2
naSromSi galaktion tabiZis simbolur-alegoriuli saxeebis gaSifrviT naCvenebia,
rogor asaxa poetma RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis tragediebi. mefistofelis
saukunis kataklizmebi axsnilia RmerTis gzis uaryofiT.
naCvenebia revoluciisa da misi monapovrebis Sefaseba galaktionis mier,
gaSifrulia apokalifsuri saxeebi, religiur-politikuri Sinaarsis paradigmebi.
poetis mier movlenebi danaxulia rogorc erovnuli, ise globaluri
gadasaxedidan. am aspeqtiT Seswavlilia galaktionis Sedevrebi.
gaTvaliswinebulia “Serigebis, gadarCenis cnebebSi nagulisxmevi religiur-
patriotuli qveteqstebi.
SerCeul problemaze dakvirvebam dagvarwmuna, rom poetebis mefes, miuxedavad
imisa, rom aTeistur epoqaSi icxovra, kavSiri ar gauwyvetia uzenaes sawyisebTan,
mudam qristianuli samebis, Cveni zeciuri dedis erTguli rCeboda da Tavisi
Semoqmedebis upirveles misiad rwmenis ganmtkicebas, xalxisTvis taZrisken savali
gzis gakvlevavs miiCnevda.
naSromi gankuTvnilia studenti bakalavrebis, magistrantebis, aseve
doqtorantebisa da saerTod galaktionis poeziiT dainteresebuli
mkiTxvelebisTvis.
redaqtori: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
sruli profesori avTandil nikoleiSvili
recenzentebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
sruli profesori nazi xelaia
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, diana alania
3
Sinaarsi
Sesavali--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Tavi I
RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis tragediebis asaxva galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi
gaTelili, gayinuli, gauCinarebuli, gadaSenebuli, gardacvlili yvavili da misi
variaciebi _rwmenis uaryofis macne --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Casuli, qimerebSi Cavardnili, landad qceuli, gardacvlili mzisa da dakarguli
mziani Ramis saxeebi galaktionis poeziaSi --------------------------------------------------------------- 16
idumali sxivebis natvra ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
iagundis Camqrali Suqis anTebis survili -------------------------------------------------------- 22
uCinari cecxlis wyurvili ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
damSrali da amRvreuli wyaros paradigmebi ---------------------------------------------------- 28
daviwyebuli siyvarulis xsovna ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31
daRupuli xomaldebis reqviemi ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
gamqrali zafxulis sevda ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
gamxmar vazebsa da Tovlian alvebze wuxili--------------------------------------------------- 41
mitovebuli gzis monatreba------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
netari dRisa da Zveli dReebis mogoneba--------------------------------------------------------- 46
Zveli wignebis areuli gverdebi----------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
Sen...… sicocxlisTvis ar Segixedavs-----------------------------------------------------------------51
Camqrali sanTlebis anTebis misiiT ------------------------------------------------------------------ 53
sabedniero sulis Zieba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
Tavi II
jvarze gakruli elva _ poetis lurji da
SemoRamebuli da dabindebuli mTis, kuboSi Casvenebuli, dangreuli zecis,
gamqrali faruli cis, daWrili Rrublis, dacemuli koSkis, damsxvreuli graalis
koSkis, gadaSenebuli, damWknari da kuboSi moqceuli iebis, elvisgan daRunuli
dedofali alvis, jvarze gakruli elvis, TovlSi wyebad dawvenili zambaxebis,
udabnoSi gauCinarebuli mandilis, qarisgan gaZarculi atmis xis, Camqrali
lampris, Catexili xidis, gamqrali samoTxis, gauCinarebuli saunjis, ivlisisferi
yinvis Tasebis, moliani beWdebis, gafiTrebuli iagundis, iagundis Camqrali Suqis,
gauCinarebuli da bacilebiani mTvaris, uezoo saxlis, setyviT daRupuli venaxis,
oxrad STenili Cardaxis, mgloviare qnaris saxeebi _ mariam RvTismSoblis
ignorirebis mauwyebeli…-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
“koSki”------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 69
“atmis yvavilebis” cikli ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
4
“saRamos” saxe-simboloebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
“avdris molodini” ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
“dominos” problematika da saxeebi ----------------------------------------------------------------- 94
“silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi” ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
“Tovli” ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112
“verxvebi” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
“ivlisisferi yinvis TasebiT” --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122
Tavi III
revoluciisa da misi monapovrebis Sefaseba galaktionis poeziaSi -----------------129
demoni da misi variaciebi galaktionis poeziaSi----------------------------------------------------140
Tavi IV
apokalifsuri saxeebi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147
Tavi V
baRi galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebaSi--------------------------------------------------------152
Tavi VI
Cemi samSoblos sanaxavidan
“mSobliuri efemera” --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------161
avdris, uamindobis, zamTris, Tovlis saxeTa qveteqstebiT samSoblos bedisa Tu
ubedobis gacxadeba -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166
samSoblod saxeldebuli “arawminda Tovlis” mxare ---------------------------------------- 170
“auxdenelTa dResaswaulT lurji yinuli” ----------------------------------------------------- 175
“Rrublebi hgvanan amRvreul tvinebs” -------------------------------------------------------------- 179
Tavi VII
“Serigeba” --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 184
gadarCenis himni da gadarCenis bedniereba ------------------------------------------------------ 187
5
Sesavali
dRes, iseve, rogorc meoce saukunis ocian wlebSi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
“daeca locva da poezia”. irgvlic gaismis “dacinva, wyroma da ironia”.
msoflio moqalaqeni, masonoba, kosmopolitizmi walekviT emuqreba yovelive
erovnuls da am devebis “ugono aurzaurSi” Cvenamde sustad aRwevs is saRvTo
hangebi, is kosmiuri harmonia, romelic moixelTa poetebis mefem da rac mxolod
rCeulT, naTelmsmenT xelewifebaT.
didi xelovneba yovelTvis gamoirCeva religiurobiT da sulieri individualobis
mauwyebeli mxatvruli ZalisxmeviT.
galaktion tabiZis umTavresi Tavisebureba, misi gamorCeuloba ganumeorebeli
enigmebiT mowodebuli qristianuli principebia.
poets erTdroulad awvalebda erovnuli da msoflio wylulebi. meoce saukunis
aTian-ocian wlebSi akaki wereTlis mimbaZvelTa mier dakninebulrealizms man
daupirispira poeturi universalizmi, umaRlesi realizmi da qarTuli poeziis
renesanss miaRwia.
yoveli qarTveli, vinc misi didi Semoqmedebis embazSi ganibana, am genialuri
lirikosis TvaliT xedavs Cvens qveyanas, mis problemebs, globalur satkivrebs.
poets awamebda erovnuli triadis _ ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba _ daviwyeba da
qimerebSi Cavardnili, gardacvlili, Camqrali, landad qceuli Tu dakarguli
mziani Ramis saxeebSi afiqsirebda RmerTis, sikeTis ignorirebas. mis SemoqmedebaSi
ismis damsxvreuli rwmenis gemis, daRupuli xomaldebis reqviemi, damSrali da
amRvreuli wyaros, dalewili, damdablebuli da kuboSi Casvenebuli cis sevda,
gaTelili, gauCinarebuli, daSxamuli yvavilebis, TovlSi dacemuli zambaxebis
xilviT gacxadebuli tragizmi uRmerTobisa, gamqrali edemis nostalgia da es
saxeebi uaryofili rwmenis, sulis gaudaburebis ubedurebas gvaziarebs.
galaktioni SeZruli iyo “avdris molodiniT”, SeigrZnobda “kosmiur sicives”,
awamebda gayinuli cis xilva, faruli cis sidiadis gaqroba, gayinuli Tasis,
ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebis, Savi Tovlis movlineba da yvela am saxeSi erovnuli
triadis gaufasurebis tkivilia.
poeti xedavda yazbegis Sublze Rrublis saburvels, darialidan esmoda
sabediswero zari, mamulSi ucxo xalxis Jriamuli aZrwunebda da eWvebi
aemgzavreboda.
winamorbed klasikosTa darad, Cveni tragediebis mizezad erovnul-
sarwmunoebrivi problemebis daviwyebas miiCnevda, amxelda apokalifsur mxecebs da
darwmunebuli iyo “alvis xis gadarCenaSi” (alva sicocxlis xis, anu RmerTis
simboloa).
qarTveli orfeosi xsnis gzas RmerTisken mibrunebaSi xedavda: “gulSi JRers
ra xania, siyvarulis simRera, rogorc erTaderTi xsna, erTaderTi imedi” (ilias
motivi). qmnida ra siyvarulis simReras, siyvarulis simfonias, RmerTis rangSi
6
moiazrebda mamuls da misi maradiulobis rwmena acocxlebda, saukuneebis Tovlis
dadnobis imedi ar tovebda: “saukuneTa Tovlo, iTovle, mainc dadneba eg
naTovlari”, “rac aireva da daireva, rac daingreva, kvlav aSendeba”(mSvidobis
wigni).
galaktioni qveynis fizikuri silamazis gamoxatviT rodi kmayofildeba, misi
poezia qmediTi erovnuli ideologiiT gamoirCeva, rac momavalSi gasaRwevi gzebis,
WiSkrebis, karebis Ziebas, mSvidobis wignis (wigni RmerTis simboloa) Tvalis
CiniviT gafrTxilebas, galavnian koSkSi mis Senaxvas gulisxmobs, radgan
darwmunebulia, rom “Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls sdevs mxolod wyevla da
SeCveneba” (Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls), rwmenis Semryvnels “sanTlebis,
wignebis wyevla da SeCveneba” elodeba (domino).
galaktioni ara mxolod xilulis, uxilavis poetia, romelmac miRmiurSi
gadaixeda, sulieri samyaros jerac Seucnobel saidumloebebs gvaziara da Tavisi
integraluri poeziiT yofna-aryofnis ucdomeli gadasaxedidan ixila samyaro da
adamiani.
misi poeziis saswaulebi SeiZleba SevadaroT qristes saswaulebs saxarebaSi.
qarTvel orfeoss “aTasis mxedveloba, aTasis mze, asi aTasis smena” hqonda. igi
gvagonebs aspirian, asxelian ufals, arjunas rom gamoecxada “bhagavad-gitaSi” da
misi mravalsaxeobiT gaognebuls aTqmevina: “Semiwyale me, ar ZalmiZs Seni
sacnauryofa”.
roca galaktionis leqsis jadosnur musikas eziarebi da ganumeorebeli
metaforebis urTules CanafiqrTan miaxloebas cdilob, Seni uZlurebiT SeboWils
gaxsendeba dante: “SeZlebas, nebisyofas kacTaganis, frTeni asxia uTanabro
Zalmosilebis”.
mziTSemosili, sixarulSemosili iyo galaktioni, igi iyo “wodebuli serobad
kravis” da amitomac saqarTvelos Tanamdevi es maradiuli suli, romelsac
samyaros pirveli saxeebis Seqmna Tu rusTavelis bavSvoba axsovda, bolomde
Seucnobeli, amouwuravia da samaradisod davanebuli Suqis saxiT qarTul miwaze
Tu maradiul caSi.
galaktioni poeti winaswarmetyveli iyo, man araTu warsulis da awmyos
problemebi gaaanaliza, momavlidan moismina “saganTiado xmebi, “Sori gazafxulis”
musika, “momavlis Crdilis” mWmunvarebac ixila, sxvisTvis mouxelTebeli xmebi
moismina da “gadarCenis himni” Seqmna, xmaTa aRorZinebas miaRwia.
“Rrma sibrZniT Tvalanaxeli” poeti iyo adepti ara miwieri, aramed zeciuri
sibrZnisa, “ufskrulSi STamWvreti mzeriT” winaswar grZnobda momavlis movlenebs,
mtkiced idga sulis, sulierebis, rwmenis, siyvarulis, smSoblos gadasarCen
gzebze da qmnida “gadarCenis himns”, eziareboda “gadarCenis bednierebas”, raTa
Semdeg maradiuli cis simaRleSi Suqis saxiT damkvidrebuliyo: “Sen mxolod
maradi simaRle giSvelis, ros Suqad mSobliur cas SeeSenebi”.
am Suqs dacxroba ar uweria. misi gza taZrisken savali gzaa, gadarCenis
zeciuri bilikebia, saRvTo velia.
galaktioni xedavda “sxvisTvis uxilav-faruls”, gonieri zecis binadarT da, amave
dros, uaRresad aqtualuri da progresuli socialur-politikuri Sinaarsis
matarebelia misi poezia.
7
galaktions uyvarda ara muxambazebi, daira, aRmosavluri baiaTebi, ara
romanseroebi, aramed dardis, sikvdilis dammarcxebeli saRvTo hangebi, samoTxis
xmebi, Sua zRvaze gadamyvani frTebiani simRerebi, Sua zRvaze gadamyvani ki
mxolod samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTia: “gevedrebi, gamagone is simRera, me rom
miyvars, laJvardovan frTebis mqone, Sua zRvad rom gadamiyvans” (odes mZime rame
dardi).
poeti emijneboda leqsSi “usulgulo niSnebs”, demonur, saSinel beWeds,
satanuri SeTqmulebis wevrobis damaxasiaTeblad miaCnda “qveyniuri yalbi
enamWevroba” da “mSobliuri miwis ubralo, gasageb enas” eTayvaneboda (ena
mSobliuri miwis).
ara oqroebi, miliardebi, aramed oqros qnari da “unapiro gza” (gza saRmrTo
saxelia) iyo misi ideali (Tqven genatrebaT).
mwvervalebisken ucdomeli svlis sawindari iyo guli da sindisi, simarTlis
kandeli (fiWvi biWvinTis).
roca saxelmwifoebriv doneze amoiZirkva rwmena, galaktioni simarTlis xes
rgavda “mkvidr-naTeli fesviT” (o, xeo simarTlisao).
misi devizi iyo: “ganiaxle, ganiaxle !”
poetis mizani iyo aTeisturi epoqis mier dakarguli rwmenis aRdgena, xalxis
gulisTqmis gamoxatva da misi xma iyo “daris dareba”: “is mReris, rogorc daris
dareba, imisi guli xalxis gulia, masSi moismis idumalTa xmiT mwuxareba,
grZnoba, romelic dakargulia” (grZnoba, romelic dakargulia).
galaktionis leqsebis tragizmi gapirobebulia totaluri borotebiT, rac
uRmerTo epoqis maxasiaTebelia.
“ratom gaismis “jon ridis” avtoris xmaSi ase uRmerTod rwmenis dakargvis
sagangaSo zari?” _ kiTxulobs profesori revaz miSvelaZe da imowmebs striqonebs
misi Semoqmedebidan: “Semoqmedebav, azro, gonebav, ubraloebaT warsulTa wamTa, is
aRara mwams, rac winaT mwamda, rodemde vivliT aseT tkiviliT?”
rwmenis Caqrobis tkivilze aqcenti SemTxveviT ar miaCnia mecniers: “magram es dRe
dRevandeli guls daawva msgavsad lodis, rwmenac Cahqra, viT kandeli da moeRo
bolo lodins” (uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb. 1999, gv. 280).
prof. revaz miSvelaZe saubrobs galaktionis tragediis kompleqsur mizezebze da
gansakuTrebulad gamoyofs rwmenis dakargvis problemebs.
“fsalmunTa Seqmnis epoqaSi aTeizmi da ugunureba sinonimad iTvleboda: “sTqva
ugunurman gulsa Tvissa Sigan: ara ars RmerTi”. Tumca dRevandel epoqaSi
fsevdointeleqtualuri inteligenciisTvis ugunurebis sinonimad rwmena qceula
(zviad gamsaxurdia, “dilema kacobriobis winaSe, Tb. 1991, gv. 10-11).
“kacobrioba gzas aacdines mtrulma Zalebma, mcdarma msoflmxedvelobrivma
demagogiurma socialur-politikurma mimdinareobebma, nacvlad am idealisa, mas
dausaxes ideali amsofliuri keTildReobisa, praqtikuli sargeblianobisa,
socialur-ekonomikuri samoTxisa”(iqve, gv. 42).
socializmis “jojoxeTuri samoTxis” arss gvicnobierebda galaktioni da amaSia
misi didi moqalaqeobrivi gmiroba.
8
Tavi I
RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis tragediebis asaxva galaktionis poeziaSi
gaTelili, gayinuli, gauCinarebuli, gadaSenebuli, gardacvlili yvavili
da misi variaciebi _ rwmenis uaryofis macne
galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi yvelaze didi adgili uWiravs saRvTo siyvarulis
ideas da am grZnobas ewodeba zeqveyniuri siyvaruli, siyvaruli mziani, siyvaruli
pirveli, siyvaruli ukanaskneli, sruli trfoba, sxva siyvaruli, jer yvelasgan
miukvleveli siyvaruli.
saRmrTo siyvarulze mimaniSnebel simboloebad migvaCnia “trfobis wminda
yvavili, idumali, Soreuli satrfo, idumaleba Soreul trfobis, satrfo
varskvlavi”.
qarTvel poets am gzaze didi tradiciebi uZRoda win: platonis moZRvreba
miwiur da ciur erosze, siyvarulis areopagituli moZRvreba, aRmosavluri
sufizmi, dantes “RvTaebrivi komedia”, rusi da evropeli simbolistebis
Semoqmedeba, SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosani”,daviT guramiSvilis, vaxtang VI,
nikoloz baraTaSvilis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas poezia.
Ggalaktioni uzenaes, upirveles grZnobad RvTis rwmenas, “pirvel siyvaruls”
saxavda da Tavis SedevrebSi ganumeorebeli mxatvruli saxeebiT afiqsirebda am
wminda grZnobis erTgulebas, amasTan, RmerTisuarmyofeli aTeisturi epoqis
tragediebsac gvicnobierebda enigmuri, simbolur-metaforuli saxeebiT. mis
poeziaSi TvalSi sacemia Camqrali, landad qceuli, qimerebSi Cavardnili,
gardacvlili, Casuli mzis, gauCinarebuli Suqis, sxivis, cecxlis saxeebi,
damsxvreuli rwmenis gemis, dalewili xomaldebis, CaZiruli navebis reqviemi,
gamxmari vazis, gaTelili, gardacvlili, gaZarculi, burusebis iqiT gadakarguli,
daSxamuli vardebis tkivili, gamqrali zafxulis, gardasuli gazafxulis sevda;
damSrali wyaros, gamxmari baRis, Tovliani alvis gamotireba; TvalSi gvecema
dalewili, Worfliani, talaxiani cis xseneba, gafiTrebuli iagundis dRe,
dangreuli koSkebi, graalis koSkebi imsxvreva da maTi mravalmniSvnelovani,
dafaruli qveteqstebiepoqalur ubedurebaze migvaniSnebs.
amjerad Tvali gadavavloT rwmenis ignorirebaze mimaniSnebel yvavilTa saxeebs.
leqsi “mimRere rame” swored saRvTo siyvarulis uaryofaze migvaniSnebs
burusebs iqiT gauCinarebuli sicocxlis dilis yvavilebis saxiT: “rogor
miyvarda, magram xsovna im trfobis srulis darCa Cems gulSi waruSleli da
mokamkame, imas igonebs mogoneba daRalul gulis, im siyvarulis mimRere rame !”.
“trfoba sruli” saRvTo siyvarulia, igive “pirveli siyvaruli”. am grZnobis
daviwyeba usayvedura qristem efesos eklesias ioane RvTismetyvelis
gamocxadebaSi: “Sens sawinaaRmdegod is maqvs, rom miatove Seni pirveli
siyvaruli” (ioanes gamocxadeba, 2,4,) (1, 492).
9
galaktionis gulSi waruSleli, mudmivi adgili ukavia am grZnobas, magram
wamebis mizezi is aris, rom burusebs iqiT aris gauCinarebuli “yvavilebi
sicocxlis dilis”:”axalgazrdoba, yvavilebi sicocxlis dilis burusebs iqiT
gadikarga, rogor vewame, axla Tavs madgas mWmunvareba momavlis Crdilis, im
siyvarulis mimRere rame.
yvavili qristes simboluri saxelia da es saxe momdinareobs solomonis qebaTa
qebidan: “yvavilebi daCndnen miwis pirze, Jami galobisa moiwia da xma gvritisa
ismis Cvens mxareSi” (qebaTa-qeba, a2)(2, 15).
sicocxle, cxovreba aseve qristes miemarTeba. saxarebaSi qriste aris “gza,
cxovreba, WeSmariteba” (ioane, 14, 6)(1, 21).
dila mariamis simbolod gvesaxeba.
“mWmunvare momavlis Crdilic” qristes simboloa. pavle mociqulis epistoleSi
Ze RmerTs “momavlis Crdili” ewodeba (pavle mociquli, kolaselTa, 2, 17)(1, 433).
qriste aris agreTve “momavlis mRvdelTmTavari” (pavle mociquli, ebraelTa, 9,
1) (1, 478).
galaktionis leqsidan irkveva, rom burusebs iqiT gauCinarda RvTisa da
RvTismSoblis saTno saxeebi, maRal idealebs Seagebes gesli, axalgazrdobis
dauZlurebis, cecxlis, ganadgurebis da “waruSleli mwuxarebis” ganmcdels, isev
im maRali siyvarulis, RvTaebrivi saTnoebis nostalgia gauCnda (3, 11).
galaktionis poezia gamoirCeva saRmrTo vardebisaTvis gamzadebuli tragizmis
variaciebiT.
leqsi “rogorc sizmari”, romelic daTariRebulia 1915 wliT, gvauwyebs, rom
yvavils Casafrebia “ganadgurebis qari”: “simwriTaivso yvavilT neqtari,… yvavilTa
Soris siamis nacvlad ganadgurebis qanaobs qari” (3, 212).
“atmis yvavilebSi” (1915 w.) beberi qari “avobs”, iZarcveba atmis yvavili da
sikvdilis msxverpli xdeba ucxo mxaris “dedofali” _ atmis yvavili: “yvavili igi
mokvda da Cqara wiTlad dafara baRis biliki. mefobs sikvdili Wknobis msurveli.
gaqra surneli, daWkna yvavili !” (3, 290).
Cvenis azriT, atmis xe mariam RvTismSoblis simboloa, yvavili _ qristesi.
mariami moixseneba agreTve, rogorc “nazi qali”, ucxo mxaris dedofali, qristes
saxeebad moazrebulia gazafxuli, nami, mze (ix. amaze aqve “atmis yvavilebis”
cikli).
“atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo“ akonkretebs epoqas, sadac zRva da sisxli
mZvinvarebs, sadac rtos gadarCena saeWvo gamxdara: “napralebze gadaimsxvra nergi,
axla zRvaa, axla sisxlis droa. Tu gadarCi, xom gadarCi, kargi, atmis rtoo,
daRalulo rtoo” (3, 290).
rto saRmrTo saxelia.
leqsSi “guli” (3, 320) megobrad dasaxuli mosisxle mtris mier dawyvetili
vardebi, dangreuli Zeglebi da qandakebebi amxels qveynis ubedurebas.
“Semodgomis dReSi” (3, 328-329) “mkvdar yvavilebis fenas grZnobs momakvdavi
baRi”.
1915 wels daweril leqsSi “saRamo” yuradRebas iqcevs jvarze gakruli elva _
poetis da _ mariami da urCi axalgazrdobis mier gaTelili lurji yvavili:
“jvarze gakruli elva _ es Cemi daa lurji, lurj yvavilebis Telva,
axlgazrdoba urCi! jvarTan misuli suro _ martoobaa qnaris “ (3, 254).
10
vfiqrobT, elva mariamis saxelia, lurji yvavili _ qristeze mianiSnebs (4, 113-
117).
1914 wels dawerili “samreklo udabnoSi“ (5, 40) yuradRebas iqcevs ianvris
TovliT damWknari sulis iebiT, SiSveli, TeTri yvaviliT, wuxilis sagania
codvili xelebi, damaluli Ralati, TeTri beWdebis Tvlebi: “ianvris Tovli,
ianvris Tovli aWknobs Cems sulSi naadrev iebs da Cemi suli... swuxs codvil
xelebs, dafarul codvebs, damalul Ralats, nazi frCxilebis grZel zambaxebs,
swuxs sxvagvr cremlebs, TeTr beWdebis Tvlebs, _ SiSvel, TeTr yvavils”.
SiSveli, TeTri yvavili miniSnebaa uaryofil qristeze.
TeTri beWedi mariamis simboloa. N”nevmirebuliZlispirnis” mixedviT, mariami
aris zecis “beWedi” (6, 821).
sulis ia agreTve miemarTeba RvTismSobels. vaxtang VI poeziaSi mariami
moxsenieba, rogorc “ubiwo ia” (7, 18).
poetis wuxilis mizezi RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqaa da misi suli wuxs, “viT
samreklo cis udabnoSi (“samreklo udabnoSi”).
saRmrTo yvavilis ignorirebis wuxilia leqsSi “zRaprebidan” (1915): “o,
gaigoneT Cemi wuxili vardebSi rguli”. aqve “sneuli verxvi” oxravs. verxvi
sicocxlis xis simboloa, sicocxlis xe ki RmerTis saxelia.
leqsSi “verxvebi” (1915 w.) “sadRac dakarguli vardi da gvirilebi” poetis
mogonebaSi mudmivad arsebobs. igi “paJia”, erTguli msaxuria “yvavilebis”
(qristesi) da princesis _ mariamis (5, 47).
mariami xom mefis asulia, princesaa, dedofalia.
ai ras gvauwyebs daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmuni: “taxti Seni, RmerTo,
ukuniTi ukunisamdea, simarTlis kverTxia Seni kverTxi”.
“Sens gverdiT dadga dedofali ofiris oqroTi Semkuli (fs. 44, 7, 10) (2, 562).
Ze RmerTis, mesiis gverdiT mdgari dedofali, bibliis komentatorTa mixedviT,
mxolod RvTismSobelia: “vin aris is dedofali, … romelic mesiis gverdiT
dauyenebiT ra Tqma unda, im Zis, im mesiis deda, sxva vin unda iyos mesiis gverdiT
mdgomi qali?” (8, 152).
leqsSi “es iyo 15 wlis winaT” _ grigali aRebs poetis karebs da
gulismomkvleli qviTiniT xdeba Zieba idealis: “…me TvaliT veZebdi zambaxis
princesas, mwyuroda cisferi vardebi” (1927 w.) (5, 312).
vfiqrobT, “cisferi vardebi” qristes, zambaxis princesamariamis simboloebia
(ix. amaze Cveni werili galaktionis “zambaxis princesa” (4, 13-18).
“Semodgomis fragmentSi” (1916 w.) ganwiruli, gaZarculi yvavilebisa da
gaSavebuli cis Semyure poeti kiTxulobs: “es yvavilebi, es ca miTxariT, aravis
Tqvengans ar enaneba ?” (5, 76).
usasrulod izrdeba aseTi magaliTebi galaktionis poeziaSi.
leqsSi “werilidan misadmi” (1916 w.) cremliani yvavilebi iqcevs yuradRebas:
“ros im yvavilebis cremlebs vaToveb, gTxov, sasikvdilod nu mimatoveb” (3, 350).
“Wkneba vardebi rguli, qari qanaobs qnarad, ar gamTeldeba guli? wynarad,
warsulo, wynarad!” _ gvauwyebs leqsi “qari qanaobs qnarad” (1924 w.) (9, 48).
qarisagan dalewili foTlebi, yvavilebi, ca miniSnebaa epoqiseul tragediebze,
rac mZafri tkiviliT savse SekiTxvas amoakvnesebs “Semodgomis fragmentis”
11
avtors: “oh, es foTlebi fenili qariT, es mwuxare da nazi zmaneba, es yvavilebi,
es ca, miTxariT, aravis Tqvengans ar enaneba?”
“angelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti” (1917) gamomSvidobebaa “ciurTa Tanad”
ocnebasTan, imsxvreva graalis koSkebi (graali suliwmindis simboloa),
gafiTrebulia “Rrubeli feradi” (mariami), “alva tanadi” (qriste). angelozi
TiTqos ganaCens kiTxulobs, eSveba fardebi da “kvdeba vardebi”, romelsac
gulistkiviliT emSvidobeba leqsis lirikuli gmiri.
leqsi “aw kivilisTvis irevian” (1927 w.) afiqsirebs jojoxeTur yofas, roca
brZolis gamfetiSebel epoqas codvad miuCnevia vardebis siyvaruli da
mSvenierebis, uzenaesis siyvaruls “dacinvas, wyromas, ironias” upirispirebs:
“jojoxeTi...… garda brZolisa, yvelaferi iqneba codva, TviT es vardebic, ase
mgonia, gaismis, rogorc mogonebis SeSlili bodva, dacinva, wyroma da ironia” (3,
301).
“gulo, ra gemarTeba?” (1927 w.) isev xazs usvams “vardis” zedmetobas: “vardebi
ar arian, magram ra mevardeba?” (5, 318).
“ornamentSi” (1948 w.) simboluri yinva emuqreba yvavilebs: “gareT yinvaa,
yvavilebic gadaiyina” (10, 242).
mokled, XX saukunis dasawyisidan 80-90-ian wlebamde grZeldeboda aTeizmis
zeobis periodi da galaktionis tkivili ar neldeboda 1959 wlis 17 martis
tragediamde.
1917 wels uRmerTobaze “nawvimar silaSi vardis” saxiT, “sabedniero sulis”
(RmerTis) gauCinarebiT migvaniSna (silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi)(5, 129).
“aRar aris menestreli” (1912 w.) yornebis Cxavilis, Tovlis fonze gviCvenebs
idealuri yvavilis silisaTvis gametebas: “iyo irgvliv zianeba da yornebis
Cxavili, Tovlma silas mianeba novalisis yvavili”(5, 188).
vardebis sikvdilis, graalis koSkebis msxvrevis da uzenaesTan gamomSvidobebis
mauwyebelia angelozis pergamenti, rac apokalifsis darad gvicnobierebs uRmerTo
imperiaSi rwmenasTan gamoTxovebas (angelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti)(1917 w.):
“saRamo neldeba da kvdeba vardebi,… mSvidobiT, mSvidobiT, mSvidobiT” (5, 132).
leqsSi “guli” (1919 w.) megobrad dasaxuli mosisxle mtris xelobad aRiqmeba
vardebis dawyveta: “megobrad myavda dasaxuli mosisxle mteri... dawyvetil vardebs
Zalamoklul TvaliT davcqeri” (11, 155).
sxvagan ConCxebis, satanis, Ramis SiSs, qars yvavilebis sasikvdilo xvedri
enacvleba: “ras moelian vardebi rguli? yvavilebs Tibavs elvaTa celi, Tendeba.
qarma waiRo guli da aTas cxraas meoce weli. (magida alembikebiT)(11, 186).
leqsi “gadauReblad” (3, 54) gvauwyebs zafxulis gaqrobas, yvavilTa Wknobas:
“gahqra zafxuli,… wavida is dRe,ros meore dRes SvebiT vxvdebodi, me yvavilebi
mesizmreboda da me yvavilebs vesizmrebodi.… daWkna yvavilTa narnari grova,…guli
wuxs da wuxs,… gareT wvims da wvims…”.
dacvenili vardebi, CamoSlili Suqi, uCvevi naTelis gauCinareba da Cveuli sicivea
leqsSi “alvebi TovlSi” (3, 720).
poeti amaod eZebs “nacnob yvavils”, Tumca mravlad xedavs “ucxo da Soreul
mdinaris napirTa” vardebs (me moval)(3, 76).
saRvTo vardebisadmi gulgrilobas, aTeist revolucionerTa arahumanur
saqmianobas xazgasmiT gvamcnobs striqonebi: “irgvliv nisli sufevda, vardebs
12
Sxami eria, magram wynarad ambobdi: iyos, araferia!” (revolucioneris xsovnas) (1922
w.) (11, 201).
1923 wels dawerili “mSobliuri efemera” erovnuli Rirebulebebis
damdablebas, uRmerTobas, moyvris niRbiT movlenili mezoblis veragobas,
RrubliT Semosili yazbegis, dacarielebuli yvavilTa cis da darialidan
mosmenili zaris STambeWdavi xatebiT SegvagrZnobinebs: “yazbegis Subli Semoses
RrubliT da ca alubliT savsea,… kmara!… yvavilTa cidan kalaTebs clidnen,
darialidan zaravda zara” (11, 2170).
Rame, mRvrie qariSxali, ayiravebuli zambaxTa kalaTi isaxeba Ralatis
dagvirgvinebad leqsSi “guli grZnobs” (1927 w.): “elvare Rame ayiravebs zambaxTa
kalaTs. Sen gaxsovs? mRvrie qariSxali haers rom revda; guli grZnobs Ralats” 9,
63).
“oqros Saravandedisgan” gaZarcul “saamo vardeTSi” sikvdilis xmis “mosmena”
amZafrebs tragizms leqsSi “40 wlis win”: “…sikvdilis xmiT Seififqa es saamo
vardeTi, TavganwirviT ecleba oqros Saravandedi”.
“verxvis foTolTa TeTri laSqris uSoresi Sriali” (verxvi sicocxlis xe, anu
RmerTis saxelia) da “sadRac dakarguli vardi da gvirilebi” (romlebsac poetis
mogonebaSi samudamod daumkvidrebiaT adgili) gvagrZnobinebs RmerTisuarmyofeli
epoqis tragedias leqsSi “verxvebi” (5, 47).
poema “mSvidobis wignSi” mravlad aris jagi, ekali, WinWari, samagierod, ar Cans
iebi, vardebi da poeti sasowarkveTili xmiT kiTxulobs: “vis rad eneba gadaSeneba
iaT da vardTa?” (12, 242). poema dawerilia aTeizmis zeobis peroidSi _ 1945-56
wlebSi.
araswori gzebis, burusis, peterburgis yinulis, Savi gulis, locvis magier
frTiani qimerebis batonobis, wminda qarTuli azrovnebis danaSaulad
gamocxadebis tkivilia leqsSi “918”. Aamave dros, leqsis lirikuli gmiri “udabnos
yvavilis” (qristes simboloa) Tavganwiruli mZebnelia. leqsSi aris imis tkivilic,
rom qarTveli kaci maradiuli ianiCaria, anu sxvis omSi meomari, rac ilia
WavWavaZis “ianiCaris” asociacias iwvevs. es mravalgvari sawuxari erTad aris
leqsSi emociurad gadmocemuli: “magram uecrad modis burusi da Sors, Zlier
Sors peterburgia ! oh, mepatios, guli-yinuli, TeTrad spetaki marad Savia, wminda
qarTuli da rutinuli azrisTvis igi damnaSavea! Semdeg udabnos yvavilTa mzogar
TvaliT mZebneli da marebeli, vudarajebdiT, Tu qarSi rogor acda liandags
matarebeli; da migvafrenda locvaT magier frTian qimeraT gviani jari, oh,
verasodes gverds ver agiar me, udroobis ianiCari!” (5, 173).
“elegiaSi” (1914 w.) gamqralia gazafxuli, yvavilebi, rwmena, usixaruloa
arseboba da elegiuri ganwyobileba isadgurebs sulSi: “ra adre gahqra
gazafxulis mziani Crdili, ra adre gahqra Cemi yrmoba, Cemi sizmari!... droo
boroto, sad wariRe Cemi fiqrebi! droo boroto, sad damarxe ocneba wynari?…
sadaa Cemi yvavilebi, sadaa rwmena? zecav,sastiko, mipasuxe, miTxari rame!...” (5, 33).
gazafxuli da yvavilebi saRmrTo saxelebia.
qronologiurad, saqveyno araswori svlebi aTeisturi marqsizmis pirmSo social-
demokratebis movlinebiT iwyeba, amitom mwuxare notebi ismis aTiani wlebis
leqsebSic: “bunebav, trfobis wminda yvavili rom damabare, versad ver vpove,
13
bedniereba CemTvis ar aris, bedkruli Svili gamomiglove” (“yvavilebi” _ 1910 w.)
(11, 33).
“trfobis wminda yvavili” RmerTis saxelia.
leqsSi “ar Rirs erT cremlad” “setyviT” daRupuli yvavilebisa da venaxebis
sevdaa. aqve yuradRebas iqcevs sxvaTa fuWsityvaobisa da usagno Rriancelis
ganqiqeba: “mTeli Rrianceli yvela poetebis, dausrulebeli roca kamaTia, ar Rirs
im erT cremlad, Tvals rom moedebis daRrma mogonebam me rom damaTia. magram
dacemuli arvis venaxvebi, Tumca mravalia gulSi dagubuli, rogorc yvavilebi,
rogorc venaxebi, dausrulebeli setyviT daRupuli” (11, 371).
magram urwmunoebiT gulSi gaCenili udabno momavalSi RmerTTan SerigebiT
ganaTdeba, aseTi imediania poeti: “Sen nu daecemi, Sen nu SeSindebi, gulis
udabnosTan brZolas eg ar igebs, jer ar Sebinddeba, yvela amaoa, mxolod
gamarjveba RmerTTan Segvarigebs” (11, 371).
poeti gamudmebiT eZebda “zambaxis princesas” (mariams), ar asvenebda “cisferi
vardebis” wyurvili (es iyo 15 wlis winaT) (5, 312).
1915-1918 w. iqmneba “atmis yvavilebis” cikli, romelic uRmerTobis,
uRvTismSoblobis tragedias afiqsirebs mignebuli, ganumeorebeli mxatvruli
saxeebiT. (ix. dawvrilebiT: 4, 99-113).
poeti “cisfer yvavils” evedreba ar daWknes, mas swyuria Tavisi qnariT
gaacocxlos yviTeli foTlebi, yviTeli vardebi (yviTeli foToli) (5, 55).
leqsSi “gaqrnen zafxulis dReni” (1925 w.) Rrma qveteqstis mqone frazaa “qari
yvavilebs urevs” (10, 276).
da poetis mizani xdeba grigalisgan, Ramisgan vardebis gadarCena: “viT locva,
edeba saRamo mzis kalTebs, Sors qari gahkivis, bneldeba TandaTan. me gaval am
qarSi, gavitan am vardebs da Seni lodinis simReras gavatan” (“locvisTvis” _ 1919
w.) (11, 162).
amitomac galaktionis mizani xdeba Seqmnas “lodinis simRera”, “gadarCenis
simRera”, “gadarCenis himni”, “imedebi usazRvro da gansazRvrul mxareTa”.
poetis erTaderTi wuxilia “Cveni… deka da Rvia” (me erTaderTi mqonda wuxili _
1923 w.) (11, 215).
galaktions “Semodgomis yvavilebi” mihqonda didebasTan da maradis axsovda “erTi
Sori ocneba Zvel motividan” (gulo, ra gemarTeba _ 1927 w.) (t. II, 836).
dideba suliwmindis atributia. “RvTismetyvelebaSi suliwmidis RmrTeebaze
saubrisas mudam aRniSnaven mis didebas da brwyinvalebas: “rameTu didebisai igi
da RmrTisai suli Tquen zeda gansvenebul ars” (I petre, 4, 14) (13, 126).
“ornamentSi” (1948 w.) “gareT yinvaa, yvavilebic gadaiyina”.
“guli” (1919 w.) gvauwyebs, rom “megobrad dasaxuli mtris” naxelavia
“dawyvetili vardebi” (rwmenis uaryofa): “megobrad myavda dasaxuli mosisxle
mteri,… dawyvetil vardebs Zalamoklul TvaliT davcqeri” (5, 155).
“portretSi” vardTan da zambaxTan Ramea da gveli sisinebs… (3, 222).
yvavilebTan demonebis, damaluli mxecis gamoCena, mongreuli zecis aqcentireba
RmerTismgmobeli, demonebTan daZmobilebuli epoqis Sinaarsze migvaniSnebs (sad
dasasruli iyo) (5, 66).
“TovlSi” (1916 w.) Cagvafiqrebs “mwuxare grZnoba qrolvis, mimovlis da
zambaxebis wyebad dawvena”, zamTrisagan gadarCenis natvra.
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zambaxebi mariamis simbolod gvesaxeba, TovlSi dawvenili zambaxebi ukuRmarT
droSi damdablebuli mariamia, Cvenis azriT (5, 7) (ix. dawvrilebiT _ 4, 165-174).
SemodgomiT “aCales Cala”, wvimiT dayruebul gzebze, “Waobis vardebze”
fiqroben sxvebi, poets ki cecxlis SiSinSic akviatebia kiTxva: “mova Tu ara, mova
Tu ara?” (Srialebs Cala, 1927 w.) (5, 336).
RmerTis, rwmenis uaryofa (vardis WknobiT gamoxatuli) umamulod yofnis,
yovelives gaufasurebis tolfasia da amasTan Serigeba gaocebiT avsebs poets: “ar
megona, rom odesme dasWkneboda vardi, me megona _ magnoliebs ver dasZlevdaT
dardi. ar megona, ar megona, ar megona gulo, Tu amgvari gaxdebodi _ civi,
umamulo. da amgvarad Tu sicocxlis mokvdeboda kona _ ar megona, sicocxleo,
ara, ar megona” (ar megona). leqsis daweris TariRic _ 1937 weli _ Zalze
sagulisxmoa.
“keTilSobili vardebi” kvdebian “swrafi gardacvalebiT”, favni siciliT daZrwis
mTa-velad da daundoblad klavs yvavilebs (avadmyofs, 1925 w.).
mariam RvTismSoblis simbolod gvesaxeba “yvavilebis qali”, romelic wuxs
gansvenebul rwmenaze, damarxul imedebze, Camqral alze: “ai odesme mkrTali _
exla Camqrali ali, aq ganisvenebs rwmena, swuxs yvavilebis qali. swuxs yvavilebis
qali, xedavs damarxul imeds da ebindeba Tvali.… aq Zveli xana mokvda, swuxs
yvavilebis qali” (yvavilebis qali, 1926 w.).
poeti eTayvaneba warsulis “ia-zambaxis Tovls”, amasTan, “mzeTunaxavi alvis”
saxes amkvidrebs Tavis poeziaSi: “warsulma Ramem Sens fanjaraSi daTova Tovli
ia-zambaxis, Seni alva dgas, rogorc daraji, mzeTunaxavi da mkrTali saxis”
(avdris molodini).
ia-zambaxi mariamis, alva RmerTis simboluri saxelebia.
poetebis mefe ufrTxildeboda yvavilebs, rogorc “natvris Tvals”, mosavda
“natvris farCa-gvirgviniT” (yvavilebi-wuTebi) (11, 134).
galaktioni ugalobs “damWknar yvavilebs” (mariams _ “akaki wereTeli”), mTis
surnelovan vardebs, grigaliT, TovliT daumarcxebelT, romelTac Zala da
sixaruli mzisgan eniWebaT: “samxreTis mzis qveS, mTis haerSi hyvavian vardni _
ferad-feradni, mSvenierni, surneliT wminda, ar eSiniaT arc grigalis da arc
Tovl-vardnis, maTSi Zala da sixaruli mosWvivis mzidan” (rad uwodeben
saqarTvelos mgosanTa mxares?).
mTa mariamis, vardi, Zala, sixaruli _ qristes, mze _ mamaRmerTis simboloebia.
Tovlze uspetakesi sulis mqone poeti ver urigdeboda yinvaSi “gafurCqvnili
vardis” hangze momReral medrove vai-poetebis gniass: “ianvaria, Tovli hfaravs
quCebs da binebs, magram vinaa, rom jinaze aseT amindis “maisis vardni
gafurCqvnilis” xmiT miRiRinebs?” (samocdaaTi wlis poeti quCaSi midis).
usasrulod izrdeba galaktionis poeziaSi gaTelili, damWknari, cremliani,
gayinuli, nawvimari, gamqrali, dawyvetili, mocelili… yvavilebis ricxvi.
gazafxulze suls levs mSvenieri nami yvavilis gulze (ra mSvenieri iyo nami).
cvari, nami saRmrTo saxelia: “viqnebi cvari israelisTvis, ayvavdeba, rogorc
SroSani da libaniviT gaidgams fesvebs” (osia winaswarmetyveli, 12, 11).
megobrad dasaxuli mtrisgan dawyvetili vardebi da Zeglebi gvzaravs leqsSi
“guli” (1919 w.). masSi politikuri qveteqstebi ikiTxeba.
15
yvavilebis (rwmenis) kvdomas baRic sasikvdilo agoniiT moucavs (baRi kacuri
bunebaa ipolite romaelis mixedviT). RmerTis uaryofa adamianur siqveleTa
gaufasurebas moaswavebs. am azrs aseTi mignebuli saxeebiT gamoxatavs poeti:
“mkvdar yvavilebis fenas grZnobs momakvdavi baRi, guli iburavs wyenas, rogorc
katarRis daRi” (Semodgomis dRe) (3, 328).
leqsSi “me laJvardidan” dalewili vardis Rrublebi migvaniSnebs mTavar
problemaze: “vardis Rrublebi gadailewa, zecis magier qveyana iwvis”.vardi
qristianuli RmerTis, Rrubeli mariamis simboloa.
zambaxebic sikvdilis celis xvedri gaxdeba, winaswar grZnobs poeti: “mocelavs
maRal zambaxebs celi, atirdeba dro da Cemi leqsi” (cameti wlis xar) (5, 354).
