, , ctags vi.

, append .

d, defines

.

i file, include=/i/e , -

file.1 language, language=language

, ,

language. - h -

.

file, output=file file.

regexp, regex=regexp , -

regexp, , .

-, ++

, . . C++, .

135

D, no-defines -

.

, h, help etags.

R, noregex , -

, ,

.

-S, ignore-indentation etags ; - .

-V, version etags.

etags

ex [options] f i l e .

11 !.

expand [options] files -

, , -

, . -

.

.

-tabs, t, tabs tabstabs - , ,

. -

, -

. -

8 . - t tabs , .

expand

136 3. Linux

expand i, initial ,

.

help .

version -

.

expr argl operator arg2 [operator arg3...] , ,

.

.

,

. -

: , . .

: 0 - , 1 - ,2 - .

:

+ arg2 argl. arg2 argl.* .

/ argl arg2.% argl arg2.

-

, .

*

,

( \ ).

.

, -

(locale). -, 1, - 0. >

137

.

!= .> , argl arg2.>= , argl 2.< , argl , arg2.

138 3. Linux

expr match string regex string: regex.

quote token token , - .

substr string start length (string), start,length - . -

start length -.

; 10:

5 + 1 0 / 2

; 7 (7,5):

\( 5 + 10 \) / 2 1 i. - -

:

i = ' $1 + 1' 1 (), hello:

$ = hello 1 (), b 5 10:

$ + 5 \>= 10 5-, 6- 7- character:

substr character 5 3

version.100. - :

$ : ' . * ' 11

:

139

$ : ' \ ( - * \ ) ' : version.100 :

$ : '[a-z]*' : 7 :

$ : '\([a-z]*\)' : version $, $ 5 ; - $ ( - ,

, . . -

.) $ : '\( '

. -

.

mv $ ' $ : '\( ..... \)' \l $'( , mv -i.)

false false

.

( 0). bash. . true.

fdformat [options] device .

(device) /dev/fdO /dev/fdl.

-

.

fdformat

fdisk [options] [device]

. -

, fdisk - , ,

.

fdisk

140 3. Linux

fdisk , - .

. -

Linux - 40 . (device) - /dev/hda, /dev/hdb, /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/hdc, /dev/hdd . . . cfdisk.

-1 .spartition

partition, DOS.

bootable () .

d .1 .m .

; .

-

.

q .t .

/ (- ).

v , - ( - ) .

w .

fetchmail fetchmail [options] [servers...]

.

-

, fetchmail 2, , IMAP2bis IMAP4. SMTP 25 (-, sendmail),

141

. fetchmail -/.fetchmailrc. - ( , .fetchmailrc).fetchmail popclient, - ,

.

-, all , ,

, .

.

-A type, auth type , type password, kerberos_v5 kerberos. fetchmail , .

- , fetchlimit n , -

.

- , batchlimit n , -

SMTP-. -

.

0 ( ).-, check

. -

IMAP, ( ).

-D [domain}, smtpaddress [domain} , RCPT - SMTP. - (localhost).

header, envelope header , -

( X-Envelope-to:), Kaheader.

fetchmail

142 3. Linux

fetchmail , expunge n IMAP- EXPUNGE, , .

0 . , expunge .

-F, flush : .

-f file, fetchmailrc file fetchmail.

-I specification, interface specification,

IP- ( IP-) . (specification) interface/ipaddress/mask. TCP- (slO, pppO . .), - IP-, - IP, - 255.255.255.255.

-, nokeep .

-k, keep .

-1 size, limit size -

. , ,

.

- interface, monitor interface --

- -

, .

-,

.

-m command, mda command -

, 25 . command - , , /usr/lib/sendmail -oem. - % -, a %F - .

143

, norewrite

. -

.

, port n .

.

pproto, protocol proto , .

prof :2 Post Office Protocol 2. Post Office Protocol 3.APOP MD5.RPOP RPOP. Kerberos v4 1109.IMAP

IMAP2bis, IMAP4 IMAP4revl. fetchmail - .

IMAP-K4IMAP4 IMAP4revl Kerberos v4.

IMAP-GSSIMAP4 IMAP4revl GSSAPI.

ETRN ESMTP.Q string, qvirtual string

string, - , -

(, Delivered-To:).- folder, folder folder

folder .

s, silent -

.

-U, uidl

.

fetchmail

144 3. Linux

fetchmail -u name, username name

.

-V, version fetchmail . -

.