“Savi yvavilis samudamod mkvdari foTolia” leqsSi “vin aris es qali?”. masSi
cisfer mSvenierebas Casafrebia gamanadgurebeli Caxmaxis wuTi.
miuxedavad epoqis sabediswero tendenciebisa, galaktion tabiZes arasodes
gauwyvetia kavSiri uzenaes sawyisebTan, igi eZebda da hpovebda “udabnos
yvavilebs”, beWdebze vardis cvars da locvis surneliT tkbeboda: “TiTqo
beWdebze dageyreba vardebis cvari da surnelebiT aivseba Seni locvani (saRamov,
vici) (11, 169).
beWedi mariamis simboloa (14, 124), vardis cvari _ qristianuli RmerTisa.
galaktionis devizi iyo “yvavilT SemoSeneba”, gamqrali rwmenis aRorZineba.
yvavilT momspobi jagis da eklis (cdomileba, urwmunoeba) uzenaesisgan mospobis
sjeroda poets: “jagic, ekalic bevrze bevria, spobs yvavils, ZaliT Tu Seeria.
bardebi? _ ambobs, _ ramdenic ginda, mravlobs, gaaqrobs maT yovladwminda” (12,
291-292).
poetis mizani iyobolomde daecva yvavilebi “sisastikis Savbneli, muxTali
xelisgan” (me am yvavilebs) (11, 159).
yvavilebis (rwmenis) gadarCenis sapatio misias Tanmimdevrulad erTgulebda
galaktioni: “Turme nisli sdarajobda ayvavebis pirvel Crdilebs, nu davkargavT
Cven im xsovnas, nu davkargavT im yvavilebs” (nu davkargavT xsovnas).
“mravali vardebis mfeni”, ciuri, Sopenisa da paganinis fantastikuri musikiT
savse, rwmenis msaxuri suli gamoarCevda poets: “rogorc mravali vardebis mfeni,
mas suli hqonda uxvad ciuri, masSi mravali iyo Sopeni da paganini fantastikuri”
(stiroda suli cisfer Rvinoebs).
vardebiT mTvrali suli rwmeniT savse sulia, radgan vardi saRmrTo saxelia:
“am vardobisTvis vardebiT vTvrebi, kargia Troba” (maisis isriT).
poetisTvis organuli iyo “elvis bilikze” siaruli, “Tovlis vardebis” gancda:
“elvis bilikze midis fexebi da mecemian Tovlis vardebi” (xan ufskrulebi, xan
mwvervalebi).
Tovlis vardi _ mariamia (iseve rogorc “qalwuli Tovli”, “Tovlis madona”)
(ix. 4, 124), elvis biliki _ qristes metaforaa.
mzis (mamaRmerTis) mier maradisobad qceuli yvavilebis (qristes) da maradiuli
dilis (mariamis) siyvarulis gamo uzenaesis nebam poetis erTi cxovreba “aTasze
gadaamravla”, aTasis mxedveloba, asi aTasis smena mihmadla (niavi, ia, nargizi) (5,
410), raTa “ganTiadis simRera”, “siyvarulis simRera, brZolis, lodinis simRera”
Seeqmna qarTvel genioss, raTa “sixarulis uvertiura” (sixaruli saRmrTo
saxelia) moesmina da uzenaesis rwmena gadaerCina.
16
rogorc vnaxeT, vardi, yvavili galaktionis poeziis erT-erTi mravlismTqmeli
simboloa (15, 138-185).
am saxem jer kidev poetis pirvel, 1914 wels gamocemul krebulSi
gansakuTrebulad iCina Tavi esTetikur, socialur, erovnul-politikur WrilSi,
xolo 1919 w. dastambuli wigni “Tavis qala artistuli yvavilebiT” qarTuli
poeziis renesansulobis dasturad iqna miCneuli.
vardis saxiT gagvicxada galaktionma Tavisi umniSvnelovanesi saTqmeli.
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom swored galaktionis pirveli wignisadmi miZRvnil
werilSi “martoobis ordenis kavaleri” tician tabiZe mignebulad SeniSnavda:
“irgvliv gabneulia yvavilebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi es miaxloebiTi simboloa
galaktion tabiZis mgosnuri saxis” (16, 552-562).
literatura
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
2. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
3. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1997.
4. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009.
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
6. nevmirebuli Zlispirni, Tb. 1982.
7. vaxtang VI, leqsebi da poemebi, Tb. 1975.
8. ioane-iona, “ra unda vakeToT”, Tb. 1994.
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. II, Tb. 1993.
10. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. III, Tb. 1993.
11. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
12. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. XI, Tb. 1993.
13. zviad gamsaxurdia, “vefxistyaosnis” saxismetyveleba, Tb. 1991.
14. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
15. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis simbolika, Tb. 1993.
16. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1989.
Casuli, qimerebSi Cavardnili, landad qceuli, gardacvlili mzisa da
dakarguli mziani Ramis saxeebi galaktionis poeziaSi
mzis saRmrTo saxelad gagebis tradicias bibliidan eyreba safuZveli:
fsalmunis mixedviT, “mze da faria ufali RmerTi” (fs. 84, 12) (1, 614).
17
RmerTi bibliaSi saxeldebulia, rogorc “mze simarTlisa”: “amogibrwyindebaT,
Cemi saxelis moSiSno, mze simarTlisa da kurneba iqneba mis frTebze” (malaqia
winaswarmetyveli, 3, 20) (2, 307).
es tradicia grZeldeba RvTismetyvelebaSi, sasuliero poeziaSi, religiur
mwerlobaSi.
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi RmerTis saxelebia: diadi mze, maRali mze, wminda mze
Sinagani, mzis sveti (mSvidobis wigni), mzis saTave (auCqara cxenma gzaSi), mze
cxovelsxivebiani (zeviT aswieT mze, zeviT), Soreuli mze (bawarze), Rame mziani
(tfilisi RamiT), momavlis mze (avrora), mudmivi mze (akaki wereTeli) (3, 23-25).
“axali mzis” amosvlasTan erTad, poetebis mefis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba mzis
Caqroba, mzis gardacvaleba, landad qceuli mze, qimerebSi Cavardnili mze, Savi
mze, mkvdari mze.
qristianuli rwmenis ignorirebas aTeisturi epoqis mier galaktioni gvauwyebs
micvalebuli mzis saxiT: “mzeo TibaTvis, yofna umzeo, mze miicvala Ria TvalebiT,
is miicvala raRac umweo da saocari gardacvalebiT” (mas gaxelili darCa
Tvalebi) (dawvrilebiT ix.: 3, 128-134).
sxvagan “mzis Casvla” gvicnobierebs uRmerTobis saSinelebas, adamianis sulier
daoblebas: “mzis Casvla iyo, viT anarekli Zveli didebis, RrubelTa Soris
daimsxvra Zegli piramidebis. me mivdiodi nangrevebze oblad Sens gamo, mwuxared
qroda cierTa soflad Cveni saRamo” (mzis Casvla, 1916 w.) (4, 86).
RmerTis gmoba aRqmulia, rogorc mzis Caqroba: “me damesizmra mware sizmari,
magram mTlad rodi iyo sizmari, uecrad Caqra mze elvarebiT da sidiadiT
naTilismari…”
mzis Caqrobas kosmiuri sicive, uSuqo, umizno arseboba mohyva da es “mTlad rodi
iyo sizmari”: “usazRvro sivrcis simaRleebSi, sadac maradi iyo bindbundi,
uSuqod, yovel mizans gareSe xetialobda varskvlavTa gundi” (4, 780).
“mkvdari mzis”, “Savi mzis” amosvliT SeZrwunebuli poeti mouxmobs quxils:
“quxilo, geliT, SenTan vibrZolebT, gamoeqane, zvirTi dasZari. gvaxsovs: diliT
mze amodioda, mkvdari mze, Sen ki amoaswari!” (quxilo geliT) (4, 359).
quxili, mexi Ze RmerTis saxelia (5, 122).
leqsi dawerilia revoluciiT imedgacruebis gamo, radgan isev gadauWreli iyo
socialuri Tanasworobis, erovnuli da sulieri Tavisuflebis problema,
revoluciis Sedegi iyo “mkvdari mzis” amosvla, “mkvdari mze” ki uaryofil
rwmenaze miniSneba unda iyos.
analogiur satkivars ukeTebs aqcents qimerebSi Cvardnili mze, qaosis napiramde
misuli ocneba, qari, Rame: “o, yoveldRe mzeebi qimerebSi vardeba, qaravani dReebis
mZimed miemarTeba. is ocnebac qaosis napiramde mivida, qaro, ra gemarTeba, Ramev, ra
mogivida ?” (4, 60).
umzeod, uRmerTod, sicarieleSi, sulis, sikeTis, siyvarulis gareSe galeuli
yofnis saSinelebas gvagrZnobinebs leqsi “Sens siymawviles” (1920 w.): “Sens
siymawviles axsovs mxolod zuzuni qaris, rogor ugonod gawamebda bedi, vaime.
axla Sens sulSi yvavilisTvis mze aRar aris, mze aRar aris da ar aris ara
raime” (4, 180).
“erTmaneTs emoZmeba” avadmyofi ocneba da mze, landad qceuli (sanatoriumSi) (4,
441).
18
poema “mSvidobis wignSi” mzis Casvla, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis gauCinareba,
ganuzomeli, ganuWvreteli kunapeti Rame mianiSnebs sarwmunoebisadmi gaucxoebis
ubedurebaze (6, 181).
ara “oreuli mze”, aramed “Soreuli mze”, “wminda mze Sinagani” gvevlineba
galaktionis poeziaSi WeSmariti RmerTis simbolod da poetis mizania, misken
miabrunos adamianebi: “moiSoro, droa, dardi, aTas mzes nu ficav. aRsdeq, ori
miliardi kaciT savse miwav!” (ori miliardi).
poemaSi “akaki wereTeli” rwmenis uaryofas mianiSnebs mzis Casvla, mSvenieri
sulikos gaqroba: “gamqraliyo, wasuliyo, mSvenieri is suliko, mxolod mTvare
anaTebda, radganac mze Casuliyo” (7, 124).
suli, suliko saRvTo saxelia bibliaSi.
“xolo ufali sul ars” (pavle mociquli, korinTelTa mimarT, 3, 4)@(1, 521).
dionise areopagelis mixedviT “sulica ufal ars”, “RmerTi sulia saxieri”,
RmerTi sulia WeSmaritebisai, romeli mamisgan gamovals” (8, 15, 14).
ara fizikuri, daRvremil mTas mifarebuli, aramed “namdvili mzis naTeli”
uxilavs poets da misi survilia sulis Tvalebis axela sxvebisTvisac: “ase
risTvis miefara mze daRvremil mTis mwvervalebs, Tu namdvili mzis naTeli ar
unaxavT jer Sens Tvalebs?” _ kiTxulobs leqsis avtori (ase risTvis?).
“oreuli” (xiluli) mzis paralelurad, galaktionis poeziaSi “Soreuli mze”
(RmerTi) gvxvdeba da swored misi Wvretaa “WeSmariti arsebobis mizani”; “win!
bawarze oreul mziT aivse peSvebi, an mzes naxav Soreuls, an sigiJemoreul zRvaSi
gadaeSvebi” (bawarze).
poets mwuxarebas ganacdevinebda “gamacocxlebel mzis sxivebis” gauCinareba
(darkinul sarkmelTan).
SoTa rusTavelis da daviT guramiSvilis poeziaSi Ze RmerTi figurirebs,
rogorc “mziani Rame” (9, 3-127).
galaktionis “mziani Rame” da “mziuri Rame” qristianuli RmerTis simboloa.
leqsi “tfilisi RamiT” 1925 wels aris dawerili, roca sisxliani bolSevizmi
cecxliTa da maxviliT ebrZoda qristianobas. poeti amas gvamcnobs simboluri
saxeebiT, radgan RmerTis araTu siyvaruli, xsenebac ikrZaleboda. epoqam moitana
“axali eresi”, daikarga “Rame mziani”, rasac “yru ziani” mohyva: “is dReebi
daikarga, Rame _ raRac mziani _ isev ise daiqarga qalaqis yru ziani”.
epoqis qari Causafrda mziur Rames, vardebs (vardi saRmrTo saxelia). “Sen
mziuro Ramis qaro, migaqvs yvela vardebi, msurs am leqsiT dagawynaro, magram ara
wynardebi”. (4, 241).
galaktioni RmerTismgmobel epoqaSic rCeboda naTelSemosili, RmerTSemosili,
mziTSemosili, igi arasodes wyvetda kavSirs uzenaes ZalebTan: “…me sxva mze
mmosavs, rogorc Sehferis saqarTvelos saxalxo mgosans” (dRes Semisrulda).
poeti namdvili, maradiuli mzis naTels Wvretda yvelgan, mzisa, romelsac
RvTiuri aliT unda aezambaxebina baRebi (baRi xom kacuri bunebaa ipolite
romaelis mixedviT), anu gaemSvenierebina adamianis buneba, Semoqmedebis
yovlisSemZleobiT unda aevso suli: “dRes yvelgan mzea, axla am baRebs da
myinvars, maRal zraxvaTa mefes, maisi aliT aazambaxebs, viT Seyvarebuls da
meocnebes” (Serigeba) (4,53).
19
galaktioni gaemijna epoqis satanistebs, wminda suliT miagno Soreul mzes,
zesTazes (umaRles cas): “vaSa, Sav zRvaze amomaval mzes, mivqrivar cxeniT, vgavar
zesTazes” (vaSa, Sav zRvaze amomaval mzes).
misi usasrulo Ziebis (geZebdi yvelgan) Sedegi iyo “mzis saTavis” migneba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom qimerebi eRobebodnen win: “auCqara cxenma gzaSi, qimerebma
dahkres taSi……aha, brZola…daaTava,… napovnia mzis saTave” (auCqara cxenma gzaSi) (7,
411).
mudmivi mzis, “vrceli gzis” (Ze RmerTis) siyvaruliT, “uWknobi yvavilis”
(mariam RvTismSoblis) Tayvaniscemis gamo galaktioni gamorCeul pativs miagebda
Tavis did poetur winapars _ akaki wereTels: “gaiara vrceli gzebi, sad mudmivi
mzea mgznebi da mudmivi gazafxulis dauWknobi yvavilebi” (akaki wereTeli) (7, 840).
“vardebis” lirikuli gmiri “mziania”, rogorc uwvimar “riJraJis vardi”:…”roca
mziani iyavi ise, rogorc uwvimar “riJraJSi vardi” (4, 284-285).
poets “momavlis mzis sxivebi kandeliviT” dahqaTqaTebs (avrora).
“aTasis mze” hqonda poets, aTasis mxedveloba, asi aTasis smena: “aTasis aqvs
mxedveloba, ieri, aTasis mze, smena asi aTasis, bnel RameSi igi amCnevs cbieri, ras
sxva ver Wvrets dRisiT udiadesiT” _ (aTasis mxedveloba, aTasis ieri) gvaxsendeba
bibliuri sibrZne, romlis mixedviTac RmerTs gamoarCevs “bnelsa Sina Wvreta”
(iso ziraqi, 23, 24).
literatura
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 1992.
2. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
3. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri lirikis sakiTxebi, Tb. A996.
4. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
5. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, 1995.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. XI, Tb. 1973.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. IV, Tb. 1995.
8. petre iberi (fsevdo dionise areopageli), Sromebi, Tb. 1961.
9. tite mosia, oqsimoroni “mziani Ramis” problematika, Tb. 1999.
idumali sxivebis natvra
qristianuli samebis gamomsaxvelia mzis saxe, romelSic mamaRmerTi mzea, Ze
RmerTi _ Suqi, sxivi, naTeli _ suliwminda.
“samebisa da RvTismSoblis misteriaSi” ludvig foierbaxi Suqs uwodebs mamas,
amasTan, Suqs miiCnevs Zis predikatad” (1, 109).
sxivi, Suqi Ze RmerTis saxelia bibliaSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi, filosofiur
mwerlobaSi (daviT winaswarmetyveli, esaia winaswarmetyveli, ioane damaskeli,
petre iberi, grigol nazianeli, ioane petriwi).
20
d. guramiSvilis mier sameba moazrebulia mzis, sxivisa da naTlis aspeqtSi.
“mzeTa mzis sxivi” qristes simboloa (2, 70).
“qristes sxivebi kvebavs samyaros”, ambobda e. rerixi.
galaktion tabiZem gaamravalferovna es saxe: pirveli sxivi, didebuli sxivi,
diadi sxivi, siyvarulis sxivi, sxivTa savse arseba, udiades imedebis usayvarlesi
sxivebi, msoflio sxivebi, xvalis sxivi, idumali sxivi, axali sxivi, yofnis sxivi,
imedis sxivi, sxivTa isari, sulis sxivi, simarTlis sxivebi, sxivTa tba, sxivTa Zna,
sxivnarT gvirgvini, sxivnarT elva, norCi sxivi, sxivebis cxrili, oqrosferi sxivi,
moxuci sxivi, warsulis saocnebo sxivi, Svebis sxivi (ix. 3, 25-28).
poetis lirikuli gmiri “...beddakarguli moelis sxivebs” (mSvidobis wigni) (4,
321).
saRvTo sxivis Zieba gamxdara umTavresi mizani: “vivli, sanam siyvarulis sxivs
ar momcems Semoqmedi” (Semodgoma).
magram farisevlebis naSierebi ver urigdebodnen RvTis moyvarulebs: “...axal
sxivebs ver Serigebian vard-yvavilebiT Semoqargulsa” (saRamo).
uRmerTo epoqis tkivili gamJRavnda leqsSi “atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo” (5,
114), romelSic grigalis, zRvis, sisxlis Jami ucxoobs sxivs: “am grigalSi dro ar
aris sxivis, axla zRvaa, axla sisxlis droa” (4, 1).
piradi cxovrebis tragizmis axsnas iZleva uRmerTobis maxasiaTebeli
sarkmelTan gamrudebuli da daubrunebeli sxivis saxe: “...da sxivi, romelic
sarkmelTan gamrudda, saxlidan gavida, da aRar dabrunda” (saxlidan gavida da
aRar dabrunda) (5, 308).
“niaRvris” lirikul personaJs enatreba ciuri sulis sxivi, rogorc arsebobis
stimuli, sixarulis wyaro: “daadne sxivi, sulo ciero, am sicivisgan gayinul
sulze, tkbili morevi Semigubdeba Cvens yvavilebze, Cvens siyvarulze” (6, 33).
sayuradReboa “Savi sxivis” saxe, romelic “Savi mzis” asociacias iwvevs da
negatiur Zalaze mimaniSnebelia: “edeba sxivis anTeba Savi, gediviT hkivis landebis
zoli...”
“yviTel foTolSi” (5, 55) “warsulis saocnebo sxivs” upirispirdeba “awmyos
usicocxlo, uferuli sxivi”, rac rwmena-urwmunoebis monacvleobas unda
migvaniSnebdes.
tragizmis momtania “Svebis sxivad” moazrebuli RmerTis gauCinareba: “ar aris
qveynad Svebis sxivi, imedis wyaro” (stiroda zeca) (7, 166).
“zamTris susxma sxivi mohkla”, Cioda poeti idumali sxivis gauCinarebas
(daxuWuli Tvalebi) (8, 27).
“saWiroa swrafva absolutisken. miwieri silamaze ikargeba aramiwieris lurj
sxivebSi”, acxadebda e. rerixi (9, 227).
sivrceTa gradaciebis maZiebeli iyo galaktioni: “Tvali ikargeba sivrceTa
unazes gradaciebSi” (Rrublebi oqros amurebiT). iq ixila poetma “oqrosferi
sxivi”, “mSvidi sinaTle”, momavlis sxivi, momavlis mzis sxivebi (avrora) (6, 75).
terenti graneli sakuTar arsebaSi grZnobda im “Soreuli zecis sxivs” (10, 93).
giorgi leoniZes mesxeTSi “ukvdavi sxivi” esxureboda (mesxeTi), “pirveli
sxivebiT” aRtacebas ver faravda (STagoneba) (11, 121).
komunistebma gadaafases saukuneebis saTayvano RmerTi, ramac adamianis sulis
gaudabureba gamoiwvia.
21
religiuri rwmenis uaryofis sinanuls gamoxatavs leqsi “moxuco sxivo”,
romelSic cis meufe “moxuci, Zalmileuli sxivis sikvdili” simbolurad am
odiozur procesze unda migvaniSnebdes (5, 373).
“mxolod umaRles sulebs egzavnebaT sxivebi”, ambobda e. rerixi.
daumarcxebeli “sxivosani Zala” amSvenebda galaktions: “...man ar icis, rom ver
Caaqrobs Zalas sxivosans” (dRes Semisrulda).
galaktioni xedavda “ultraiisfer sxivebs”: “brwyinvaleba pirispiri, iisferi
haviT sunTqavs, sxivic ultraiisferi vera Zalas ver STaunTqavs” (Sexvedra mTaSi)
(12, 674).
poeti iswrafoda iq, “sad mzisferi exveva cisfers” _ anu umaRlesi sikeTisa da
sinaTlis qveyanaSi.
galaktions ieso qriste esaxeboda “xvalis sxivad”, radgan poets mSobliuri
qristianuli garemo unaTebda suls: “odes guls samSoblo moeTinaTina, CemTvis im
xvalidan sxivma moadina” (Sovidan isarma sxepa moadina) (12, 364).
galaktions sjeroda “Ramis wyvdiadis” damarcxeba “idumali sxivis” ZaliT
(ganTiadma styorcna Subi) (7, 107).
poetis vedreba mimarTuli iyo pirveli sxivis movlinebisken: “ase nugeSo, Cems
mSfoTvar yofnas Sen mouvline sxivi pirveli” (xandaxan mSfoTvare qalaqis xmaSi)
(6, 59).
“sxivi” da “biliki” (saRvTo saxelia) iyo misi interesis sagani: “goneba Cumobs
da jados ilevs, sxivs momakrZalebo, mxolod Soreul Tovlian biliks mivapyrob
Tvalebs” (5, 320).
momavlis mzis sxivebi iyo poetis ideali: “momavlis mzis sxivebi kandeliviT
dagqaTqaTebs” (avrora) (6, 75).
cxovrebiseuli cdunebebis dros, SurisZiebis wyurviliT anTebul poets
evlineba qristes saxe, “mzis sxiviviT anTebuli da CrdiliviT mowyenili” (qriste)
(13, 83).
literatura
1. ludvig foierbaxi, qristianobis arseba, Tb. 1956.
2. tite mosia, daviT guramiSvili da qarTuli sityvieri kultura, Tb. 1986.
3. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri lirikis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1996.
4. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. II, 1973.
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 2 wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
8. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. II, Tb. 1994.
9. Е. Рерих, Мозайка Агни Иоги, Тб. 1991. 10. terenti graneli, Txz. or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1991.
11. giorgi leoniZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1961.
12. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, 1977.
13. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1982.
22
iagundis Camqrali Suqis anTebis survili
Suqi Ze RmerTis saxelia. saRvTo Suqi da misi variaciebi mravlad gvxvdeba daviT
winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebSi: ufalo... “SenTan ars wyaro sicocxlisa, Seni
SuqiT vxedavT sinaTles” (fsalmunebi, 36, 10) (1, 558).
“gamogzavne Suqi Seni da WeSmariteba Seni. isini warmiZRvebian da mimiyvanen Sens
wminda mTasTan da Sens samkvidrosTan” (fs. 43, 3) (1, 566).
“ixseni Cemi suli sikvdilisgan, ager, Cemi fexi waborZikebisgan, raTa viaro
RmerTis winaSe sicocxlis SuqiT” (fs. 56, 14) (1, 580).
“Suqi iRvreba wmidisaTvis da gulmarTalTaTvis _ mxiaruleba” (fs. 96, 11) (1,
627).
“ufali Cemi Suqi aris da xsnaa Cemi _ vis SevuSinde?” (fs. 26, 1) (1, 547).
galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi yuradRebas iqcevs religiuri Sinaarsis Suqis
mravalferovani saxeebi: ciur SuqTa kamara, wminda cis Suqi, saidumlo Suqi,
imedis Suqi, norCi Suqi, Suqi fetiSi, ganwmendis Suqi, didi sixarulis Suqi, Suqi
pirbade, brwyinvale Suqi, elvaTa Suqi, Suqmosili brwyinvaleba,...
sataniseulTa Soris mcxovrebi poetisTvis varskvlavis Suqi (varskvlavi
saRvTo saxelia) moulodnelad aRmoCenili kapitalis sixaruls iwvevda: “mgonia,
arvin ar gamiRimebs, uecrad Suqi gamobrwyindeba. madlobeli var, Cemo varskvlavo,
sxva varskvlavebi SenTan mkrTalia, CemTvis es Suqi moulodnelad aRmoCenili
kapitalia”...
galaktionis lirikuli personaJi amaod eZebda mzis Suqs, ganTiadis
gamacocxlebel sxivebs, radgan epoqis sataniseulma mbrZaneblebma mzis SuqisTvis
dagmanes yvela sarkmeli da Ramec uSuqo da uxaverdo iyo, ganTiadzec ki
uCinardeboda Suqi: “o, ganTiado, munj borkilebSi me gavatare Rame wyeuli.
gamacocxlebel mzisa sxivebis lodinad viyav gadaqceuli. swrafad darkinuls
mivadeq sarkmels, magram mzis Suqo, Sen arsad sCandi” (darkinul sarkmelTan).
nislSi sarkmlis gamoSuqebis molodini RmerTis gamocxadebis gamomxatvelia:
“ager nislSi sarkmeli male gamoaSuqebs, dro, ver gamosaTqmeli, gamosavals
gvaCuqebs” (sarkmeli) (2, 469).
“idumalebiT savse” da Caketili sarkmeli gaumxelel wvalebas inaxavs: “xSirad
davdivar sarkmelTa axlo, CaketilT, savseT idumalebiT, visTan mivide an vis
veaxlo gaumxelelis Cumis wvalebiT?”
aRsaniSnavia, rom k. gamsaxurdia RmerTs “gonebis sarkmels” uwodebs “daviT
aRmaSenebelSi” (3, 417).
“landad qceuli mzis”, “avadmyofi”, “Camqrali, gardacvlili mzis”, “mkvdari
mzis”, saxeTa Seqmnac erT mizans emsaxureba: gagvicnobieros epoqis bneli, umzeo
arsebobis saSineleba.
TviT poeti yovelTvis mziTSemosili, sixarulSemosili iyo. brwyinvale Suqi
da diadema amSvenebda galaktions demonebis zeobis Jamsac. “asfuTiani CaquCis
cemiT ver gatyda gmiri, brwyinvale SuqiT da diadebiT dgas, viT qviTkiri”
(gamZleoba) (4, 552).
23
poets surda “samSoblos sanaxavidan” enaxa uzenaesi Suqi: “...martoobasac avitan
mwares, umegobrobas avitan mZimes, Cemi samSoblos sanaxavidan oRond vxedavde
Suqs mocimcimes” (Cemi gulia dRes es Savi zRva) (4, 329).
galaktioni, rogorc RvTis rCeuli poeti, SuqSemosili, maradiul simaRleSi
damkvidrebuli Suqis saxiT Wvretda Tavis momavals: “Sen mxolod maradi simaRle
giSvelis, ros Suqad mSobliur cas SeeSenebi” (dro) (2, 60).
uRmerTobis faqts afiqsirebs leqsi “Sen da Semodgoma” iagundis Camqrali
Suqis saxiT: “Suqi ar inTeba Camqral iagundis” (2, 180).
iagundi mariam RvTismSoblis metaforuli saxelia (5, 125).
iagundis Camqrali Suqi uaryofil qristeze mianiSnebs.
leqsi “meris TvalebiT” (2, 178) afiqsirebs iseT sulier ganwyobilebas, roca
“gulSi verc zeca atans, verc sixarulis Suqi”.
uRmerTobis tkivils amxels Svebis sxivis, “imedis wyaros” gaqroba: “...ar aris
qveynad Svebis sxivi, imedis wyaro” (stiroda zeca) (6, 166).
RmerTis gauCinarebas gvauwyebs sxivis uaryofa da grigalis gabatoneba: “am
grigalSi dro ar aris sxivis” (atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo) (2, 1140.
Savi mzis, mkvdari mzis, dasisxluli mzis, Savi sxivis saxeebi RmerTis
antipodebze mimaniSnebelia, rogorc dabindeba, daRameba, awmyos usicocxlo,
uferuli sxivi, “Suqi almaceri”.
poeti eZebda “ganwmendis Suqs” (RmerTs) (paraleli) (6, 263).
misi ideali iyo “Suqi fetiSi”, “saidumlo Seuryeveli” (oTaxi, Rame...).
zecaze ewera galaktionis gza da zecaSi daivana maradiuli Suqis saxiT,
TviTve igrZno “gamoSuqeba momaval dReTa didi didebis”.
vl. soloviovs rom davesexoT, ...“anaTebs usxeulo ubiwoebas Suqi RvTiuri,
maradisi da usasrulo” (Tumca jaWvebiT uxilaviT) (7, 213).
galaktionma Tavisi Rrmaazrovani religiuri poeziiT bevri iRvawa iagundis
Camqrali Suqis anTebisaTvis, ramac saukunis yvela poetisgan gamoarCia.
amitomac misi gvirgvini “maradi SuqiT” iyo gaalebuli (Serigeba) (2, 53).
“Suqmiuval dReebs” xSirad Senacvlebia “edemTa msgavsi dReebi,... vardebi,
orxideebi” (yofila mware dReebi) (8, 178).
poets sjeroda droebiT gauCinarebuli wminda cis Suqis arsebobis, rac
simSvides aniWebda: “aris sadRaca netari mxare, aris wminda ca SuqiT mgznebare”...
(ave maria).
“wminda ca” aris “cani caTani”, gonieri, sulieri, RmerTebis samyofeli ca, Suqi
ki Ze RmerTis saxelia.
poetebis mefis SemoqmedebaSi “SuqiT” (uzenaesis ZaliT) izrdeba leqsis frTebi:
“momwyurvalw SuqTa fenis, izrdeboda frTebi leqsis”...
SemoqmedebiT procesSi aremare “saidumlo SuqiT” imoseba: “saidumlo SuqiT are
ise aris Sesudruli, ise savse uxv grZnobebiT, viT am Rames Cemi guli” (me da
Rame).
galaktioni winaswarmetyvelebda “didi sixarulis Suqis” gabrwyinebas, anu
RvTisken mibrunebas, rac axda kidec: “dadga dro da is zvavic azvinda, grZnobaTa
wminda cecxlis farulis, caze varskvlavi unda gabrwyindes, Suqi gabrwyindes
did sixarulis”...
24
galaktionis mier gaukvdavebul saxeebs “Saravandedis Suqi”, wminda, uCveulo
zeciuri cecxli” mosavs (dReTa gardasulTa) (9, 119).
literatura
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebebi or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
3. konstantine gamsaxuria, daviT aRmaSenebeli, wigni I-II.
4. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, 1977.
5. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebebi xuT tomad, t. II, Tb. 1994.
7. maradi dRe, Tb. 1981.
8. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebebi xuT tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994.
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebebi xuT tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
uCinari cecxlis wyurvili
galaktionis poeziaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs saRmrTo cecxlis
siyvaruli da misi gamomxatveli originaluri frazeologia.
sityva “cecxls” bibliaSi fizikuri da zesTabunebrivi mniSvneloba aqvs (1, 191).
bibliis mixedviT, RmerTs cecxlis saxe aqvs: “xolo saxe uflisai viTarca
cecxli motyinare Txemsa zeda mTasa winaSe ZeTa israelisaTa” (gamosvlaTa, 188,
124) (2, III).
moses cecxlwakidebuli mayvlovani rom eCvena, amaSi Rrma simboluri azria:
“mayvlovani RvTismSoblis simboloa, xolo cecxli qristesi” (3, 58).
qriste aris “viTarca cecxli uvneblad ganmanaTlebeli” (4, 107).
saerTod ki, “zecisa arsebaTa cecxlis saxed azmnoben” (4, 144, 25).
grigol xanZTels, rogorc RvTis rCeuls, cecxlis saxiT axvevia “suli
RmrTisai ganmanaTlebeli” (5, 597)
sasuliero poeziaSi qristes saxea “cecxli usxeulo” (i, mtbevari), “sudari
cecxlisa” (i. minCxi), nakvercxali cecxlisa, SanTi Seuxebeli, cecxli mSobeli
cvarisa (ezra). am frazaSi “cecxli” qristea, “cvari” _ misi moZRvreba (3, 60).
sulier Zalebs axasiaTebT cecxluri energia da naTebis unari (6, 93).
qristes mzis RvTaebis niSnebi axasiaTebs. mzis saxiT xdeba misi gamocxadeba
(l. kvirikaSvili, “cecxlisa da naTlis” metaforuli mniSvneloba qarTul
sasuliero poeziaSi” (7, 79).
indur RvTismetyvelebasa da miTologiaSi RmerTi sxivosania, naTeli, elvisa
da cecxlis SaravandediT ixilveba (8, 76).
adamiani RmerTis Seqmnilia da emsgavseba Tavis Semqmnels. igi uxilavi naTlisa
da cecxlis Semcvelia (9, 159).
25
siyvarulis cecxlia solomonis “qebaTa-qebaSi”, sanskritul mwerlobaSi,
msoflio literaturaSi (1, 151-191).
dantes “RvTaebriv komediaSi” RmerTis saxelia “diadi cecxli”, “maradiuli
cecxli”: “warmavali da agreTve maradiuli ixile cecxli da mixvedi iseT
mzRvaramdis, romlis gadaRma Tvali Cemi veRara wvdeba” (10, 247).
galaktionis poeziaSi mravalnairi cecxlia, umTavresi ki mainc RvTiuri
cecxlia.
WeSmariti poeti “uzenaesi cecxlis” ZaliT gamoirCeva: “dadafnul gzaze
midiodi, viT keisari, Sens movlenaSi krToda cecxli uzenaesi” (mgloviare
serafimebi) (11, 94).
e. rerixi wers: “saWiroa sakuTari Sinagani cecxlis anTeba... igi
transcendenturia... mimarTeT... diad cecxls, romelic yvelafers iZleva,
yvelafers wmends da arafers iTxovs” (12, 89).
“SemoqmedebiTi cecxli aTbobs da anaTebs... cecxli, rogorc sinaTle,
aZlierebs adamianur arsebas. yvelaze saswaulebrivi iwrToba cecxlSi (12, 169)...
cecxlovani azri anaTebs sivrces da sulis magniti brwyinavs (12, 186) cxovrebis
uxilavi procesi imarTeba sulis cecxliT (12, 223), fsiqikuri Semoqmedebisas
moqmedebs wminda cecxlis sxivi” (12, 223).
galaktionis RmerTi “mwveli cecxlia”, romelic Zlier aSuqebs mis arsebobas,
udidesi ZaliT avsebs poeturi Suqi gulisTqmas: “quxde gulisTqmav, suli
mRelvarebs, guli mwvel cecxliT kvlav gaimsWvala, gaSuqdi, sanam mZlavria
grZnoba, gaSuqdi, sanam geqneba Zala” (quxde gulisTqmav).
“cecxlis sanaxavidan” xedavs galaktioni meomris, poetis, brZenis gzas.
poets swyuria RvTaebrivi cecxliT aanTos “bneli napiri, wminda taZrebi,
sionebi, sveticxovlebi (Sen da Semodgoma).
WeSmariti poezia galaktions esaxeba, rogorc “maradiuli cecxlis
sagalobeli, cecxlis Semokideba” (poets).
“Semoixvie cecxli da gaxdi uvnebi”, ZvelTa anderZia (e. rerixi).
galaktionis poeziaSi cecxlis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili saRvTo saxeebia: RvTiuri
cecxli, cecxli uzenaesi, mwveli cecxli, maradiuli cecxli, fantastikuri ali,
wminda, uCveulo, zeciuri cecxli, faruli cecxli, cecxli ciuri, manaTobeli
cecxli, elvare cecxli, mfarveli cecxli, wminda cecxli, uCinari cecxli, axali
cecxli, simarTlis ali, gamouTqmeli ali,siaxlis ali, umanko cecxlis ali,
saidumlo alebi, vardisferi ali, JamTa cecxli, cecxlis fanteli, cecxlis
almuri, axali koconi, cecxlis kamara, sixarulis cecxli, cocxal cxovrebis
cecxli, wamebis cecxli, cecxlis vardi...
poets swyuroda cecxlis gardamosvla (vardebi), cecxliT Semosva (CaveSvaT
cecxlSi).
Semoqmedi suli saRvTo cecxliT gaalebulia. “sulic warmodga
Tangaalebulad”, aRniSnavs ioane petriwi (13, 80).
galaktioni mouTmenlad elodeba sulis anTebas: “sulo, Sen gaaldebi”.
mis wigns aqvs “ali mzeris”, qnari ki “maradis cecxlis” _ RmerTis sagalobelia.
poetis kredo aseTia: “gabrZmeddes cecxlSi, rac ki Zveli, Rrma tomebia” (ori
qveyana), anu didi Semoqmedi yovelTvis RmerTTan aris wilnayari.
poetis gulis cecxliT dneba yinuli leqsSi “SexedeT, miwa !” (14, 232).
26
bibliaSi, himnografiaSi saRmrTo cecxlia yinulis dadnobis unaris mqone.
poets uxmobda saRvTo cecxli, axali mxare, winaswarmetyvelebis unaris
momniWebeli uzenaesi: “gvixmobda cecxli da aRelveba, is gvixatavda sul axal
mxares, sadac ufskrulSi STamWvreti mxeriT winaswar grZnoben xanas elvares”
(sxivi talRebSi).
e. rerixi wers: “maradiulad moZraobs kosmiuri cecxli, gamogzavnili absolutis
mier” (12, 210).
RvTaebrivi cecxli ganwmendis wyaroa.
“ganwmendis cecxlis gareSe SeuZlebelia umaRles gagebas miuaxlovde”,
irwmuneba rerixi (12, 349).
bibliaSi cecxliT xdeba ganwmenda: “yoveli, romeli Sevals cecxlsa... ganwmdes
igi” (gamosvlaTa, 339, 123).
saxarebaSi ioane qristes Sesaxeb eubneba xalxs: “me naTels gcem wyliTa, igi
naTels gcems suliTa wmidiTa da cecxliTa” (ioane, 546, 26).
galaktioni ambobs: “mTvralia cecxliT, mTvralia yofniT”, rac uzenaesTan
wilnayarobas gulisxmobs, radgan cecxli da yofna (cxovreba) saRvTo saxelebia.
aseve, poets swyuria “alis Tasi”: “alis momeciT Tasi, savse Zleri RviniT”.
ali (cecxli) qristes, Tasi mariamis simboluri saxelebia. “Zlieri Rvinoc”
qristes saxea da momdinareobs esaias winaswarmetyvelebidan (esaia, 25, 13).
wminda giorgi ganiwminda cecxliT.
galaktioni ganaxlebas aRwevda wamebis cecxliT: “wamebis cecxlSi ganaxlda
guli, feri vicvale, feri vicvale” (ganaxlda guli) (14, 12).
poets aTeistur epoqaSi mouxda cxovreba da amxelda rwmenis, simarTlis alis
ignorirebis faqtebs: “...simarTlis ali, rogorc burusi ise irRveva da ifanteba”
(ar minda sityva).
poeti uCioda saRvTo cecxlisa da sagazafxulo lampris Caqrobas: “ganelda
cecxli, Caqra lampari, sagazafxulo aliT anTebuli” (acivda) (ortomeuli, t I,
Tb. 1988. gv. 586).
“cecxlis almurs” moeloda yvela qveyanaSi da aRmosavleTSic (“aRmosavleTi”,
ort. t. I, gv. 231-234).
“Camqrali ali” uzenaesis rwmenis uaryofas moaswavebs leqsSi “yvavilebis qali”
(1926 w.).
cecxlSemosils awamebda warsulis RvTiuri cecxlis _ RmerTis gauCinareba,
urwmunoTa umizno sicocxle: “ar dabrundebaam mxares cecxli, warsulTa dReTa
sxvanair mxaris, axla umiznod midis sicocxle da dabrundeba mainc mixaris”
(gzaSi) (11, 99).
sayuradReboa “Savi cecxlis” saxe galaktionis poeziaSi: “aris siCume, bneli
cxedari, mis tanze Savi cecxlis gaCena, apokalifsis mZafri mxedari vinc qaosebSi
SemoaWena” (geZebdi yvelgan) (11, 81).
poeti eZebda uzenaess, wvavda “jvaris mxurvale rkina”, magram xedavda zecis
dakargvas, ganmanaTlebeli cecxlis Secvlas “Savi cecxliT”, siCumes apokalifsis
mxedris (qristes) irgvliv da itanjeboda.
“Savi cecxli” ase ganimarteba e. rerixis mier: “arCevanis Tavisufleba,
ganaTleba, TviTsrulyofa aris cecxlis gza, yovel Seferxebas da ngrevas
aRviZebs Savi cecxli, SiSi da ngreva SeiZleba iyos Savi cecxli” (12, 373).
27
aSkaraa galaktionis “Savi cecxli” negatiuri Zalebis simboloa.
e. rerixi winaswarmetyvelebs: “dadgeba cecxlis era. moiZieT simamace da goneba
mis mosaaxloeblad. dgeba cecxlis saukune, romelic moutans kacobriobas
miRwevas. cecxlis saukune SeiZleba aSeno cecxliT... cecxli aris siyvaruli.
cecxlis samyaro gaxsnilia mxolod gmirebisaTvis” (12, 446).
galaktionma iwinaswarmetyvela urwmuno TanamedroveTa mibruneba RmerTisaken:
“dadga dro da is zvavic azvinda grZnobaTa wminda cecxlis farulis, caze
varskvlavi unda gabrwyindes, Suqi gabrwyindes Suqi did sixarulis”
(gamarjvebisken).
gulis zeciuri cecxliT miaRwia poetma yinulovani sasaxlis, koSkebis, qalaqis
dangrevas, anu uRmerTo samyaroSi rwmenis cecxlis Setanas (SexedeT, miwa !) (14,
232).
literatura
1. viqtor nozaZe, “vefxistyaosnis” mijnurTmetyveleba, parizi, 1963.
2. biblia or wignad, wigni I.
3. akaki baqraZe, sasuliero poeziis saxeebi, krebuli poezia, Tb. 1981.
4. petre iberi (fsevdo dionise areopageli), Sromebi, Tb. 1961.
5. qarTuli mwerloba, t. I, Tb. 1987.
6. a. drevsi, miTi qristeze (rusul enaze)
7. “macne”, 1969, # 6.
8. bhagavad-gita, Tb. 1983.
9. el. teilori, anTropologia, (rusul enaze), moskovi 1924.
10. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
11. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1989.
12. Мозайка Агни Иоги, в двух книгах, к.I , Тбилиси, 1990. 13. ioane petriwi, t. I, Tb. 1940. 14. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
damSrali da amRvreuli wyaros paradigmebi
wyali, wyaro, sicocxlis wyaro, sibrZnis wyaro, nakaduli, mdinare, nami, cvari,
Sadrevani, auzi uflis simboluri saxelebia Zvel da axal aRTqmaSi,
RvTismetyvelebaSi, sasuliero poeziaSi.
28
mivmarToT magaliTebs: “mogcemT ufali WirSi purs da simwareSi wyals da aRar
daimaleba Tqveni moZRvari” (esaia, 30, 20) (1, 95).
ieremia winaswarmetyvelTan RmerTs ewodeba “cxovelmyofeli wyarosTvali”
(ieremia, 17,13) (1,141).
zaqaria winaswarmetyvelTan RmerTi moixseneba, rogorc “sicoxlis wyali”
(zaqaria, 14, 8) (1, 304).
wyalTan erTad nakaduli da wyaroc uflis saxelia esaia winaswarmetyvelTan:
“gavxsni nakadulebs xmel gorebze da wyaroebs tramalebTan” (esaia, 41, 18) (1, 104).
fsalmunSi RmerTi aris “wyaro cxovrebisa” (35, 10) (2, 558).
saxarebis mixedviT, ieso aris “cocxali wyali” (ioane, 4, 10) (2, 183).
ieso eubneba samariel dedakacs: “...vinc dalevs wylidan, romelsac me mivcem,
masSi gadaiqceva wylis wyarod, romelic saukuno sicocxled idinebs” (ioane, 4, 14)
(2, 183).
ioanes gamocxadebaSi RmerTi aris :sicocxlis wylis wyaro”, “sicocxlis wylis
mdinare”, “sicocxlis wyali”: “kravi, romelic taxtis SuaSia, aZovebs maT da
sicocxlis wylis wyaroebze miiyvans da moswmends maT RmerTi TvalTagan yvela
cremls” (gamocxadeba, 7, 17) (2, 500).
“me mivcem mwyurvals usasyidlod sicocxlis wylis wyarodan” (gamocxadeba, 2,
16,) (2, 518).
“miCvena sicocxlis wylis mdinare, broliviT Wvirvali, romelic RvTisa da
kravis taxtidan moedineboda” (gamocxadeba, 22, 1) (2, 519).
“mwyurvali movides da msurvelma usasyidlod aiRos sicocxlis wyali”
(gamocxadeba, 22, 17) (2, 521).
uflis saxelia cvari, nami...
“viqnebi cvari israelisTvis, ayvavdeba, rogorc SroSani da libaniviT gaidgams
fesvebs” (esaia winaswarmetyveli, 14, 3) (1, 273).
netari avgustinesTan RmerTs ewodeba “madlis wyaro”, “wyaro mowyalebisa”, wminda
wyaro”, “wyaro WeSmaritebisa”, “saidumlo wyaro” (aRsareba) (3, 194, 224, 179, 404,
424)...
dantes “RvTaebriv komediaSi” RmerTi moixseneba, rogorc “maradiuli didebis
wyaro, maradJamuli saTavis wyaro, maradJamuli Wis wyali, Sadrevnebis wyaro” (4,
197, 264, 372, 403).
qarTvel himnografebTan saRmrTo saxelad gvxvdeba “ukvdavebis mdinare”,
“madlis mdinare” (m. modrekili), “wyaro cxovrebisa” (ioane mtbevari, saba
svingelozi, ioane qonqozisZe).
daviT guramiSvilma qristianul RmerTs uwoda “cxovrebisa wyaros Rari” (5,
118).
galaktion tabiZe kargad icnobs am tradiciebs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
amravalferovnebs winaparTa mignebebs. poetisTvis RmerTi aris wyaro, imedis da
rwmenis wyaro, fergamWvirvale da uangaro wyaro, sicocxlis wyaro, wminda wyali,
Sadrevani, auzi, nami, cvari, nakaduli.
1908 wels poetis wuxilis sagani iyo baRis gaxmoba, wyaros amoSroba, gamqrali
wyaro, romelsac kldeze isev darajobda poeti: “vdgevar kldeze _ aq odesme baRi
iyo sanetaro, gadamxmara Cveni baRi, amomSrala Cveni wyaro. vdgevar kldeze,
Semodgomis dRe magonebs sxva gazafxuls, aq droSebiT umRerodnen rwmenas, mTaze
29
gamosaxuls. vdgevar kldeze da vdarajob droSebs, mravalbrZolanaxuls”
(gadanaxuli droSebi) (6, 9).
leqsis klde, wyaro, gazafxuli _ qristes saxelebia.
mTa mariam RvTismSoblis simboloa.
baRi xalxia, bibliis kvalobaze.
kldeze gaSenebuli baRi rwmenas vaziarebi xalxis paradigmaa, xolo damSrali
wyaro _ uaryofili RmerTi, gamxmari baRi _ urwmunoebiT gaudaburebuli sulis
alegoriaa.
galaktion tabiZe poeziis upirveles daniSnulebad rwmenis dacvas, taZrisken
savali gzis gakvlevas miiCnevda, magram araqristianul, aRmosavlur tendenciebze
awyobili Taris xmaSi ignorirebuli iyo RmerTi, amao Canda wyaros (religiuri
motivebis, rwmenis) Zieba: “o, daCumdi, mokakane Taro, yovel quCis, yovel gzis da
Saris, Sens simebSi me momwyurda wyaro, wyaro Cans da wyali arsad aris”.
oficiozis sicruis mtkicebas _ “yvelaferi aris Zlier kargad”, enacvleba
mware realobis Sefaruli mxileba: “yvelaferi Zlier cudad aris” (mTvaris
Crdili baRs efina qargad) (7, 806).
poema “mSvidobis wignSi” (1945-1956 ww.), romelic erovnul-sarwmunoebriv
problemebs exeba da ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis arss ajamebs, “aimRvra
fergamWvirvale da uangaro wyaro”, rac rwmenis ignorirebaze aqcentirebas
gulisxmobs (8, 140).
“atmis yvavilebSi” (1915 w.) “mtvriT gaisvara wyalTa likliki, yvavili igi
mokvda da Cqara wiTlad dahfara baRis biliki”.
wyaro, yvavili qristianuli RmerTis simboloebia, atmis xe _ mariamisa (9, 99-
113).
epoqis wyevla iyo is, rom wyali moiSxama, wyali gaSavda: “wyali Savia, rogorc
melani, Sav wyalze yalyze Sedga merani da sasaflaos mxaridan Zera Tavs
dastrialebs, viT bediswera”.
es “bneli qaragma” “TeTri mxridan” (Tovlian-yinuliani mxaridan) aris
motanili, rogorc Tavsmoxveuli obeliski (obeliski) (6, 175)
petre mociquli amxelda urwmunoebs: “eseni arian damSrali wyaroebi da
qariSxlis mier devnili Rrublebi, maTTvis gamzadebulia saukuno wyvdiadi”
(petre mociqulis II werili, I, 17) (2, 313).
RvTisuarmyofeli epoqis maxasiaTebelia damSrali wyaro leqsSi “ra vqna”:
“sicocxleo, mTlad damiSra imedis da rwmenis wyaro” (6, 53).
1928 wels ukve kategoriuli gancxadebiT ganzogadda rwmenis ignorirebis
faqti: “ar aris qveynad Svebis sxivi, imedis wyaro” (stiroda zeca) (6, 166).
SxamiT mowamluli wyaro urwmunoebis bacilebiT mowamluli religiaa: “yoveli
wyaro Sxamia, Sxami Sxams gadaeria” (Sen scodav) (10, 420).
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom leqsi 1958 wels, socializmis “zlevamosili
gamarjvebis” periodSia dawerili.
gavixsenoT, rom wyaros amoSrobas ilia WavWavaZec wuxda “aCrdilSi”.
ara RmerTebis, aramed Wotebis, mxecebis, demonebis meufeba iyo faqti, roca
wyarom Zala dakarga: “gaRma hkioda bneli Woti, gamoRmac Woti, eSureboda wyaro
Cqriala” (proJeqtori eZebda mters).
30
nami saRmrTo saxelia: “ase miTxra ufalma: me mSvidad gadmovixedav Cemi
sauflodan xvatis kaSkaSiviT mowmendilze, namis RrubeliviT mkis papanebaSi”
(esaia, 18, 4) (1, 86).
aseve qreboda galaktionis poeziaSi “nami yvavilis gulze”, rac analogiuri
saTqmelis gamoxatvaa: nami, romelic amSvenebda yvavilis guls, “aRar aris, wahyva
mzis Suqs aferadebuls, dalia suli siymawvilis naz gazafxulze” (ra mSvenieri
iyo nami yvavilis gulze).
leqsis nami, gazafxuli RmerTis metaforaa.
“gobelenSi” (6, 81) “iqauri cis” “laJvard TvalTagan gadasuli namia” RmerTis
saxeli.
Sadrevani, romelic idumal mxares gvimxels, saRmrTo saxelia, epoqisTvis
arasaWiro da arasargebi: “iq aRar rekavs is Sadrevani, im idumalTa mxareT
gamxela” (operis TeatrTan) (6, 361). leqsi dawerilia aTeizmis zeobisas _ 1924 w.
“Sadrevnebis vedreba” gvauwyebs: “camde albaT bevrjer adis Sadrevnebis
vedreba, damtvreuli siferadis suliT SemoTeTreba”.
rainer maria rilkes ainteresebda “Sadrevnebis arsi faruli”: “me gamicxadda
Sadrevnebis arsi faruli” (Sadrevnebis eqo).
galaktionis leqsebSi gvxvdeba mTvares Sekidebuli “aluCebi da Sadrevnebi”
(vin aris es qali?), ca, Sadrevnebis mZime mtevnebiT (ca, TivliT fenili).
am konteqstSi unda iqnes gagebuli “ocnebis auzis” saxec: “civi ocneba Sxefavs
auzis’ (Cveni dro isev rusTavel elis) (6, 404).
“locvisTvis” (1919 w.) gvamcnobs poetis Zalisxmevas yvavilebis qarisgan
gadarCenisTvis da isev “vardebiT ivseba auzi” (11, 162).
nakaduli saRmrTo saxelia: “wyals mivuRvri urwyuls da nakaduls gamomSral
miwas” (esaia, 44, 3).
“wyaliviT idinos samarTalma da iyo simarTle dauwyvetel nakaduliviT” (amos
winaswarmetyveli, 5, 24) (1, 279).
galaktionis leqsSi gazafxulzec iyineba nakaduli, ca, qveynis guli: “Tovlis
fifqiT Seimosa naZvi totebdaxlarTuli da mRelvare gazafxulze gaiyina
nakaduli. gaiyina cis laJvardi, gaiyina qveynis guli” (TeTr Tovlis qveS) (6, 6..).
gayinuli nakaduli uaryofili RmerTis saxea ca, gayinuli ca _ mariamis metafora
(12, 125).
ca (caTa ca, RmerTebis ca) usinaTloa, mtvriani da gacrecili, mavanni
romanseroebs mRerian udrood, wyaro ki “valalebs” urwmunoebis Jams: “wyaro
xevSi valalebs, gaqra giJi ocneba” (ra dros romanseroa?) (11, 216).
urwmunoTa zeobis Jams poetebis mefe, mudam rwmenis ganuxrel erTgulebas
amJRavnebda, igi ewafeboda “trfobiT aRbeWdil sicocxlis wyaros”: “me msurda
grZnobiT davwafebodi sicocxlis wyaros, trfobiT aRbeWdils” (mwuxareba).
sicocxlis wyaro, trfoba (siyvaruli) saRvTo saxelebia.
poets surda mSobliuri wyaros, mSobliuri sios “gemos” gancda: “mindoda
wyaros wyali gemoTi da mSobliuriT sunTqva sioTi” (me erTaderTi mqonda
wuxili) (6, 335).
aq wyaro saRmrTo saxelia iseve, rogorc sio, niavi, qari.
“wminda wylis” TanxlebiT miiswrafoda poeti Sors, sxva edemSi, beds iqiT:
“waval, gavyvebi am sevdian gzas zRvaTa quxiliT, wyalTa liklikiT da
31
davamkvidreb daRlil sicocxles Sorsas sxva edemSi, Sors, Cems beds iqiT” (beds
iqiT) (6, 87).
gza, sevdiani gza, wyali, sicocxle RmerTis paradigmebia. aSkaraa, poets
qristianul rwmenaze damyarebiT surda adamianuri SezRudulobis CarCoebis
gaweva da “sicocxlisTvis” _ RmerTisTvis samudamo adgilis miCena Tavis poeziaSi
iseve, rogorc “sxva edemis” ukvdavyofa, radgan samoTxe, edemi mariamis metaforaa
(12, 124).
literatura
1. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
2. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
3. netari avgustine, “aRsareba”, saqarTvelos saeklesio kalendari, Tb. 1985.
4. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
5. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
7. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
8. galaktion tabiZe, Txz. 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973.
9. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009.
10. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994.
11. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
12. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
daviwyebuli siyvarulis xsovna
bibliis mixedviT, RmerTi aris “siyvaruli”: “...es aris metrfe Cemi, es aris
sayvareli Cemi...” (qebaTa qeba, 5, 16) (1, 17).
ioanes epistoleShi “RmerTi siyvarulia” (kaTolike epistoleni I ioanesi, 4, 8) (2,
320).
ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi RmerTi “pirveli siyvarulia”. qristem ase
usayvedura efesos eklesias: “Sen miatove Seni pirveli siyvaruli” (gamocxadeba, 2,
4) (2, 492).
netari avgustine RmerTs moixseniebs, rogorc “diad siyvaruls”: “es samyaro
diadi siyvaruliT... brwyinavs da iwvis, viTarca maradiuli Suva dRe” (aRsareba) (3,
390).
dante alegieris RmerTi aris “siyvaruli pirveli, siyvaruli utkbesi,
dauSreteli siyvaruli, uzenaesi siyvaruli (4, 90, 328).
sayvarels uwodebdnen RmerTs daviT guramiSvili, vaxtang VI, akaki wereTeli.
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galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi RmerTi aris “zeqveyniuri siyvaruli, sxva
siyvaruli, ukanaskneli siyvaruli, Soreuli satrfo, idumali satrfo, sruli
trfoba” (5, 46).
poetebis mefe aTeistur meoce saukuneSi daviwyebuli saRvTo siyvarulis
xelaxla aRmomCeni gaxda: “jer yvelasgan miukvleveli aRmovaCine me siyvaruli”
(dadga agvisto) (6, 265).
es saRvTo grZnoba sulieri gvalvis wamalia: “es siyvaruli daacxrobs gvalvas
da gagiJebas ufro uaress” (dadga agvisto).
poetma uRmerTo epoqis tkivili mravalgzis gamoxata: “arsad Cans tkbili
naTeli Suqmfrqvrevel siyvarulisa”, “siyvarulis xma arsiT ismoda”, “siyvarulis
ar mesmis nana”, Cioda poeti (udabno) (6, 30, 21).
“cremli mdioda, radgan Cemi ukanaskneli, Cemi mwuxare siyvaruli magondeboda”,
afiqsirebda poeti gulistkiviliT.
poetis arsebaSi mudam cocxlobda “xsovna im trfobis srulis” (mimRere rame).
“me siyvaruli mesizmreboda, Rameebs vaTev kvlav siyvaruliT, me siyvaruliT
viyavi mTvrali, da siyvaruli maxarebs marad”, ambobda poeti.
aTeistur epoqaSi “iudas saxe, kaenis landi da Rameebis Savi guguni” Caesmoda,
sisxlis, cremlis niaRvrebs, damsxvreul Cinars Wvretda da “sxva siyvarulis”
mogonebebiT cxovrobda (rogor ebrZodnen zarebs zarebi) (7, 179).
Tu sataniseulT siyvaruli Waobad esaxebodaT, TviTon faruli ocnebis
axdenad, gazafxulis saxiT evlineboda uzenaesi: “...es aris grZnoba kvlav
siyvarulTa, gadaqceuli sxvisTvis Waobad, es ocnebaa ferTa farulTa da
gazafxulis sanaxaoba” (kosmiuri orkestri) (7, 241-245).
awamebda “siyvarulis gamqrali sxivi, daubrunebel droTa mesivi” (alvis xeebi
mSvild-isars xrian) (7, 282).
poets ezmaneboda megobrad dasaxuli mtris muxanaTobebi, misi “faruli
jadoTi” morkaluli gzebi, dalilas landi, viqtoria, ledi godiva, dawyvetili
vardebi, Zirs dayrili qandakebebi, Zeglebis qveS oblad damarxuli, “ugono
siyvaruliT” Seryeuli, rwmeniT daoblebuli guli: “...zambaxTa Soris yria TeTri
qandakebebi, TeTri Zeglebi, da imaT qveS oblad marxia guli, ugono siyvarulma
rom Searyia...” (guli) (7, 320).
Zvirfasi dro Sors iyo, uaryofili siyvaruli ki vaterloos omSi damarcxebas
emsgavseboda: “...rac ufro Sors xar, Zvirfaso dro, ufro savsea gza am gedebiT,
da siyvaruli, viT vaterloo, mofenilia am imedebiT” (dgeba Semodgoma) (7, 332).
WeSmariti siyvarulis moTmenaze saubrobs poeti iisferi Tovlis, qalwulis,
xidis, mandilis (mariamis simboloebia) TanxlebiT (Tovli) (7, 343).
siyvaruli personificirebulia leqsSi “qalaqisken” (6, 435): “is gamovida Zlier
adre, viT siyvaruli, mTvarian tyeze midioda gza dacvaruli”.
RmerTi “pirveli” da “ukanaskneli” siyvarulia, magram galaktioni Tavis epoqaSi
ver poulobda mas da usiyvarulo, uRmerTo arsebobis faqts afiqsirebda: “...da
Wkneba, Wkneba siyvaruli ukanaskneli, Wkneba mwuxared, nazad, magram usixarulod”...
(usiyvarulod) (6, 35).
aTeistur epoqaSi cecxliTa da maxviliT idevneboda rwmena, RmerTis siyvaruli
danaSaulad cxaddeboda da sastikad isjeboda: “...me marwmunebdnen, rom ar iqneba,
Sen dausjelad giyvardes igi” (me marwmunebdnen) (6, 242).
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poets awuxebda uRmerTo cxovrebis amaoeba, uzenaesi siyvarulis Seucnobloba:
“vin igrZno sicocxle amao, umizno, an Sveba vin igrZno, an trfoba vin icno” (8,
194).
urwmunoebisgan gauxeSebuli sulis mqoneT ar esmodaT siyvarulis
erTaderToba, arc sasaxleSi mis movlinebas xedavdnen: “...siyvaruli sasaxleSi
mxolod erTxel modis’ (mova, magram rodis?) (6, 153).
galaktions ki surda frTebiT swrafva “qalwuli Tovlisken”, Rrublisken
(mariamis saxelebia), mzisken, (RmerTis simboloa), raTa cis kabadonze daewera es
ucveTeli, ganumeorebeli da umaRlesi Sinaarsis matarebeli sityva: “frTebi rom
mqondes, gavwevdi im mwvervals, sazRvrad dadebuls, iq, qalwul TovlTan vpovebdi
binas mziT aferadebuls. me msurs iq davasadguro Cemi simRera da qnari da
vkocno, vkocno Rrublebis bage alisfer-narnari. frTebi rom mqondes, mzisaken
gaveqanebi zRvis navad, cis kabadonze davwerdi msoflios Sesaxedavad: giyvars,
raTa yvelasi Sexvdes am nawers Tvalebi da Seiyvaran, radganac kacni arian da-
Zmebi” (fantazia) (8, 154).
gvagondeba vaJa-fSavelas “kldem mxolod erTxel Tqva”, romlis reziume ase
JRers: “giyvardeT, kacno, erTmaneTi”. orive mwerlis wyaro aris biblia da
saxareba.
galaktioni evedreba ciur suls “sxivisTvis, yvavilebisTvis, siyvarulisTvis”
(saRvTo saxelebia): “daadne sxivi, sulo ciuro, am sicivisgan gayinul gulze,
tkbili morevi Semigubdeba Cvens yvavilebze, Cvens siyvarulze” (niaRvari) (8, 335).
galaktionis poeziis lirikuli gmiri rwmeniT iyo gaciskrovnebuli da
xanjals (Zalmomreobas) iis sinazes agebebda: “xanjals davfarav isev iebiT”
(dReTa karebTan). igi ganadidebda siyvaruls, siTbos, patiebas: “o, gaumarjos,
...siyvaruls, siTbos da patiebas” (isev maisis maTrobs Tvalebi) (6, 305).
poets afiqrebda mitovebuli Zveli gza da “mitovebuli Zveli siyvaruli” (aq
odesme) (7, 786).
sizmarSic “siyvaruli esizmreboda” (me mivdiodi), xsnis gzad “siyvarulis
simRera” esaxeboda: “gulSi JRers ra xania, siyvarulis simRera, rogorc
erTaderTi xsna, erTaderTi imedi” (ilias motivi) (7, 602).
galaktionis poeziaSi siyvaruli aris “...kacTa masazrdoebeli Zlieri RmerTi”,
“siyvaruli aris yofna-arsebobis kari” (akaki wereTeli).
RmerTi aris “siyvarulis xma”, romelic “daadumes” komunistebma: siyvarulis
xma arsiT ismoda”.
galaktions arasodes gauwyvetia kavSiri siyvarulTan: “...o gaumarjos
siyvaruls, siTbos da patiebas” (isev maisis maTrobs Tvalebi).
poets RmerTis _ siyvarulis maradiulobis rwmena acocxlebda; “gzac ukvdavia,
rogorc trfiali” (mSvidobis wigni) (10, 304).
literatura
1. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
2. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
3. netari avgustine, “aRsareba”, saqarTvelos saeklesio kalendari, Tb. 1985.
34
4. dante, RvTabrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
5. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri lirikis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1996.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
7. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
8. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 12, Tb. 1975.
10. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1975.
daRupuli xomaldebis reqviemi
cxovrebis zRvasTan Sedarebis magaliTebi mravlad aris bibliaSi, sasuliero
poeziaSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi, klasikur literaturaSi.
“boroteulni aRelvebul zRvas hgvanan, romelic ver wynardeba da misi
talRebi isvrian lafs da talaxs” (esaia, 57, 20) (1, 116).
zRva Cveulebrivi metaforaa cxovrebis dasaxasiaTeblad.
“zRva, mwarewyliani marilisgan da mSfoTvare qariSxalTagan, simboloa ama
soflisa” (2, 519).
ioanes saxarebis netari avgustineseuli ganmartebiT, am “zRvaze gadasasvleli
gemia Zeli, igive jvari, jvarcma” (iqve).
zRva wminda werilis enaze ajanyebuli, mousvenari, RvTismosaobis mteri
xalxis simbolocaa (3, 213).
grigol xanZTelis TargmanSi “soflisa zRvai aRZrul ars” cxovrebis (soflis)
codvebi Sedarebulia zRvis Relvas: “soflisa zRvai aRZrul ars RelvaTa
codvisaiTa, saSinlad damnTqams me, da miviltvi Senda navTsayudelsa da esreT
giRaRadeb: danTqmisagan mixsen me, mravalmowyale” (4, 476).
g. tabiZes cxovreba warmodgenili aqvs zRvis saxiT: “iboboqre, cxovrebis zRvav,
Cems irgvliv, iboboqre, me ra unda damakldes? pitalo kldes ras daaklebs zRvis
talRa, ras daaklebs zvirTi gamobrZmedil kldes?” (iboboqre) (5, 69).
Tanamedroveobasac zRvas adarebs: “Tanamedroveoba im zRvas hgavs, im mbrunav
malstroms, romelzedac dauviwyar legendebs qmnidnen: edga po, artur rembo,
bodleri...” (t. 12, 236).
maTes saxarebaSi qristes mier qarisa da zRvis dawynareba, zRvis fexiT
gadalaxva simboluria da codvaTa daZlevis gziT zneobriv amaRlebaze
migvaniSnebs (maTe, 5, 22-33) (6, 32).
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSic gvxvdeba zRvis gadalaxvis Tema, qariSxlisa da
zRvis monobisagan Tavis daRweva (gadaviareT mrisxane zRvebi) (5, 385). aRelvebuli
zRvis xmaSi Cakluli Jini, zRvis damarcxeba iqcevs yuradRebas leqsSi “TeTri
ocneba” (7, 375).
leqsSi “xomalds miyveba TeTri madona” (4, 331) “Tovlis madona” mariamis
warmomavlobaze italiuri legendis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili saxea, romelsac
safuZvlad dasdebia gadmocema, TiTqos mariami Cveulebrivad ki ar moevlina
35
qveyanas, aramed Tovls Camohyva, rogorc wmindani, xolo xomaldi aris qristeze
miniSneba (8, 87).
galaktionis mTel poezias gasdevs navebis, gemebis, xomaldebis, kreiserebis
simboluri saxeebi da isini umetesad religiur WrilSia gaazrebuli.
Zalze xSiria mis leqsebSi CaZiruli, qarisgan dalewili, daRupuli
xomaldebis reqviemi, rac, Cvenis azriT, aTeistur epoqaSi dagmobili, uaryofili
rwmenis gamo gulistkivils gadmogvcems.
aseTi leqsebi umetesad 20-ian wlebSia dawerili.
“zRvis efemeraSi” (1921 w.) yuradRebas iqcevs “gemTa CaZirulTa yru sasaflao.
agugundeba demonTa gundis, ngreva Rrublebis, dalewili ca” (9, 235-239).
CaZiruli gemebis sasaflao damarxuli, ganadgurebuli rwmenaa, RmerTis adgils
ki demonebi _ boroti sulebi ikaveben.
“ngreva Rrublebis, dalewili ca!” _ aseTi totaluri ngrevis momaswavebeli
striqonebia leqsSi.
cnobilia, rom mariamis simboloa Rrubeli. “Rrubeli naTlisa” (maTe, 17, 5),
“sulmcire Rrubeli” (10, 501).
“dalewili ca” _ SeiZleba iyos uaryofili RmerTebis ca, bibliis terminiT
“cani caTani”, ca, sulieri ca aris agreTve mariamis simbolo (8, 125).
“zRvis efemeraSi” ueWvelad rwmenis, qristianobis, mariam RvTismSoblis
uaryofaa miniSnebuli simboluri saxeebiT. am faqts gamouwvevia poetis didi
protesti da gulistkivili.
zecis gemebis, laJvardis gemebis saxeebiT yuradRebas iqcevs poema “mSvidobis
wigni”, romelSic gemi, navi wigns enacvleba, anu saRvTo saxelia.
leqsi “poema vefxvisa” afiqsirebs “laJvardis gemebis” saxes.
1922 wels aris dawerili analogiur procesze mimaniSnebeli leqsi “meocnebe
afrebiT” (5, 331): “sad odesme meocnebe afrebiT, aTasgvari imediT da zafrebiT
agasferis mimohqroda xomaldi, mezRvauris sulTan gaTanabrebiT”. Semdeg
striqonebSi xomaldis rRveva, zecis ngreva da “miwis gadaferdeba” _ miwaze
movlenili ubedurebebi fiqsirdeba: “is irRveva, is ocneba berdeba da xomaldi
napralebTan Cerdeba, saidanac marad esmis msoflios zecis ngreva, miwis
gadaferdeba”.
afra Zvel berZnuli literaturis simboloa da sulTan moiazreba (11, 82).
aseTive gagebisaa galaktionis anZa, ialqani (12, 85-87).
agasferi qristes jvarcmis misteriis mayurebelia. Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnili
legendis mixedviT, agasferi ar daexmara qristes golgoTis gzaze jvris zidvaSi
da amitom ganwirulia, rom marad ixetialos dedamiwaze (13, 96).
mezRvauri poetia, marad moxetiale suliT gamorCeuli.
napralebTan misuli, dasaRupavad ganwiruli xomaldi rwmenis ganadgurebaze
mianiSnebs, msoflios ki emuqreba “zecis ngreva”, anu “cani caTanis”, umaRles caSi
davanebulis ignorireba, rasac mosdevs miwaze ukeTurobaTa gabatoneba _ “miwis
gadaferdeba”.
poetis es ganWvreta zedmiwevniT axda, RmerTis uaryofas mohyva totaluri
ganadgureba, sikeTis iavarqmna, gaugonari represiebi...
36
“sikvdili mTvarisagan” (1916 w.) poetis kidev ufro adrindel winagrZnobas
gvauwyebs: “daimsxvra sadRac imedebi da xomaldebi, STainTqen maRal kuboebSi cis
kideebi” (5, 193).
“imedi” da “xomaldi” saRvTo saxelebia.
ca RmerTebis savanea, romelsac “kuboebSi” miuCina adgili urwmuno epoqam.
kidev ufro adre, 1914 wels SfoTavda poeti, radgan nislian zecasa da edemSi
gza ver gaukvlevia da sal kldisken dasamsxvrevad gamzadebula rwmenis gemi:
“nisliT iyo daburuli Cemi zeca da edemi da sal kldisken mimarTuli imsxvreoda
rwmenis gemi” (dReTa gardasulTa) (5, 119).
1927 w. aTeizmis zeobis Jams daafiqsirebs: “daiRupa is xomaldi, didi xania, o,
ramdeni mwuxareba amitania” (daiRupa is xomaldi) (14, 320).
sxvagan RriancelSi mavali gemi, saSiSari tye-veli migvaniSnebs urwmunoebaze: “ra
RriancelSi vidoda gemi, ra saSiSari iyo tye-veli, yvelgan, yovelSi marxia Cemi
sulis nawili SeumCneveli” (dawerilia 1925 w.) (ra RriancelSi vidoda gemi)
“anZebSi” (9, 236) “gzaaurevia cisfer xomaldis sveli ferdebi”.
“mSvidobis wignSi” naTqvamia: “namdvili rvali iyo is navi, ragind grigali
Sexloda avi, ver iyo verriT veragvar ZaliT misi namqeriT gamomriyavi” (t. 11, 237).
leqsSi “SexedeT, miwa!” gems gzas uketavs yinulovani garemocva, magram poeti
axerxebs am gayinuli velis garRvevas da miRwevas edemamde (9, 232).
edemi, samoTxe mariamis, RvTismSoblis saxelia (8, 124).
poetis ocnebis xomaldi grigals gadarCenili da daumarcxebelia: “xomalds,
qafian qarebSi mavals, man moitana ocneba dRemde. igi grigalebs gadaurCa
mravals, grigals, qariSxals vsvamT amis Semdeg” (grigals, qariSxals vsvamT amis
Semdeg) (9, 236).
miuxedavad epoqis tendenciebisa, poets itacebs “laJvardis gemebi”, “ocnebis
navebi”, fiqris navebi, “xomaldebis rCeva”, “ialqnebis nana” da sizmrebi aviwyebs
tkivilebs: “xomaldisas vismen rCevas, rogorc Zvirfas mcnebas da ocnebas
micemuli vigrZnob daviwyebas. tkbil sizmrebSi me momesmis ialqnebis nana,
ialqnebis Sriali da JrJola grZnobisTana” (xomaldisas vismen rCevas) (14, 358).
galaktionis poeziaSi yuradRebas iqcevs sicocxlis navis, ocnebis da fiqris
navebis, laJvardis gemebis, feeriuli navebis saxeebi (12, 68-90).
am navebs xan talRebi emuqreba, xan qari (epoqiseuli urwmunoeba): “isev bevri
xomaldi iRupeba grigaliT”, gvamcnobs leqsi “winaparTa cremlebi” (7, 403).
“damSvidi, talRebs miande navi, rac daikarga, is aRar mova”, ambobs poeti
(alazanTan) (5, 317) da TiTqos Serigebulia gardauvalTan.
leqsi “viT grigalis Semdeg tye-veli” isev cxovrebis tragizmze mianiSnebs:
“fexqveS migdia damsxvreuli swrafvaTa navi” (5, 68).
galaktionis poeziaSi epoqis Sinaarsze migvaniSnebs “damsxvreuli rwmenis gemi”.
“sanTlebSi” (5, 83) “gems umiznod, saukunod daagvianda”.
nislSi moqceuli gemis xvedrze SiSis gamomxatvelia leqsi “ialqnebi”: “nisli
izrdeba da Soridan gemT ialqnebi TiTqo axlave fiqrs undebian; dabrundebian
isev Tu ver dabrundebian, sadaa Sori gza misagnebi?”
poetis mizania svla “qaris pirispir”, dinebis sapirispirod: “kvlav CemTvis _
zeviT ugulo caa, da win arara nugeSis mcemi... gemic daiZvris, aha, sacaa, aha, sacaa
daiZvris gemi. daimsxvra gemTa sxivTwinaerdo...”
37
magram mainc “qaris pirispir swevs Cemi gemi” _ acxadebs poeti qaris pirispir)
(9, 762).
“mwuxare TovlSi wamiyvana feradma gemma” niSnavs Tovlian-yinulian monstrTan,
Cvens Crdiloel mezobelTan dakavSirebas marTlmadidebluri qristianobis
saxeliT, rac mxolod mwuxarebis, imedis gacruebis momtani gaxda (guli grZnobs)
(13, 322).
mainc miznis miRwevis survili acocxlebda poetebis mefes: “mainc mivaRwevT
guliTad survils, ager xomaldi kapze abia. Tumc naoWebi moedo mis Subls, viT
saflavis qvas epitafia” (xomaldi kapze) (15, 464-465).
“daimsxvra gemebis wyebac, zRva hquxda burusSi SavSi” (aluCa, Svidi wlis
bavSvi) (5, 381), TiTqos bedis ganaCeniT xdeba rwmenis ganadgureba, magram
sabolood, “gamiCnda gemebis suli”.
galaktionis misia is iyo, rom epova “vardis suli, miwis suli, Walis suli,
gemebis suli”, es advili rodi iyo, magram didi sulieri Zalisxmevis fasad mainc
aRwevda SeuZlebels: “ra RriancelSi vidoda gemi, ra saSiSari iyo tye-veli,
yvelgan, yovelSi marxia Cemi sulis nawili SeumCneveli” (ra RriancelSi vidoda
gemi” (5, 373).
boboqar talRebTan Serkinebuls, “qariSxlian da boboqar Rames raRac spetaki,
ucxo Sveneba qariSxlian da boboqar Rames TeTri landiviT moeCveneba...”
zRvaze talRebis amTagorebas, sazar risxvas acxrobs Sors gamocenili
“damxsneli jvari” da poeti mimarTvas sakuTar Tavs: “wahye, mgosano, Tu igi
trfoba marTla damxsneli araa SenTvis, mSvenier tanjvas da vnebis wamebs mainc
ipovi mudam, yovelTvis” (portreti) (14, 101).
“portretSi” cxovrebis zRvaSi cisfer xomaldiT mavali vaJis dapirispirebaa
zRvasTan: “me ara erTxel minaxavs vaJi, romelic mReris cecxlis modebiT, cisfer
xomaldiT micuravs zRvaSi, zRva ki grialebs TavgamodebiT”.
mezRvaurebs “Rvinisken” mouwodebs poeti, radgan is sixarulis wyaroa: “RviniT
ramdeni sixaruli gemis baqanze Cven Segvxvedria” (zRvis efemera).
“mezRvaurT Rvino daurigdebaT” wers poeti (14, 57). Rvino saRvTo saxelia
(esaia, 25, 13).
grigalebs gadarCenili xomaldia poetis ideali, radgan is xomaldi (rwmena)
epoqis religiuri idealia: “xomalds, qafian qarebSi mavals: man moitana ocneba
dRemde. igi grigalebs gadaurCa mravals: grigals, qariSxals vsvamT amis Semdeg”
(grigals, qariSxals vsvamT amis Semdeg) (5, 372).
galaktionis kredos gamomxatvelia striqonebi: “Tu ocnebaTa udidesi Sen
migyavs gemi, is unda iyos uwrfelesi, Tanac gmiruli...”
pavle mociquli gvirCevs: “gqondes rwmena da keTili sindisi, romelic uaryves
zogierTebma da daimsxvra maTi rwmenis xomaldi” (pavle mociquli, I werili
timoTes mimarT, 1,19) (6, 449).
am Segonebis erTgulebiT iyo gamorCeuli galaktion tabiZe.
literatura
1. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
38
2. aRsareba netar avgustines, piponis episkoposisa, wigni I, saqarTvelos
eklesiis kalendari, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, Targmani v. burkaZis,
Tbilisi, 1985.
3. Толковая Библия, комментарии Л.Т. Лопухина, М. 1991. 4. qarTuli mwerloba 30 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1987.
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, tB. 1993.
6. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994.
8. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
9. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
10. nevmirebuli Zlispirni, Tb. 1982.
11. Tamar kukava, efrem mciris iambikoebi, Tb. 1988.
12. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis simbolika, Tb. 1993.
13. akaki gelovani, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tb. 1983.
14. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli or tomad, Tb. 1988.
15. galaktion tabiZe, Txz. xuT tomad, t. 2, Tb. 1994.
gamqrali zafxulis sevda
zafxuli (Zveli qarTuliT gazafxuli) saRmrTo saxelia. igi momdinareobs
fsalmunidan: “gvirgvini daadgi Seni sikeTis zafxuls da Seni nakvalevidan
wveTavs simsuqne” (daviTi, 65, 12) (1, 588).
poetebis mefis SemoqmedebaSi RmerTis saxelebia mudmivi gazafxuli, Sori
gazafxuli, gazafxuli gamZafrebuli, gazafxulis mTrTolvare xeli, zafxuli.
poeti afiqsirebs Tavis siyvaruls da ganuyrelobas gazafxulisgan
(RmerTisgan), amasTan aTeisturi, RmerTTan mebrZoli epoqis sabediswero
tendenciebsac gviCvenebs.
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi jer kidev adreuli wlebidanve dasturdeba utyuari
winaswarmetyveleba, avdrebis, zamTris molodini, im gansacdelis SegrZneba, rac
moelis uzenaes siwmindes _ gazafxuls: “nel nabijs Savi moaparebs idumaleba,...
surs moitacos gazafxuli”, 1916 wels dawera poetma “fardebis SrialSi”. “Savi
idumaleba” urwmunoebaa, negatiuri Zala, romelic emtereba gazafxuls _ RmerTs
(2, 79).
1914 welsac “elegiaSi” “gazafxulis mziani Crdilis” gaqrobas mistiroda: “ra
adre gaqra gazafxulis mziani Crdili... sadaa Cemi yvavilebi, sadaa rwmena?” (2, 33).
aseve, “SoriT mosuli gazafxulis sxiviT” damSvenebuli atmis yvavilebi
uwyalod iZarcveba qaris mier (atmis yvavilebi, 1915 w.) (2, 45).
gazafxulis silamazesTan erTad kvdeba baRic (kacuri buneba), rac uRmerTo
adamianis sulis satanur kvalze miqcevas gvamcnobs: “gazafxulisa gahqra mSveneba
da miefara nisls sizmareuls, Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls _ sdevs mxolod
wyevla da SeCveneba. da baRic kvdeba Zvelad darguli, is yvelafers grZnobs
39
kvaldakarguli. ra qaotiur bades edebi, sadaa, bedo, is imedebi?” (Zveli wignebis,
gverdebs areuls) (2, 307).
gazafxuls (rwmenas) zamTris yinva, sulis sicive enacvleba da aSkara xdeba
wuTisoflis amaoeba, maradiuli Rame: “vxedav, zamTris ZonZebi xeebs Camoekona, me
ki es gazafxuli isev Cemi megona. yvelaferi gaTavda, wami wams ezideba, ra amao
yofila wuTisoflis dideba. hyinavs, isev Ramea. modis SiSi Sorevi. ra amaod ireva
wuTisoflis morevi” (wami wams ezideba) (3, 292).
zafxulis wasvlas Tan wahyva Sveba, sixaruli, samagierod movida Semodgomis
bneli dReebi da wvimebi, damWknar yvavilebze wuxili: “gahqra zafxuli, wavida is
dRe, ros meore dRes SvebiT vxvdebodi... axla ki bneli Semodgomis dRe ver
ganaaxlebs im elva-cimcims, dasWkna yvavilTa narnari grova, guli swuxs da
swuxs... gareT wvims da wvims (gadauReblad).
analogiuri satkivaria leqsSi “werili soflidan”: “zafxulis dReTa is qafi
qreba, aris cecxlix xma da Cafiqreba” (werili soflidan) (3, 356).
mogonebaSia “cis ride”, yvavilebi, realobaSi “gahqrnen zafxulis dReni, qari
yvavilebs urevs” (gahqrnen zafxulis dReni) (3, 415).
“sulSexuTuli zafxulebi” gvamcnobs igive satkivars metaforulad.
“siymawvilis nazi gazafxulis” gaqrobasTan erTad zecis nami da zecis sxivic
suls Rafavs (ra mSvenieri iyo nami) (1910 w.).
mxolod mogonebaSi cocxlobs “netari dRe” da “gazafxuli ukanaskneli” (beds
iqiT) (3, 37).
leqsi “acivda” cecxlis ganelebiT, sagazafxulo aliT anTebuli lampris
Caqrobaze aqcentiT gadmoscems uRmerTo epoqis tragedias: “ganelda cecxli, Caqra
lampari sagazafxulo aliT nTebuli”.
lampari RmerTis simboloa: “gamovides, viTarca naTeli, simarTle Cemi, xolo
macxovareba Cemi, viTarca lampari, aenTos” (esaia winaswarmetyveli, 62, 1) (4, 120).
gazafxuli, sicocxle (saRvTo saxelebia) mxolod warsulSi axarebda misi
leqsis lirikul gmirs, magram bneli Seenacvla “sicocxlis brols” da sevdian,
yviTel foTols daemsgavsa arseboba: “...maSin iyo CemSi guli gazafxuli moelvare
da sicocxliT aRgznebuli. magram axla guli ar maqvs, bneli Crdilavs
sicocxlis brols da Tu vgavar, mxolod exla, sevdis foTols, yviTel foTols”
(yviTeli foToli) (3, 547).
gazafxulis, bednierebis ardabrunebis tkivilia leqsis leitmotivi: “qviTinebs
qari, Tan waiRebs yvavilTa CurCuls, hangi sazari suls miSfoTebs da gulSi
mwvdeba, rom verasodes veRirsebi me im gazafxuls da siymawvile ki arasdros ar
dabrundeba”.
gazafxulis paralelurad, didi tkiviliT moixsenieba “maisis dRe”, “maisis
Tvali” _ albaT 1918 wlis 26 maisi _ Cveni samsoblos damoukideblobis dRe,
romelsac 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali _ okupaciis TariRi Seenacvla da dampyrobelma
yinulovanma imperiam maisic zamTrad gviqcia: “maisis dReebs is moelis, viT
zamTris yinvas, TiTqo samudamod damWknara mdelo, gaaxsendeba raRac mkacri da
aRar sZinavs da imeorebs: gaCumdi, mkvlelo! TiTqos usazRvro saRamoa da mTa
binddeba, airevian qenjnis kalTebi, gaxedavs serebs, gafiTrdeba, SeeSindeba da
foToliviT akankaldeba” (viT afeTqdeba).
40
“dabmul WinkaSi” (5, 590) isev maisis gaqrobis, edemis baRis gaudaburebis sevdaa:
“lurji edemi qarma daburda, maisi gahqra da baRi Cemi gaudaburda”.
“mRelvare gazafxulze” modis TeTri Tovli, yinva, rasac mosdevs totaluri
gayinva (“TeTr Tovlis qveS”, 1908 w.) rac “satanuri SeTqmulebis” daRia.
simboluri “sxivis”, “gazafxulis” gauCinarebas sayovelTao mwuxarebiT auvsia
suli: “ax, rad gafrinda Cveni sxivi da gazafxuli, rad SevmosilvarT Savbnel
fiqriT da mwuxarebiT?... aw gazafxulma sul dahkarga is Zveli Zala, sxvagvaris
mwuxriT Seburvila mTa, tye da veli” (saRamo).
zamTris yinva-qarbuqi (urwmunoeba) zafxulis xsovnasac spobda da siciviT
ToSavda suls: “vcxovrobdi zamTris yinva-qarbuqSi, xsovna ar iyo CemSi zafxulis
da nel-nela miWknobda dReebs sicive sulis, sicive gulis” (“me davibade
ganTiadisas” _ 1914 w.).
“fardebis SrialSi” (1916 w.) “nel nabijs Savi moaparebs idumaleba, surs
moitacos gazafxuli”. “Savi idumaleba” _ urwmunoeba, negatiuri Zala, romelic
emtereba gazafxuls (rwmenas).
gazafxulis mogonebas bednier warsulSi gadavyavarT: “maSin cas ufro sxva
feri hqonda, sxvagvaris RelviT Relavda veli, maisi iyo, mTas mohxveoda naz
gazafxulis mTrTolvare xeli” (is CamomSorda, rogorc sizmari).
SemodgomiTac “sxva gazafxulis” da “rwmenis mTis” droSebis mogonebaa leqsSi
“gadanaxuli droSebi”: “vdgevar kldeze. Semodgomis dRe magonebs sxva gazafxuls,
aq droSebiT umRerodnen rwmenas, mTaze gamosaxuls”.
leqsSi “mas gaxelili darCa Tvalebi” zafxulis wasvla da Semodgomis
sasikvdilo siyviTle gvamcnobs idealis gaqrobas: “midis zafxuli... baRSi,
mdeloSi sisinebs sio, srialebs neSo”.