, verbose -

. , q.Z , antispam nnn

SMTP-, , - - .

= 1, .

fgrep fgrep [options] pattern [files] files , - pattern. : 0 - ,

, 1 - , 2 - .

grep. . egrep.

f i l e , :f g r e p -v ' ' f i l e

file, spell_list:fgrep -f spell_list file

file file [options] files ,

. file (, /usr/share /magic), - .

b - .

145

( files - ). - .

- f f i l e ,

(file).L .

.

m file

/usr/share/magic.-

.

s .

V file.7 .

file . ,

, :

ascii text program textc-shell commandsdataemptyiAPX 386 executabledirectory[ntjroff, tbl, or eqn input textshell commandssymbolic link to ../usr/etc/arp

, -

trof f /nrof f:

file * | grep roff

file

find [pathnames] [conditions]

(. ).find , pathname

find

146 3. Linux

find , - (conditions). - .

: print ( , ), -name type( ), exec -size ( -), mtime -user ( ). : - \( \), ! (\! shell), - ( ) ( ; - name, type, perm). - , -

. . , ctime , atime -mtime.

atime + | \ , -

(+) (-) , . -, find , .

ctime + \ \ , (+) () , . , -

, , -

chmod.-depth

( ). - , ,

(, find cpio).

exec command {} \; command , - find ( find, . . 0). command . -

\;.

147

-follow ,

( type 1).-group gname

, gname. gname - , .

inum n , inode .

links n , .

mount, -xdev ,

, .

mtime +n\n n , -

(+) () , .

.

name pattern ,

(pattern). - \.

newer file , ,

(file); mtime. follow , .

ok command { } \; exec, - .

perm nnn , -

(, rwx) (-, -rwrw-r 664). ,

(, -perm -600 -rw******, * ).

find

148 3. Linux

find -print -

. - true.

-regex pattern -path, - grep -, -name -path.

size n[c] , , -

, .

-type

. : (- ), ( ), d (), ( ), 1 ( ), s () f ( ).

user user

, user ( ).

daystart .

-maxdepth

.

mindepth , -

.

noleaf find , - , -

( .), . . , . -

-noleaf find ,

-Unix ( - , -

). Unix .

149

amin +\-\ , -

(+) () , .

anewer file , -

f i l e , follow ,

.

cmin +n\n , (+) () , - .

cnewer file ,

f i l e , -follow , -

.

empty , .

.

-false false .

-fstype type , -

type. : mi-nix, ext, ext2, xia, msdos, umsdos, vfat, proc, nfs, iso9660,hpfs, sysv, smb ncpfs.

gid , -

.

-ilname pattern Iname.

iname pattern -name,

-ipath pattern path.

find

150 3. Linux

find iregex. pattern regex.

Iname pattern , -

pattern. -

/ () . () .mmin + \ \

, -

(+) () , .

nouser

-

.

nogroup -

.

path pattern , pat-tern. - , . . / () . () .

( ) -:

find $HOME -print

chapter 1 /work:

f ind /work -name chapterl -print

, memo, :

find /work -name 'memo*' -user ann -print

( ), (manpages):

find / -type d -name 'man*' -print

,

, :

151

f ind . \! -name '[A-Z]*' -exec Ipr {} \; ,

find

gzip 'find . \! -name '* .gz ' -print' ( -):

find / -size 0 -ok rm {} \; ,

( ):find / -mtime -2 -print

(grep) :find /book -print | xargs grep ' [Nn]utsheir

ktl kt2, :

$ find . -name 'kt[0-9]'./kt1./kt2

, -

./, -path:

$ find . -path './kt[0-9]'./kt1./kt2

regex, path, -, -

, ( ):

$ find . -regex './kt[0-9]',/ktt./kt2

finger [options'] users

,

, .plan .project - . (us-ers) - ( - ). user@host @host.

finger

152 3. Linux

finger -1 ( -

): , s, - , , -

, ,

.plan, .project .forward.-m .

- .plan .project.s : , -

, , -

, ,

.

fingerd in.fingerd [option] TCP/IP. -, fingerd finger. TCP- finger - , fin-ger, , - , fingerd inetd - /etc/inetd.conf.

w , -

.

flex flex [options] [file]flex (Fast Lexical Analyzer Generator) - lex. flex - ( lex.yy.c), , -

. . bison, yacc (John Levine), (Mason) (Doug Brown) lex & yacc, O'Reilly.

b lex.backup.d .