“motexili zafxulis” (RmerTis uaryofis), winaxilvis saocari suraTi gvaocebs
“dominoSi”: “...landiviT maqvs naxuli beWdis TvalSi molebi, motexili zafxuli
da oxvris parolebi”.
zafxuli saRmrTo, beWedi saRvTismSoblo saxelia (6, 125).
molebis identificireba xdeba SroSanTan _ RvTismSoblis yvavilTan (7, 93).
moli jadosnuri balaxis mniSvnelobiT gaigeba (8, 215-216). molebi musulmanur
baiaTebsac ukavSirdeba da rwmenis Seryvnaze miniSnebaa, sxva mosazrebiT (9, 150).
zafxulis gaqroba, yvavilTa Wknoba mianiSnebs uRmerTobas leqsSi
“gadauReblad” (3, 54): “gahqra zafxuli, wavida is dRe, ros meore dRes SvebiT
vxvdebodi, me yvavilebi mesizmreboda da me yvavilebs vesizmrebodi. exla ki bneli
Semodgomis dRe ver ganaaxlebs im elva-cimcims...
elva saRvTismSoblo saxelia (10, 378).
epoqis sabediswero metamorfozebis mayurebel poets gulistkiviliT aRmoxdeba:
“ase risTvis Seicvala gazafxulis wminda dila?... ase risTvis miefara mze
daRvremil mTis napralebs, Tu namdvili mzis naTeli ar unaxavT jer Sens
Tvalebs?” (ase risTvis?).
galaktioni warmogvidgeba, rogorc qristes mebaRe, gazafxulis yvavilebis
mcveli: “yvavilebs... vufrTxildebodi, rogorc natvris Tvals, vufrTxildebodi
Cems gazafxulze, vmosavdi natvris farCa-gvirgviniT” (yvavilebi _ wuTebi).
41
mainc “adriani gazafxulis” xarebis sixaruliT, yinulis lodebis gadnobis
imediT cxovrobda poeti da gazafxulis simRerebiT, uRrmesi fiqrebiT, unazesi
melodiebiT gvajadoebs poetebis mefis Semoqmedeba.
akaki wereTlis sidiades galaktioni “vrceli gzebis”, “mudmivi mzis”, “mudmivi
gazafxulis” (RmerTis), “dauWknobi yvavilebis” (mariamis) erTguleba-siyvaruliT
xsnida: “gaiara vrceli gzebi, sad mudmivi mzea mgznebi da mudmivi gazafxulis
dauWknobi yvavilebi” (akaki wereTeli) (3, 840).
galaktioni bolomde darCa “sixaruliT, mziT, gazafxulis ocnebiT Semosili:
“me sixaruli memosa da gazafxulis ocneba” (es grigalia siaxlis).
sixaruli saRvTo saxelia. saxarebis mixedviT, qriste aris “sixaruli yovlisa
erisa” (luka, 2, 10) (1, 1130.
“gazafxulebi uaxlovdeba Cems aRdgenil suls”, ambobda galaktioni da mainc
sjeroda RmerTisken mibruneba, mware zamTris Secvla zafxuliT: “...midis es mware
zamTari, zafxuli xalebs daagebs” (evropav, rogor ar gaxsovs?) (11, 195).
literatura
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
3. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
4. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
5. galaktioni, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
6. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
7. nana kucia, litereturuli werilebi, Tb. 2005.
8. zviad gamsaxurdia, “vefxistyaosnis” saxismetyveleba, Tb. 1991.
9. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009.
10. tite mosia, “daviTianis” saxismetyveleba, Tb. 2005.
11. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. 2, Tb. 1993.
gamxmar vazebsa da Tovlian alvebze wuxili
sicocxlis xe RmerTis metaforuli saxelia. igi arsebobas Zvel aRTqmaSi iwyebs.
“aRmoacena RmerTma miwidan sanaxavad saamo da saWmelad vargisi, Suagul baRSi
ki xe sicocxlisa da keTilisa da borotis Secnobisa” (dabadeba, 2, 9) (1, 8).
sicocxlis xis variaciebia: alva, palma, kiparisi, kenari, verxvi, bza, naZvi, vazi.
urwmunoTa, ukeTurTa movlinebis Jams sicocxlis xe “imsxvreva”, ibzareba,
xmeba, iZarcveba.
iudas da kaenis meufebas gansakuTrebiT revoluciebi uwyoben xels.
revolucias moaqvs ngreva, ganadgureba, sisxlisa da cremlis okeane. galaktionis
42
“rogor ebrZodnen zarebs zarebi” revoluciad saxeldebuli totaluri
borotebis masStabebs warmoaCens, roca “cecxlis, talaxis, sisxlis wyurvili”,
“iudas saxe, kaenis landi da Rameebis Savi guguni” warmarTavs movlenebs,
jurRmulis, jojoxeTis saSineleba trialebs, sikeTe “moklulia afTariviT”,
“yelamde mosul vardebis grova, damsxvreuli swori kenari” gvzaravs, “avdars
avdari mohyveba” da amaoa “sxva siyvarulze” fiqri... (2, 179).
sisxlSi dacemuli vardebi da damsxvreuli kenari rwmenis ignorirebas ukeTebs
aqcents, radganac revoluciis Tanamdevia sarwmunoebis uaryofa, sisxliani
Zalmomreoba.
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom “jon-ridSi”, romelic aseve revoluciis Temas exeba,
“sarwmunoeba gaxda satanis”, xati pilates emsgavseba.
poeti kargad Caswvda revoluciis arss, epoqis mRvrie dinebas, umcdarad
iwinaswarmetyvela momavlis avbediTi movlenebi.
“verxvebSi” (2, 49) “verxvis foTolTa TeTri laSqris Sriali” uSores zRaprad
aRiqmeba, dakargulia vardi da gvirilebi... verxvi da vardi saRmrTo saxelebia (3,
94-99).
leqsSi “zRaprebidan” (2, 61) varskvlavebs da mTvares _ Ze RmerTs da mariams
(mTvare mariamis saxelia, 4, 439) mimarTavs sasowarkveTili poeti gauZlisi
ubedurebis SesaCereblad, xolo verxvi “sneulia” da “oxravs”: “o, varskvlavebo, o,
TeTro mTvare, mama da deda, gesmiT Tu ara Cemi mwuxare oxvra dRezeda? o,
gaigoneT Cemi wuxili vardebSi rguli, o, damibruneT sabralo guli, mokluli
guli... momeciT guli, moeRos bolo saSinelebas. sneuli verxvi oxravs, sneuli,
sneuli verxvi”.
saRmrTo saxelebia verxvi, vardebi, dRec saRmrTo saxelia (5, 122). amjerad
verxvi “oxvriT savse”, anu kacTa ukeTurobebiT SeZrwunebulia.
“Rame, oboba, droTa avadmyofoba” Casafrebia “meocnebe xis kenweroebs”,
romelic idumali saxea da arsebiTze migvaniSnebs: “xan gamwkrivebuls zRvisken
weroebs, xan meocnebe xis kenweroebs, xan Rames, rogorc mZime oboba, waiRebs
droTa avadmyofoba...”
“atmis yvavilebSi” (2, 290) qarisgan gaibzara da gaiZarcva atmis xe (atmis xe
mariamis simboloa), “yvavili” (qristes simboloa) “mokvda”.
sxvagan “napralebze gadaimsxvra nergi” (atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo) (2, 29).
nergi, nergi cxovrebisa qristes zedwodebaa (5, 78).
leqsSi “angelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti” (2, 74) gafiTrebulia “Rrublebi
feradi” da alva “tanadi”. alva qristes, “feradi Rrublebi” mariam RvTismSoblis
simboloebia.
“alvis xeebi mSvild-isars xrian” da “siyvarulis gamqrali sxivi”,
“daubrunebel droTa mesivi” ipyrobs yuradRebas leqsSi “alvis xeebi mSvild-
isars xrian” (2, 282).
alva Tovliania, Tasi gayinuli (alva qristes, Tasi _ mariamis saxelebia) rac
Rrma qveteqstebs Seicavs... Tanac TvalSi gvecema uCveulo saxe _ “ivlisisferi
yinvis TasebiT” da gvagondeba maisis Tovli, agvistos Tovli da am logikiT
“ivlisisferi yinvac” faravs religiur da politikur Canafiqrs (ix. dawvrilebiT
3, 31-40).
43
galaktioni alvas (sicocxlis xes) axarebda Tavis poeziaSi da mzeTunaxaviviT
mas mosavda ganumeorebeli ferebiT: “Seni alva dgas, rogorc daraji mzeTunaxavi
da mkrTali saxis” (avdris molodini) (2, 820).
alvasTan erTad, gazafxulze Tovlis fifqiT Semosili naZvi da gayinuli
nakaduli mianiSnebs urwmunoebis procesze leqsSi “TeTr Tovlis qveS”
naZvi da nakaduli saRmrTo saxelebia (5, 122).
“saRamoSi” Zels (xes, jvars) “SemoRamebis celi” razas anu tabus adebs, xolo
“dedofali alva” (mariamis saxea) civi elviT iRuneba, jvarze gakrulia ”elva”
(elvac mariamis saxea (3, 113-117).
sabediswero yinva, Rame,gardasuli gazafxuli da zamTris ZonZebiani xeebi
cxovrebis sazrisis dakargvas gvagrZnobinebs leqsSi “wami wams ezideba” (6, 276).
poema “mSvidobis wigni”, romelic erovnul-sarwmunoebriv problemebs, imperiisa
da patara qveynis mimarTebas exeba, simbolur warRvnas, wyaldidobas xeebi miaqvs,
baRs anadgurebs (baRi xalxis paradigmaa bibliis kvalobaze), “usaxoa mtevnebi” (7,
204, 216).
“muxebSi” (1925 w.) “vazebi gaxma, aRar moaqvs nayofi xexils, gadauvlia aqac
qartexils”. erTaderTi nugeSi ZvelisZveli muxebia, romlebic “siaxliT” “axal
qarTaTvis” gamklavebis Zalas amJRavneben (2, 397).
muxebi eris sulia, poets sjera misi Seumusraoba.
“aCrdilSi” ilia WavWavaZe wuxda sicocxlis xis gaxmobas. igive tkivili
msWvalavs galaktionis poezias.
galaktioni aramarto revoluciis ngrevis Sedegebs amxels sulier da
materialur WrilSi, aramed mosalodnel represiebsac Wvrets.
leqsSi “SiSi” (2, 64) xoleris gavrcelebiT migvaniSnebs totalur represiebze,
adamianTa sayovelTao “avadmyofobaze”, romelic sikvdiliT mTavrdeba, xolo
“xeebi xmebian’. xe igive sicocxlis xea, RmerTis paradigma.
bibliaSi orgvari baRi da venaxi figurirebs _ miwis da zecis.
miwis venaxi ebraeli xalxis paradigmaa: “cabaoT uflis venaxi israelis saxli
da iudas saxlia, misi sanatreli nergi’ (esaia, 5, 7) (1, 77).
zeciuri venaxi, WeSmariti venaxi qristes simboloa: “me var venaxi WeSmariti da
mamaCemi mevenaxea” (ioane, 15, 1) (8, 203).
galaktionis “mSvidobis wignSi” qristes saxelia “sulieri venaxi”, igive
“mSvidobis wigni”, romelsac eZebs poemis mTavari personaJi tarieli: “maS vli
sulier venaxTa windviT” (7, 11).
gamxmari vazebi poetma urwmuno epoqis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyena: “vazebi gaxma,
aRar moaqvs nayofi xexils, gadauvlia aqac qartexils” (6, 272).
“avdris molodinSi” (2, 197) qristes simbolod gaazrebulia “vazis mtevnebi”,
romliTac “dagvirgvinebulia qalwuli” _mariami. leqsSi SiSia imisa, rom
daiRupeba mwife mtevnebi, iqneb saerTod ar movides mebaRe (mebaRe, memarne
RmerTia): “am mwife mtevnebs dalewavs qari, Tu mwifobisTvem Sescvala dari.
mebaRem mosvla Tu ar ineba”. leqsi dawerilia 1916 w.
“dausrulebuli setyviT daRupuli yvavilebi da venaxebia” wuxilis sagani
leqsSi “mimRere rame” (9, 67).
44
grigalisagan gatacebuli vazis lerwi, “ardabrunebis” SiSi msWvalavs zecis
madidebeli poetis suls leqsSi “ardabruneba”: “ai, grigalma gaitaca wiTeli
lerwi vazis bunebis” (2, 83).
qristes simbolod gvesaxeba galaktionis “neli lerwebi da vazis mtevnebi,
feriuli akido, gviani mtevnebi,grZnobaTa mtevnebi, martoobis mtevani, SuaRamis
mtevani (10, 51-52).
gamomdinare aqedan, poets xsnis gzad esaxeboda “Zveli Rvino”, “sixarulis xma”
(kosmiuri orkestri) (6, 241-245).
Zveli Rvino qristes saxelia da momdinareobs esaias winaswarmetyvelebidan
(esaia, 25, 13).
qriste aris “sixaruli yovlisa erisa” (luka, 2, 10).
amitomac Tvreboda poeti “Zveli RviniT” (verxvebi), amitomac clida sixaruls
Wiqidan (sixaruli _ qriste, Wiqa _ mariami).
poetebis mefe rwmenis venaxs rgavda, rogorc qristes mebaRe da eimedeboda
“ZvelisZveli Rvino”, “feeriuli akido”, “gviani mtevnebi”.
literatura
1. biblia or wignad, wigni I.
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
3. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009.
4. uZvelesi iadgari, Tb. 1988.
5. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
6. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. XI, Tb. 1973.
8. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi,stokholmi,1992.
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
10. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri lirikis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1996.
mitovebuli gzis monatreba
gza dasavlur da aRmosavlur religiebSi RmerTis simboluri saxeli iyo.
“bhagavad-gitaSi” ufali “uzenaes gzad”, “Zvirfas gzad” aris saxeldebuli (1,
121).
lao-Zis dao de ZinSi RmerTi aris “saTnoebis gza”, “didi gza”, “mziani gza” (2,
118).
bibliis mixedviT, RmerTi aris “mSvidobis gza” (esaia winaswarmetyveli, 59, 8) (3,
117).
45
“codnis gza” ewodeba RmerTs baruq winaswarmetyvelTan (baruqi, 3, 20), aseve,
“sibrZnis gza” (3,23).
qriste eubneba Tavis mowafeebs: “me var gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle” (ioane,
14, 6) (4, 211).
qriste aris axali da cocxali gza: “amrigad, Zmano, raki gvaqvs gabeduleba
wmidaSi Sesvlisa iesos sisxlis meSveobiT, axali da cocxali gziT”... (pavle
mociquli, ebraelTa, 10, 190 (4, 481).
“RvTaebriv komediaSi” qristes ewodeba “WeSmariti gza, wminda gza, maradi gza,
gza uzeSTaesi” (5, 212, 218, 376).
galaktionis RmerTs ewodeba “gza cxovrebis” (grigali) (6, 342).
leqsSi “gambedavi da magari xeli” RmerTis saxelia “ucnobi gza’ (7, 182) (6, 195).
“gobelenSi” (6, 195) “uxilavi gzis” adresatia RmerTi: “alersTa uxvi dauxmo
veli damfaravs nislTa wamosasxamiT da daTrobaSi am Ramis RamiT uxilav gzebiT
Seva yoveli”.
am saRvTo gzis epiTetia “iisferi”: “da gars yoveli aris mwuxare, rom iisfer
gzas ar gaduxare, Zveli xalebi da magidebi, aalebuli Zveli buxari” (Zveli
motiviT) (6, 97).
leqsSi “aragvi” “cisferi da usazRvro gzebi” iqcevs yuradrebas “CvenTvis”
saintereso aspeqtSi.
qriste aris “mewamuli gza” (mtevani, vazis jvari) (8, 130).
“mSvidobis wignSi” yuradRebas iqcevs “wminda gza”, romelic saRvTo
Sinaarsisaa: “...romels ara gza, hqvia gza wminda”.
aqve “gzis kamara” dgas gandidebiT (9, 340).
leqsSi “1950” “uwmindesi gza” aris saRvTo Sinaarsis: “...rom TavdadebiT Seimosa
gza uwmindesi” (8, 523).
“vrceli gza” hqvia RmerTs “mudmiv mzesTan” da “mudmiv gazafxulTan” erTad
poema akaki wereTelSi: “gaiara vrceli gzebi, sad mudmivi mzea gznebi da mudmivi
gazafxulis dauWknobi yvavilebi” (10, 840).
RmerTis saxelia “ubolo gza”: “...Cemi mze isev ubolo gzebi da beatriCe
porstinaria”.
galaktions xiblavda frTaganieri horizontis gza (maxsovs zafxuli).
misi ideali iyo “iSviaTi gza”: “...poets cdis gza iSviaTi” (rom Seqmna rame diadi)
(10, 643).
“akakis landSi” saRmrTo saxelebia “gza mravalferi” da “gza iSviaTi” (10, 60).
“nugeSis gzaze” moaruli iyo galaktioni: “...gmadlob, nugeSo, Sens gzaze rom
daviarebi” (sxvagan sadaa) (10, 802).
amqveyniur, miwier sikeTeTa uarmyofeli, “unapiro gzas” gascqeroda: “Tqven
genatrebaT loJa, parteri, Tqven gindaT gaxdeT miliarderi. me ki varCevdi gzas
unapiros, cota siyvaruls da Rer papiross” (Tqven genatrebaT) (10, 797).
galaktionis gza iyo “sxivosani gza” (rogor ar iciT, Tu ra Zalaa).
“artistuli yvavilebis” avtoris arCevani iyo “usazRvrobis gza, maradisis gza,
didi gza, gza srulyofili, gza, maradisiT ganalandari, Soreuli Tovliani
bilikebi, vercxlisferi bilikebi, saRvTo bilikebi” (xelovneba) (11, 8).
“Zveli puris, Zveli Rvinis, ZvelisZveli wignis” (RmerTis saxelebia) moTayvane
poeti “Zveli gzis” erTgulebis ideas emsaxureboda; “...idumalebam dafara Sara.
46
viciT, gavigebT, igrZeniT ara?! ara da ara, ara da ara, isev Zveli gziT iare,
kmara!” (stansebi Selisa) (8, 580).
Zveli gzis erTguleba Zveli rwmenis erTgulebas niSnavda.
magram aTeisturma epoqam xalxs daaviwya “mxiaruli gza”, Zveli rwmena: “aq
odesme mxiaruli gziT uyvardaT siaruli, aw gza mitovebulia, rogorc Zveli
siyvaruli. magram yvelaferi Zveli amaoa da sasurveli: Zveli puri, Zveli Rvino,
Zveli stumar-maspinZeli’ (aq odesme mxiaruli) (12, 349).
RmerTisgan droebiTi gandgomis miuxedavad, xalxi mainc miubrundeboda rwmenas,
ase sjeroda galaktions. “gzaaurevi” iyo “mSvidobis wignis” personaJi tarieli,
romelmac ipova RmerTi, wminda gza.
rwmenis maradiulobas qadagebda poeti, “mudmivi gzis” savals kvalavda: “gzac
ukvdavia, rogorc trfiali” (mSvidobis wigni).
“mSvidobis gza rom odesme mokvdes, ara, es ar SeiZleba moxdes”, irwmuneboda
poeti (yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes) (8, 558).
literatura
1. “bhagavad-gita”, Targmani T. Cxenkelis, Tb. 1983.
2. lao-Zi, dao de Zini, Tb. 1984.
3. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
4. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 1992.
5. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 1, Tb. 1993.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 3, Tb. 1994.
8. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 2 wignad, wigni II, Tb. 1988.
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973.
10. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
11. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1988.
12. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 3, Tb. 1994.
netari dRisa da Zveli dReebis mogoneba
dRe saRmrTo saxelia.
“Zveli dRe” mamaRmerTis saxelad danielis winasawarmetyvelebaSi gvxvdeba:
“bolos vnaxe, rom daidga taxtrevnebi da dajda Zveli dReTa. misi samosi
TovliviT spetaki iyo da sufTa matyliviT iyo Tmebi mis Tavze” (danieli, 7, 9).
“...Cems Ramis xilvaSi vnaxe: aha cis Rrublebze midioda kacis Zis msgavsi, igi
Zvel dReTastan mivida da wardgenil iqna mis winaSe” (danieli, 7, 13). (1, 255).
47
“...me vixile, rom es rqa wmindanebs ebrZoda da manamde jabnida maT, sanam Zveli
dReTa ar amovida da samsjavro uzenaes wmindanebs ar gadaeca” (danieli, 7, 22) (1,
255).
galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi gvxvdeba fiqri Zvel dReebze, wuxili masTan
samudamod Catexili xidis gamo; “Zvel dReebze raoden fiqrs itev, samudamod
Catexilo xidev. ar iqneba, rom gamrTelde kidev, samudamod Catexilo xidev...”
(Zvel dreebze) (2, 397).
“mSvidobis wignSi” dakarguli wignis povnis Semdeg kunapeti Rame gamziandeba,
“mzis sveti” da odiTgan qebuli “didi dRe” aciskrovnebT poemis personajebs: “...ra
didi dRea, ra samoTxea, qebuli odiT” (3, 300).
aqvea “sixaruli” (Ze RmerTi), wigni da gza, Cveni zeciuri deda: “o, sixarulo,
dedav, aqaa, rac Cemi gulis alersadaa _ bavSvoba, yrmoba, siwminde, Zmoba, kvlavac
erToba wignad da gzada” (3, 305).
vfiqrobT, “Zveli dRis”, “didi dRis” paralelurad, mamaRmerTis saxelad
figurirebs galaktionis poeziaSi “sxvagvari TibaTvis dRe”: “sxvagvar TibaTvis
dReebs igonebs Camaval mzeTa mgloviareba” (Sen erTi mainc) (4, 374).
vfiqrobT, am saxis STamagonebeli unda iyos biblia, romelSic yana
wuTisoflis simbolod gaiazreba, xolo misi Tibva da mka mamaRmerTis
prerogativaa, Tumca galaktionis “sxvagvar TibaTvis dRis” uSualo wyaros ver
mivageniT.
Cvenis azriT, “didi dRe” “Zveli dRis” analogiiT Seqmnili saRvTo saxelia.
“didi dRis” paralelurad moixsenieba “saamo dRe”.
vfiqrobT, am saxis adresati mamaRmerTia: “viT gSvenis patiosneba, es didi, es
saamo dRe; o, mSveniero ocneba, qveyniuro samoTxe !” (o, qveyniuro samoTxe !) (2,
429).
leqsSi religiuri saxeebia ca, mTa, samoTxe (mariamis simboloebia), didi da saamo
dRe mamaRmerTis, xolo “xe” qristes simboloebia.
leqsSi xazi esmeba SoTa rusTavelisa da galaktionis poeziis religiurobas,
rac maTi ukvdavebis sawindari gaxda.
saRmrTo saxelia “dRe”, romlis magaliTi daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunSi
gvxvdeba: “es aris dRe, romelic hqmna ufalma, vilxinoT da vimxiaruloT masSi”
(fs. 117, 24) (5, 651).
dRe qristes saxelad aris moazrebuli samecniero literaturaSi (6, 26-27).
“dRis sielvariT” Tvreba galaktionis poeziis lirikuli personaJi, rac
RmerTTan wilnayarobis dasturia: “bevria mTvrali dRis sielvariT, zogi uRvinod
da zogi RviniT...”
amasTan, Tavs iCens mwuxareba, oxvra dReze; “o, varskvlavebo, o, TeTro mTvare,
mama da deda, gesmiT Tu ara Cemi mwuxare oxvra dRezeda?” (zRaprebidan) (7, 173).
varskvlavi qristes saxelia (6, 32-33).
mTvare mariam RvTismSoblis metaforaa (8, 99).
saRmrTo dEis axal-axali niuansebiT gvaocebs galaktionis poezia.
originaluri saxea galaktionis “iagundis dRe”.
leqsSi “dRe gafiTrda iagundis” (1919 w.) qriste figurirebs, rogorc “iagundis
dRe”, romelic gafiTrebulia kacTa ukeTurobiT, siavis RrublebiT: “dRe
48
gafiTrda iagundis, dgas Rrublebis jgufebi. ragind didi guli gqondes, mainc
daiRupebi”.
iagundi RvTismSoblis saxelia: “daviT guramiSvils RvTismSoblis metaforad
iagundi-lali gamouyenebia... mas wyaro ar eZebneba: “anTrak-almas-safirono,
iagundo-lalo” (daviTiani, 111) wers profesori tite mosia (8, 88).
galaktion tabiZis “iagundis dRe” saRvTo Sinaarsisaa da SeiZleba
STagonebuli iyos daviT guramiSvilis saxiT.
leqsSi “Sen da Semodgoma” galaktioni mimarTavs iagundis Suqis saxes,
romelSic SeiZleba iagundi mariamis, Suqi _ qristes mniSvnelobiT gavigoT: “Suqi
ar inTeba Camqral iagundis” _ es fraza, vfiqrobT, urwmunoebas ukeTebs aqcents.
galaktionis poeziaSi gazafxulze zamTrdeba, gazafxulze Tovs, gazafxulze
iyineba wyaro, xolo dRes, dilas Rame epareba, anu urwmunoebaa, rasac mignebuli
saxeebiT gamoxatavs poeti: “SeRamebuli dilebis landi”, “an ra davarqvaT Ramis
Crdils diliT...”
zemoTmiTiTebuli saRmrTo Sinaarsis dReebs miekuTvneba “netari dRe”, romelic
gazafxulTan erTad (gazafxuli saRmrTo saxelia) mogonebaSi ambobs: “...da
movigone natari dReni da gazafxuli ukanaskneli...”
uRmerTobaze migvaniSnebs “Suqmiuvali dReebi”, xolo “edemTa msgavsi dReebi”
rwmeniT gaciskrovnebaze (yofila mware dReebi) (2, 178).
saRvTo Sinaarsis unda iyos “silaJvardeTa mfeni dReni” (gars momexvivnen
dReni) (3, 193), “fuZemdebeli dRe” (1950) (2, 268).
literatura
1. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, wigni 3, Tb. 1994.
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973.
4. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
5. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
6. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txz. 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
8. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
Zveli wignebis areuli gverdebi
wignis saRmrTo saxeladgagebis tradicia esaia winaswarmetyvelis naazrevSi
dasturdeba: “iqneba mTeli es xilva, rogorc dabeWdili wignis sityvebi...”
gaigoneben im dRes yruebi wignis sityvebs da brmaTa Tvalebi bnelidan da
ukunidan gamoixedaven” (esaia, 29, 11, 18) (1, 94).
49
netari avgustine ambobs “aRsarebaSi”: “arasdros ar daixeva maTi wigni,
arasdros ar aireva maTi gragnili imitom, rom TviT xar, ufalo, es wigni maTTvis
da am wignadve hgieb ukunisamde” (2, 217).
dantem RmerTs uwoda “sanukvari wigni, diadi wigni” (3, 383).
galaktioni amravalferovnebs wignis simbolos.
misTvis qriste aris “wigni cis da dedamiwis, wydiadis da ganTiadis
manaTobeli wigni, wigni _ sicocxle, wigni _ sindisi, Zvirfasze Zvirfasi wigni,
simarTlis mcveli wigni, wigni wminda, wigni saerTo, Zveli wigni, wigni edemi,
wigni _ samSoblo, maradisi wigni, udidesi wigni, wigni Zveli da wigni axali,
wigni, viTarca asomTavruli, wigni _ grZneuli, wigni _ nugeSi, wigni xsnis
sawuTrois, mSvidobis mcveli wigni, nugeSismcemeli wigni, sicocxlis mToveli
wigni” (mSvidobis wigni).
aidealebda ra saRmrTo Sinaarsis wigns da am “wignis” mcvelis misias siamayiT
da simtkiciT asrulebda, amave dros, poetisTvis, rogorc orTodoqsi
qristianisTvis, absoluturad miuRebeli iyo saukuneebis win miRebuli rwmenis
Secvla da Seryvna, “Zveli wignebis” gverdebis areva, igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom
WeSmariti qristianuli gzis uarmyofelis xvedri iqneboda wyevla da SeCveneba.
“Zveli baRis” (xalxis bunebis) kvdoma rwmenis uaryofas ukavSirdeba da
savalalo xvedris garduvalobaze afrTxilebda gzagamrudebulebs: “...da baRic
kvdeba Zvelad darguli, is yvelafers grZnobs kvaldakarguli... gazafxulisa
gahqra mzveneba da miefara nisls sizmareuls, Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls
sdevs mxolod wyevla da SeCveneba” (Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls) (4, 281).
“sanTlebis, wignebis wyevla” ar ascdeba WeSmariti rwmenis orguls, cru
winaswarmetyvel misanTa, grZneul SemlocvelTa mimdevars” (domino) (5, 101-103).
am SemTxvevaSic wigni uflis paradigmaa iseve, rogorc sanTeli (6, 122).
xolo rwmenis erTgulebSi, romelTac asxivosnebT RmerTi, galaktioni “Zveli
wignis” keTil “daRs” xedavs: “...isev kvlav Zveli Srialebs baRi da Zveli daRi
wignebis azis” (mSvidobis wigni) (7, 128).
wigni “cisierebas” aniWebs adamians,wignis mkiTxvel xalxs “Subls daesaxa
cisiereba” (iqve).
wuTisoflis cdunebebze, miwierze amaRleba wigniT _ rwmeniT xdeba, xolo misi
damviwyebelni samSoblos saxes “gadawignviTac” ver icnobiereben: “suli scdeba am
sofels siCumiT da wigniTa. ver poulobs samSoblos Tundac gadawignviTa” (ager
Semodgomobis).
“gadarCa Zveli ra wigni ese, raa yoveli, rac me vikvnese!” _ naTqvamia
“mSvidobis wignSi” (7, 311).
“ver dagvZlevs is sxva”, “oblis kveri cxva”, rwmeniT acxadebs poeti (7, 195).
galaktioni darwmunebuli iyo mSvidobis gzisa da mSvidobis wignad
moazrebuli RmerTis maradiulobaSi: “mSvidobis gza rom odesme mokvdes, ara, es
ar SeiZleba moxdes... mSvidobis wigns gvirgvins vervin moxdis” (yvelaferi
SeiZleba moxdes) (4, 739).
SeiZleba qveynebi daiRupon, ganadgurdes yvelaferi, ferflad iqces
xelSesaxebi, materialuri samyaro, magram maradiulad darCeba ca (ca caTa) da
wigni (RmerTi): “saSveli qveynad aRar yofila, ararsebobad STanTqmulan rigni _
ukmayofilo da kmayofili. ra darCa? _ ferfli, ca da es wigni” (me Seni wigni).
50
galaktions “Zveli wignis” (RmerTis) erTguleba miaCnia upirveles valad,
momavlis sawindrad (Zveli wignis dacva).
poetis idealia “wigni vedrebiani” (gviani ocneba), “erTaderTi wigni”
(Semodgomaa).
magram mwuxarebas ganacdevinebs is, rom “daxurulia wigni ukanaskneli mwuxris”
(ara erTi da ori).
demoni esaxeba im mSvenieri wignebis mtrad: “...da ornamentiT akrTobda demons
im mSvenieri wignebis Zala, wignTa yovelTa maSindelT zemo vardiT morTuli
Canda Tavis qala” (vardebi) (4, 537).
poeti ase xsnis Tavis meore wigns _ “Tavis qala artistuli yvavilebiT
saxelwodebas: “Tavis qala artistuli yvavilebiT” igulisxmeba Tavis qala
(sikvdili), artistuli yvavilebi (xelovneba), sikvdili da xelovneba. romelma
unda gaimarjvos? ra Tqma unda, xelovnebam. ra aris xelovneba? xalxisadmi,
samSoblosadmi samsaxuri” (sakuTari leqsebis Sesaxeb) (8, 87).
gasagebia, ratom frTxeba demoni “im mSvenieri wignebis ZaliT”, anu uflis mier
STagonebuli SemoqmedebiT.
galaktioni iyo uZvelesi da uaxlesi ganZis _wignis, rwmenis mcveli: “...rom
davicav uZveles ganZs, im uZveles wigns davicav... Sens uaxles wigns davicav”
(msobliuro Cemo miwav) (4, 611).
wuTisoflis cdunebebze, miwierze amaRleba wigniT _ rwmeniT xdeba, magram
samSoblos saxes zogierTni “gadawignviTac ver pouloben: “suli scdeba ama
sofels siCumiT da wigniTa. ver poulobs samSoblos Tundac gadawignviTa” (ager
Semodgomobis).
literatura
1. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
2. netari avgustine, “aRsareba”, saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, Tb. 1985.
3. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
4. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
5. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1989.
6. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973.
8. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 5, Tb. 1994.
Sen... sicocxlisTvis ar Segixedavs
51
cxovreba aris qristes simbolo: “me var gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle...” (ioane, 14,
6) (1, 211).
“cxovrebis” paralelurad, galaktioni xSirad mimarTavs “yofnis” cnebas:
“mTvralia cecxliT, mTvralia yofniT” (3, 398).
aseve gamoxatavs “yofnis” (cxovrebis, RmerTis) maradiulobis ideas: “...darCeba
xsovna yofnas, dioniss da iSviaTad Tu mobrwyindeba sxva saukune galaktionis”
(cisferi) (2, 221).
poetis mizani iyo ara amao, umizno sicocxlisken, aramedmaradiuli
“trfobisken”, RmerTisken swrafva!: “...vin igrZno sicocxle amao, umizno,an Sveba vin
igrZno, an trfoba vin icno?” (saRamo) (3, 190).
gazafxuliT, sicocxliT, rwmeniT savse guli Tu srulyofil arsebobasTan
ziarebaa, urwmunoebiT daCrdiluli guli sasikvdilod ganwiruli yviTeli
foTlis msgavsia: “...maSin iyo CemSi guli gazafxuli moelvare da sicocxliT
aRgznebuli, magram exla guli ar maqvs, bneli Crdilavs sicocxlis brols da Tu
vgavar, mxolod exla, sevdis foTols, yviTel foTols” (yviTeli foToli) (4, 155).
zogjer “sicocxlis aCrdils suli ar erTvis” (sxva yvelaferi) (3, 135).
sxvagan ki ganuSorebelia misgan: “...aCrdilo, wuTiTac ki ar maviwydebi... Sens
aCrdils, sicocxleo veRar vSordebi!” (versad, verasdros) (3, 82).
poeti ocnebobda RmerTze _ “sxva sicocxleze” da masTan Sexvedris gzad
sikvdili miaCnda, radgan yoveli adamiani gardacvalebis Jams usaTuod unda
warsdges Tavisi maradiuli msajulis _ RmerTis winaSe: “Rirda Tu ara sxva
sicocxleze ocneba Cumi da fermixdili? sxva gza ar vici uaxloesi: erTaderTi
gza aris sikvdili” (mas gaxelili darCa Tvalebi) (2, 132).
visac “sicocxlis” axlos gauvliada sulis TvaliT ar uxilavs igi, misi
arseboba SeuZlebelia srulfasovani iyos: “...ar gicxovria Sen qveyanaze, Sen
gaiare sicocxlis axlo... Sen gaiare sicocxlis axlo da sicocxlisTvis ar
Segixedavs” (stansebi) (5, 508-509).
galaktioni eZebda RmerTs _ “sicocxlis mizans” da sevdiT avsebda misi dumili
(sad?) (2, 30).
RmerTi poetisTvis iyo “sicocxlis sagani” da surda misi xilva mxolod
samSoblos sanaxavidan: “dabrkolebaTa aTasgvar sakans, Seuracxyofis susxsac
avitan, oRond vxedavde sicocxlis sagans Cemi samSoblos sanaxavidan” (Cemi gulia
dRes es Savi zRva) (2, 383).
netari avgustine brZanebs: “RmerTi... igia sicocxle Cemi sicocxlisa” (aRsareba)
(6, 307).
galaktionis poeziaSi RmerTi “yofnaa”, amqveyniuri yofnis gziT sulis
ukvdavebis momniWebeli: “yofnam yofnas ukvdaveba uxilavad daatana” (uxilavi).
poetis mier qriste ganicdeba, rogorc “yofna axali”, ganaxleba,”aRdgomis
kvali”: “axal welTan Sen gelodi da velodi yofnas axals da vucdidi
ganaxlebas da veZebdi aRdgomis kvals” (axal wlis Rames).
saxarebaSi qriste aris aRdgoma da cxovreba (ioane, 11, 25).
galaktionis qriste sicocxlea, romelic moiazreba “Zvirfas TasTan” _
mariamTan erTad: “...ca siyvarulis da sicocxliT Zvirfasi Tasi” (marmarilo) (7,
73).
52
qriste poetisTvis sicocxlea, qmediTi arsebobis Zala: “...sicocxle Zalas
maZlevda da samoqmedod miwvevda marad” (mwuxareba).
RmerTi “aRfrTovanebuli cxovrebaa”, romelic, simbolur vardebTan erTad,
aTrobs poets: “vTvrebi vardebiT da yvelaferiT, aRfrTovanebul cxovrebiT
vTvrebi...”
cxovrebis zRvaSi danTqmul adamianebs enatrebaT ganaxleba, axali qveyana,
axali miwa: “da moelodnen axal cxovrebis ganaxlebuli zRvac da miwaca” (ca,
zRva, miwa).
RmerTi aris “axal cxovrebis xe”: “...Cemi salami axal cxovrebis xes da
xexilebs” (gza axal-axal gadamTovrebis).
qriste “sicocxlis Cangia”, “dRis xma”,mariami _ “Tasi dRis xmaTa”, “Tasi
zambaxeuli”: “sicocxlis Cangebs mivaSuroT isev TasebiT, mraval wyurvilTa
gaxelebiT, gaaTasebiT... vTqvaT amomskdari miwebidan zRva darxeuli, Tasi dRis
xmaTa da kvlav Tasi zambaxeuli” (mivaSuroT).
RmerTi aris “sicocxlis wigni” (mSvidobis wigni).
“RvTaebriv komediaSi” RmerTi dasaxulia, rogorc “saboloo mizani”: “...da me
vigrZeni siaxlove im sauflosi, sad survilebis saboloo aris mizani” (8,400).
galaktioni eZebda RmerTs _ “sicocxlis mizans”: “vwuxvar,veZaxdi sicocxlis
mizans” (sad?) (2, 30).
qriste aris “cocxal cxovrebis cecxli”, ‘sicocxle gullmobieri”, romelic
dilam _ mariamma moavlina: “sicocxle dilis _ gullmobieri,sxivTa krTomaSi
aris Zlieri” (istoriis axali gverdi) (5, 320).
RmerTi “sicocxlis fesvia mkvidrnaTeli...”
qristianuli RmerTi ganicdeba, rogorc “mtevani”, sicocxlis qari”: “mtevnebi,
savse mzis alublebiT, gulSi rekaven sicocxlis qarad” (gadaviareT mrisxane
zRvebi) (9, 385).
“sicocxlis xmebad” moazrebuli RmerTis Zaxilic ugrZvnia poets: “ra
feradebiT Canda qveyana, rarig gveZaxda sicocxlis xmebi” (gaumarjos mebrZol
Taobas).
galaktionistvis RmerTi aris sicocxlis wyaro: “me msurda grZnobiT
davewafebodi sicocxlis wyaros, grZnobiT aRbeWdils” (mwuxareba).
literatura
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 992.
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t I, Tb. 1993.
4. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t II, Tb. 1993.
5. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
6. netari avgustine, “aRsareba”, saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, Tb. 1985.
7. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1989.
8. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. 2, Tb. 1994.
53
Camqrali sanTlebis anTebis misiiT
sanTlis simbolika saTaves iRebs bibliidan da sasuliero poeziidan. ieso ambobs
ioane naTlismcemelze: “igi iyo sanTeli aRnTebuli da saCino” (ioanes saxareba,
563,41).
sasuliero poeziaSi abo Tbileli aris “sanTeli gabrwyinvebuli” (miqael
modrekili) (1, 482).
ezra eqvTime mTawmindels uwodebs sanTels: “hbrwyinevdi rai sanTeli maRalsa
maszeda sasanTlisasa” (1, 485).
basili ase mimarTavs eqvTime mtawmindels: “sanTeli xar mnTebare sasanTlesa
zeda maralsa mRviZarisasa” (1, 506).
saxotbo poeziaSi mariami aris sasanTle (ioane SavTeli, “abdulmesiani”) (1, 520).
CaxruxaZis “TamarianSi” Tamariaris “brwyinvale sanTeli”: “sciskrob Sen
naTlad, brwyinvale sanTlad” (1, 475).
ioane SavTelis “abdulmesianSi” Tamari warmoidgineba zecis naTelis,
brwyinvale sanTlis saxiT: “zeciT xar naTlad, brwyinvale sanTlad” (1,491).
ioane minCxi qristes uwodebs sanTels; “viTarca sanTeli aRenTe Sors bnelTa
naTesavTa maT ugulisxmoTa” (2, 506).
“Zlispirnis” mixedviT, mariam RvTismSobeli aris “sasanTle” (3, 35).
“uZveles iadgarSi” (1980 w.) mariams ewodeba “sanTeli WeSmariti” (4, 382),
usxeulo naTlis brwyinvale sasanTle (4, 549).
galaktion tabiZe Zalze xSirad religiuri SinaarsiT, qristes metaforad
iyenebs sanTlis saxes.
leqsSi “sanTlebi” (6, 33) “Sors, zurmuxtisfer sivrcis iqiT” mbrwyinavi
idealis _ sanTlebisken miiswrafvis mezRvauri, magram zRvis mRelvareba gems
misken misvlis saSualebas ar aZlevs da “miuwvdomeli sanTlebis” brwyinvas
Soridan Sescqeris leqsis lirikuli gmiri.
sanTeli qristes simboloa, romliskenac gzas ketavs zRva _ codvili cxovreba.
leqsSi “sanTeli” (1, 582) saubaria “sulis Sexebaze”, uzenaesis suli sanTelia,
romelsac droSasaviT maRla atarebs poeti: “Ramis naTelSi, mtverSi, mTvareSi
miyvarda sulis Sexeba Seni. Tbilisis daRlil qaris TareSi, koSkebi, Zvelad
nageb-naSeni”.
koSki mariamis simboloa.
yoveldRiurobis warmavlobaSi poetis nugeSia suli-sanTeli-RmerTi: “yoveldRe
modis axali talRa, myvirala, susti da dRevandeli da droSasaviT me mimaqvs
maRla sanTeli... Seni suli, sanTeli”.
qriste aris “erTaderTi sanTeli”, romelic “uZveles baRSi” anTia, magram
grigali, koriantelia irgvliv: “Sors erTaderTi enTo sanTeli, uuZvelesi baRis
totebiT, aq ki grigali, korianteli da tye mSfoTvare TavgamodebiT” (me
erTaderTi mqonda wuxili) (7, 335).
uZvelesi baRi uZvelesi istoriis mqone xalxia, grigali, korianteli urwmuno
epoqa, sanTlis siSore uflisgan gaucxoebs mianiSnebs.
54
sxvagan “koSkidan erTi naTobs sanTeli”.
koSki mariamis, sanTeli qristes metaforaa.
urwmuno epoqis maxasiaTebelia leqsi “yvela SandalSi Caqra sanTeli” (7, 240).
masSi demoni aqrobs sanTels, magram roca “dawynardeba qari, “uceb” aenTeba
“yvela sanTeli...”
werilSi “Zvirfasi saflavebi” poetis mizania Camqrali da dafaruli sanTlebis
anTeba: “...Cveni suli iRviZebs da mzad aris isev aanTos Camqrali da dafaruli
siamayis sanTlebi” (8, 61).
leqsSi “akakis landi” (7,160) galaktioni imedovnebs, rom akaki wereTlis landi
isev moevlineba urwmuno Taobebs da daviwyebul xatTan sanTlis anTebis magaliTs
miscems: “...da ar dagvtovebs poeti oblad, rom ar aanTos isev sanTeli
daviwyebuli xatis maxloblad”.
galaktionis poeziaSi gamudmebuli lodinia “sanTlis”: “Cven erTad vucdidiT
RameSi TeTr sanTels, Cven erTad movrkaleT lodini da ricxvi” (axali
mosaxleoba) (8, 85).
poeti yviTeli sanTlebis, yviTeli foTlebis fonze CiraRdnebs anTebs da
loculobs uzenaesze (trioletebi) (8, 799).
aTeistur epoqaSi poetis wuxilis mizezia Camqrali sanTlebi, Savi Rame da
sinanuliT igonebs sanTlebis _ RmerTis msaxurebis dros: “sadRaa exla sanTeli
igi, RamiT rom enTo ocnebas nazi? is Camqralia da Ramis sivrces Savi zolebis
STenia xazi” (asi wlis winaT).
qarSi (epoqis kataklizmebSi) qreba Sandali, cecxli, gazafxulis lampari:
“qreba qarSi Sandali, ocneba SarSandeli” (violes), “ganelda cecxli, Caqra lampari,
sagazafxulo aliT nTebuli”.
poetis ocnebaa, “isev ainTos lampari vualis... violes da sxvebis Sesaxeb”
(violes) (7, 75). vuali, mandili mariamis simboloa.
bibliaSi elia winaswarmetyvelis sityvaa lamparTan Sedarebuli: “gamoCnda
elia winaswarmetyveli, viTarca cecxli da sityva misi, viTarca lampari
egzneboda” (sibrZne ziraqisa) (48, 1) (9, 69).
lampari mariam RvTismSoblis metaforac aris: “nevmirebuli Zlispirnis” (1982)
mixedviT, mariami aris “anTebuli da dauSreteli lampari” (3, 203).
poeti daeZebs “titanur als” da ara ubralo sanTels: “Turme ubralo iyo
sanTeli, titaniur als me rom varqmevdi” (mwyemsi).
poema “mSvidobis wigni” aTeizmis epoqis erovnul-religiur problemebs eZRvneba
da masSi xSirad upirispirdeba korianteli da sanTeli: “am koriantels vin andobs
sanTels, imeds winandels gadesva celi” (10, 240).
sanTeli, kandeli (rwmena) aCiraRdnebs suls da Zalad iqceva: “aqa-iq soflad
anTebdnen sanTels, gaaqvs maxloblad brdRviali kandelebs, gaibardneba da
mtlad adneba gaCiraRdneba Roned da Zalad” (mSvidobis wigni).
grigali uZluria xalxis nebasTan: “grigali ver aqrobs WaRebs, bnels ver
aCaRebs” (mSvidobis wigni).
bolos mainc sikeTe zeimobs da eri suliT maRldeba: “mainc ar Caqra Cveni
sanTeli... moedos agrec gzas Jruanteli, mainc ver Caqres Cveni sanTeli” (iqve) (10,
351).
55
RmerTis originaluri saxea “mSvidobiani sicocxlis sanTeli”: “qalaqad,
soflad msvidobiani sicocxlisas anTebdnen sanTlebs, evlinebodnen midamoebs
mSvidobis mcvelad” (mSvidobis wigni) (10, 24).
rwmena kandelia, “yofna kandeliviT” unda iyos.
magram kandels qariSxali emuqreba: “sinaTlis Suqma qariSxalTan daiwyo Sebma,
miirx-moirxa moelvare didi kandeli” (erTxel).
sanTlis CaqrobiT yoranic dainteresebulia: “yovelTvis mgonia: gadifrens
yorani da sanTlebs Caaqrobs Tvalebis alvaSi” (yorani) (7,274).
sanTels Tovliani mtveric faravs: “sanTeli Cafla Tovlianma mtverma”
(mSvidobis wigni).
poetis kredoa CiraRdnis maRla aweva: “maS azide CiraRdani, aswi, maSa !”
ca, caTa ca, sulieri ca RmerTebis _ sanTlebis saufloa, magram es
saidumloeba nislSia ganfenili da miuwvdomelia mokvdavTaTvis: “caze sanTlebi
darges, nislSi moZraobs arsi”.
nislSi saRamoTi gaudaburebuli sanTelia leqsSi “sarkmeli saRamom” (12, 308).
galaktionis poeziaSi mravlad aris saxate, xatis sanTeli, “ucxo naTlis
mgznebare sxivi da Tvalebi” (lampari).
STagonebis wami sanTels ukavSirdeba: “wami sanTlad enTeba, mRvrie,
cecxlistoteba” (megobars).
unazes xelnawerebze “serafimis frTa, sevdiani sanTeli saukuno alad anTia”
(unazesia xelnaweri) (11, 258).
poezia, mxatvruli sityva rwmenis msaxuria da amdenad kandels emsgavseba: “da
poezia _ mSfoTvare sulis korianteli, uwinamZRvrebda mizans dasaxuls _
rogorc kandeli” (gamogoneba).
poetic kandeliviT unda anaTebdes: “de, anaTebde rogorc kandeli...”
erTnairad sWirdeba kandeli, kvari (RmerTi) mexres, mgosans, sardals,
mwignobars, brZens. aris RvTismsaxurebis sanTeli, xatis win rom anTeben,
“sanTlebis jiRa, sanTlebis zoli” da uzenaesis simbolod moazrebuli sanTeli.
sanTlis Suqze naweri wignebi “anaTebdnen siRrmes gulisas da als agznebdnen
siyvarulisas” (mSvidobis wigni). siyvaruli RmerTia (ioane, I, 8, 4).
“sanTliT ifoTleba Cveni Cumi ezo, gaswi, mimaqanebs TvalTa gadakargva” _ ambobs
poeti da sanTeli qristes, ezo mariamis simboloa.
poetis winsvlis sawindaria “simarTlis kandeli’ _ RmerTi: “mwvervalzeda
Slis ca nislis fantels, mivyavar mxolod simarTlis kandels” (fiWvi biWvinTis)
(8, 761).
uRmerTobis, Camqrali sanTlebis, lampris, CiraRdnis anTebis sapatio misia xvda
galaktions wilad, ramac saukunis yvela poetisgan gamoarCia.
amasTan, poetma amxila “sanTlis Camqrobeli dampyrobeli” (akaki wereTeli) anu
uRmerTo rusuli bolSevizmis odiozuri naSierebi, romlebic cecxliTa da
maxviliT ebrZodnen qristianobas da mis msaxurT.
literatura
1. Cveni saunje 20 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1960.
56
2. qarTuli mwerloba, w. I, 1987.
3. nevmirebuli Zlispirni, Tb. 1982.
4. uZvelesi iadgari, Tb. 1980.
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t I, Tb. 1993.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t 12, Tb. 1975.
8. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
9. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
10. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t 11, Tb. 1973.
11. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t III, Tb. 1994.
sabedniero sulis Zieba
galaktion tabiZes gamoarCevda rwmena, marTlmadidebluri religiis erTguleba,
“sabedniero sulis” Zieba.
suli ki RmerTia: “ xolo ufali sulia da sadac uflis sulia, iq
Tavisuflebaa” (pavle mociquli, II korinTelTa, 4, 17) (1, 388).
dionise areopagelis mixedviT, ‘sulica ufal ars”, RmerTi sulia saxieri,
RmerTi sulia WeSmaritebisa, romelic mamisgan gamovals” (2, 15, 14).
“RmerTi aris suli da misi Tayvanismcemelni Tayvans unda scemdnen suliTa da
WeSmaritebiT” (ioane, 4, 240 (1, 184).
dantesTan RmerTi moxseniebulia, rogorc “suli pirvelqmnili, maRali suli,
uRrmesi suli” (3, 285,335,383).
“diadi, didebuli suli, miwis suli ewodeba ufals goeTes “faustSi”. faustis
mier gamoxmobili miwis suli Tavad RmerTis grZnobad _ empiriuli saxebaa (o.
Winoria) (4, 14).
“maTTvis miwas jer suli ar hqonia”, ambobs galaktioni vaipoetebis misamarTiT
(saidumlo myvirala frazebisa) (5,525) da misi “miwis suli”, “gemebis suli”,
yvavilT suli”, Walebis suli” uzenaesis xatebaa.
galaktionis RmerTi aris “sagazafxulo suli”, “SeuzRudveli suli” (uxilavi)
(6, 66).
galaktion tabiZes RmerTTan mimsgavsebuli, “Tavadis” suli hqonda: “ca,
martooba, suli Tavadis da erTaderTis mravalTan Sebma” (qalaqSi) (7, 220).
poetis ideali iyo “sulSi mzis moTavseba” (marmarilo) (5, 75).
poetebis mefis suls “asxiosnebda” “ukvdavebis saxe narnari...”
“sagazafxulo sulis” poeti mReroda “siyvarulis simReras”, gazafxuli da
siyvaruli ki saRmrTo saxelebia.
aTeistur epoqaSi gauCinarebul suls evedreboda poeti gamocxadebas: “suls
borkilebi risTvis daade? rad SemWer frTebi, kaeSnis bade? daimsxvra suli
frqveuli camde, gahqra faruli cis sidiade, aRmeZra wyluli, sevdiT moculi,
atirda guli,gamomecxade! stirian mTebi, mosTqvamen frTebi, geZaxi, vkvdebi,
gamomecxade!” (gamomecxade) (6, 178).
57
roca xalxi RmerTis Tayvanismcemeli iyo, “suli frenda da naTels hfenda”
(mSvidobis wigni) (8, 84).
poetis suli grZnobda cas, yvavilebs, beWdebs (ca _ mamaRmerTi, yvavilebi _
qriste, beWedi _ mariami), samebas, magram iwyeboda uzenaesTan “saukuno
gamosalmeba”, uRmerToba da demoni ikavebda qristianuli idealis adgils: “da
mxolod RamiT igrZnobs suli, rogorc samebas, yvavilebs da cas, saukuno
gamosalmebas, mogonebebi elvareben isev beWdebad, mova demoni, dafiqrdeba da
SeeWvdeba” (saRamov, vici) (7, 169).
sikeTes, sinaTles, mSvidobas enacvleboda Savi da sazareli Ramis saburveli:
“ara sikeTe da TeTri suli gialersebda mSvidobis msurvels, aramed Savi da
sazareli Rame gaxvevda Tavis saburvels...”
poeti mistiroda“sulis”, “sulikos” uaryofas: “gamqraliyo, wasuliyo mSvenieri
is suliko, mxolod mTvare anaTebda, radganac mze Casuliyo” (akaki wereTeli) (5,
832).
uRmerTo arseboba jojoxeTs umzadebda adamianebs, uziareblad, RmerTis
xsenebis gareSe aResrulebodnen rwmenadakarguli adamianebi, arsad Canda
“sabedniero suli”: “sad aris CemTvis samagiero, sabedniero sad aris suli? viT
samoTxidan aligieri, me jojoxeTiT var dafaruli” (silaJvarde anu vardi
silaSi) (7, 129).
mamaRmerTs evedreboda suliwmindis taZrad qceuli poeti mismieri sulis, anu
qristes movlinebas, radgan “undobar xans” “sisxliT da cxedrebiT” aevso gzebi:
“mzeo TibaTvisa, mzeo TibaTvisa, locvad muxlmoyrili graals Sevedrebi, igi,
vinc miyvarda didi siyvaruliT, frTebiT daifare, amas gevedrebi! tanjva-
gansacdelSi Tvalni miuriden, suli moavline isev Senmieri, dila gauTene isev
ciuridan, suli umankoTa miec mSvenieri” (mzeo TibaTvisa) (5, 126).
graali aris simbolo RvTismSoblisa, suliwmindisa (9, 38).
ciuri sulis saswaulmoqmed sxivs SesTxovda galaktioni sicivisgan gayinuli
gulis gaTbobas: “daadne sxivi, sulo ciero,am sicivisgan gayinul gulze”
(niaRvari) (6, 33).
“vardebis mefeni”, ciuri, Tavadis suli amSvenebda poetebis mefes da igi suls,
“sulier venaxs” _ RmerTs eZebda.
“me suli ar maqvs amqveyniuri”, ambobda “artistuli yvavilebis” avtori da
marTlac, poeti iyo “sxva sulis” amara. misi suli Tovlze uspetakesia,
varskvlavebis sulze uvrcesia, suli ciuria, suls maradis surs ciereba; iwveba
suli xilvis tarosze, suli cecxlze umxurvalesia, sulSi tropikis SuadRiT
cxela, “idumal simReraze sulis cecxlad gadaqceva” enatreba poets.
misi suli maradiulad anTebuli da gaalebulia: “sulo, Sen gaaldebi!”.
ioane petriwi ambobs: “sulica warmodga Tangaalebulad” (10, 80).
cnobilia, sulier Zalebs axasiaTebT wvisa da naTebis unari (11, 77-78).
“mkrTali gacurda ali, ca daaSuqa wynar suls” _ ase spetakdeba suli zeciuri
cecxliT, siwmindiT.
“sulSi nislis tbebia da qaosis mxatvari” (qaosis mxatvari RmerTia) (7, 211).
“sagazafxulo suli viyav da me vmRerodi”, gvamcnobs poeti uzenaesTan
Tanaziarobas. “gazafxulebi uaxlovdeba Cems aRdgenil suls”, naTqvamia leqsSi
“xandaxan”.
58
gazafxuli saRmrTo saxelia.
RvTiT mironcxebuli poetis “sulSi geniiT atexili rekavs lerwami”
(marmarilo) (7, 54).
mizani isaa, rom “suli ar miisils” (sasaflaoze).
poets esmis “sulis xmovaneba locvis simxurvaleSi” (lurja cxenebi _ 7, 52),
rogorc dantes esmoda “sulis xma”,...
“suli izrdeba” da galaktions sjera RmerTze locvaSi gadiadebuli sulis
maradiuloba: “ar mjera, suli rom gaifantos Senze locvaSi aRmonaceni”.
galaktions evlineboda naTeli suli, saubrobda “sulis Sexebaze” (sanTeli) (7,
58).
RmerTis suli, suliwmindis madli gamoarCevda poetebis mefis sityvas da
Tavisi poeziiT rwmenisken mibrunebas emsaxura, ucdomlad iwinaswarmetyvela
“sabedniero sulisken” mibruneba.
literatura
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 1992.
2. petre iberi (fsevdo-dionise areopageli), Sromebi,1961.
3. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
4. goeTe, fausti, Tb. 1961.
5. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t, I, Tb. 1993.
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 2 tomad, t, I, Tb. 1988.
8. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t, 11, Tb. 1973.
9. zviad gamsaxurdia, saqarTvelos sulieri misia, Tb. 1990.
10. ioane petriwi, t. I, Tb. 1940. 11. drevsi,miTi qristes Sesaxeb (rusul enaze), moskovi,1925.
Tavi II
jvarze gakruli elva _ poetis lurji da
SemoRamebuli da dabinduli mTis, dangreuli, kuboSi Casvenebuli, gamqrali
faruli cis, daWrili Rrublis, dacemuli da damsxvreuli graalis koSkis,
59
damWknari, kuboSi moqceuli da gadaSenebuli iebis, elvisgan daRunuli dedofali
alvis, jvarze gakruli elvis, TovlSi dacemuli zambaxebis, udabnoSi moqceuli
mandilis, qarisgan gaZarculi atmis xis, Camqrali lampris, Catexili xidis,
gamqrali samoTxis, gauCinarebuli saunjis, ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebis, molebiani
beWdebis, gafiTrebuli iagundis, iagundis Camqrali Suqis, bacilebiani mTvaris,
uezoo saxlis, setyviT daRupuli venaxis, oxrad STenili Cardaxis, mgloviare
qnaris saxeebi _ mariam RvTismSoblis uaryofis macne.
galaktion tabiZem Seqmna mariam RvTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili ganumeorebeli
poeturi cikli da gaamravalferovna Cveni zeciuri dedis kanonikuri saxe-
simboloebi.
poetebis mefis SemoqmedebaSi RvTismSobeli figurirebs, rogorc mze, Tovlis
madona, ucxo madona, qalwuli Tovli,iisferi Tovli, vardisferi Tovli,lurji
fifqi, ucxo Sveneba, ucxo asuli, dedofali alva, Tasi,alis Tasi, ivlisisferi
yinvis Tasi, simarTlis Tasi, fiala, azarfeSa,cecxliani azarfeSa, sawmisi, maradi
Wiqa, sixaruli Wiqa, zambaxis princesa, princesa, mzis alublebiT savse mtevani,
Rrubeli feradi, wminda embazi, karavi, kidobani, kibe, xidi, mgloviareTa qnari,
beWedi, TeTri beWedi, dila, sisxami dila, dilis cimcim-kamkami, sarkmeli,
Caketili sarkmeli, klde, iagundi, mTa, mTvare, samoTxe, mSvenieri samoTxe, edemi,
uecari qalaqi, ca, zeca, uwindeli zeca,ezo, atmis xe, mandili (1, 182-193).
galaktionma Tavisi Tanamedrove RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis utyuari suraTi
mogvca da, bunebrivia, mariam RvTismSoblisadmi erTeul morwmuneTa mowiwebis
paralelurad daafiqsira pozicia satanisturi aTeistebisa, romlebic cecxliTa
da maxviliT ebrZodnen rwmenas, marTlmadideblur qristianobas, deda-Zes.
rogorc aRvniSneT,mariam RvTismSoblis erT-erTi kanonikuri saxelia mTa,
romelic momdinareobs daniel RvTismetyvelidan: “hxedevd, vidre ara gamokueTa
lodi mTisagan Tvinier xelTasa” (danieli, 2, 34) (2, 247).
bibliis komentatorebi mTis saxeSi mariams, xolo lodis simboloSi Ze RmerTs
xedaven...
galaktion tabiZis leqsSi “silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi” (3, 129) mTa
SemoRamebulia da eWvebi amgzavrebia mis irgvliv gaTenebas: “SemoiRamebs mTis
napralebi da Tu rogorme isev gaTenda, RamenaTevi da namTvralevi daRlil
qaliviT mival xatebTan”.
“Semodgomis dReSi” (4, 328-329) burusiT dafaruli mTa gvauwyebs uflis
dedisadmi upativcemlobas, grigaliT, SeSlilebis saxeebiT ki miTiTebulia epoqis
sabediswero tendenciaze da siSleged dasaxulia rwmenasTan brZola, rogorc
ugunurebad miiCneoda fsalmunSi uRmerToba: “Tqva ugunurma Tavis gulSi: “ar aris
RmerTi” (fs. 13, 1) (5, 533).
analogiur satkivars daRameba da “mTebis iara” SegvagrZnobinebs leqsSi “ra
RriancelSi vidoda gemi” (3, 250):`daRamda, nisli gadekra Saras, tyes daefara
Ramis blondebi, magram gaxedav mTebis iaras da usaTuod mogagondebi~.
leqsSi `viT afeTqeba~ saubaria maisis yinvaze, damWknar mdeloze, mkvdar
yvavilebze (yvavili qristes simboloa), usazRvro saRamosa, dabindebul mTasa da
60
`qenjnaze~: `... TiTqos usazRvro saRamoa da mTa binddeba, airevian qenjnis
kalTebi~ (3, 332).
sxvagan `mRelvare gazafxulze mosula Tovli, yinva, iyineba nakaduli da
gauCinarebula mTa: `... TeTr Tovlis qveS sizmrebs wahyva mTis grexili uxmo,
Sori... da mRelvare gazafxulze gaiyina nakaduli~ (TeTr Tovlis qveS) (6, 5).
galaktionis poeziaSi ingreva, uCinardeba, Savdeba zeca da esec
RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis niSania, radgan ca, zeca rogorc RmerTis, ise mariam
RvTismSoblis metaforaa (7, 125).
`Semodgomis fragmentSi~ (1916 w.) poeti gauognebia yvavilebis (RmerTis simboloa)
da cis (mariamis saxelia) gametebas: `... es yvavilebi, es ca, miTxariT, aravis
Tqvengans ar enaneba?~ (6, 190).
1923 wels wuxilis mizezi gamxdara is, rom mavanni, megobris niRbiT movlenilni,
yvavilTa cas (anu RmerTebis cas) acarielebdnen: `... yvavilTa cidan kalaTebs
clidnen, darialidan zaravda zara...~ (`mSobliuri efemera~).
leqsSi `dReTa gardasulTa~ (6, 119) nisliT dafarulia zeca, edemi da kldeze
dasamsxrevad ganwirulia rwmenis gemi: `... nisliT iyo daburuli Cemi zeca da
edemi da sal kldisken mimarTuli imsxvreoda rwmenis gemi~.
`...iRupeba rwmenis gemi!~ mTeli xmiT imeorebda poeti da TanamedroveT
afxizlebda mosalodnel sulier katastrofaze.
`daujdomlis~ mixedviT, mariami `eklesiis Seuryeveli godoli~, anu koSkia (8, 12).
`zRvis efemeraSi~ (1922 w.) Sexvedra gviwevs CaZiruli gemebis sasaflaosTan,
axmaurebul demonTa gundTan, dangreul Rrublebsa da dalewil casTan: `... gemTa
CaZirulTa yru sasaflao. aguguneba demonTa gundis, ngreva Rrublebis, dalewili
ca!~ (6, 926).
Rrublebi mariamis simboloa: `gixaroden, Rrubelo naTlisao~ (9, 200).
gemi rwmenis simboloa, caTa ca - RmerTebis savane.
uRmerTo qveyanaSi asparezze demonebi mkvidrdebian.
`mTebis iarasTan~ erTad, `Rrublis Wrilobis~ qveteqstSia saZiebeli faruli
azri: `... mTebs, irmebs, Svelebs, xevs da napralebs awuxebT Rrublis mZime
Wriloba~.
poetis ideali iyo `Rrubeli feradi, alva tanadi~ (`angelozs eWira grZeli
pergamenti~) (3, 132), Rrubeli mariamis, alva sicocxlis xis (RmerTis) simboloa.
napralebTan misuli xomaldi, `zecis ngreva da miwis gadaferdebaa~ faqti leqsSi
`meocnebe afrebiT~ (1921 w.) (6, 331), anu rwmenis uaryofas miwieri ukeTurobebi
mosdevs.
kuboSi Casvenebuli ca gvzaravs leqsSi `sikvdili mTvarisagan~: `daimsxvra sadRac
imedebi da xomaldebi, STainTqen maRal kuboebSi cis kideebi~ (6, 193).
leqsSi `sad dasasruli iyo~ (1915 w.) moCans mongreuli zeca, sisxliT mTvrali
loTi, ufskrulis mxeci: `TiTqo moingra zeca, sisxli, sicili loTis,
brWalebiani mxeci ufskrulebidan modis~.
ufskrulis mxeci da misi nairsaxeobani galaktionis poeziidan ioanes
apokalifsis mxecebis asociacias iwvevs.
bacilebiani mTvare, Savi mze, cxedrebi, xolera, xoleris bacilebiT savse niavi,
Savi aCrdili, yornis xma da gatexili vaza avlens avbediTi movlenebis arss
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leqsSi `SiSi~ (1919 w.) da es mosalodneli represiebis winagrZnobas ukavSirdeba
(6, 283).
mzis Casvla, RrubelTa Soris piramidebis msxvreva, obloba, `ciurTa soflis~
saRamo gvagrZnobinebs epoqis tragedias: `mzis Casvla iyo, viT anarekli Zveli
didebis, RrubelTa Soris daimsxvra Zegli piramidebis. me mivdiodi nangrevebze
oblad Sens gamo, mwuxared qroda cierTa soflad Cveni saRamo~ (6, 200).
poets sjeroda, rom `aris sadRaca netari mxare, aris wminda ca SuqiT mgznebare~
(ave maria) (6, 56).
magram urwmunoTaTvis miuwvdomeli iyo maRali zeca da imsxvreoda suli:
`daimsxvra suli frqveuli camde, gaqra faruli cis sidiade~ (gamomecxade!) (6,
178).
urwmunoebis tragedias exeba `ra dros romanseroa?~ (3, 216).
ca gacrecili, mtvriani da usinaTloa, ara zecis, aramed miwis yvavils umRerian,
wyaro (saRmrTo saxelia) `valalebs~: `gacrecil da mtverian cas sinaTle hklebia,
yvavilebze mRerian, ra dros yvavilebia, wyaro xevSi valalebs, gahqra giJi
ocneba...~
`Semodgomis dReSi~ (3, 292) ca `bneli CrdilebiT~ ifareba.
mravlismetyvelia `gobelenis~ (3, 381) striqonebi: `Semodgomis ca ase damwvari,
uCinar alTa Wknobis dareviT~...
uRmerTo epoqaSi obolia nangrevebze mavali poeti, radgan waarTves zeciuri mama
(mzis Casvla).
zecawarTmeuli, RmerTwarTmeuli epoqis Svilis Tanamdevia `bneli cxedari~, `Savi
cecxli~ gaunelebeli dardi, sulis sikvdili, radgan tabu adevs RmerTis -
apokalifsis mxedris saxels: `geZebdi yvelgan, maxrCobda sicxe da mwvavda jvaris
mxurvale rkina. me yvelaferi gadaviviwye, ar aris zeca, ar aris bina... aris siCume,
bneli cxedari, mis tanze Savi cecxlis gaCena, apokalifsis mZafri mxedari vinc
qaosebSi SemoaWena (geZebdi yvelgan) (10, 45).
ca ar arsebobs, igi Savma yinvam dafara, dausjelad RmerTis siyvaruli
SeuZlebelia, mkacri dReebi ki Seucvlelia, aseTi logikiT manipulirebdnen
satanistebi: `me marwmunebdnen, foTlebi gaqra, ca ar arsebobs mRvrie Tu wminda,
raRac uniWo ocnebam dahkra da siSaveSi igi gayinda. me marwmunebdnen, rom ar
iqneba, Sen dausjelad giyvardes igi, marwmunebdnen, rom ar gardiqmneba mkacri
dReebis yofa da rigi~ (me marwmunebdnen) (3, 242).
1923 wels wuxilis mizezi iyo is, rom mavanni, megobris niRbiT movlenilni,
`yvavilTa cas~ (anu RmerTebis cas) acarielebdnen: `... yvavilTa cidan kalaTebs
clidnen, darialidan zaravda zara~... (`mSobliuri efemera~).
`amRvreuli tvinis~ moRvaweobis Sedegebis gamotirebaa striqonebi: `Rrublebi
hgvanan amRvreul tvinebs, cidan cremlebi modis CafebiT... dakargula gza
moxevesi, bneldeba, Rame, mieSveleniT (Rrublebi hgvanan amRvreul tvinebs) (6, 72).
damsxvreuli xomaldebis, dangreuli zecis satkivars galaktionis poeziaSi kidev
ufro amZafrebs mravalmniSvnelovani saxeebi dangreuli koSkebisa. aSkaraa, es
saxec religiuria da uRmerTo epoqis sibneleSi arsebobis saSinelebas
gvagrZnobinebs.
koSki bibliaSi RmerTis saxelia: `RmerTo... Zlieri koSki xar mtrisagan damcveli
(fs. 64, 4) (5, 584).
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solomon mefis igavebSi figurirebs godoli: `uflis saxeli mtkice godolia~
(igavni solomonisa, 18, 10).
`daujdomlis~ mixedviT, mariam RvTismSobelia eklesiis godoli: `gixaroden,
eklesiisa Seuryevelo godolo~ (8, 12).
galaktionis poeziaSi gvxvdeba koSkTan dakavSirebuli TviTmyofadi saxeebi:
`koSkidan erTi naTobs sanTeli, xulSi koSki ar Sendeba, axla aRarc RmerTia,
ecemian koSvebi cisa da nestanisa, graalis koSkebi, lidiis samreklo Sens fexqveS
daimsxvra da glova momesma, koSkebs sizmareTisas nisli gadaecala, ingreva koSki
siyvaruliT aSenebuli~.
vfiqrobT, koSki poetebis mefis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad mariam RvTismSoblis
saxelia da igi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, dangreuli saxiT figurirebs.
leqsSi `rac ar yofila, aris~ (1928 w.) koSkis gamqral didebasa da vaebazea
saubari: `gamqral didebis naTels koSki iburavs Zveli da mTel vaebas aTevs~.
gamqrali naTeli uflis da misi dedis uaryofis faqts SegvagrZnobinebs.
es mSobliuri qaria (1921 w.) gvamcnobs, rom `aimarTnen koSkebi cisa da nestanisa~.
es iyo warsulSi. awmyoSi ki `ecemian koSkebi cisa da nestanisa~ (6, 337).
ca, anu caTa ca uflis samyofelia, `cis koSki~ ki SeiZleba mxolod mariami iyos.
misi dacema urwmuno epoqis upirvelesi maxasiaTebelia.
uRmerTo epoqaSi arc koSki (mariami) arsebobs sulSi da aseT dros cxovrebis
azri ekargeba, anu yvelaferi sulerTi xdeba, rogorc gvauwyebs leqsi `tfiliss
sZinavs mZime ZiliT~: `... sulSi koSki ar Sendeba, axla aRarc RmerTia, saca aris
gaTendeba, yvelaferi erTia~.
leqsSi `angelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti~ (1917 w.) `graalis koSkebi, zmanebaT
samreklo Sens fexqveS daimsxvra da ngreva momesma~.
graali mariamis simboloa: `graali ganasaxierebs mTvariseul maradqalur sawyiss,
sofias, RvTismSobels~ (11, 181).
damsxvreuli graalis koSkis saxis adresatia RvTismSobeli.
vfiqrobT, ubedurebis momtani sisxliani revolucionerebis ngreviTi saqmianobis
mxilebaa leqsi `koSki~ (3, 72) mas msWvalavs avbediTi momavlis saSineli
winaTgrZnoba.
leqsis pirvelive strofi ngrevis Semzaravi suraTiT iwyeba: `ingreva koSki
saukuniT aSenebuli!~.
galaktionis `koSki siyvaruliT aSenebulia~. siyvaruli ki qristianuli RmerTis
saxelia: `RmerTi siyvarulia (kaTilike epistoleni ioanesi, I, T. 4,8) (5, 320).
RmerTi `diadi siyvarulia~ netari avgustines aRsarebaSi (12, 390). leqsSi am
ngrevis reJisoria `saxe gamxdari, geslianad gacinebuli~ satana, romelic
saxeldebulia, rogorc `SiSis landi uzarmazari~. igi koSkis `ZvelisZvel
foliantze~ sabediswero ganaCens awers.
gvaxsendeba mefe balTazaris lxini danielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi, roca
kedelTan gamoCenilma xelma sami sabediswero sityvis daweriT mianiSna babilonis
samefos aRsasrulsa da balTazaris sikvdilze, rac imave saRamos axda kidec
(danieli, 5, 1-30) (2, 252-253).
galaktionis leqsSi poets aitans JrJola, radgan sanTlebi qreba, sibneleSi amaoa
zeciuri dedisa da mamis saxelebis moxmoba, leqsis bolos asruldeba
63
`daJinebuli winagrZnoba~ da `yru ryeviT, xmaurobiT, grgvinva-grialiT daeca
koSki, siyvaruliT aSenebuli!~.
`koSki~ mariam RvTismSoblisa da qristianuli RmerTis uaryofas afiqsirebs, rac
daRamebas, ngrevas moaswavebs rogorc sulier, ise materialur sferoSi.
jer kidev 1916 w. Caswvda galaktioni revoluciis mRvrie dinebis arss, totalur
ganadgurebas, rac moxdeboda rogorc materialur faseulobaTa (ingreoda
eklesia-monastrebi) mimarT, ise sulierebis (cinizmis da devnis sagani xdeboda
rwmena) aspeqtSi.
vaJa-fSavelas `moCvenebaSi~ (13,404-407) gvxvdeba `dangreuli darbazebi~,
Tavmongreuli koSkebi, alis, qajis cinikuri xiTxiTi yvelafris amaoebaze, magram
Semdeg `dauvali mzis~ (RmerTis) gamonaTeba rwmenis uZlevelobis dasturia.
mixeil javaxiSvilis `qalis tvirTSi~ koSkis damangreveli, gedis gamanadgurebeli
Zalaa Savi urCxuli, koSkTan dapirispirebuli wiTeli gveleSapi moaswavebs
antiqristes movlinebas (14,187-189), romelic miznad daisaxavs siwmindis,
sulierebis, koSkis (mariamis) uaryofas.
am ubedurebis diriJorebi iyvnen apokalifsSi miniSnebuli zRvis da miwis mxecebi,
romelTa adresatebad bibliis komentarebi lenins da stalins miiCneven. maT
Zalaufleba gveSapisgan miiRes. apokalifsSi miniSnebulia maTi damarcxebac.
dangreuli koSkebis, dacemuli svetebis reqviemia galaktionis poezia, amasTan,
isev uzenaesisken mibrunebis, ganwmendis, waqceuli svetebis kvlav amarTvis
ganWvreta.
ia-vardTa saxeebi ramdenime leqsSi galaktionma urwmunoebis, mariam RvTismSoblis
uaryofis saCveneblad gamoiyena.
`silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~ (3, 129), poetis morwmunoebas xazs usvams iisa da
cvris simboluri saxeebiT: `... Cemi Tvalebi winaT ram feTqdnen cvrebiT, iebiT,
RamenaTevi da namTvralevi savsea cremlTa SurisZiebiT~.
ia mariamze migvaniSnebs. vaxtang VI poema `satrfialonis~ mixedviT mariami
warmoCndeba, rogorc ubiwoebiT Semkuli ia~ (15, 45).
cvari qristes metaforaa: `viqnebi cvari israelisTvis, ayvavdeba, rogorc SroSani
da limoniviT gaidgas fesvebs~ (osia winaswarmetyveli, 14, 3) (2, 273).
magram urwmuno epoqaSi sulis ia ianvris TovliT damWknara: `ianvris Tovli,
ianvris Tovli aWknobs Cems sulSi naadrev iebs~ (samreklo udabnoSi) (4, 837).
aqve wuxilis mizezia `SiSveli, TeTri yvavili~ (damdablebuli qristes rwmena).
leqsSi saubaria dafarul codvebze, damalul Ralatze, TeTr beWdebis Tvlebsa
da gauneleben wuxilze.
`pirimzeSi~ (3, 406) kuboSia ia (rogorc ca).
qristianul saTnoebas iis da wylis saxeebis gamoyenebiT ase originalurad
warmoaCens poeti: `bevrs ar ZaluZs, mters ki mudam iis wyali unda usxa~.
ia mariamis, wyali – qristes simboloa.
sxvagan Zalmomreobisa da humanuri moralis dapirispireba xanjlisa da iis
saxeebiT aris naCvenebi: `xanjlebs davfarav isev iebiT, me mters imave xmiT
vemuqrebi, rom mova CemTan monaniebiT~Y(dReTa karebTan) (4, 132).
Tu warsulSi Tovda `Tovli ia – zambaxis, poetis Tanamedrove epoqam maTi xseneba
akrZala (avdris molodini).
64
galaktioni, sxva qarTvel poetebTan erTad, Cveni zeciuri dedis `Zmobili~ iyo da
misTvis eZebda ganumeorebel `iisfer sityvebs~. RvTismSoblis sidiadiT aRwevda
poeti ganaxlebas da ukvdavyofda axleburad: `suli eZaxis im uCinar tyves, visac
sizmrebSi uxsnian bages, iisTvis eZebs iisfer sityvebs da cisfer sityviT eZebs
ciagebs~ (gzaSi) (3, 87).
rogorc bibliaSi da sasuliero poeziaSi, galaktionTan mariami aris dedofali,
`dedofali alva~, romelic daumdablebia, dauRunavs urwmuno epoqas: `da
dedofali alva elvam daRuna civma, ase movida gvalva, ase movida wvima (saRamo).
mariami aris princesa (verxvebi), zambaxis princesa, romelsac gamudmebiT daeZebs
poeti: `me TvaliT veZebdi zambaxis princesas, mwyuroda cisferi vardebi~ (es iyo
15 wlis winaT).
mariam RvTismSobeli galaktions warmoudgenia zambaxis saxeSi, romelic
mefistofelis xanam TovlSi moaqcia: `... mwuxare grZnoba qrolvis, mimavlis da
zambaxebis wyebad dawvena~. (Tovli) (3, 73).
mariami aris `mandili~, `uvrcelesi safarveli~ (8, 66-75) drom mas avbediTi
Tebervali ganumzada: `... da TamaSSi mandilis qrian Tebervalebi~.
mandili udabnoSia (udabno urwmunoebaa) gauCinarebuli (Tovli).
TviT poeti arasodes wyvetda kavSirs `mandilis~ saxeSi moazrebul
RvTismSobelTan: `... mandili Cans isev im mandilada~ (dRes maisi) (5, 369).
mariami poetma moiazra `atmis xeSi~ da gviCvena avi qarisagan gaZarculi,
yvavilebgaclili ideali (atmis yvavilebi) (3, 65).
`daujdomlis~ mixedviT, mariami aris `xe nayofelvare~ (8, 11).
adre atmis xe Taiguls hgavda, `ucxo mxaris dedoflis~ sidiade amSvenebda, mzis
ZaliT da namiT iyo aRWurvili (dedofali - mariami).
magram Rmerismgmobelma epoqam gaZarcva misi mSveniereba da mzis Casvlis,
dabnelebis saSinelebas aziara.
mariami aris `lampari dauvalisa naTlisa~ (8, 12).
urwmuno epoqaSi mariamis uaryofa galaktionma Camqrali lampris saxeSi
warmoadgina: `ganelda cecxli, Caqra lampari, sagazafxulo aliT nTebuli~
(acivda) (3, 580).
mariamis simboloa xidi: `gixaroden, xido wiaRmyuanebelo queyanisaTao cad
mimarT~ (daujdomeli yovladwminda RvTismSobelisa) (8, 9).
galaktionis leqsSi `Tbilisi~: `aTovs xidebs, aTovs madaTovs, aTovs zmanebebs da
mwuxarebs~.
totalitarizmis, urwmunoebis batonobis Jams poets eWvi uCndeboda, rom Catexili
xidi arasodes gamTliandeboda: `raoden fiqrs da ocnebas itev, samudamod
Catexilo xidev. ar iqneba, rom gamTelde kidev, samudamod Catexilo xidev.
daisvene, Tuki baliSs midev, samudamod Catexilo xidev~ (raoden fiqrs da ocnebas
itev) (11, 736).
`daujdomlis~ mixedviT mariami aris `elva sulTa ganmanaTlebeli~ (8, 12).
galaktionis leqsSi `saRamo~ urCi, urwmuno axalgazrdoba Telavs vardebs, elva
(mariami) jvarze gakrulia: `jvarze gakruli elva – es Cemi daa lurji, lurj
yvavilebis Telva, axalgazrdoba urCi~ (4, 14)
aqve Zels (jvars) razas, anu tabus adebs `SemoRamebis celi~, urwmunoeba.
65
mariamis metaforuli saxelia saunje: `gixaroden, saunjeo cxovrebisao
daulevnelo~ (daujdomeli yovladwmindisa RvTismSobelisa) (8, 12).
leqsSi `918~ galaktioni Sefarulad gvamcnobs, Tu rogor acda `qarSi liandags
matarebeli~, anu rogor iqna uaryofili qarTuli mravalsaukunovani gza,
tradiciebi, erovnuli triada: ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba. masSi naTqvamia: `TiTqos
sadRaca gaqra saunje da SeRamebam iTandaTana~...
mariami `yvavilebis qalia~ - romelic xedavs Camqral als, `tiris dakargul
rwmenas da ebindeba Tvali...~ (yvavilebis qali).
`rogor SeviZloT uRvTismSobloba, viT avitanoT umadonoba?~ - mTeli
progresuli eris sawuxars gamoxatavs galaktioni am striqonebiT (Tu brZola ar
aris).
`Cemi Tvalebi, winaT rom feTqdnen cvrebiT, iebiT~ - nostalgiaa qristianul
epoqaze, radgan cvari qristes, ia - mariamis simboloa.
poets mainc Cveni zeciuri deda esizmreboda, mas ar Sordeboda `RvTismSoblis
cqera savse qarTuli patiosnebiT~.
mariamis simboloa edemi, samoTxe: `gixaroden romlisa mier ganeRo samoTxe~
(daujdomeli yovladwmindisa RvTismSoblisa) (8, 11).
`dabmul WinkaSi~ `lurji edemi qarma daburda~ (4, 388).
`Suqmiuval dReebSi~ `mware dReebSi~, (Suqi Ze RmerTis saxelia) `gadalekilan,
waSlilan am qveynis samoTxeebi~, magram poets sjeroda maTi kvlav movlineba
(yofila mware dReebi) (5, 178).
yinulis gadnobis unaris mqone poetis guli iswrafoda mxarisken, romels
`saocnebo hqonia edemi~ (SexedeT, miwa!) (5, 232).
galaktionis Semoqmedebas amSvenebda didi dRe (mamaRmerTis simbolo), saamo dRe
(Ze RmerTi), patiosneba da `qveynieri samoTxe~ (mariami): `viT gSvenis patiosneba, es
didi, es saamo dRe, mSveniero ocneba, o, qveyniuro samoTxe!~ (8, 414).
galaktions epyra `cecxlis Tasi~ (cecxli qristes, Tasi mariamis simboloa),
cecxliani azarfeSa (cecxli qristes, azarfeSa mariams miemarTeba), alis Tasi
(ali, cecxli qristes, Tasi mariamis simboloa), sixarulis Wiqa (sixaruli
qristes, Wiqa mariamis metaforaa), magram aTeisturma epoqam gayina ca, gayina guli,
gayina mxedari, gayina Tasi. leqsSi `alvebi TovlSi~ Tovliania alva (sicocxlis
xe), gayinulia Tasi (mariamis uaryofaze mimaniSnebeli saxea), gayinulia ivlisSi,
amitom uaryofili mariamis saxed gvecxadeba enigma `ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebi~
(ix. qvemoT).
beWedi, zecis beWedi moiazreba mariamis simbolod (7, 821).
beWedsac wuxili ukavSirdeba galaktionis poeziaSi, radgan beWedi-mariami
pativdakarguli, Saravandedisgan gaZarculia sisxliani tiranebisgan.
leqsSi `samreklo udabnoSi~ poetis wuxilis sagania ianvris TovliT damWknari
iebi, codvili xelebi. dafaruli Ralati, SiSveli yvavili, TeTri beWdebis
Tvlebi... (3, 40).
TeTri beWedi mariamis, Tvalebi-qristes metaforaa.
`dominoSi~ (3, 115-116) motexilia zafxuli (zafxuli saRmrTo saxelia),
`daCrdilulia beWedi~, `beWdis TvalSi molebi~ moCans.
66
leqsSi `grZneuli~ moxucis wamlebi da Selocva, `uwindeli cis~ (ca mariamis
simboloa) Zieba da ukankelo saydari SegvagrZnobinebs rwmenis Seryvnas, xolo
`molebi~ grZneulebis saSualebaa.
mxolod bolos gamoCndeba didi Ziebis Semdeg WeSmariti sasaxle, aRimarTeba
kankeli da dominos movlineba agvirgvinebs molodinis axdenas. domino ki
cxaddeba, rogorc qristes mebaRe. (ix. Semdgom).
galaktions aqvs aseTi mowodeba: `... CavuSvaT Rvinis siankareSi Cveni beWdebi~...
(`puSkini parizSi~) (6, 55).
vfiqrobT, aq Rvino qristes simboloa da es saxe momdinarobs esaia
winaswarmetyvelidan: `gaumarTavs cabaoT ufali yvela xalxs am mTaze nadims
msuye kerZebiT, nadims Zveli RviniT, Zveli, dawmendili RviniT (esaia, 25, 61) (2, 91).
beWedi mariamis xatebaa.
Rvinis siankareSi beWdis CaSveba zeciuri dedis gziT Ze RmerTTan ziarebas unda
niSnavdes.
galaktioni arasodes wyvetda kavSirs uzenaes ZalebTan. igi beWeds vardebis
cvarTanac moiazrebda: `... TiTqos beWdebze dageyreba vardebis cvari da
surneleebiT aivseba Seni locvani~ (saRamov, vici).
Cvenis azriT, beWedi maramis, vardi qristes, cvari qristianuli moZRvrebis
simboloa.
mTvare moiazreba RvTismSoblis saxed (7, 124).
poema `mSvidobis wigni~ saqarTvelos erovnul-sarwmunoebriv kataklizmebs
warmoaCens simbolur-alegoriuli saxeebiT. masSi ikargeba mSvidobis wigni
(RmerTi), qajis (imperiuli ruseTis alegoriaa) mcdelobiT igeba maxe, ixlarTeba
bade, imRvreva wyaro (wyaro RmerTis saxelia), xdeba warRvnismsgavsi stiqiebis
movlineba, baRis ganadgureba (baRi xalxis metaforaa), gabatondeba satana,
kunapeti Rame, mze uCinardeba, gadaSendeba vardi da ia, iqmneba aryofnis
saSiSroeba da `arc mTvare aris, arc varskvlavebi~ (16, 263).
poetis gulSi, miuxedavad rwmenis saxelmwifoebriv doneze devnisa, mainc enTo
rwmenis cecxli, uzenaesis, Ze RmerTisa da zeciuri dedis TayvaniscemaSi: `Cems
gulSi veZeb varskvlavebs, mTvares, megobrebs, satrfos eSxiT mRelvares~ (Cems
gulSi).
bibliaSi, sasuliero, poeziaSi wminda mariami warmoidgineba, rogorc ezo (17, 60).
galaktionis `avdarSi~ (3, 119) uezoo saxli da uewro Cardaxi migvaniSnebs
RvTismSoblis ignorirebas: `... da ganaTdeba uecrad gaoxrebuli partaxi, uezod
da uewrod STenili oqris Cardaxi~.
Cardaxi, kibec mariamis saxea (`kibev zecisao~ 8, 9).
xvagan ki dro glovobs uezoo saxls da ucecxlo keras: `da stirodi droo,
rogorc bediswera, saxli uezoo da ucecxlo kera~...
ezo mariamis, cecxli qristes metaforaa.
leqsSi `ar Rirs erT cremlad~ (3, 248) dausrulebeli setyviT daRupuli
yvavilebi da venaxebi gvagrZnobinebs deda-Zis ignorirebas, radgan yvavili qristes,
venaxi mariamis maxasiaTebelia. mariami aris `vazi morCisa dauWknobelisa~ (8, 9).