153

f ( ).h flex.i .1 lex. f i l e

f i l e , lex.yy.c. .

s , - .

t ( - lex.yy.c),

v .

w .

( ) .F , .I ( ).L #line lex.yy.c.. prefix

() prefix .

V flex.7 7- .8 8- ( ).I- C++. ,

.

-

-

. , -

.

-

. -

, -

( ).-Cf

().

flex

154 3. Linux

flex -CF -

F.-Cm

( -).

-

/; read().

fmt fmt [options] [files]

( , ). , - , , -

. ,

. fmt, , -

.

, crown-margin ,

-

.

- prefix, pref ix=pref ix , -

(prefix).s, spit-only

.

t, tagged-paragraph . -,

.

,

.

u, uniform-spacing

.

155

w width, \viAth=width (width) . 75.

help .

version

.

fmt

fold [options] [files]

, -

(80 ), fold , -

. ,

.

b, bytes , -

(. . , ).

s, spaces -

.

w, width width width. 80.

fold

formail [options] , -

, .

, formail foo@bar. From - > .

+skip (skip) .

formail

156 3. Linux

formail -total -

(total) .-a headerfield

headerfield; - , -

. Message-ID Resent-Message-ID, .

- From.- -

, .

d He , .

, -

.

f He , . formail From .

i headerfield headerfield , - . headerfi-eld Old-headerfield, .

k . - , .

m minfields -

(minfields). - 2 .

-

formail. prefix

prefix

q He , Content-Length. q .

,

X-Loop,

157

.

i .s ; ,

s, . ^

-

( ) - .

t , - ( formail - ).

u headerfield , headerfield.

headerfield headerfield .

-z -

. .

A headerfield headerfield, -.

, BABYL- rmail.

D maxlen idcache idcache, maxlen. . -

true -. , -

.

I headerfield headerfield, - . .

R oldfield new field oldfield new field.

U headerfield , -

headerfield.Y ,

. . Content-Length.

formail

158 3. Linux

formail -X headerfield headerfield .

free free [options] -

: , , , , , , -

.

b .k .

.

.

( -/+ buffers).-s time

-

time .t -

.

V free.

fsck fsck [options] [filesystem] ... . -

-

. , -

, -

. , fsck

. fsck -, ,

:

1 .2 .4 , .8 fsck.

16 fsck.128 .

159

. -

, fsck. ; -

.

s .

-t fstype . -

.

, -

/etc/f stab.N ; -

, .

R : - , /etc/fstab, -.

.

V .

fsck

fsck.minix [options] device . fsck, -

MINIX.

-

.

f , - , fsck.minix ,

.

1 . mode not cleared

MINIX.- ;

- .

-s .

V .

fsck.minix

160 3. Linux

ftp ftp [options] [hostname], -

, hostname - . ftp . - , . -

, . .

, , -

, .

d .g .i .

.

-v , , - .

\[command [args]] .

, -

,

.

$ macro-name [args] macro-name, - macdef. - ,

.

account [passwd] , -

. -

,

( ).append local-file [remote-file]

. (remote-file), , -

ntrans . , , -

.

161

ASCII

ASCII ().

bell -

.

binary .

bye , ftp.

case

-

. -

. , -

mget

.

cd remote-directory re-

mote-directory.cdup

, -

.

chmod [mode] [remote-file] (remote-file) - . , -

.

close FTP - .

-

ASCII.delete remote-file

remote-file .debug [debug-value]

. -

debug-value, -.

ftp

162 3. Linux

ftp dir [remote-directory] [local-file] (remote-directory) - -

(local-file). , -

. ( ), .

disconnect close,

form format (format). (file).

get remote-file [local-file] (remote-file) - .

(local-file), -, , -

case, ntrans . -, -

.

glob

mdelete, mget input. , - -

.

hash # .

help [command] (command).help ftp.

idle [seconds] ( ) (seconds) . -

.

image binary.

163

led [directory] .

, -

.

Is [remote-directory] [local-file]

, ftp-. (remote-directory), - .

macdef macro-name .

macro-name; . $i,

. $ \.mdelete remote-files

(remote-files) -.

mdir remote-files local-files dir - .

mget remote-files remote-files , -

get.mkdir directory-name

(directory-name) .mis remote-files local-file

nlist .

.

mode [mode-name] .

- stream ().modtime [file-name]

.

ftp

164 3. Linux

ftp