`uamindobis~ miuxedavad, poeti `kidobnis~ TanxlebiT cxovrobda: `datvirTuli
mraval uamindobiT, kidev didxans viqanaveb kidobniT~ (meocnebe afrebiT).
67
religiur saxismetyvelebaSi kidobani mariams miemarTeba: `gixaroden, kidobano,
oqrovanqmnulo sulTa~ (daujdomeli yovladwmindisa RvTismSoblisa 8, 12).
aseve, galaktionisTvis mudam maxlobeli iyo `wminda embazi~ (mariami): `... damrCes
es saidumlo, rogorc wminda embazi~ (efemera).
embazi mariams miemarTeba: `gixaroden, embazisa mhsgavsebisa gamomxatvelo~ (9, 12).
qalaqi, zeciuri qalaqi, `RvTis qalaqi~ mariamis saxea (7, 104).
aTeistur epoqaSi galaktionma miznad daisaxa `uecari qalaqis~ - anu
RvTismSoblis rwmenis aRdgena, misi mizani iyo ara `xelovnuri~ quCisa da qvis
simZimiT savse qalaqis, aramed `RvTis qalaqis~ - mariamis rwmenis, siyvarulis
qadageba: `... ram mozmanebuls hgavdes samyaros da uecari aRdges qalaqi~ (uecari
qalaqi) (3, 328).
poets esizmreboda `wminda, Sori qveyana~. saTnoebiT aRsavse TvalTa cqera,
angelozTa ciuri nana (me mesizmreba) (4, 125).
qveyanac saRvTismSoblo saxelia. mariami aris ukvdavi nayofis qveyana: `gixaroden,
queyanao ukudavisa nayofisao~ (daujdomeli yovladwmindisa RvTismSoblisa) (8, 10).
`dujdomlis~ mixedviT, mariami aris `qnari sityvierTa cxovarTa~ (8, 10).
galaktionis leqsSi `mas gaxelili darCa Tvalebi~ - mariami warmogvidgeba,
rogorc iesos jvarcmis mayurebeli da igi mwuxarea, `mgloviare qnaria~...
mariami warmodgineba, rogorc `kibe zecisa, romlisa mier gardamoxda RmerTi~ (8,
9).
galaktioni wuxda `oxrad STenili oqros Cardaxis~ beds (avdari) (3, 119), TviTon
ki gamudmebiT `umSvenieres kibeze~ idga da am kibiT iyo `Rrma sibrZniT
Tvalanaxeli~ (umSvenieres kibeze) (5, 209).
mariami xom `sibrZnisa RmrTisa savanea~ (8, 11).
mariam RvTismSoblis simboloa iagundi (7, 124).
galaktionis leqsSi `dRe gafiTrda iagundis~ (1919 w.) figurirebs `iagundis dRe~:
`dRe gafiTrda iagundis, dgas Rrublebis jgufebi, ragind didi guli gqondes,
mainc daiRupebi~.
vfiqrobT, `iagundi~ mariamis, xolo dRe qristes simboloa (8, 122). (Sdr. d.
guramiSvili: `vikargvi bneli RamiTa, dRev, rad ar momiZiebo~).
galaktionis leqsSi uRmerTo adamianis sulis daRupvazea aqcenti.
sxvagan `iagundsa~ da mis Camqral Suqze modis maxvili: `Suqi ar inTeba Camqral
iagundis~ (Sen da Semodgoma) (3, 180). uSuqo-bnel RameSi belzebeli TareSobs.
leqsi dawerilia 1921 wels.
iagundis Suqis Caqrobis CvenebiT uRmerTobis faqtze xdeba xazgasma.
Suqi RmerTis saxelia: `ufali Cemi Suqi aris da xsnaa Cemi – vis SevuSinde?~ (fs.
26/27, 1) (5, 547).
Ze RmerTi aris `sicocxlis Suqi` (55) (56, 14) (5, 580).
galaktionis leqsi asaxavs RmerTisuarmyofel epoqas, roca urwmunoebiT
iRupebodnen adamianebi.
aseve, poetebis mefesTan mariamia adresati saxisa – kidobani: `datvirTuli mraval
uamindobiT, kidev didxans viqanaveb kidobniT~ (`meocnebe afrebiT~).
kidobani mariamis simbolod dafiqsirebulia bibliaSi, `dujdomelSi~, sasuliero
poeziaSi.
mTa, poxili mTa aseve mariamze mimaniSnebeli saxea danielis winaswametyvelebidan.
68
galaktionis `silaJvardeSi~ gaelvebuli `SemoRamebuli mTa~ RmerTisuarmyofeli
epoqis mariamia, romelsac ver xedaven gondabindulni.
mariamis simboloa mTvare.
galaktionis leqsSi... alva mTvares mwvervalebs uxris. alva sicocxlis xis -
qristes simboloa, mTvare mariamisa.
sasuliero mwerlobaSi, mariamis metaforad moiazreba `nayofelvare xe~,
(yvavilgadafenili xe) (7, 124).
vfiqrobT, galaktion tabiZis atmis xe – mariamis, xolo misi yvavili qristes
simboloa (ix. amaze Cveni `atmis yvavilebis~ cikli).
aseve, mariamTan mimarTebaSi ixmareba samoTxe.
galaktioni ase gamoxatavs Tavisi poeziis religiurobas simbolur-metaforuli
saxeebiT: `viT gSvenis patiosneba, es didi, es saamo dRe, o, qveyniuro ocneba, o,
mSveniero samoTxe!~.
`didi dRe~ mamaRmerTia, `mSvenieri samoTxe~ - mariami.
zemoTganxiluli magaliTebidan naTelia, rogor SemoqmedebiTad mimarTavda
galaktioni Cveni zeciuri dedis kanonikur saxeebs, rogor amravalferovnebda maT.
asaxavda ra deda-Zis uarmyofeli aTeisturi epoqis tragediebs, poeti kavSirs
arasodes wyvetda uzenaes sawyisebTan da satanuri Zalebis tyveobaSi moqceul,
dabneul ers taZrisken saval gzas uCvenebda.
literatura:
1. luara sordia, qristianuli saxismetyvelebis sakiTxebi meoce saukunis
qarTul poeziaSi, Tb. 2009
2. biblia or wignad, wigni II
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988
4. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977
5. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 1992
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993
7. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996
8. daujdomeli yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa, sapatriarqos uwyebani, #12, 3-9
aprili, 2009 w.
9. sinuri mravalTavi, a. SaniZis redaqciiT, winasityvaobiT da gamokvleviT, Tb.
1959
10. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1982
11. zviad gamsaxurdia, `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba, Tb. 1991
12. aRsareba netari avgustines, hiponis episkoposisa, saqarTvelos eklesiis
kalendari, Tb. 1985
13. vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, Tb. 1986
14. mixeil javaxiSvili, Txzulebani 6 tomad, t. 5, Tb. 1961
15. vaxtang VI, leqsebi da poemebi, Tb., 1975
16. galaktion tabiZe, Txzuleba 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973
69
17. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995
„koSki“
galaktion tabiZes bedma daakisra yofiliyo „epoqis gedi“. „aTasis mxedvelobiT“,
„asi aTasis smeniT“ momadlebul poets unda SeeniSna, moesmina ara mxolod
Cveulebriv mokvdavze gacilebiT meti, aramed unda egrZno jer kidev
gaumJRavnebeli, potenciaSi arsebuli muxti da, marTlac, adreuli leqsebidanve
gvaocebda naTelxilvisa da naTelsmenis fenomenebiT.
„am wignSi mTeli saukunis vipove bina“, _ TviTSecnobili geniis safuZvliani
ganacxadia.
galaktionma 1959 wlamde icxovra mxolod, magram utyuari intuiciiT
gaalebuli suliT igrZno ara marto is, rac moxdeboda mis sicocxleSi, aramed
mTeli naxevari saukuniT (an iqneb metiTac) gauswro movlenebs da erovnuli
tragediebi, „msoflio ngrevebi“, momavlis kataklizmebi iwinaswarmetyvela, uflis
„didi dRis“ dadgomas miawvdina mzera.
saRvTo sibrZnis ZiebiT, igavuri, simboluri metyvelebiT galaktionis poezia
bibliur winaswarmetyvelTa naazrevs uaxlovdeba.
jer kidev Seuswavlelia Canafiqri misi „feeriuli qalaqis, feeriuli yinvis,
feeriuli akidos, fantazmebis, efemerebis;Tvalsawieri da masStabebi kosmiuri
sicivis, msoflio bagis, msoflio ngrevis, msoflio sxivis.
galaktionis „koSki“ erT–erTi im SedevrTagania, dReniadag rom izidavs eris
sazrisze dafiqrebul, gonsmogebul qarTvels.
leqsi 1916 wels daiwera. am dros galaktioni ukve iyo Tavisi gaxmaurebuli
pirveli krebulis avtori, mravali SedevriT mdidari.
cnobilia, rom is Ziebas „bgera–bgera, sagan–sagan“ iwyebda, erTeulidan
zogadisken, lokaluridan globalurisken miiswrafoda. rac mTavaria, emyareboda
uRrmes saRvTo sibrZnes da yovel wyaros araTu ZirisZirSi icnobda, TviT
Sehqonda tradiciebSi ganumeorebeli xibli, gvajadoebda azrisa Tu musikis
saswaulebiT. „saerTo“ da „saTvistomo omSi“ Cabmuli poeti erovnulTan erTad
„msoflios gamoucnobi wylulebis“ wamalsac eZebda.
„koSkis“ analizisas, vfiqrobT, amosavali unda iyos galaktionis umTavresi
esTetikuri principi – saxe - sityvaTa mravalmniSvnelovanebis principi, interesi
rogorc realuri, empiriuli samyarosadmi, amasTan “feeriuli“, „fantazmebiT
mosili“ xilvebisadmi, simboluri, dafaruli Sifris matarebeli saxeebisadmi.
iseve rogorc mravali saxe, koSkic mravalganzomilebiania galaktionis
SemoqmedebaSi, usazRvro SesaZleblobebi vlindeba am cnebis originalur, axal-
axal konteqstebSi gaazrebisa.
cnobilia isic, Tu ra mWidro kavSiri aqvs galaktions Zvel da axal
aRTqmasTan, sasuliero poeziasa da RvTismetyvelTa naazrevTan.
70
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, „koSki aris igive godoli, anu godoli
aris koSki maRali. koSki ki wvrili da maRali cixea“ (leqsikoni qarTuli, 1, 1991w.
gv. 164).
es saxe arsebobas iwyebs „fsalmunSi“: „RmerTo... Zlieri koSki xar mtrisagan
damcveli“ (fs. 61,4).
godoli figurirebs solomon mefis igavebSi: „uflis saxeli mtkice godolia“
(igavni solomonisa, 18;10).
simboluri koSkisa da godlis saxis axsnas vipoviT profesor tite mosias
„saRvTismSoblo saxismetyvelebaSi (gv. 79): „wminda qalwuli, daujdomlis
Tanaxmad, eklesiis Seuryevel godlad anu uZlevel koSkad warmogvidgeba:
“gixaroden, eklesiisa Seuryevelo godolo“. amis kvaldakval daviT guramiSvilic
wers mesiis dedaze: „daurRvevelo zRudeo, godolo Seuryevelo“ („daviTiani, gv.
79).
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi moiZieba koSkTan dakavSirebuli TviTmyofadi
saxeebi: „koSkidan erTi naTobs sanTeli, sulSi koSki ar Sendeba, axla aRarc
RmerTia, ecemian koSkebi cisa da nestanisa, graalis koSkebi, lidiis samreklo
Sens fexqveS daimsxvra da glova momesma, koSkebs sizmareTisas nisli gadaecala...
koSki zogjer realisturi Sinaarsisaa („Telavis gaZarculi cixe-koSkebi“ leqsSi
“mivdiodi alaznis velad“), xSirad simboluria da miemarTeba poezias
(„sizmareTis koSkebi“, „efemeraSi“). zog leqsSi ki religiuri Sinaarsis
matarebulia. aseTia „koSkebi Zvelad nageb–naSeni“leqsSi „sanTeli“, romelSic
poets eZneleba koSkebTan ganSoreba, xolo droSasaviT maRla aweuli sanTeli
qristes gulisxmobs, vinaidan qriste „sanTelia naTlisa“ („nevmirebuli Zlispirni,
gv. 323, t. mosias wignidan „saRvTo saxismetyveleba“, zugdidi, 1995w., gv. 92).
aTeisturi epoqisaTvis gaucxoebuli „Zveli koSki“ simboloa mariamisa leqsSi
„rac ar yofila–aris“: „gamqral didebis naTels koSki iburavs Zveli da mTel
vaebas aTevs“. leqsi dawerilia 1928 wels.
„ucnaur sasaxleSi“ (1919w.) koSki dRis amalas warmoadgens, dRe ki saRmrTo
saxelia. poeti mistiris „aConCxil Senobas, mSvenier Senobas“. „aConCxili“, albaT,
Sinaarsgaclils gulisxmobs: „aConCxilo Senoba, mSveniero Senoba, momklavs me
uSenoba!“
leqsis„koSki“ mariams gulisxmobs, dRe ki qristes. „sasuliero mwerlobaSi
qristes saxelad moiazreba dRec... „vikargvi bnelis RamiTa, dRev, rad ar
momiZiebo“, – „daviTiani“ (t. mosia, „saRvTo saxismetyveleba“, gv. 27).
dasawyisi leqsisa – „es mSoblikri qaria“ – gvamcnobs, rom „aimarTnen koSkebi
cisa da nestanisa“. Semdeg ki irkveva, rom “ecemian koSkebi cisa da nestanisa“.
mariamis simboluri saxelebia“ cis saydari, cis dedofali, zecis sZali“
(t.mosia,„saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba“, gv. 124).
galaktionis poeziaSi mariams ewodeba „cis koSki“.
deda–Zis uaryofili xateba SemogvanaTebs leqsidan „tfiliss sZinavs mZime
ZiliT“: „sulSi koSki ar Sendeba, exla aRarc RmerTia, saca aris gaTendeba,
yvelaferi erTia!“
mariamis uaryofas migvaniSnebs damsxvreuli graalis koSkebi leqsSi „angelozs
eWira grZeli pergamenti“.
71
graali miiCneva mariamis simbolod: „graali ganasaxierebs mTvariseul
maradqalur sawyiss, sofias, RvTismSobels“ (z. gamsaxurdia,“ „vefxistyaosnis“
saxismetyveleba, gv. 181).
sxvagan „koSkidan erTi naTobs sanTeli“(„damSviddi qaro“) an „mitovebuli
koSki... stiris“...
poeziis simboloa „sizmareTis koSkebi“ „efemeraSi“, koSki Cemi maRali“ leqsSi
„sanam ar damsxvreulan“, sulis koSki poemaSi „akaki wereTeli“.
gvxvdeba Sromis koSki, kremlisa Tu eifelis koSki, mZlavri koSkebi did
qalaqebis „gadaxril naminanqrevebs“ rom gvagoneben.
mariamis simbolod galaktionis poeziaSi dafiqsirebulia Tasi, kibe, kidobani,
xidi, Wiqa, azarfeSa, yvavili. koSkic umetes SemTxvevaSi mariamis adresatia.
poets win uZRoda umdidresi tradiciebi. himnografiaSi mariam RvTismSobeli
moxsenebulia, rogorc „godoli sanatreli“ (n. gulaberiZe, galobani suatisa
cxovelisani“, „Cveni saunje“, t. I, 1960w. gv. 538).
„areopagitul krebulSi“ petre iberi iwodeba, rogorc „godoli uZravi“ (gv.184).
ioane minCxis „sulis godolTan“ dapirispirebulia saSineli gansacdelis qari:
„ekueTnes qarni igi saSineli gansacdelTani godolsa sulisa“ („qarTuli poezia“,
I, 1979w. gv. 65).
galaktioni SemoqmedebiTad iTavisebs tradicias da winaparTa sulis godols
(koSki) bevr leqsSi religiuri gagebiT mimarTavs, rogorc mariam RvTismSoblis
simbolos.
gasaTvaliswnebelia isic, rom poeti RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis ganumeorebel
konturebs qmnis. gamxmari, daSxamuli, gaTelili, dawyvetili vardebi, damsxvreuli
rwmenis gemi, CaZiruli gemebi, gardacvlili, Camqrali, qimerebSi Cavardnili mze,
amRvreuli da damSrali wyaro... qristes uaryofaze migvaniSnebs; gayinuli,
dakarguli, dangreuli zeca da samoTxe (ca da samoTxe mariamis simboloebia).
dabindebuli da Tovlis qveS gauCinarebuli mTa (danielis mTas, sacnaur da
poxil mTas mariamis simbolod miiCneven bibliis komentatorebi), gaZarculi atmis
yvavili, damsxvreuli graalis koSkebi RvTismSoblisadmi gulgrilobis
gamomxatveli saxeebia.
deda-Zis dagmobis tendencia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Cveni saukunis 20-ian
wlebSi. cnobilia, al. abaSelis mariamisadmi miZRvnil leqss – „ciuro dedav,
agvipyria Sensken xelebi, tanjvis wuTebSi dakbenili mtkivan TvalebiT“ – ra
ironia Seageba proletaruli, udReuri mwerlobis naficma kritikosma benito
buaCiZem, romelmac zemoxsenebul striqonebs „monazvnuri bodva“da
„aRmaSfoTebeli“ uwoda (ix. a. nikoleiSvili, „qarTuli mwerloba ocian wlebSi“,
wignSi „meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis narkvevebi, 1,quTaisi,
1994w.)
ubedurebis momtani sisxliani revolucionerebis ngreviTi saqmianoba vlindeba
galaktionis leqsSi „koSki“. mas msWvalavs avbediTi momavlis saSineli
winagrZnoba da poets ganaCeni gamoaqvs bneli epoqisaTvis.
pirvelive strofi ngrevis Semzaravi suraTiT iwyeba:
„ingreva koSki saukuniT aSenebuli!
winaparTagan motanili Zvirfas brolebiT,
72
cviva sarkmlebi bedisweriT daSinebuli,
daSinebuli bedisweris gamoqrolebiT“.
„Zvirfas brolebTan“ erTad, galaktioni mimarTavs „sicocxlis brolis“(„bneli
Crdilavs sicocxlis brols“ – ambobs erTgan), „brolis zmanebis“ („nugeSi“)
saxeebs. vfiqrobT, es saxeebi qristianuli RmerTis simboloebia da unda
momdinareobdes ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebidan, sadac miniSnebulia brolis ca:
...“gaixsna ca da vixile RvTiuri xilvebi“ (ezekieli , 1,1). „cxovelTa Tavebs zemoT
TiTqos brolis ca iyo“ (ezekieli 1,22).
broli figurirebs agreTve apokalifsSi: „wamiyvana suliT didsa da maRal
mTaze. miCvena wminda qalaqi ierusalimi, mqone RvTisa didebisa. misi Suqi msgavsi
iyo patiosani Tvlisa, rogorc iaspis qvisa, broliviT gamWvirvalesi“ (ioanes
gamocxadeba, T. 21, 10, 11). galaktionis leqsSi koSkis ngrevas mosdevs
sarkmelTa cvena da es bedisweriT aris gapirobebuli.
RvTis gmobis faqtze miniSnebulia danielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi, ioane
RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi.
„uzenaesis winaaRmdeg sityvebs ityvis da uzenaesis wmidebs Seaviwroebs,
ganizraxavs maTTvis droTa da rjulisa Secvlas. isini xelSi miecemian mas, vidre
ar gava dro–ori dro da naxevari dro.
Semdeg dajdeba samsjavro da warTmevs mas xelmwifebas“(danieli, 5,25,26).
igives gvauwyebs ioanes gamocxadeba: „roca mexuTe beWedi axsna, samsxverplos
qveS davinaxe sulebi daxocilTa RvTis sityvebisaTvis da mowmobisaTvis, romelic
maT hqondaT“ (gamocxadeba, 6,9).
„koSkSi“ Semdeg aqcenti modis svetebze, romelic „warsulTa dReTa mtkice
burji“ iyo, dRes ki gaZarculi da yvelasaTvis gaugebaria:
„svetebi, romelT Tavze adga elvare TaRi,
warsulTa dReTa mtkice burji da megobari
dgas daqanculi, gaZarculi, uiaraRo,
yvelasTvis ucxo da yvelasTvis gaugebari!“
koSkTan erTad, svetebic mariamis simbolod isaxeba.
prof. t. mosia saTanado magaliTebis damowmebiT mariamis simbolod miiCnevs
svets: „TayvanismcemelTa mier RvTis deda aRiqmeboda qristianTa burjad,
simtkiced da svetad: „sveto da simtkiceo da siqadulo Cveno, mariam ubiwoo“ (m.
qavTaria, Zveli qarTuli poezia, gv. 197), nikoloz gulaberiZis SemoqmedebaSi
mariami naTlis svetad da cxovel svetad gamoixata: „naTlisa sueto qalwulo“
(qarTuli poezia, I, 203), „sueto cxovelo, dedofalo wmindao (iqve).
„daujdomelSi“ mariami „cecxlis svetad“ da „Rrublis svetad“ mogvevlina. orive
Zeglis amosavali wyaro gamosvlaTa wignia: „xolo RmerTi uZRoda maT dRisiT
ukue suetiTa RrublisaTa Cuenebad maTda gzasa, xolo Rame suetiTa cecxlisaTa“
(gamosvla, 13, 21) – t. mosia, „saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba“, zugdidi, 1996w. gv.
106).
73
saanalizo leqsis Semdeg strofSi isev koSkis dangrevazea saubari da es
ngreva Sedarebulia Zveli romis an bagratis koSki – taZris ngrevasTan, raTa
ufro Zlierad gangvacdevinos rwmenis, siwmindis, ganadgureba:
„ingreva koSki siyvaruliT aSenebuli,
viT Zveli romi, an bagratis koSki-taZari“.
koSki siyvaruliT aris aSenebuli, siyvaruli ki qristianuli RmerTis saxelia:
„RmerTi siyvarulia“ (kaTolike epistoleni ioanesi, I, T. 4, 8)
netari avgustines aRsarebaSi RmerTs ewodeba “diadi siyvaruli“ („aRsareba“, gv.
390).
am sayovelTao ngrevis diriJoria „saxe gamxdari, geslianad gacinebuli“
satana, romelic saxeldebulia, rogorc „SiSis landi uzarmazari“: igi koSkis
„ZvelisZvel foliantze“ sabediswero ganaCens awers:
„saxe gamxdari, geslianad gacinebuli
aq isev gaCnda SiSis landi uzarmazari.
koSkis ZvelisZvel foliantze raRac daswera
da Semoxaza gamoucnob nebis rkalebiT“.
gvaxsendeba mefe balTazaris lxini, roca kedelTan gamoCenilma xelma sami
sabediswero sityvis daweriT mianiSna babilonis samefos aRsasrulsa da
balTazaris sikvdilze, rac imave saRamos axda kidec.
SiSis landis movlineba da saidumlo warweris gakeTeba avi winagrZnobiT
avsebs leqsis lirikul gmirs:
„albaT moxdeba saswauli sabediswero...
nuTu aravis, aravis ar SevebralebiT?”
sanTlis Caqrobas (sanTeli qristes simboloa) mosdevs bneli Ramis gabatoneba
da amis Sedeg yovelgvar fass kargavs taSiscema, vardebi, dideba:
„oh, guli, guli! ranairad mtkiva es guli!
koSki Ramea... ukve Cahqra, Cahqra sanTeli,
deda, sada xar! mama, sad xar! an rad mindoda
es taSiscema, es vardebi, es Jruanteli?“
amaod mouxmobda poeti urwmuno mefistofelis epoqaSi zeciuri dedisa da mamis
saxelebs.
leqsis bolo striqonebSi cxadi gaxda saSineli winagrZnobis asruleba:
„mohyvebi qveS am uxeS lodebs Cum xetialiT“,
mesaubreba winagrZnoba daJinebuli...
aha! yru ryeviT, xmaurobiT, grgvinva–grialiT
daeca koSki, siyvaruliT aSenebuli!“
74
„koSki“ mariam RvTismSoblisa da qristianuli RmerTis uaryofas afiqsirebs,
rac daRamebas, ngrevas moaswavebs rogorc sulier, ise materialur sferoSi. jer
kidev 1916 wels Cawvda galaktioni revoluciis mRvrie dinebis arss, im totalur
ganadgurebas, rac moxdeboda rogorc materialur faseulobaTa (marTlac
ingreoda eklesia–monastrebi, cinizmisa da devnis sagani xdeboda rwmena) mimarT,
ise sulierebis aspeqtSi. es damRupveli tendenciebi araerTgzis amxila poetma xan
pirdapir, xan simbolur-metaforuli saxeebiT.
am ubedurebis diriJorebi iyvnen apokalifsSi miniSnebuli zRvisa da miwis
mxecebi (bibliis komentatorebi maT adresatebad leninsa da stalins miiCneven),
romelTac Zalaufleba gveleSapisgan miiRes. apokalifsSi maTi damarcxebac aris
miniSnebuli.
RmerTisuarmyofeli marqsizmis bacilebiT iSxameboda me-19 saukunis qarTveli
da „aCrdilSi“ ilia WavWavaZe wuxda sicocxlis xis gaxmobaze, mkurnavi wyaros
daSrobaze, rac simbolurad urwmunoebis mxileba iyo.
vaJa–fSavelas „moCvenebaSi“ igive faqtze metyvelebs “dangreuli darbazebi“,
Tavmongreuli koSkebi da alis, qajis cinikuri xiTxiTi yvelafris amaoebaze,
magram Semdeg dauvali mzis (RmerTis) gamonaTeba rwmenis uZlevelobis dasturia.
mixeil javaxiSvilis „qalis tvirTSi“ koSkis damangreveli, gedis gamanadgurebeli
Savi urCxuli da koSkTan dapirispirebuli wiTeli gveleSapi moaswavebs
antiqristes movlinebas, romelic miznad daisaxavs siwmindis, sulierebis, koSkis
(mariamis) gaufasurebas.
galaktionis poeziaSi ingreva koSki, sasaxle, sofeli, qalaqi, darbazebi, ecema
svetebi, Zmebi iyofen moxuc baRs (Zma Cveni e.w. „ufrosi Zmaa“, moyvris saxeliT
mosuli Crdiloeli „mfarveli“). baRi kacuri bunebaa ipolite romaelis mixedviT.
baRis gayofa adamianuri bunebis dakninebaze, gaukeTurebaze migvaniSnebs.
„megobrad dasaxuli mosisxle mtris” mier dawyvetili vardebi, usivrco baRi,
damsxvreuli qandakebebi da Zeglebi, maT qveS ugonod damarxuli guli gvzaravs
leqsSi „guli“.
TvalSi gvecema „gamqrali saunjis“ sevda („918“), „damsxvreuli dro“ („sdgas
xeivani“), „damsxvreuli rwmenis xomaldi“ („daiRupa is xomaldi“), „dro–afTari“
(„elegia“).
neronis cecxli, jvarcma, rRveva, cxedrebia irgvliv, Tbilisi qceulia
giliotinad da eSafotad („tfilisi“).
mkvdaria yvavilebi, momakvdavia baRi („Semodgomis dRe“), gaZarculia atmis
yvavili, napralebze gadamsxvreulia nergi („atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo“).
demonTa gundis aguguneba, ngreva Rrublebis, dalewili ca amxels
RmerTisuamyofeli epoqis avbediT movlenebs „zRvis efemeraSi“.
„axla dro msoflio ngrevis“ („lenini“), „msoflio ngrevaTa“ kvlav mowme
gavxdebiT“ („kosmiuri orkestri“), „araerTxel agugundeba dedamiwaze kidev samumi“
(„Cven, poetebi saqarTvelosi“), gvafrTxilebs galaktioni.
„koSkis“ saxis sxvagvari, Cvengan gansxvavebuli gagebaa mocemuli samecniero
literaturaSi.
„koSki“ saqarTvelos simboloa.
75
„saqarTvelos dacema iwinaswarmetyvela poetma, dacema, romelic kidevac daiwyo
missave epoqaSi da dRemde grZeldeba... jer kidev sabediswero saswaulis
molodinSia Cveni qveyana.
„iavarqmnili koSki, iavarqmnili taZari iavarqmnili qveynis alegoriuli saxea“,
– askvnis nana kucia. (ix. nana kucia, „utaZrobis tragedia“, Tb., 1998w. gv. 23).
rogorc Cvens mier zemoT citirebuli magaliTebidan vnaxeT, galaktionis
poezias ar aklia dangreuli soflebis, qalaqebis, qveynebis da TviT msoflios
saxe, magram arsebiTi isaa, rom ngreva upirvelesad sulismieria, gaukuRmarTebuli
satanuri sulis Semoqmedebaa da umTavresad amas afiqsirebs poeti, amasTan
gviCvenebs (ngrevis fizikuri suraTebiT), rom Tu demonis sauflo suli ar
ganikurna, sicarielis, araraobis sauflo gaxdeba yovelive arsebuli. esaa
gafrTxileba.
amasTan, galaktioni kanonikur saxeebs TiTqmis ar ucvlis Sinaarss, religiuri
gagebiT mimarTavs maT, mxolod mxatvrulad amravalferovnebs, axal elfers sZens
ukve arsebul tradiciebs.
rac Seexeba galaktionis kosmofonias, igi qristianulia bolomde, satanis
arsebobis, magram RmerTis maradiulobis da uZlevelobis rwmeniTaa gamsWvaluli.
erTi SexedviT pesimistur leqsebs, ganadgurebis tkivils enacvleba rwmena
ganaxlebisa, RmerTisaken mibrunebisa („mSvidobis wigni“), „Sori gazafxulis“
(gazafxuli, zafxuli saRmrTo saxelebia) imedi, „gadarCenis bedniereba”. WeSmariti
poetis misiad esaxeba yvavilebis (rwmenis) gadarCenisaTvis zrunva, am mizniT qmnis
„Zlevis, lodinis simReras“, darajobs momavlisaTvis saimedod gadanaxul rwmenis
droSebs („gadanaxuli droSebi“).
RmerTis morwmune adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos oboli („ar var oboli“), arsebobs
saswaulis, umanko naTelis, caze varskvlavis aelvarebis, yinulis lodis
gadnobis, alvis xis (saRmrTo saxelia), aswlovanTa xeTa gadarCenis imedi,
„siyvarulis simRera, rogorc erTaderTi xsna, erTaderTi imedi“ (“ilias motivi”).
„mxolod gamarjvebiT bedTan Serigebis“ („ar Rirs im erT cremlad“), brZolis,
Ziebis paTosi avsebs galaktionis leqsebs.
mTavaria rwmena imisa, rom „rac aireva da daireva, rac daingreva, kvlav
aSendeba“.
tkivilTan erTad,imedis xatebi anTia galaktionis striqonebSi: „gardava bneli
saukunis mRvrie nadiri, aRmosavleTi moirTveba ciskris alubliT“ („maxajiri“),
saukuneTa Tovlo, iTovle, mainc dadneba eg naTovlari“ („warwera xovles
ornamentze“), „zamTaro, ase gulisdamxSobo, ver SesZleb, sio rom gadaswio,
saimqveynio da saamsoflo“ („mSvidobis wigni“).
es rwmena wignTa wignis sibrZniTaa nasazrdoebi.
„gvelis fesvidan gamova unasi da misi naSieri mfrinavi gveleSapi iqneba“ (esaia,
14, 29).
“uflis didi dRe... im dRes dasjis ufali sastiki, didi da Zlieri maxviliT
leviaTans, gvels mosriales da gvels daklaknils da moklavs gveleSaps, zRvaSi
myofs“ (esaia, 14, 30), wers winaswarmetyveli.
uflis didi dRis, codvilTa gankiTxvisa da marTalTa amaRlebis rwmenis
gamoxatulebaa poema „mSvidobis wignis“ striqonebi: „ra didi dRea, ra samoTxea
qebuli odiT“.
76
dangreuli koSkebis, dacemuli svetebis reqviemia galaktionis poezia, amasTan,
isev uzenaesisken mibrunebis, ganwmendis, waqceuli svetebis kvlav amarTvis
utyuari ganWvreta, rac asrulda kidec.
„atmis yvavilebis“ cikli
galaktion tabiZis poeziis upirveles Taviseburebad SeiZleba miviCnioT misi
simboluri, igavuri xasiaTi, rac bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebis, saerTod, didi
xelovnebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da miznad isaxavs „Rrma sibrZnis“, „ukvdavi
azris“ Ziebas.
bibliaSi ganasxvaveben miwiur da zeciur sibrZnes, „salaRobo simReras“ (esaia, 33,
32), Tu „siyvarulis simReras“ (esaia, 5,1), siyvaruli ki RmerTia (ioane, 1,4,5).
siyvarulis simReras mReroda esaia winaswarmetyveli da es siyvaruli iyo RmerTi:
„vumRereb Cems Seyvarebuls siyvarulis simReras mis venaxze“ (esaia, 5,1).
siyvarulis simRera esaxeboda imedisa da xsnis gzad galaktion tabiZes: „gulSi
JRers ra xania siyvarulis simRera, rogorc erTaderTi xsna, erTaderTi imedi”
(„ilias motivi“).
„Sen miatove Seni pirveli siyvaruli”, ucxadebs qriste ioane mociqulis piriT
efesos eklesias apokalifsSi (T. 2,4).
saRvTo siyvarulis daviwyeba awamebs galaktions: „aq odesme mxiaruli gziT
uyvardaT siaruli, aw gza mitovebulia, rogorc Zveli siyvaruli“.
galaktionis poeziis tragikul intonaciebs ganapirobebda is, rom mis Tanamedrove
sazogadoebas daaviwyda „siyvarulis nana“, “siyvarulis xma“.
poetis sulSi ki gamudmebiT JRerda „siyvarulis simRera“, „siyvarulis
uvertiura“, rac locvasTaviT amaRlebuli da diadia.
poetebis mefes aRaSfoTebda rwmenis uaryofa, rac totaluri kataklizmebis
macned esaxeboda da mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miaqcevda urwmunoebis bacilebze,
uzenaesis damdablebaze, raTa gadaerCina „lamazi arsi Cveni kacobisa“.
am TvalsazrisiT, Zalze sayuradRebod gvesaxeba „atmis yvavilebi“, romelic 1915
wels daiwera da poetis meore, „artistuli yvavilebis“ saxelwodebiT cnobil
krebulSi Sevida.
rogorc ar unda SevamciroT galaktionis SedevrTa ricxvi, „atmis yvavilebi“
yovelTvis iqneba rogorc qarTuli, ise msoflio poeziis rCeulTa rCeuli.
bevrjer Seurxevia am nawarmoebs aRtacebuli mkiTxvelis sulis frTa.
specalistebi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen mis axlebur saxeebze, Sinagan–garegan,
kibur riTmebze, magram mainc Zneli aRmoCnda zogad frazebze Sors wasvla da
leqsis Canafiqris wvdoma. am amoucnoblobam mas meti xibli SesZina da atmis
yvavilebis umSvenieresi xe Cvens sulSi darCa samaradJamod, rogorc zeaRmtaci
saxe, rogorc maradiuli idealis ganadgurebis mounelebeli tkivili.
prof. S. radiani werda: „g. tabiZe umTavresad etaneba iseT suraTebs, sadac
gansakuTrebiT moCans benebis simkacre. am mxriv damaxasiaTebelia „atmis yvavilebi“
(S. radiani, „meoce saukunis qarTuli literatura“, Tb. 1959w. gv. 203).
77
prof. a. xinTibiZe ase gamoarCevda „atmis yvavilebis“ cikls: „yvelaze meti siaxle
qarTul poeziaSi galaktionma mainc atmis yvavilebis cikliT Semoitana. es iyo
sruliad Taviseburi movlena. atmis yvavilebis simbolikaSi gamoxatuleba hpova
sikvdil–sicocxlis maradiulma problemam. am ciklis pirveli centraluri leqsi
„atmis yvavilebi“ 1915 w. gamoqveynda Jurnal „Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi“. momdevno
wlebSi es motivi gamdidrda axali saxeebiT, ferebiT, ganwyobilebebiT („atmis
rtoo, daRalulo rto“, „im atmebs gaumarjos, im atmis yvavilebs“ da „im
vardisfer atmebs“). magram yvela am leqsis azrobriv–emociuri safuZveli, misi
Sesatyvisi poetikiT, „atmis yvavilebis“ momajadoebeli musika, rasac riTmaTa
saocari xveulebi qmnis, ukve mis pirvelsave variantSi iyo.
„...1915 wels galaktionma ramdenime axal motivs misca dasabami. swored am wels
Caisaxa is specifikuri da gansakuTrebuli, ramac arsebiTad gansazRvra poetis
Semoqmedebis xasiaTi. 1915 wels galaktioni araTu momwifebulia axali sityvis
saTqmelad, aramed ukve Sedevrebs qmnis axali xelovnebis oqros fondSi
Sesatanad“ (akaki xinTibiZe, „galaktioni Tu cisferyanwelebi“, Tb., 1994 w., gv. 124).
„atmis yvavilebi“ gacilebiT metis mTqmelia, vidre nebismieri bunebaze dawerili
Sedevri. am nawarmoebis gacnobiT raRac miRmurs, amaRlebuls veziarebiT, „raRac
araqauris“ hangi iWreba Cvens arsebaSi.
yoveli xe da yvavili uzenaesis qmnilebaa, maTi arseboba alamazebs da afaqizebs
Cvens yofas, suls, maTi sikvdili Tu sicocxle Cveni arsebobis simboloa da
yoveli moazrovne adamianis damafiqrebeli.
galaktioni cocxal arsebasaviT ganicdida mTel organul da araorganul
samyaros, mis suls xeTa foTlebis bedic da balaxTa feric aTrTolebda, igi
mTel kosmoss atarebda Tavis Sinagan samyaroSi, Tan ara mxolod realurs,
simbolursac (demonuri xe, Savi zRvis piras mdgari mrude xe, ori xe–qolgiani
Zmebi, arsebobis xe, cnobadis xe, sicocxlis xe, alva, palma, kiparisi, zenitze
mdgari Sori palmebi, verxvi, bza), poeti verc atmis yvavilebis gulgrili
mayurebeli iqneboda, yoveli xilulis asi aTasi TvaliT mxilveli, magram
Secdoma iqneboda imis fiqri, TiTqos es leqsi marTlac realur, fizikur, sadRac
baRSi Tu mindorSi mdgar atmis xeze iyos dawerili, Tumca, uxilavis
paralelurad, poets xilulic xiblavda da realuris gziT midioda
irealurisken.
gasaTvaliswinebelia galaktionis upirvelesi Tavisebureba: xiluliT naTelyos
uxilavi, empiriuliT migvaniSnos mistikurze, wuTieriT maradiulze, xelSesaxebiT
– miRmurze...
vfiqrobT, atmis yvavilebi simboluri, ganumeorebeli saxea, romelic
gangvacdevinebs uzenaesis, uwmindesis ugulebelyofiT daRdasmuli epoqis
tragedias.
vinc icnobs galaktionis poezias, mas uTuod emaxsovreba misi gardacvlili,
qimerebSi Cavardnili, Camqrali, landad qceuli Tu Savi mzis saxeebi, gauTenebeli
Ramis, SeRamebuli dilis landebi, dalewili, damwvari, dangreuli, demonis
sakuTrebad qceuli ca, damWknari, SxamiT daSxamuli, dausrulebeli setyviT
daRupuli yvavilebi, qaris mier ganadgurebuli yvavilebi da zambaxebi,
siyvaruliT aSenebuli da bedisweriT iavarqmnili koSkebi, damsxvreuli rwmenis
gemis, daRupuli xomaldebis reqviemi, gadatexili swori kenarisa da sneuli
78
verxvis oxvra, Savi Tovli da wiTeli gza. gulubryviloba, poeziis specifikaSi
sruli gaurkvevloba iqneboda maTi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gageba. swored am
ganumeorebelma simbolur–metaformulma saxeebma, maTSi nagulisxmevma uRrmesma
azrma aqcia galaktioni epoqis udides poetad.
„atmis yvavilebi“ simboluri leqsia, moCvenebiTia misi realuri plani, leqsis
qveteqstebi mis calkeul saxeebSia saZiebeli.
nawarmoebi mkafio kompoziciis mqonea.
leqsi umSvenieresi atmis yvavilebisa da beberi, avi qaris SeWidebiT iwyeba:
„rtoebSi avobs beberi qari,
yvavilTa jari fifqiT banaobs.
tydeba, nanaobs eTeri Cqari,
nanaobs qari da miqanaobs“.
awmyosTan erTad, leqsSi atmis xis warsulic ixateba:
„atmis xe idga TaiguliviT,
aq mas mileviT uTrToda suli!
SoriT mosuli gazafxul sxiviT
da namTa mZiviT garemoculi“.
am striqonebSi yuradRebas iqcevs ara mxolod atmis xis sazeimo da bednieri
elferi, aramed atmis suli. aRsaniSnavia, rom galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi
yvelafers suli aqvs: „yvavilT suli, Walis suli, gemis suli, miwis suli“...
miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi SexedviT leqsis garemo yofiTi da Cveulebrivia, mis
saxeebSi sul sxva, aramiwieri Canafiqri amoikiTxeba, vfiqrobT, am strofSia
saZiebeli umTavresi kodirebuli saxeebi.
daviwyoT imiT, rom xe, arsebobis xe, simarTlis xe, rogorc es bibliasa da
TeologiaSia miRebuli, sicocxlis xis simboloa, sicocxlis xeSi ki RmerTi
igulisxmeba (a. baqraZe, „sasuliero poeziis saxeebi“, krebuli „poezia“, 1983w.).
sicocxlis xis variaciebia galaktionis zenitze mdgari Sori palmebi, alva,
kiparisi, verxvi, bza.
vfiqrobT, atmis xec religiuri Sinaarsis matarebeli saxea.
sicocxlis xe umetesad qristes simboloa.
„qriste iesos Ziridan amoziduli xea... igi d. guramiSvilis TqmiT, aris ...xe...
kaciani da RvTiani“ (t.mosia, „saRvTo saxismetyveleba“, zugdidi, 1995w. gv. 20).
msgavsi magaliTebi uxvad aqvs damowmebuli profesor tite mosias Zveli (dabad.
2,9) da axali aRTqmis (gamocx. 22, 1-2) wignebidan, sasuliero poeziidan.
mecniers moaqvs agreTve magaliTebi, romlebSic xe cxovrebisa gamonaklisis saxiT
mariamis simbolodac gvevlineba: „aRyuavda wmidisagan qalwulisa xe igi
cxovrebisai da madlisa“...
„gixaroden, xeo cxovrebisao, romelman gamoiRe nayofi cxovrebisa“ – am poetur
frazaSi xe RvTismSoblis, xolo cxovrebis nayofi adamianis mxsneli mesiaa“ (iqve).
79
am gagebiT Zalze saintereso magaliTs imowmebs prof. t. mosia „uZvelesi
iadgaridan“ (509): „samoTxe aRSenebulo da xe yuavilgardafenilo – yolad wmidao
RmrTismSobelo, rameTu Sen taZar eqmen sulsa wmidasa – meox gueyav Cuen“. (iqve).
sicocxlis xis variaciebi uxvad aris Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi. mivmarToT
fsalmuns: „gaZRen xeni uflisa da kedrebi libanisa“ (fs. 103-104, 16).
ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs maradiuli xe mudmivi nayofiT,
mkurnavi foTlebiT: „mdinaris orive napirze gaizrdeba yovelgvari xe sakvebis
momcemi, ar daWkneba misi foToli da ar miileva misi nayofi, yovel wels
inayofebs, radgan sawmidaridan idinebs misi wylebi. misi nayofi saWmelad iqneba
da misi foToli – gansakurneblad“ (ezekieli, 7, 17).
sicocxlis xeze migvaniSnebs mamaRmerTis mier darguli maRali naZvis toti: „ase
ambobs ufali RmerTi: aviReb tots maRali naZvidan da davrgav: maRal da asvetil
mTaze davrgav“ (ezekieli, 17, 22).
analogiuri azria Semdeg striqonebSi: „libanis dideba SenTan mova, alva,
nekerCxali da bza – erTian, Cemi sawmidaris adgilis gasamSveneblad, rom Cemi
kvarcxbeki ganvadido“ (esaia, 60, 13).
galaktionis alva sicocxlis xea („alvebi TovlSi“)., „dedofali alva“ ki mariamia
leqsSi „saRamo“.
„atmis yvavilebi, atmis xe mariamis simbolod gvesaxeba „atmis yvavilebSi“.
atmis xes amSvenebda „SoriT mosuli gazafxulis sxivi“ da „namTa mZivi“.
zafxuli, gazafxuli saRmrTo saxelebia.
es gageba momdinareobs fsalmunidan: „gvirgvini daadgi Seni sikeTis zafxuls da
Seni nakvalevidan wveTavs simsuqne“ (fs. 64/65, 12).
dantes „RvTaebriv komediaSi“ RmerTi moxsenebulia, rogorc „maradiuli
gazafxuli“: „vardis furcelni aRakmevdnen nelsurnelebas maradiuli gazafxulis
sadidebelad“ (dante, „RvTaebrivi komedia“, Targmani k. gamsaxurdiasi, Tb. 1941 w.
gv. 400).
galaktionis poemaSi „akaki wereTeli“ qriste saxeldebulia „mudmiv gazafxulad“:
„gaiara vrceli gzebi, sad mudmivi mzea mgznebi da mudmivi gazafxulis dauWknobi
yvavilebi“. simboluri „Sori gazafxulis“ lodinia leqsSi „sinamdvileSi
ocnebisas“. aseTi gagebiT figurirebs es saxe galaktionis leqsebSi: „o,
gazafxulo“, „arxevs axali sicocxlis akvans“, „is CamomSorda, rogorc sizmari“,
„saRamo“, „Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls“, „es grigalia siaxlis“.
akaki wereTlis leqsSi „natvra“ qristianuli RmerTis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba
„Sori gazafxulis“ saxe.
galaktionis „atmis yvavilebis“ Sori gazafxuli iesos metaforaa... sxivi, Suqi
rogorc miRebulia qristianul TeologiaSi, filosofiur mwerlobaSi, Ze RmerTis
simboluri saxelia. (i. damaskeli, p. iberi, gr. nazianzeli, i. petriwi), d.
guramiSvilis „daviTiani“ – t. mosia, „daviT guramiSvili da qarTuli sityvieri
kultura“, Tb. 1986w. gv. 70).
qristianuli samebis gamomxatvelia mzis saxe, romelSic mamaRmerTi mzea, Ze
RmerTi –sxivi, Suqi, naTeli – suliwminda.
„atmis yvavilebis“ sxivTan erTad, „namTa mZivic“ saRmrTo saxelia.
80
cvaris, namis aseTi gageba momdinareobs Zveli aRTqmis wignebidan: „viqnebi cvari
israelisTvis, ayvavdeba, rogorc SroSani da libaniviT gaidgams fesvebs“ (osia, 12,
11)
mivmarToT fsalmuns: „ganTiadis saSodanve SenTanaa nami Seni siyrmisa“ (fs. 109/110,
3).
prof. t. mosia imowmebs magaliTebs himnografiidan, daviT guramiSvilis
„daviTianidan“, romlebSic „cvari cxovrebisa“, „cvari mSvidobisa“; „cvari
zegardmowveTili“ qristes saxelad moiazreba („daviTianis“ literaturuli
wyaroebisa da poetikis sakiTxebi; Tb., 1989 w. gv. 196).
analogiuri saxeebi fiqsirebulia winaswarmetyvelTa wignebSi: „ase miTxra ufalma:
me mSvidad gadmovixedav Cemi sauflodan xvatis kaSkaSiviT mowmendilze, namis
RrubeliviT mkis papanebaSi“ (esaia, 18, 4).
„naTlis cvaria Seni cvari“ (esaia, 16, 19).
originaluri saxea galaktionis „atmis xe“, romelic garemoculia Soris
gazafxulis sxiviT da „namTa mZiviT“.
zemoxsenebul strofSi erTdroulad moixileba rogorc mariamis (atmis xe), ise
qristes simboluri saxeebi (SoriT mosuli gazafxulis sxivi, namTa mZivi).
atmis xe rom namdvilad mariamis simboloa, am mosazrebas gangvimtkicebs misi
moxsenieba naz qalad, ucxo mxaris dedoflad, romelsac swvavs „mzis Zali“ (mze–
qriste), da grZnobaTa ali (ali, cecxli qristes simboloa). leqsis meore
strofSi naTqvamia:
„atmis xe idga, viT nazi qali,
viT dedofali ucxo mxareSi,
sinarnareSi swvavda mzis Zali
da grZnobaT ali simwuxareSi“.
leqsis wina strofis striqonebSi („atmis xe idga TaiguliviT“) saubari iyo atmis
xis mTrTolvare sulze, aq ki mzis Zalis grZnoba da mwuxarebis grZnobaT alia
(cecxli).
dedoflis mariamis simbolod gaazrebis mraval magaliTs vipoviT rogorc Zveli
da axali aRTqmis, ise sasuliero poeziis wiaRSi.
„Sens marjvniv dadga dedofali ofiris oqroTi Semkuli“ (fs. 44/45, 10).
fsalmunis am frazaSi RvTismetyvelebi mariam RvTismSoblis xatebas xedaven: „vin
aris is dedofali, romelzedac aq aris laparaki da romelic mesiis gverdiT
dauyenebiaT? ra Tqma unda, im Zis, im mesiis deda, sxva vin unda iyos mesiis
gverdiT mjdomare qali?“ (ioane – iona? „ra unda vakeToT“, Tb. 1994w. gv. 152).
davimowmoT esaia winaswarmetyvelic: „rogorc xarobs siZe dedofliT, ise
gaixarebs SeniT Seni RmerTi“ (esaia 62, 5).
mariami aris „didebuli deda, dedofali“, „yovladwminda dedofali“, „wminda
dedofali“ (uZvelesi iadgari, gv. 439). „didi dedofali“ (d. guramiSvili),
magaliTebi motanilia t. mosias wignidan „saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba“,
zugdidi, 1996 w. gv. 42, 43, 55.
dedofali ewodeba mariams „beTlemis sagalobelSi“, nikoloz gulaberiZis
„galobani suetisa cxovelisani“ mariams warmogvidgens, rogorc „wmida
81
dedofals“; d. aRmaSeneblis „galobani sinanulisani“ „qalwul dedas, dedofals“
(„Cveni saunje“, t. I, Tb., 1960 w. gv. 167).
vfiqrobT, „atmis yvavilebis“ „nazi qali“ da „ucxo mxaris dedofali“ aris
mariami, rogorc galaktionisve „dedofali alva“ („saRamo“).
saanalizo leqsis Semdeg striqonebSi xazi esmeba, rom mziT Semosili atmis xe
poetis saocnebo ideali iyo, momxiblavi CrdiliT trfobis survilis aRmZvreli:
„atmis xe Slili ocnebas hgavda,
roca Relavda mziT aRWurvili,
me misi Crdili xSirad mxiblavda
da xSirad mwvavda trfobis survili“.
poeti SeZrulia zebunebrivi trfobiT da mis saxeTa adresatebi arian mariami da
qriste.
saRmrTo siyvarulis ideas galaktionis araerT leqsSi vipoviT (ix. amaze Cveni
„galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri lirikis sakiTxebi“, Tb., 1996w. gv. 100-109).
atmis xes diadi warsuli hqonda zemoxsenebuli striqonebis mixedviT, Semdeg ki
qariT gaZarculi yvavilebi da gabzaruli xe gvaZrwunebs:
„magram ewvia atmis xes qari
da frTa medgari Semoaxvia,
axlac atyvia xes ganabzari,
yvavilTa Rvari rom daafrqvia.
rogorc peplebi mSvidi da frTxili,
Semdeg aSlili da afrenili
gadacvenili atmis yvavili
iyo daRlili da mowyenili“.
bibliaSi, sasuliero poeziaSi sicocxles xesTan yovelTvis moiazreba simboluri
saRmrTo gagebis wyaro, wyali, rogorc misi macocxlebeli (qristes simbolo).
„nakadi RmrTisa savsea wyliT“ (fs. 64/65, 8).
„glovis velze gamvlelni wyaros aRmoaCenen da kurTxeviT daifaravs maT wvima
Semodgomisa“ (fs. 83/84, 7).
„wyals mivuRvri urwyuls da nakaduls gamomSrals miwas“ (esaia, 44, 3).
„im dRes iqneba, rom gaiReba wyaro daviTis saxlisTvis“( (esaia, 13,1).
„im dRes iqneba rom idinebs ierusalimidan sicocxlis wyali, zamTar–zafxul ase
iqneba“ (esaia, 14,8).
„gasxurebT ganwmendil wyals da gagwmendT Tqveni uwmindurebisagan da yoveli
Tqveni kerpisagan gagwmendT Tqven“ (ezekieli, 36, 5).
„taZris zRurblis qvevidan gamomavali wyali roca zRvaSi aRmoCndeba, ganikurneba
wylebi... yvelaferi ganikurneba da gacocxldeba, sadac es wyali Caivlis“
(ezekieli, 47, 12,4).
„im dRes wyali idinebs iudas yovel xevSi, wyaro gamova uflis saxlidan da
aavsebs Sitimis xevs“ (ioveli, 4, 18).
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„mogcemT ufali WirSi purs da simwareSi wyals da aRar daimaleba Tqveni
moZRvari da ixilaven Tqvens moZRvars Tqveni Tvalebi“ (esaia, 30, 20).
„atmis yvavilebSi“, yvavilis sikvdilTan erTad, mtvriT gasvrili wyali
migvaniSnebs deda–Zisadmi aTeisturi epoqis udier damokidebulebas:
„ocnebaT rigi Tvals miefara!
mtvriT gaisvara wyalTa likliki,
yvavili igi mokvda da Cqara
wiTlad dahfara baRis biliki“.
mtvris wyliT gasvra moaswavebs urwmunoTa mier RmerTis uaryofas (amiT
gamoirCeodnen revolucionerebi, social–demokratebi imTaviTve, oqtombris
revoluciis gamarjvebamdec) iseve, rogorc yvavilis sikvdili – mariamis
ignorirebas. es saxeebi xSirad erTad aris galaktionis leqsebSi da maT erTnair
xvedrs umzadebs RvTismgmobeli Jami.
Semdgomi striqonebi kidev ufro aZlierebs tragikul gancdas. faqti xdeba atmis
gaZarcva, daRameba, mzis Casvla da mwuxris gabatoneba, wyaros adgilas zRvis
boboqroba:
„baRis bilikze mivdivar da Tan
gaZrcvil atamTan zRvebi grovdeba,
saRamovdeba da mzis CasvlasTan
TandaTan mwuxri miaxlovdeba“.
atmis gaZarcva, mzis Casvla, wyaros amRvreva rwmenis, RmerTis, deda–Zis
damdablebas moaswavebs, zRva mSfoTvare cxovrebis, aboboqrebuli xalxebis
simboloa bibliaSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi: „boroteulni aRelvebul zRvas gvanan,
romelic ver wynardeba da misi talRebi isvrian lafs da talaxs“ (esaia, 57,20).
atmis xe lokaluri mniSvnelobis saxe ar aris. igi saCino xatia diadisa,
boroteulTagan damdablebuli.
daRameba, mzis Casvla RvTaebis, sikeTis ignorirebis mauwyebelia.
mze, mze simarTlisa saRmrTo saxelia: „mze da faria ufali RmerTi“ (fs. 83/84, 12).
„amogibrwyindebaT... mze simarTlisa“ (malaqia winaswarmetyveli, T. 3,20)
SemTxveviTi ar aris baRis garemos daRameba.
baRi kacuri bunebaa ipolite romaelis mixedviT. RvTis rwmenisgan gaZarculi
suli bneldeba, carieldeba, iZarcveba sikeTisgan.
sulis totaluri gatialebis reqviemia leqsis bolo striqonebi. SeigrZnoba
sruli uimedoba, sikvdilis samefo, mWknari yvavili (araerTgzis mimaniSnebeli
RvTaebis uaryofaze galaktionis poeziaSi), usurnelo arseboba, radgan RmerTze
uarisTqma ukugdebaa sikeTis, mSvenierebis, saTnoebis, yovelive diadis:
„me aRar vdardob: ra msurs, ras veli?
viT mzis naTeli da Ramis Crdili
mefobs sikvdili – Wknobis msurveli,
gahqra surneli, daWkna yvavili!“
83
metaforul mzesTan („Soreuli mze“, uxilavi mze, wminda mze Sinagani, diadi mze,
maRali mze, mziani Rame“) erTad galaktionis poeziaSi gvxvdeba Soreuli mze, Savi
mze.
cnobilia, nicSem aitaca qristes jvarcmis faqti da RmerTis samudamo sikvdilis,
zekacis Ziebis idea ganaviTara („antiqriste“).
Semdeg komunistebi cdilobdnen amoeZirkvaT RmerTi adamianis cnobierebidan da
kerpTayvanismcemloba daemkvidrebinaT.
magram es droebiTi movlena iyo, radgan grigol robaqiZis Tqmisa ar iyos, „xalxi
uRmerTo cxovrebas didxans ver aitans, odesme urvisgan mxeciviT gamZvinvarebuli
aRdgeba, raTa jvars ecvas RmerTisTvis“ (grigol robaqiZe, „Cakluli suli“. Tb.
1991 w. gv. 8).
atmis xis moazreba mariamis simbolod Zalze originaluri, mignebuli saxea da,
amasTan, mainc erovnul tradiciebTan wilnayari Soreulad, radgan sasuliero
poeziis „yvavilgadafenili xe“ uswrebs galaktions qronologiurad.
ase iTavisebs galaktionis es Sedevri realurs da mistikurs, xiluls da uxilavs,
advilad Sesamecnebels da Znelad mosaxelTebels.
„atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo“.
galaktioni xSirad imeorebda fiqsirebul saxeebs da atmis yvavilebi, misi rto
xSirad uqcevia STagonebis sagnad. xSirad ganudidebia cis yvavili, Tovlis
yvavili, cecxlis yvavili, mTvaris Crdili. atmis rtosac analogiuri datvirTva
SesZina.
atmis yvavilebis ciklis gamorCeuli leqsia „atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo“ (1916
w.), romelic iseve savsea tragizmiT, rogorc „atmis yvavilebi“. isic rTuli
Sifris Semcvelia.
leqsis pirvelsave striqonSi qarTan SerkinebiT daRlili atmis rto da
qariSxlisgan gaZarculi yvavilebis tbori ixateba, rac devnis simSvides:
„atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo,
atmis rtoo, simSvidea Sori.
qariSxali modis saimdroo,
yvavilebis qarSi mihqris tbori“.
rto, morCi fsalmunisa da winaswarmetyvelTa wignebis mixedviT, qristes
simboloa.
„sionze mgloviareT misces gvirgvini nacris nacvlad, sixarulis zeTi glovis
nacvlad, qeba–didebis samoseli – mWmunvarebis sulis nacvlad, raTa ewodoT maT
simarTlis muxebi, sauflo nergi, rom ididon“ (esaia, 61,3).
„cabaoT uflis venaxi israelis saxli da iudas saxlia, misi sanatreli nergi“
(esaia, 5,1).
„aRvudgen saxelad nergs da aRar gawydebian SimSiliT“ (ezekieli, 34, 29).
nergi qristes zedwodebaa.
„sasuliero mwerlobaSi qristes metaforad moazrebulia „nergi cxovrebisai“
(sinuri mravalTavi, gv. 37), „nergi daunergveli“ (ioane minCxia poezia, gv. 243),
„nergi edemeani“ (miqaelis himnebi, gv. 239).
84
nergs ase ganmartavs sulxan–saba orbeliani: „nergi – xe da balaxi darguli“
(leqsikoni qarTuli, 1993 w. S, gv. 590).
aseTi gagebisaa morCi–norCi, axalmozardi (iqve, gv.504).
mivmarToT esaias: „im dRes iqneba uflis morCi Svenebad da pativad“ (esaia, 4,2).
aseTive gagebisaa ylorti, fesvi: „amova ylorti ieses Reridan da misi fesvis
amonayari gaixarebs“ (esaia, 11,1).
mivmarToT sxva magaliTebsac: „ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: „aviReb tots maRali
naZvidan da davrgav. maRal da asvetil mTaze davrgav“ (ezekieli, 17, 22).
„im dReebSi da imJamad aRmovuceneb daviTs WeSmarit morCs da gavaCen samarTals
da simarTles qveyanaSi“ (ieremia, 31, 15).
„saukunod daimkvidrebs qveyanas Cemi darguli morCi, Cemi xelTa qmnileba, raTa
ididos“ (esaia 60, 21).
galaktionis leqsSi borot qars ganudevnia sxivi, mxolod grigalis
SemaZrwunebeli kivili ismis, romelic sust yvavils damuqrebia:
„mocda ar Rirs, Tu iseve ucdi,
am grigalSi dro ar aris sxivis.
daRaluli yvavili xar susti,
qari kivis, qari kivis, kivis“.
ufskrulTan mdgari nergis msxvrevis xma gvaZrwunebs, mxolod zRvis mRelvarebas
da sisxlis suns SevigrZnobT da poets eWvebi, kiTxvis niSnebi useravs guls, atmis
rtos, rwmenis gadarCenis gamo:
„napralebze gadaimsxvra nargi,
exla zRvaa, exla sisxlis droa,
Tu gadarCi, xom gadarCi, kargi...
atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo“.
aqac gansxvavebuli niuansebiT meordeba “atmis yvavilebis“ Tema. atmis rto, misi
yvavili da sxivi qristianuli RmerTisa da RvTismSoblis simboloebs gulisxmobs,
deda-Zis xatebas gvicnobierebs, grigali, qari–antiqristes movlinebas, romelic
amsxvrevs rwmenas, abatonebs ngrevas, sisxls da sasikvdilo gansacdels umzadebs
yovelive amaRlebuls.
antiqristeTa, urwmunoTa, satanis naSierTa movlineba xom adreve
iwinaswarmetyveles bibliurma xeldasxmuleba: danielma, ezekielma, ieremiam,
esaiam, zaqariam...
am ciklis mesame leqsia „im atmebs gaumarjos, im atmis yvavilebs“ (1917 w.).
atmis yvavilebis silamaze isev warsulSia, yoveli lamazi, yrmobasTan
dakavSirebuli, Tumca sizmariviT gaTavda, mainc xdeba atmis yvavilebis
gacocxleba mogonebaSi, „raRac ar–aqauris“ mosmena:
„yvavilebis Tovli cas Selekia,
mesmis rulSi, rogorc yru elegia,
matareblis damRalavi xmauri,
85
raRac mRvrie, raRac ar–aqauri.
me vigoneb vnebas siymawvilis dros,
me vigoneb atmebze mTvaris Crdilebs,
im atmebs gaumarjos, im atmis yvavilebs!
yvelaferi sizmariviT gaTavda,
rasac guli siyrmiT damixatavda“...
warsuli rwmenaze „ara aras“, aramed „hos“ mTqmeli iyo, Semdeg ki suli gaibzara,
matareblis xmasaviT monotonuri gaxda cxovreba, silamaze daekarga arsebobas,
magram poetis mogonebaSi mainc darCa mTvaris CrdiliT mibnedili atmis
yvavilebis xibli.
Semdeg modis saocari striqonebi: mTebis ube da misi niavi, romelsac arvin
eubneba, iyavi CvenTan, nu geSiniao: „sarkmelidan – mTebis ubeSi niavs arvin etyvis:
iyav, nu geSinia!
mTa saRmrTo saxelia: danielis mTa, sacnauri mTa, daviTis mTa, mTai RmrTisa, mTai
poxili“ mariamis simboloa (t. mosia, „saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, 1996 w. gv.
97-98).
am konteqstis mTa religiuri saxelia.
niavi saRmrTo niavia, suliwminda, galaktionis TanamedroveTaTvis gaucxoebuli
da zedmeti, rac Rames, udabnos amkvidrebs irgvliv.
„mSvidi da ucnobi“ poeti (ucnobi da gaugebari primitivTaTvis Tavisi uaRresad
rTuli da amaRlebuli saxeebiT) isev igonebs atmis xes, mis rtoebs da atmebze
mTvaris Crdilebs yiameT RameSi:
„iyo Rame, iyo udabnoeTi,
odes mSvidi da ucnobi poeti
TviTeul Crdils Sevxarodi, TiTo rtos
da vigoneb atmebze mTvaris Crdilebs,
im atmebs gaumarjos, im atmis yvavilebs“.
gansakuTrebuli xibli axlavs am ciklis kidev erT usaTauro leqss „im
vardisfer atmebs“ (1917 w.). masSi isev mogonebaSia vardisferi atmebi, isev
tkiviliania es siyvaruli:
„im vardisfer atmebs movigoneb kvlav...
imgvaradve mdev, imgvaradve mklav...“
es aris wyurvili ara xorcielis, xilulis, aramed uzenaesis, romlis xatebac
maradiulad Tan sdevs poets.
mwuxare dReebSi ufro metia misi wyurvili da imedi, Tumca antiqristeebma
daangries uzenaesis maRali ca, cecxli waukides sauflo xes, poetisTvis mainc
imgvarivea yvelaferi:
„o, rogor momwyurdi! mwuxarea dRe.
imgvarive ca, imgvarive xe“...
86
epoqis gamanadgurebeli qari isev daTareSobs, iRuneba bza (bza sicocxlis xea).
poetisTvis ki imgvarivea mze da bza, („mze da faria ufali RmerTi – fs. 83/84, 13;
„me var gza, WeSmariteba, cxovreba” (ioane, 60, 2,6).
qristes simboloa „cocxali gza, wmida gza” (esaia, 5, 18) dantes „RvTaebriv
komediaSi“ qristes ewodeba „WeSmariti gza, wminda gza, marTali gza, gza
uzeSTaesi“ („RvTaebrivi komedia“, 1941 w. gv. 212, 218, 376).
„igiv qari dahqris, iRuneba bza
imgvarive mze, imgvarive gza“ – aseTi uryevia galaktionis pozicia.
poetis xma isev ucvlelia, raTa imgvarive ZaliT uTxras zari, reqviemi zena qars:
„Zlier... Zlier... Zlier... vetyvi zena qars imgvarive xmiT, imgvarive zars“.
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom imgvarivea ca da xe, imgvarivea mze da gza, imgvarive
poetis xma da es niSnavs mis Seuryevel, ucvlel Tayvans da mowiwebas
uzenaesisadmi, RmerTis maradiulobas, ucvlelobas.
poetma arsad axsena RmerTi, RvTismSobeli, magram saxe–simboloebSi (vardisferi
atmebi, xe, ca, mze, gza) gaacxada Tavisi ucvleli siyvaruli RvTismSoblisa da
jvarcmuli RmerTisadmi.
samyaroSi erTaderTi ufalia maradiuli da ucvalebeli: „me ufali ar vicvlebi“
(malaqia winaswarmetyveli, 3,6).
mivmarToT esaia winaswarmetyvels: „dasabamidan me igive var da veravin ixsnis Cemi
xelidan. movimoqmedeb da vin Secvlis?“ (esaia, 43, 13).
igive azrs aviTarebs fsalmuni: „Sen ki igive xar da Seni wlebi ar dailevian“ (fs.
101/102, 7).
gavixsenoT iakob mociqulic: „yvela keTili saboZvari da yvela srulyofili niWi
maRlidan modis, naTelTa mamisgan, romelTanac ar aris cvlileba da arc Crdili
cvalebadobisa“ (mociqulTa saqmeebi, iakob mociquli, 1,17).
mivmarToT aseve pavle mociquls, romelsac suliwmidis qnars uwodebdnen:
„gqondeT erTi da igive siyvaruli, iyaviT erTsulovani, erTazrovani” (pavle
mociqulis werili filipelTa mimarT, T. 2,2).
galaktionis leqsSi „qarisagan iRuneba bza“, anu rwmenas urwmunoeba
upirispirdeba.
„ca“ mariamis simboloa (t. mosia, „saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba“, gv. 125).
xe – sicocxlis xeze anu qristeze migvaniSnebs.
maS, leqsis mixedviT, poeti maradiuli erTgulia RvTismSoblis, qristianuli
RmerTis.
galaktioni Tavidan bolomde erTi WeSmariti RmerTis erTguli rCeboda: “...Cems
gulSi erTi gaxmaurdeba zeca da RmerTi“ (“ar gapativa“).
poeti afiqsirebda antiqristeTa satanur qmedebebs, amasTan, simboluri saxeebiT
winaswarmetyvelebda isev RmerTisken mibrunebas. amis magaliTebia leqsebi: „ar
daRupula“, „alvis xis gadarCena“, „muxebi“, poema „mSvidobis wigni“, romelSic
naCvenebia uRmerTo epoqis kataklizmebi da mere isev uzenaesis Ziebisa da povnis
procesi.
87
„saRamos“ saxe–simboloebi
galaktion tabiZis lirikaSi erT–erTi idumalebiT gamorCeuli leqsia „saRamo“
(1915 w.). kontrasulia misi saxeebi. erTi mxriv: grigali, saRamo, civi elva, gvalva,
SemoRamebis celi, jvarTan misuli suro; meore mxriv, macxovari, dedofali alva,
karis RvTismSobeli, jvarze gakruli elva, lurji yvavilebi, uxilav–faruli.
leqsis logika impresionistulia, anu, erTi SexedviT, alogikuri, masSi
ganxorcielebulia saTqmelis bolomde daumTavreblobis, miniSnebis principi.
mTlianobaSi, leqsidan miRebuli STabeWdilebiT, raRac diads, amaRlebuls,
ideals Telavs cxovreba, magram am negatiuri movlenebisagan ganapirebuli
poetisaTvis mudam maxlobeli da SesamCnevia „sxvisTvis uxilav–faruli“.
garemoSi, sadac damcirebulia wminda ocneba, mainc arsebobs macxovris SiSi,
romelic ayruebs miwier gniass: „mTis gagiJebul ruebs RviiT, ZenZiT da qviSiT,
grigali daayruebs macxovrisadmi SiSiT“.
Semdeg striqonebSi monacvleobaa gvalvis, wvimis, „civi elvis“, romelsac
dauRunavs, daumdablebia „dedofali alva“:
„da dedofali alva
elvam daRuna civma.
ase gavida gvalva,
ase movida wvima.“
RvTismSoblis karis eklesiis, romelzedac saubaria leqsSi, amkobs jvari, lomi,
kuro, farSevangebi.
„zariT atexil grigals“ marmariloTa fiqals afarebs daviT narinis jvari.
mTlianad es savane „angelozTa Tvalis Suria“ Tavisi sidiadiT.
vin aris civi elvisagan daRunuli dedofali alva?
am saxesTan misvla mogviwevs Sori gziT.
dedoflis wyaroebs mravlad vipoviT Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi, sasuliero
poeziis wiaRSi.
mivmarToT fsalmuns: „taxti Seni, RmerTo, ukuniTi ukunisamdea, simarTlis
kverTxia kverTxi Seni meufebisa“ (fs. 44/5,7). „Sens marjvniv dadga dedofali
ofiris oqroTi Semkuli“ (fs. 44-45, 10).
fsalmunis am frazaSi RvTismetyvelebi mariam RvTismSoblis xatebas xedaven: „vin
aris is dedofali, romelzedac aq aris laparaki da romelic mesiis gverdiT
dauyenebiaT? ra Tqma unda, im Zis, im mesiis deda, sxva vin unda iyos mesiis
gverdiT mdgomare qali?“ (1,152).
sasuliero poeziaSi mariami aris „didebuli deda, dedofali, dabadebulTa
dedofali, yovladwminda dedofali“ (2, 31, 257, 597).
dedofali ewodeba mariams filipes „beTlemis sagalobelSi“ (3,494).
88
nikoloz gulaberiZis „galobani suetisa cxovelisani“ mariams warmogvidgens,
rogorc „wminda dedofals“ (4, 599).
daviT aRmaSeneblis „galobani sinanulisanis“ mixedviT, mariami aris „qalwuli
deda, dedofali“ (5,29).
daviT guramiSvilis „daviTianSi“ mariams ewodeba „didi dedofali“ (6,21).
mivmarToT ucxour literaturasac.
dantesTvis mariami aris „dedofali cis sabrZanisis, zenari deda“ (7 ,407).
goeTes „faustSi“ mariami gvevlineba, rogorc „cis dedofali“, „wminda qalwuli“,
„diadi deda“ (8, 576).
galaktionis „saRamoSi“ figurirebs ara ubralod dedofali, aramed „dedofali
alva“.
bibliaSi alva sicocxlis xis simboloa, sicocxlis xes ki saRvTo saxelad
miiCneven.
„saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi „xe cxovrebisa ZiriTadad uflis alegoriuli
saxeli an misi metaforaa, magram gamonaklisis saxiT SevxvdebiT mas mariamis
simbolodac“ (6,122).
aseTi orgvari gageba aqvs am saxes galaktionis poeziaSic. „saRamos“ „dedofali
alva“, romelic ixseneba macxovarTan erTad, rogorc karis RvTismSoblis
eklesiis Semamkobeli, ueWvelad mariam RvTismSobelia. igi dauRunavs „civ elvas“,
anu daumdablebia RmerTisuarmyofel epoqas.
leqsis „ZelSi“ (igive sicocxlis Ze) qriste amoicnoba, romlis naTebasac
„SemoRamebis celma“ daado raza, anu akrZala misi xsenebac:
„an gaocebas, rasac marad anTebs Zeli,
isev daadebs razas SemoRamebis celi“.
magram erTia ukeTurTa mier droebiT dabnelebuli sinamdvile da sxva aris
„aTasis mxedvelobis“ mqone poeti, romelic asomTavruliviT Wvrets sxvisTvis
SeumCnevels:
„an rogorc asamTavruls
mudam SevamCnev caze
sxvisTvis uxilav–faruls.
me rad gelodi ase“.
„uxilavi“ da „faruli“, romelsac asomTavruliviT sulis TvaliT amCnevs poeti,
aris RmerTi. CavxedoT biblias: „WeSmaritad, Sen xar RmerTi dafaruli“ (esaia
winaswarmetyveli, T. 45, 15).
mivmarToT axal aRTqmasac: „saukuneTa mefes, uxrwnel, uxilav,erTaderT RmerTs –
mas dideba da pativi ukuniTi ukunisamde“ (pavle mociqulis I werili timoTes, I,7).
galaktionis mowiweba ekuTvnis agreTve mariams – „lurj das“, romelic
qristesaviT jvarzea gakruli urwmuno epoqis mier, uRmerTobis bacilebiT
mowamluli axalgazrdoba ki Telavs „lurj yvavilebs“:
„jvarze gakruli elva
89
es Cemi daa lurji.
lurj yvavilebis Telva,
axalgazrdoba urCi“.
am strofSi mTavari azrobrivi aqcentis matarebeli saxeebia: „jvarze gakruli
elva“ da „lurji yvavilebi“.
elvisa da jvris asocirebas, elvis warmodgenas uflis saxed xSirad vxvdebiT
sasuliero poeziaSi: „ufalo, viTarca elvai, gamobrwyindis aRmosavliT juari
Seni“ (9, 41).
magram elva mariamis simboluri saxelicaa: „RmrTismSobelo... elvis saxed
ganmanaTlebelo“ – wers nikoloz gulaberiZe (3, 541).
galaktionis leqsis „jvarze gakruli elva“ aris mariami. igi, rogorc qristes
jvarcmis mayurebeli, TviTonac jvarcmulia, amasTan, meoredac jvarcmuli
uRmerTo epoqaSi.
dis saxiT mariamis warmodgenis wyaro usaTuod solomonis „qebaTa qebaa:“ „baRi
xar daxSuli, sZalo, dao Cemo, Wa dagmanuli, wyaro dabeWdili“ („qebaTa qeba“, 4,12).
leqsSi „roca garSemo Rame bnelia“ galaktioni Tavis Tavs ucxo asulis (mariamis)
„marad Zmobils“ uwodebs.
„saRamos“ „lurji yvavili“ qristes simboloa.
„vardi, yvavili sasuliero literaturaSi macxovris da RvTismSoblis bunebis
gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba“ (10, 31).
galaktionis leqsSi „lurj yvavils“ Telavs urwmunoTa Taoba.
yvavilis gauCinareba, damsxvreva, daSxamva, gayinva, gaTelva, gardacvaleba
mravalgzis gvxvdeba galaktionis poeziaSi da saRmrTo siyvarulis uaryofas
moaswavebs.
saanalizo leqsis saTauri „saRamo“ sulieri mwuxris macnea, rogorc „atmis
yvavilebis“ mzis Casvla, an mzis gardacvaleba leqsSi „mas gaxelili darCa
Tvalebi“. „saRamo“ dawerilia 1915 wels. es dro aRiniSneba antiqristeTa TareSiT.
„saRamoSi“ „jvarTan misuli suro martooba qnaris“, xolo leqsSi – „Semodgoma
umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi“ – „Tebervals uxmoben, Tebervals samreklos
jvaridan yvavebi“.
asociacia Cndeba k. gamsaxurdias novelasTan fotografi“ (11, 93), romelSic
wiTelCoxianma xats esrola, Savma frinvelma ki jvari CamoiRo eklesiis
gumbaTidan. gvaxsendeba aseve „mTvaris motacebaSi“ aRwerili antireligiuri
procesiebi (12, 54).
mokled, galaktionis „saRamos“ dedaazri isaa, rom „dedofali alva“ (mariami)
„civi elviT“ (epoqis uRmerTobiT) damcirebulia, axalgazrdoba Telavs „lurj
yvavilebs“ (RmerTis rwmenas), jvarTan suro midis da yovelive es qnars – poezias
mwuxarebiT avsebs. msgavsi Tema galaktionis mraval leqsSia simbolurad
damuSavebuli („koSki“, „atmis yvavilebi“, „mimRere rame..“).
literatura
90
1. ioane–iona, „ra unda vakeToT“ Tb., 1994.
2. nevmirebuli Zlispirni, 1980.
3. Cveni saunje, t. I. 1960.
4. Cveni saunje, t. I. 1960.
5. daviT aRmaSenebeli, galobani sinanulisani, Tb., 1989w.
6. t. mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
7. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb., 1941.
8. goeTe, fausti, 1962.
9. i. minCxis poezia, Tb., 1987.
10. t. mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
11. k. gamsaxurdia, Txzulebani 20 tomad. t. I. 1992.
12. k. gamsaxurdia, mTvaris motaceba, Tb., 1990.
„avdris molodini“
galaktion tabiZis socialur-politikuri da filosofiuri mrwamsi Cveni saukunis
aTiani wlebidanve sayuradReboa. poeti utyuari intuiciiT ayuradebda movlenaTa
ganviTarebas da amouwuravi mxatvruli arsenalis axal-axal brwyinvalebas
avlenda ganumeorebeli mxatvruli saxeebiT, romlebSic kodiviT Cadebulia misi
urTulesi msoflmxedvelobis gasaRebi.
epoqis mTel kataklizmebs aireklavs galaktionis Semoqmedeba, Tanadroulobis
yovel movlenas daerqmeva Tavisi namdvili saxeli poetis gardacvalebamde, 1959
wlamde, meoce saukunis meore naxevris gzebic ganiWvriteba sulieri „ganaTebis
wamebSi“, rac qarTvel orfeoss srul uflebas aZlevs yovelgvari gadaWarbebis
gareSe ganacxados: „am wignSi mTeli saukunis vipove bina“.
„Rrma sibrZniT Tvalanaxeli“ poeti sagnebs, movlenebs, maT „mizezTa mizezs“
eZebda, bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebiviT evlineboda xilvebi, romlebic momavals
ucdomlad mianiSnebdnen. ritorikis, mWevrmetyvelebis, mSrali cnebebiT
azrovnebis uarmyofeli galaktioni „rkiniseburi leqsebis RvarSi“ „brolis
ritmiT“, zeciuri musikiT gvatkbobda, sinamdvilis dafarul SreebSi gvaxedebda,
ganuWvretel qaosSi im WeSmaritebebs agnebda, romelTa mikvleva mxolod
erTeulT, suliwmidis madliT cxebulT xelewifebaT. mTeli misi urTulesi
lirika aris xidis gadeba uzenaesTan, siyvarulTan, cis da miwis Seqmnel
RmerTTan, romelic aris rogorc samyaros, ise sulis xuroTmoZRvari.
wiwamuris tragediiT gamofxizlebulma poetma yovelgvari niRbis gareSe ixila
social-demokratTa momavali saxe, maTi socialuri da sulieri profili.
„cis Svils“, zeciuri vardis baRisa da sulieri venaxis mcvels, gansakuTrebiT
aRaSfoTebda sisxli, romelic iRvreboda samarTlianobis saxeliT, ver egueboda
pretenziebs, saqmianobas RmerTismgmobeli urCi Taobisa, romelic Seubraleblad
Telavda aramarto daxavsebuls, dromoWmuls, aramed mozardsac, wmindasac da
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gvauwyebda qristianuli moralis kriziss, antiqristes movlinebas, momavali cru
RmerTebis, kerpebis saxiT rom gauswordeboda yovel morwmunes.
ra bedi eweoda zeciuri mamis mgmobel ers, ra eloda mwife mtevnebs mevenaxis
gareSe, morwyul baRs, Tu mebaRe uariyofoda? es wuxili jer kidev aTian wlebSi
vlindeba galaktionis poeziaSi („gadanaxuli droSebi“ – 1908 w. „mimRere rame“ –
1912 w. „elegia“ – 1914 w. „samreklo udabnoSi“ – 1914 w. „koSki“ – 1915 w. „atmis
yvavilebi“ – 1915 w. da sxv.).
galaktions, rogorc winaswarmetyvel poets, aforiaqebda momavlis xilvebi,
molodinTa siaxle, lodini bednierebis, ganaxlebis, gadarCenis, avdris, omebis.
mTavari is aris, rom arasodes gacruebula misi winaswarWvreta.
„avdris molodini“ erT-erTi iseTi intuiciiT gaalebuli leqsia, Sig gulSi rom
moiniSnavs samiznes. igi 1916 wels daiwera da Taviseburad, udiadesi mxatvruli
saxeebiT SegvagrZnobinebs RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis konturebs. leqsis dasawyis
striqonebSive ixateba saRmrTo siyvaruli, ia-zambaxis TovliT ganaTebuli poetis
suli, misi samyaros „daraji mzeTunaxavi da mkrTali saxis” alva:
„warsulma Ramem Sens fanjarSi
daTova Tovli ia-zambaxis.
Seni alva dgas, rogorc daraji,
mzeTunaxavi da mkrTali saxis“.
ia, zambaxi qristianuli saRmrTo saxelebia. iis wyali, iiT mfeTqavi Tvalebi,
iebiT dafaruli xanjali galaktionis leqsSi RvTaebrivi saTnoebis
gamomxatvelia, zambaxis princesa, zambaxis Tasi, zambaxeuli simaRle – mariam
RvTismSoblis simboloebia.
alvis xis mravalnairi gaazrebis magaliTebs vipoviT galaktionis poeziaSi:
alvebi TovlSi, alvis xis suli, alvis xis gadarCena, poemis saxeli – alva da
suro.
alva sicocxlis xis sinonimuri saxelia, sicocxlis xe ki RmerTis simboloa
bibliaSi, sasuliero poeziaSi, daviT guramiSvilis „daviTianSi“ (t. mosia „saRvTo
saxismetyveleba“, zugdidi, 1995 w. g. 120-121).
sulieri, zeciuri xis RmerTis saxelad gagebis magaliTebi uxvad aris Zveli da
axali aRTqmis wignebSi. mivmarToT zogierT maTgans: „me amwvanebuli alva var,
Cemgan geqneba Sen nayofi“ (osia, 13,9).
„eklis adgilze alvis xe amova da qacvis adgilze murti amova da iqneba
uflisTvis saxelad da saukuno niSnad, romelic ar waiSleba“ (esaia, 155,13).
„avdris molodinSi“, alvasTan erTad, sicocxlis xed gvevlineba vazi:
„nel lerwebiT da vazis mtevnebiT
miyvars qalwulis dagvirgvineba.
warsuls Cven aRar davedevnebiT
da arc cremlebi dagvedineba“
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„venaxi, vazi qristes, RvTismSoblis, wminda mamebis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli
simbolikaa sasuliero mwerlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT himnografiaSi“ (t. mosia,
„saRvTo saxismetyveleba“, 1995 w. gv. 35).
„saxarebis „venaxi WeSmariti“ aris qriste: „me var venaxi WeSmariti da mama Cemi
moqmedi ars“ (ioane, 15,1).
sayuradReboa Zveli aRTqmis venaxi da misi yvavili: „me viTarca venaxman,
aRmovacene madli da yuavili Cemi, nayofi didebisa da simdidrisa“ (ziraqis
sibrZne, 1,6).
bibliaSi zeciuri, sulieri vazis paralelurad, miwis vazic xarobs: „cabaoT
uflis venaxi israelis saxli da iudas saxlia, misi sanatreli nergi“ (esaia, 5,1).
mevenaxe ki RmerTia: „me ufali mcveli var misi, yovelwams varwyuleb da vicav
dRiTa da RamiT, rom aravin daazianos“ (esaia, 27,3).
galaktionis „avdris molodinSi“ lerwebi da „mwife mtevnebi“ gulisxmobs
qristes, romliTac dagvirgvinebulia qalwuli mariami.
qalwulis mier Ze RmerTis movlineba Zveli aRTqmis wignebSivea
nawinaswarmetyvelebi: „Tavad mogcems meufe niSans: aha, mucladiRebs qalwuli da
Sobs Zes da uwodebs saxelad emanuils (CvenTan ars RmerTi)“ (esaia, 7,14).
„verxvebSi“ galaktionma princesa-mariami yvaviliT (qristeTi) dagvirgvinebulad
warmosaxa, „avdris molodinSi“ ki igi lerwebiT da vazis mtevnebiT aris
dagvirgvinebuli. lerwic, totic saRmrTo saxelia.
gvirgvinis araerTi wyaro daiZebneba bibliaSi: „gvirgvini daadgi Seni sikeTis
zafxuls“ (fs.64/65, 12).
galaktionis leqsSi Cndeba SiSi mwife mtevnebis bedis gamo, Tu amindi Seicvala,
mebaRe (RmerTi) Tu ar movida, qarisagan daileweba nayofi:
„am mwife mtevnebs dalewavs qari,
Tu mwifobisTvem Secvala dari,
mebaRem mosvla Tu ar ineba!“
mebaRisa da mevenaxis daviwyebam serafimis keTilis sulis qsovili dafliTa, civi
wvimiT danamuli suli ki qaris, qorisa da arwivis sauflo gaxda:
„Sen suli gqonda ise keTili,
oh! serafimis cisferi suli!
exla daRlili da dafleTili
aris qsovili fermiRebuli,
vis daifaravs susti qsovili?
verc Sen da verc sxvas... civia wvima!
qsovili wvimis cvrebiT soveli
waiRo qarma, qorma, arwivma“.
nislsa da qarSi daexeteba mwuxare fiqrebi da miacilebs „Zvel gazafxulis
mRelvare suni“:
„es mwuxare da mwveli zuzuni
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mihyveba fiqrebs nislSi da qarSi!
Zvel gazafxulis mRelvare suni
mihyveba fiqrebs nislSi da qarSi“.
zafxuli Zveli qarTuli eniT gazafxuls niSnavs da saRmrTo saxelia: „gvirgvini
daadgi Seni sikeTis zafxuls“ (fs. 64/65,12).
„avdris molodinidan“ Cans, rom mxolod poetis sulSi ifrqveva „gazafxulis“
suni, realobaSi ki daWrili Rrublidan gamomavali Camavali mzis momakvdavi
alebia:
„Camavali mzis momakvdav alebs
isvris Rrubeli da daRliloba.
mTebs, irmebs, Svelebs, xevs da napralebs
awuxebT Rrublis mZime Wriloba“.
mze saRmrTo saxelia: „mze da faria ufali RmerTi“ (fs. 83/84,13).
Camavali mze da misi momakvdavi alebi gvauwyebs RmerTze uaris Tqmas
mefistofelis saukuneSi.
galaktionis poeziaSi RmerTis uaryofis mniSvnelobiT mravalgzis gvxvdeba mzis
Casvla, mzis Caqroba, mziani Ramis dakargva, landad qceuli, Tu qimerebSi
Cavardnili mze.
daWrili Rrubeli mariamis simboloa. es saxe moaswavebs RvTis dedis
Seuwynareblobas ukuRmarT droSi.
galaktionis simboluri Rrublis winamorbedia uZvelesi iadgaris da maTes
saxarebis „Rrubeli naTlisa“, „sulmcire Rrubeli („nevmirebuli Zlispirni“, 501).
„sulmcire niSnavs msubuqs, mCates, SeniSnavs prof. t. mosia („saRvTismSoblo
saxismetyveleba“, 1996 w. gv. 114-115).
am erT leqsSi ramdenime saRmrTo saxels vecnobiT: ia, alva, lerwebi, vazis
mtevnebi, mebaRe, Zveli gazafxuli, mze.
„avdris molodinis“ Canafiqris gacnobiereba gvarwmunebs, rom naTelmxilveli
poetisaTvis TandaTan cxadi xdeboda epoqis warmmarTveli tendenciebi, sulis
satanuri gadasxvafereba, RmerTisa da RvTismSoblis dagmoba, sikeTis, saTnoebis
jvarcma, kosmiuri sicivis gabatoneba, avdris zeimi, rasac sxva leqsebSic
araerTgzis daafiqsirebs galaktioni, raTa borotebis avbediTi aCrdili
daafrTxos da gamoafxizlos „ZilquSis suliT“ Sepyrobili sazogadoeba.
avdris mosvlaSi globalur kataklizmebs gulisxmobda t. graneli: „ca
iRrubleba, modis avdari, me damaqvs sevda Cveni planetis“.
„dominos“ problematika da saxeebi
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galaktion tabiZis lirika gamoirCeva idumalebiT, enigmebiT, urTulesi
metaforuli saxeebiT, romelTa umetesoba dakavSirebulia msoflmxedvelobasTan
da poetis qristianul koncefciaze migvaniSnebs. erT-erTi aseTi gamocanebiT savse,
naklebad Seswavlili leqsia „domino“, romlis Sesaxebac ar arsebobs erTiani,
dasabuTebuli mosazreba da es kidev ufro zrdis mis mimarT interess.
galaktionma imTaviTve scada Tavisi poeturi gzebis moZieba (“sad?“) da gansazRvra,
daakonkreta kidec mTavari Tu meorexarisxovani orientirebi. misi gza
„dausrulebloba“ iyo. mSobliuri WyviSis gza „wminda gzas“, „iisfer gzas“,
„vercxlisfer bilikebs“ aedevna, gamoCnda saocnebo „gza maradisiT ganalandari“.
poets ewada „CrdiloeTis da samxreTis“ („niavi, ia, nargizi“) gzebis ganWvreta.
„mzis saTavemde“ mimaval gzaze iyo „maia, deda msoflios“, „frTebi eladaTa
sibrZnis demonis“, egviptis genia, „himalais mwvervalTa gzebi“ („poema vefxvisa“),
sparsuli gazelebi („Semodgoma umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi“), dasavleTis
qarebi, yinuli, „aRmosavleTi ferebSi sxmuli“, gaRviZebis stadiaSi myofi
aRmosavleTi – „axali drois hamleti“ („aRmosavleTi“).
poeti iyo edgar pos aCrdilis „Tanaziari“ („saubari edgarze“), novalisis cisferi
yvavilis maZiebeli („es iyo 15 wlis winaT“), Caild-Caroldis wamosasxamiT da
hamletis niRbiT movlenili msoflio sevdis raindi („hamletis qnariT“), goeTes
faustis ideebiT gatacebuli, Sori yinuliT ganawamebi, „Tovlis niRabis“
avtorTan Sexmianebuli. is da bloki iyvnen „paladinebi erTi imedis“.
qarTvelma poetma ver igua „mokakane Taris“ xma, Wianuris qviTini, Siqastebi,
aRmosavluri baiaTebi („igi omia“, „mTvaris Crdili baRs efina qargad“). modioda
axali eresi, „SemoRamebis celi“ emuqreboda arsebobas, magram poetis locvis
xmebi axSobda satanurs, uzenaesis lodinis simReras aRavlenda, alvis xis,
vardebis gadarCenaze zrunavda (alva, vardi saRmrTo saxelebia) da qmnida
„gadarCenis himns“, umReroda „gadarCenis bednierebas“.
gadasarCeni ki bevri ram iyo, upirvelesad, rwmenis umTavresi mteri iyo
CrdiloeTis yinulovani monstri, „mgmobari megobari“, „mteri meore“. poetma
ganicada „okeane, Sori yinuli“, ixila yinulovani qveyana, yinulis qalaqi,
„yinulis sasaxleTa munjni grovani“, yinulis koSkebi, yinulis mTebi, yinulovani
garemocva, romelic gzas ketavda saocnebo edemisken („SexedeT, miwa“).
„miuRweveli mwvane napirebi“ Semosili iyo „Zveli TovliT da yinviT“, „elvare
TovlSi“ mieqaneboda TeTri marxili, „TeTr avdarSi“ „elami“ iyo mze („oforti“),
„Tovlis ferumarili“ ecxo yovelives. tkioda Tovlad saxeldebuli samSoblo,
Tovliani iyo alva, suls yinavda „ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebi“, gayinuli iyo ca,
„TeTrad spetaki, magram marad Savi“ guli, gayinuli iyo mxedari. ianvris Tovlma
dauWkno sulis naadrevi iebi („samreklo udabnoSi“), „mwuxare Tovlis“ samefoSi
gaamgzavra „feradma gemma“ („guli grZnobs“).
iyo „bneli Tova“, luciferis landi („ver gaigones“), Savi Tovli („Semodgoma
umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi“), sulSi Tovli iyo „iribi, almaceri“, („Tovli
iyo iribi, almaceri“), Tovlisagan silisTvis minebebuli novalisis yvavili,
„saukuneTa Tovli“ („warwera xovles ornamentze“), fifqiT mtroba („domino“), „gza,
dafenili msxverpliT, cxedrebiT da sisxliT sveli, gza, sasikvdilo
gadaTeTrebiT“, mwuxarebis gamo „daZmobilebuli Ramis tye-veli“, nazarevelis
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gareSe arseboba („samSoblo Savi liuciferis“), calTvala mefistofelis saukune
(„brma cali TvaliT“).
mis mSobliur gzebze gazafxulismagvari zamTris Tovli modioda, iyo Tovlis
kravebis, Tovlis madonas, iisferi da vardisferi Tovlis xibli, realobaSi ki
suls uSfoTebda „maTi mindori, maTi nislebi da burusebi“... natrobda, gascloda
„maT Tovlebs“, zamTars, eZebda mSobliur TibaTves, Cvens napirs („918“),
sinamdvileSi ki moucilebeli iyo „Tovlis mxare, nisliani mTa da bari, sicive da
mRvrie dari“ („mRvrie qari“), „nawvimar silaSi“ egdo ocnebis vardi.
saocnebo sasaxlemde mravali karibWe iyo gasavleli. „dominos“ mixedviT, poeti
Sevida „dawyevlili samaris“ minamgvan saSiSar sasaxleSi, sadac mkvdrebis
landebi rialebdnen da haerSic sikvdilis suni igrZnoboda:
„SevdivarT sasaxleSi.
wmindao, damicev!
suroSi, saSiSrad mivardnil kedlebiT
es saxli magonebs dawyevlil samares:
aq mkvdrebi dahqrian zRapruli raSebiT
da bedis etlebiT, haeri sikvdiliT dafares...“ (1, 88).
am bneli sasaxlis mTavari binadari iyo „dRegrZeli moxuci“, aTasgvari wamlis
Sezavebis da Selocvis ostati, „fermkrTali qalebis“ garemocviT. am grZneuli
pirovnebis Tanamdevi iyo „sanTlebis, wignebis wyevla da vedreba!.. risxva!
amxedreba!“.
„gandegil cxovrebiT dRegrZeli
moxuci cxovrobda aq erT dros.
vin iyo? saxeli aravin icoda.
aTasgvar wamliT da SelocviT eZebda
bednier samkvidros da
mudam faruli RelvebiT iwvoda...
mis Tvalwin qariviT dgebodnen
yovelRam fermkrTali qalebi,
sanTlebis, wignebis wyevla da vedreba!
isini tirodnen, isini rekavdnen Tvalebis rkalebiT,
risxva! amxedreba!“
vfiqrobT, Zalze sayuradRebo, mTavari aqcentis matarebeli frazaa „sanTlebis,
wignebis wyevla da vedreba!“
wigni uflis metaforuli saxelia. galaktionis „mSvidobis wignSi“ misi
variaciebia: „uZvelesi wigni, uaxlesi wigni, wigni – sicocxle, wigni – sindisi,
mSvidobis wigni, wigni cis da dedamiwis, Cveni wyvdiadis da ganTiadis wigni,
maradis manaTobeli, Zvirfasze Zvirfasi wigni, wigni – mxneoba, wigni – saamo, wigni
– simarTlis mcveli, wigni – viTarca asomTavruli“.
aseTive gagebisaa poetis maradiuli wigni („saSveli qveynad aRar yofila“),
erTaderTi wigni („Semodgoma“), wigni vedrebiani („gviani ocneba“). poeti hpirdeba
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samSoblos im uZvelesi da uaxlesi wignis dacvas („mSobliuri Cemo miwav“).
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba agreTve „Savi wigni“ („xelovneba“, „magida
alembikebiT“), romelic sikvdilis wignis identuria. „wigni da xmeli Tavis qala“.
(„portreti“) poeziisa da sikvdilis dapirispirebas gulisxmobs iseve, rogorc
poetis meore wignis saxelwodeba: „Tavis qala artistuli yvavilebiT“.
galaktionis saRvTo Sinaarsis wignis wyarod gvesaxeba esaia winaswarmetyveli,
romelic qristes movlinebas aRiqvams, rogorc dabeWdili wignis sityvebis
gaxmianebas: „iqneba mTeli es xilva, rogorc dabeWdili wignis sityvebi. gaigoneben
im dRes yruebi wignis sityvebs da brmaTa Tvalebi bnelidan da ukuneTidan
gamoixedaven“(esaia winaswarmetyveli) (2, 94).
analogiuri gagebisaa natari avgustines „aRsarebis“ maradiuli wigni: „arasdros
ar daixeva maTi wigni, arasdros ar aixeva maTi gragnili imitom, rom TviT xar,
ufalo, es wigni maTTvis da am wignadve hgieb ukunisamde“ (3, 217).
wignis saxeSi RmerTi amoicno dantem da mas uwoda „sanukveli wigni“, „diadi
wigni“.
galaktionis „mSvidobis wignSi“ eris yovelgvari ubedureba axsnilia „mSvidobis
wignis“ (RmerTis) uaryofiT da mxolod masTan mibrunebis Semdgom xdeba
sabediswero problemebis mogvareba. poetebis mefe gvafrTxilebs, rom WeSmariti
rwmenis uaryofa da orientirebis areva, kerpebis gaidealeba, satanisturi seqtebis
wevroba dausjelad ar Caivlis: „Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls sdevs mxolod
wyevla da SeCveneba“ („Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls“).
sanTeli, sanTeli naTlisa sasuliero poeziaSi aris RmerTis simbolo.
„dominos“ moxucis xvedria „wyevla, risxva, amxedreba“, rac miniSnebaa WeSmariti
RmerTis dakargviT mosalodnel safrTxeze. aSkara xdeba, rom „aTasgvar wamliT
da SelocviT“ gatacebuli dRegrZeli moxuci erT-erTi „sakuTari nebiT
gawinaswarmetyvelebuli“ is cru winaswarmetyvel-misanTagania, romelsac dasjiT
emuqreba RmerTi ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi:
„...vai cru-winaswarmetyvelT, romlebic sakuTar suls mihyvebian da araferi
uxilavT!
„naoxar adgilebSi rom meliebi arian, imaT hgvanan Seni winaswarmetyvelni,
israelo!“
„maTi xilvebi fuWia da maTi misnoba sicrue. ki amboben, ufalma Tqvao, magram
ufals ar mouvlenia isini. irwmunebian, axdebao Cveni sityva.
„raki fuWs laparakobT da sicrues xedavT, amitomac, aha, Tqveni winaaRmdegi var,
ambobs ufali RmerTi.
„iqneba Cemi xeli fuWmxilvel winaswarmetyvelTa da sicruis misanTa winaaRmdeg.
Cemi eris sabWoSi ar iqnebian isini, israelis saxlis wignSi ar Caiwerebian da
israelis miwaze ver mivlen.
„swored imis gamo, rom acduneben Cems ers, rom eubnebian, mSvidobao da ar aris
mSvidoba, Cemi xalxi kedels aSenebs da, aha, eseni kiriT lesaven.
„uTxariT mlesavT, Camowveba-Tqo Tqveni kedeli. wamova Tavsxma da, Tqven, yinulis
qvebo, CamocvivdebiT da qariSxali amovardeba“ (ezekieli).
„grZneuli Semlocvelis“ aseTive gafrTxilebaa esaia winaswarmetyvelTan:
„grZneul Semlocvels dasjis ufali“ (4, 383).
„cru sibrZnis“ winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda galaktioni („puSkini parizSi“).
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„dominos“ lirikuli personaJi sulier sazrdos ver hpovebs grZneuli moxucis
jadosnur saxlSi da igonebs rwmeniT gajerebul warsuls, mas mudam axsovs „erTi
Sori ocneba.. Zvel motividan“ („gulo ra gemarTeba?“).
poeti itanjeba „sayvareli aCrdilebis“ gauCinarebiT, „saocari Senobisgan“
gaucxoebuli „idumali dominos“ wyurviliT:
„aq xSirad vxedavdi sayvarel aCrdilebs:
uecari gaxela, saocari Senoba,
rogor movandomino.
mesmis ucxo saxeli,
mtanjavs me uSenoba,
idumalo domino!“
Senoba da sasaxle mravalnairia galaktionis poeziaSi: „yinulis sasaxleTa munjni
grovani“ („SexedeT miwa!“), „mefis sasaxle – sisaZagle“ („sul male“), sasaxle –
aRfrTovanebis mona („aTrobda xalxTa mwuxareba“), ucnauri sasaxle, romlisgan
ganSoreba aryofnis tolfardia („ucnauri sasaxle“), landebis sasaxle („saubari
edgarze“), siyvarulis sasaxle („mova... magram rodis“). arsebobs kidev sasurveli
„saxli-saunje“ („mSvidobis wigni“). poeti aris mgosani RmerTis da ara ama qveynis
ZlierTa, miwier TavadTa mexotbe. is mxolod rwmenis, RmerTis monaa: „Tu mona xar,
mona isev sakuTari rwmenis“ („idea“).
galaktionis wignis furclebSi „dahqris misi sasaxlis landi“ („Rrublebi oqros
amurebiT“) anu poetis wignSi davanebulia RmerTis landi iseve, rogorc „momavlis
Crdili“ („mimRere rame“). poetis mxatvruli qmnilebebis Zalmosilebas
gvagrZnobinebs „axal-axali sasaxle“ („maRal mTazeda“).
„dominos“ sasaxlis moxuci, „aTasgvar wamals da Selocvas“ rom mimarTavda,
okultistia, „grZeuli Semlocveli“ (esaia), „sicruis misani“ (ezekieli), romelsac
asdevnebia „sanTlebis, wignebis wyevla da vedreba„, igi „risxvas, amxedrebas“
imsaxurebs.
poets uecrad „saocar SenobaSi“ aexileba Tvali, itanjeba „idumali dominos“
monatrebiT, irgvliv ki nairgvari niRbebi rialeben, Tumca ver Crdilaven
umTavress – uwindel, udiades cas:
„araferi eSvela:
niRabebi wiTeli, niRabebi aTasi!
magram me momeCvena Cemi ca uwindeli,
ufro udiadesi“.
„ca,caTa ca, sulieri ca, caTa uvrcelesi, caTa umaRlesi mariam RvTismSoblis
simboluris saxelia“ (5, 119-120).
niRbebis karnavalSi „Cveni uwindeli, udiadesi cis“ mozmaneba uflis dedis
monatrebis mimaniSnebelia. galaktioni xedavda „iqaur cas“ („iqauri ca foTliT
qsovili“ – „gobeleni“), darwmunebuli iyo, rom „aris wminda ca SuqiT mgznebare“
(„grZnobaTa ferfli“). „iqauri cis“ brwyinvalebiT netarebda terenti graneli:
(„ra brwyinvalea ca iqauri“...). RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis tragedias gamoxatavda
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galaktioni „damwvari cis“, „gacrecili da mtvriani cis“, „dalewili cis“,
„dangreuli zecis“ saxeebiT.
galaktions Ziebis procesSi mravali niRabi mousinjavs, magram mxolod
sasurvelis niRabSi grZnobda Tavs daculad da, rac umTaresia, SeeZlo niRbis
sulis gaTaviseba:
„Cemi roli niRabiT
iyo suli niRabis“ („bnel qimerebSi“).
„dominoSi“ Zieba, xedvis gamZafreba idealis xelebis lands afiqsirebs, xolo
cisartyelebis gamoCena sasikeTo feriscvalebis macned isaxeba:
„landad Canda xelebi da geZebdi TvalebiT.
dRaluli TvalebiT! rekdnen cisartyelebi
feris Cumi cvalebiT da mZafri gamalebiT“.
cisartyela, irise xan iesos, xan mariamis simboluri saxelia (5, 118).
ufals locva-vedreba aRevlineba („wmindao, damicev“), raTa ganaridos im
dawyevlil, saSiSar, samarismagvar saxls, romelsac mxolod sikvdili moaqvs:
„qalTa xmaSi faruli, yvavilebis suroTi, Tovlis fer–umarili, gafiTrebis
suraTi da Tvalebis wyvdiadi da sicilis fereba–rogorc yru baiaTi–fifqiT
damemtereba“.
„Tvalebis wyvdiadi“ borotebas SegvagrZnobinebs, igi „yru baiTis“, „fifqiT
mtrobis“... konteqtsSi jdeba. „idumali domino“ ki sinaTlis momfenia, gansxvavebiT
„Savi idumalebisagan“, „fardebis SrialSi“ rom gvxvdeba.
„Tovlis“ fer–umarili“ gafiTrebas moaswavebs, leqsis lirikul gmirs aZrwunebs
aRmosavluri „yru baiTi“, „Tovlis ferumarili“ da „fifqiT mtroba“, detalebiT
miniSnebaa arsebiTze–Tovlian samyaroze, romelic cdilobda daeviwyebina Cveni
„udiadesi ca“ da „idumali domino“. pirveli saxe („Tovlis ferumarili“, „fifqiT
mtroba“) qaragmaa Tovlian–yinuliani iperiisa, romelic angrevda rwmenis sasaxles
da yinulis, sicarielis, sikvdilis saxlSi gvepatiJeboda. „yru baiTi“ anu Cveni
aRmosavluri istoriuli mtris cru religiac iseve Rupavda suls, rogorc
yinulovani samefos aTeistTa urwmunoeba.
leqsi 1916 wliT TariRdeba. esaa marqsizmis, social–demokratiis uRmerTobis,
aTeisturi satanizmis zeimis periodi. poeti xedavda mis Sabnel Zalas da RmerTs
(wmindas) evedreboda Cvens sulTan wilnayari „uwindeli, udiadesi cis“
ZalmosilebisaTvis Seewyo xeli.
„dominoSi“ Tu wyevlas, „risxvas, amxedrebas“ imsaxureben saSiSari sasaxle da
misi binadarni, poeti miesalmeba „saocar SenobaSi“ zambaxis princesis – (mariamis)
xelebis TiTebis gaelvebas, „daCrdilul beWeds“, amasTan, am gamyinveli samefos
siaxlovis miuxedavad, poetis arseba didebis sadguria: „oh, vici: sicividan
terfamde var dideba!“
dante evedreboda uzenaess: „didebis Senis natvifari momadle Cems suls (4, 411).
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RvTismetyvelebaSi suliwmindis RmerTebze saubrisas mudam aRniSnaven mis didebas
da mzeebr brwyinvalebas. „pavle mociqulisTvis igi aris suli didebisa: „rameTu
didebisai igi da RmerTisai suli Tquen zeda gansvenebul ars“ (6, 126).
galaktioni, rogorc suliwmindis madliT cxebuli, didebis TanxlebiT
miiswrafvis parnasisken:
„me momdevs ganTqmul saxelis taSi,
dideba, cremli, Relva, muqara“.
„diadi didebis“ Tanxlebis gancda axlavs striqonebs:
„Sen gelis dafna,
Sen diadi dideba gelis“.
„dominoSi“ saSiSarTa sakrebulos ganerida poeti, kankeli aRimarTa, „masTan“
„ardarideba“ irCia, „alebiT“ (cecxliT) miaexla „idumal dominos“. „TiTebis
grZel zambaxebze“ „daCrdiluli beWedi“ ixila, jer mxolod konturebi isaxeboda
sasurvelis:
„masTan alebs mivitan,
vetyvi... ardarideba!
vici, frTasac ver axebs idumalad bejiTi,
TiTebis grZel zambaxebs daCrdiluli beWedi“.
beWedi, zecis beWedi mariam RvTismSobelia saRvTismSoblo simbolikis mixedviT (9,
43).
galaktionis leqsSi es simboluri beWedi „daCrdilulia“. masSi landiviT Cans
„molebi“, „motexili zafxuli“, rac oxvris parolebs“ uxmobs:
„landiviT maqvs naxuli
beWdis TvalSi molebi,
motexili zafxuli da oxvris parolebi“.
erT leqsSi poeti „swuxs nazi frCxilebis grZel zambaxebs, swuxs sxvagvar
cremlebs, TeTr beWdebis Tvalebs – SiSvels, TeTr yvavils“ („samreklo
udabnoSi“).
„TeTri beWedi“ mariamis saxelia, Tvali, yvavili – qristesi, saRvTo
saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze. „SiSveli yvavili“ rwmenis damdablebaze mianiSnebs.
leqsSi – „xelebi“ aris „damsxvreuli beWdebis“ saxe. sxvagan erT personaJs surs
madonas (mariamis) xelebis ambori da „araqauri sunTqvis“ gancda: „bagiT Seexo
madonas xelebs da igrZno sunTqva araqauri“ („Cveni dRis ambebs“).
qarSi dakarguli beWdis saxe ubedobis reqviemia leqsSi „meri“.
amasTan, galaktions hqonda „sakuTari beWdiT moWrili“ oqro, anu Seudarebeli
poeturi qmnilebebi. epiTetebi – „daCrdiluli“, „damsxvreuli“ anareklia realuri
viTarebis, roca religiuri saxeebi, rwmena iyo ignorirebuli. vardis cvriani
beWedi, locvebi, sameba, yvavilebi, ca, saukuno gamosalmeba (rwmenasTan), demonis
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gamoCena da „SeeWveba“ Rrma, mniSvnelovani saTqmelis gamJRavnebaa analogiuri
paradigmebiT:
„saRamov, vici,
baRSi Sexval eklesiidan
da gaocebis mwuxarebas masTan miitan.
TiTqos beWdebze dageyreba vardebis cvari
da surnelebiT aivseba Seni locvani.
da mxolod RamiT igrZnobs suli,
rogorc samebas: yvavilebs da cas, saukuno gamosalmebas!
mogonebebi elvareben isev beWdebad,
mova demoni, dafiqrdeba da SeeWvdeba
da savanisgan sizmariviT miaqvs
Ramis qars mxevalT galoba:
SeibraleT, igi wminda ars!“ („saRamov, vici“).
beWdebze dayrili vardebis cvari qristes gagvaxsenebs.
mivmarToT biblias: „viqnebi cvari israelisaTvis, ayvavdeba rogorc SroSani da
libaniviT gaidgams fesvebs, osia winaswarmetyveli” (14, 6) (2, 273).
saRvTo sibolikaSi vardi xan qristes, xan mariams miemarTeba. beWedi RvinosTanac
moiazreba: „CavuSvaT Rvinis siankareSi Cveni beWdebi“ („puSkini parizSi“). am
frazaSi beWdis adresati mariamia, Rvinisa – qriste. religiuri Sinaarsis Rvinis,
Zveli Rvinis wyaro SeiZleba moviZioT bibliaSi: „gaumarTavs cabaoT ufali yvela
xalxs am mTaze nadims msuye kerZebiT, nadims Zveli RviniT, Zveli, dawmendili
RviniT“ (esaia 25, 6) (2, 588).
saanalizo leqsis „zafxuli“ qristes saxelia fsalmunidan:
„gvirgvini daadgi Seni sikeTis zafxuls
da Seni nakvalevidan wveTavs simsuqne“( fs. 65, 12) (2, 588).
zeviT beWdis epiTeti iyo „daCrdluli“. zafxulis msazRvrelia „motexili“.
„daCrdiluli“, „motexili“ unda niSnavdes ugulebelyofils, daviwyebisaTvis
ganwiruls, anu rwmenis ignorirebazea aqcenti. aseTi iyo realoba. galaktioni
Tavgadakluli eZebda Tavis saTayvano deda-Zes, mas mudam „rwmenis taxti“ edga.
sxvagan beWedi (mariami) galaktionma moiazra vardis cvris, Rvinis saxeebTan, anu
isev da isev religiur konteqstebSi.
ufro rTuli da amoucnobi saxea beWdis TvalSi landiviT danaxuli „molebi“.
zviad gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, rom „odiseaSi” qvesknelad STasvlisaTvis iyenebden
jadosnur balaxs, molis, romelsac odisevss aZlevs kirke, kolxeTis mefis
asuli. „vefxistyaosanSic“ fatmanis grZneuli mona mols wamoisxams da midis
qajeTSi. e.i. moli iseTi balaxia, romelic exmareba adamians iniciaciaSi...
„vefxistyaosnis“ gmirebi – tarieli, avTandili, fridoni moliT ki ar gadian
iniciacias, aramed iaraRis ZaliT. „vefxistyaosnis“ avtorisaTvis moli iniciaciis
arakanonzomieri gzaa, vinaidan mas iyenebs grZneuli zangi, Savi magiis mimdevari,
Tanac fatmanis mona. TviT sityva „moli“, rogorc Cans, uZvelesi qarTuli sityvaa,
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Tanac misi gamoyeneba kolxeTis mefis asulis mier unda miuTiTebdes antiuri
iniciaciis institutis kolxur warmoSobaze, rasac aRniSnavs o. neeraxeric“ (6,
215-216).
nana kucias mixedviT, molebi yvavilia xalxur poeziaSi: „qalsa visme erqva
SroSani, xuTsa TiTsa ecva beWedi. beWdis Tvalsa moli mosula“. nana kucia
imowmebs aseve rismag gordezians: „odiseas“ mixedviT, moli RmerTebis enaSi
arsebuli sityvaa. homerosis ganmartebiT, es aris Savi Zirisa da rZis msgavs
yvavilTa mqone mcenare kirkes kunZul aieze... „moli ixmareba yovelgvari Targmanis
gareSe“. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevari varaudobs: „iqneb rZis msgavs yvavilTa
mqone mcenareSi SroSani igulisxmeba, RvTismSoblis yvavili?“. „erTurTs
Tanxvdeba TiTqos xalxuri poeziis, homerosisa da galaktionis paradigmebi“ (8,
93).
yvavilebis saxelia xalxurSi nugeSi (galaktionTanac – „pirvel Tavelebs“),
qristesisxla, mariamula). galaktionis „molebis“ Sinaarss rom ufro
mivuaxlovdeT, gavixsenoT isic, rom molebi arian mahmadianTa sasuliero pirebi.
erTan poeti wers:
„da igonebdnen molebs,
rogorc dawyevlil sindiss.
idga gaSiSis sevda,
mware nisliviT vrceli,
mas burusebze xvevda TeTri obobas qseli“ („sad dasasruli iyo“).
sulxan-saba orbelianis mier gaigivebulia „muyrni“ da mola: „muyri – mahmadianTa
mola“. „vefxistyaosanSi“ gulwasuli tarielis mosasuliereblad mosuli
mahmadianTa sasuliero pirebi ironiulad arian moxsenebulni:
„srulni muyrni da mulimni me gare Semomcvidian,
maT xelTa hqonda musafi, yovelni ikiTxvidian,
mter-dacemuli vegone, ar vici, ras Cmaxvidian...“ (9, 72).
„dominoSi“ moli ki ara, molebia, es mravlobiTis forma ki molidanac miiReba da
moladanac. raki zeviT „baiaTia“ (aRmosavluri), iqneb aq „molaa“ da ara moli? da
Tu „molia“, kirkes jadosnuri balaxi, Tu yvavili, isev im„dRegrZeli moxucis“,
aTasgvari wamlisa da Selocvis ostatisaTvis saWiro grZneulebis saSualebaa,
romelic cdilobs „daCrdilos“ beWedi – mariami. miT ufro, mere irkveva, rom
zafxulic (Zveli qarTuliT gazafxuli – saRvTo Sinaarsis saxeli) „motexilia“.
vfiqrobT, uTuod kavSirSia es jadosnuri moli am „cru misanis“, „cru
winaswarmetyvelis“ satanur saqmianobasTan, romliTac cdilobs idumali
„dominos“ gauCinarebas, beWdis daCrdilvas, zafxulis ignorirebas.
galaktioni sxvaganac „wuxs“ „TeTr beWdebis Tvlebs“, („samreklo udabnoSi“),
gazafxulis gaqrobas: „ra adre gaqra gazafxulis mziani Crdili“ („elegia“),
„gazafxulisa gahqra mSveneba da miefara nisls sizmareuls“ („Zveli wignebis
gverdebs areuls“).
„dominoSi“ „TeTri kvamlia“ qvegamxedvari yinulovani mezoblis Tu pirsisxliani
axlo aRmosavleTis zRaprebis da baiaTebis... anu ori ukiduresoba. poetis
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gulmxurvale locviT uCinardebian „bednier samkvidros“ amaod maZebar mzakvarTa
aCrdilebi... bolos mainc kankeli aRimarTeba didi wvalebis, Ziebis, monatrebis
Semdeg, didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad. poets axsovs ganukiTxaobis periodis „ca
ukankelo“ („sad iyo smena da gagoneba“), msoflio omis dros Zirs dagdebuli
kankeli, Camavali mze, Rriankeli, cisartyelebi:
„egdo kibeze oqros kankeli,
Camavali mze lurji xelebiT da Rriankeli,
cad mimavali cisartyelebiT“ („qari, msoflio omis mauwyebeli“).
rwmenis zeobisas moCans „TvalebaSkara cecxlis kankeli“ („dabrunda grZnoba da
sisadave“). „dominoSi„ gacudda „yru baiaTi“, fifqiT mtroba. grZneuli moxucis
saSiSari, sikvdilis momtani sasaxlidan lirikulma personaJma „saocar SenobaSi“
gadainacvla da gamoCnda domino, locva-vedrebiT miRweul iqna mizani. nana kucias
azriT, domino aris mariami. mkvlevari eyrdnoba ganmartebiT biblias, romlis
mixedviT, mariami berZnulad aris maria, arameulad – mariami, ieronimes mixedviT
ki igi niSnavs dominas“.
domen, domeniko gvxvdeba dantes „RvTaebriv komediaSi“: „domeniko... mebaRea igi
qristesi, soflad mosuli uflis baRis mosaSeneblad“.
guram doCanaSvilis „samoseli pirvelis“ domeniko uZRebi Svilia, mamasTan
(RmerTTan) mudmiv kontaqtSi myofi.
galaktion tabiZe afiqsirebda, rom aTeistur periodSi axali eresi mkvidrdeboda:
„epoqa isvris axal eresebs“. vfiqrobT, poetebis mefis domino aris eresis
dasaTrgunavad, miwaze uflis venaxis mosaSeneblad mosuli piri, romlis
movlinebasac natrobda „dominos“ avtori. domino faqtobrivad, poetis meore mea,
idumali meore saxe, romelic gaerTsuldeba misi uflis wyurviliT savse
pirovnebasTan, xolo vidre es moxdeba, igi itanjeba uzenaesTan Serwymis
surviliT.
galaktionisaTvis ucxo iyo:
„amaod Seqmnil ciur sulTan
mxurvale locva
da qveyniurad Seqmnil kerpTan
mware Secdoma“ („sanam Sors iyav“).
„momavlis Rrma sibrZniT Tvalnaxeli“ poeti qmnida ara muxambazebs, ara
aRmosavlur baiaTebs an romanseroebs, aramed dardis, sikvdilis dammarcxebel
saRvTo hangebs, samoTxis xmebs, cxovrebis zRvaze gadamyvan frTian simRerebs:
„gevedrebi, gamagone,
is simRera, me rom miyvars,
laJvardovan frTebis mqone,
Sua zRvad rom gadamiyvans“ („odes mZime rame dardi“).
galaktioni upiratesobas aniWebda „siyvarulis simReras“:
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„gulSi JRers ra xania,
siyvarulis simRera,
rogorc erTaderTi xsna,
erTaderTi imedi“ („ilias motivi“).
siyvaruli RmerTia: „RmerTi siyvarulia” (ioane, I, 4,8). poetis gulSi erTi RmerTis
siyvaruli xmianobda:
„...Sens gulSi erTi gaxmaurdeba zeca da RmerTi,
ros dagSordebi – var me zedmeti,
saSineleba da jojoxeTi“ („ar gapativa“).
galaktionis „domino“ aris poetis ukidegano sulis odisea samaresaviT
dawyevlili saSiSari saxlidan „saocari Senobisken“, uwindeli udiadesi cisken,
Zebna, Zieba, xetiali sulis uxilav labirinTebSi. poetma, epoqis eresis
miuxedavad, ipova Tavisi wminda qristianuli oreuli. poeti aq aris ara „me”
aramed „is“. meore Tu mesame piriT sakuTari arsebis warmoCena saerTod
axasiaTebda poets: „Sen, galaktion, ici“, „vican, galaktion SenSi aqteoni“. „epoqis
gedi ocnebas mReris gabediTebiT“, „is mReris, rogorc daris dareba“, „rogorc
erTia qveyana mTeli, ise erTia galaktioni“... poets „wuxiliT avsebda is, rom
„siyvarulis xma arsiT ismoda“. samagierod, iyo „valaleba grZnobaT damxobis“
(„is“). magram epoqaluri kataklizmebis miuxedavad, mis leqsebSi gamudmebiT JRerda
ciuri simfonia, „sixarulis uvertiura“, rac locvasaviT amaRlebuli da diadia.
„ratom aravin iyo, roca movedi, roca viZaxdi da aravin iyo pasuxis gamcemi?“, -
kiTxulobda winaswarmetyveli esaia.
winaswarmetyvelis darad, galaktionsac igive problema awuxebda: „rodesac me
movel, aravin ar Canda“ („me moval“).
poetis mwuxare, spetaki wigniT cocxldeboda „imedTa mdelo“, ismoda „locva-
vedreba, galoba axali“. gamocxadebis mixedviT, meqnareTa xmis, axali sagaloblis
Seswavla mxolod waubilwavT, RmerTisgan gamosyidulT xelewifebaT, romelTac
gangebam daakisra „ukve gamqrali alis“ anTeba, dakarguli grZnobis moZieba,
„damarxuli imedis„ gacocxleba, „aRdgomis kvalis“ migneba („axali weli“).
„dominoSi“ qristes simboloeba: sanTeli, wigni, zafxuli. mariamis saxe-xatebia:
udiadesi ca, ca, xelebi, TiTebis grZeli zambaxebi, beWedi.
saanalizo leqsSi galaktionis pirovneba gacxadda, rogorc „qristes sxivebiT
Semosili mcenareulis“ (dantes frazaa), zeciuri vardebis, alvis xis
„SemoSenebiT“ (galaktionis frazaa) gatacebuli, uflisagan kurTxeuli mebaRe, anu
domino. „domino“ poetis mier sakuTari zeciuri misiis, uflis erTguli
msaxurebis SegrZnoba-gacnobierebaa originaluri poeturi xerxebiT da, amdenad,
epoqis yvelaze mwvave problemis dasma-gadaWraa sulieri individualobis
mauwyebeli saxe- xatebiT, anu TviT poets rom davesesxoT, „esaa grZnoba kvlav
siyvarulTa, gadaqceuli sxvisaTvis Waobad“...
„domino“ mudam iwvevda mkiTxvel-specialistTa interess. i. kenWoSvili
galaktionis „dominoSi“ andrei belis „maskaradis“ gavlenas xedavs (10, 133). z.
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saria eTanxmeba am mosazrebas: „es leqsi marTlac iwvevs andrei belis „maskaradis
asociacias“. mkvlevari aseve eZebs paralelebs aleqsandre blokis rkalebTan:
„МММММ“ da „ММММММММММММ“, sadac „qali, vneba da qaris stiqia ganuyofelia“.z.
saria imowmebs blokis leqsebis cikls „МММММММММММММ“– imis gamo, rom masSi aris aCrdilTa motivi, sikvdilis TemasTan gaSinaureba da gaucnaurebuli garemo.
„belis leqss erTvis refrenad taepi: „МММММММММММ“, „ММММММММММММ“. „galaktionTan
domino SeiZleba moTamaSe bedisweris simbolo iyos“, - askvnis zeinab saria (11,
132).
s. sigua exeba wiTeli dominos saxes, romelic SiSismomgvrelia da gvxvdeba
andrei belis roman „peterburgSi“. es igive nikolai ableuxovia, senatoris vaJi,
romelmac maskaradze saidumlo baraTi waikiTxa. man pensnes gakeTebisas niRabi
aiwia da yvelas Tvalwin gamoCnda niRabaxdili, SiSismomgvreli domino. es
SemTxveva skandaliT dasrulda.
edgar pos „wiTeli niRabis sikvdilSi“ wiTeli masxaras niRabia. „galaktions
„peterburgi“ wakiTxuli ar hqonda, roca „domino“ dawera, ase rom, soso sigua
gamoricxavs andrei belisa da, miT umets, edgar pos qarTvel poetze gavlenis
moments (12, 275).
vfiqrobT, galaktionis „domino“ gansxvavebulia a. blokis, a. belis, edgar pos
dominosagan, igi ufro dantes domenikos uaxlovdeba. Cveni SexedulebiT, domino
aris galaktionis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi umTavresi problemis – RmerTis Ziebis,
misi povnisa da qristianuli rwmenis SeubRalavad dacva-Senaxvis ideis mxatvruli
xorcSesxma ganumeorebeli saxe-simboloebiT.
literatura
1. galaktion tabiZe, “domino”, Txz. or wignad, w. I, Tb. 1988.
2. biblia or wignad, w. II, Tb. 1990.
3. netari avgustine, “aRsareba”, saqarTvelos saeklesio kalendari, Tb. 1985.
4. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
5. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
6. zviad gamsaxurdia, “vefzistyaosnis” saxismetyveleba, Tb. 1991.
7. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
8. nana kucia, literaturuli werilebi, Tb. 2005.
9. SoTa rusTaveli, “vefxistyaosani”, Tb. 1991.
10. irakli kenWoSvili, galaktionis samyaroSi, Tb. 1999.
11. zeinab saria, galaktion tabiZis intimur-meditaciuri da samoqalaqo
publicisturi lirika, Tb. 2003.
12. soso sigua, qarTuli modernizmi, Tb. 2002.
105
“silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi”
igavuri, enigmuri, gamosacnobia galaktionis SedevrTa umetesobis Canafiqri da es
kidev ufro aZlierebs mis mimarT interess.
TaobaTa esTetikur idealad daisaxa poetebis mefis saTauridanve gamaognebeli
“silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi“. masSi erTad SeigrZnoba Rrmaazrovani saTqmeli,
ganumeorebeli saxeebi, riTmis jadoqari da iseTi gulwrfeli aRsareba uzenaesis
winaSe, cremlis denamde rom SeZravs mkiTxvels. lirikuli RaRadisi avtorisa
sayovelTao masStabebSi gaxmiandeba da piraduli sakacobrio, maradiul satkivars
epasuxeba...
leqsis daweris TariRia aTeizmis, marqsistuli social-demokratiis zeobis
periodis 1917 weli.
nawarmoebi RmerTwarTmeuli drois Svilis aRsarebaa deda-Zis winaSe, mware
sinamdvilisadmi gamotanili msjavria, Sefaruli mxilebaa, maTi, vinc cxovreba
jojoxeTad aqcia, amasTan, aSkaraa uzenaesis wyurvili, RmerTTan Catexili xidis
gamTelebaze ocneba.
„silaJvardis“ lirikuli personaJi maradobas SeWidebuli Semoqmedia, romelic
ulmobelma drom nugeSis gareSe, Tavisi Senaqmnis amara datova.
poetis tkiviliani monologi mariam RvTismSobels miemarTeba, romelic
sasuliero poeziis kvalobaze (demetre mefis sagalobeli: „mze xar
gabrwyinebuli“, 11, 183) mzis saxiT figurirebs galaktionis leqsSi: „dedao
RvTisav, mzeo mariam! rogorc nawvimar silaSi vardi, Cemi cxovrebis gza sizmaria
da Soreuli cis silaJvarde“ (2, 129).
raze an visze migvaniSnebs vardi, Tanac silaSi moqceuli, ratom aris poetis gza
erTdroulad sizmari da „Soreuli cis silaJvarde“?
upirvelesad Tvali gavadevnoT religiuri Sinaarsis vard-yvavilebs qarTul
poeziaSi.
profesori tite mosia wers: „ioane zosime wm. qalwuls „uxrwnel vards“ uwodebs,
riTac xazgasmulia misi qalwulebrivi siwminde. „vardi“ mariamis sulieri
umankoebisa da mSvenierebis gamomxatvelia da ara garegnuli silamazisa:
„vardobai mariamisa, surnelebai nardisai, vardi uxrwnelebisai, Sueniereba
sunnelTai“ (p. ingoroyva, Txz. III, 407) (3, 109).
„saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi yvavilis mSveniereba ZiriTadad qristes da
RvTismSoblis simbolo-metaforaSi gamJRavnda“: „gixaroden, yvavilo
uxrwnelebisao“ („daujdomeli“), Sen xar, ubiwoo, kidobani daviTis xiluli da
yuavili, solomonis moswavebuli“ (nevm. Zlispiri, 839 Zv. qarT. sasuliero poezia,
385) „aRmocenebulman yuavilman qalwulman ubiwoman“ (Wil-etratis iadgari, 161).
„uZveles iadgarSi“ igi wodebulia „yoladve dauWknobel yuavilad“ (gv. 510) (3, 116).
„qebaTa qebaSi“ mSvenierebis simbolod figurirebs SroSani: „me yvavili velisai da
SroSani ReleTai“ (qeb. 2,1) (4,15).
demetre pirvelma (XIIs.) uflis dedis siwmindesa da mSvenierebas miusadaga
SroSanis saxe: „RmrTismSobeli da yovlad patiosani, deda qalwuli, Suenieri
SroSani“ (1,183).
106
galaktionis leqsis silaSi moqceuli vardi SeiZleba mxoloddamxolod mariami
iyos, xolo misi moazreba silaSi unda niSnavdes imas, rom rogorc silaa
unayofo niadagi, romelic wyals ar atarebs da verc vards axarebs, aseTive
rwmenisTvis unayofoa, arareligiuria, mariamis ugulebelmyofelia poetis epoqa.
maS, rogorc mravalgzis xdeba qarTvel poetTan, leqsSi mariamis simbolod
gvevlineba mze da vardi (silaSi).
galaktionis poeziaSi gvxvdeba silamazesTan, poeziasTan dakavSirebuli,
socialuri, filosofiuri gagebis, SoTa rusTavelis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, vaJa-
fSavelas Tu ucxouri tradiciebis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis magaliTebi, zambaxebi,
iasamnebi, mimozebi, udabnos yvavilebi, poeturi didebis macne vardebi, mistikuri
Sinaarsis yvavilebi.
mraval leqsSi vardi da yvavili xan mariamis, xan qristes saxeze migvaniSnebs.
RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis tragediaze mimaniSnebeli vardis saxeebia: burusebs
iqiT gadakarguli yvavilebi sicocxlis dilis“ (mimRere rame), mkvdari vardebi
(angelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti), axalgazrdobis mier gaTelili vardebi
(saRamo), SiSveli, TeTri yvavili (samreklo udabnoSi), dacvenili vardebi (alvebi
TovlSi), qarisgan gaZarculi atmis yvavilebi (atmis yvavilebi), gayinuli vardebi
(salami maiss), TovlSi dacemuli zambaxebi (Tovli), gadaSeneba iaT da vardTa
(mSvidobis wigni), ucxo yvavilis molodini (me moval), Sxamiani vardebi
(revolucioneris xsovnas), Tovlis vardebi (xan ufskrulebi, xan mwvervalebi),
cecxlis vardebi (me araerTxel mqonia frTebi), zambaxis princesa (es iyo 15 wlis
winaT), Savi yvavilis samudamod mWknari foToli ( vin aris es qali?) „setyviT
daRupuli yvavilebi“ („mimRere rame“). Tovlis madona, (xomalds mihyveba Tovlis
madona vardiT Troba (maisis isriT).
calke Temaa pirimzis, baiis saxeebi, iis mixedviT Seqmnili neologizmebi: ioba,
uieso, moaiavebs; iisferi Tovli, iisferi gza, iisferi Tvali...
gvxvdeba mudmivi gazafxulis dauWknobi yvavilebi (akaki wereTeli, sikvdilis xmiT
„Sefifquli saamo vardiTi (40 wlis win), vardisa da WinWris monacvleoba, ianvris
TovliT damWknari iebi (samreklo udabnoSi), elvaTa celiT mocelili yvavilebi
(cameti wlis xar), vardiT morTuli Tavis qala (vardebi). ucxo yvavilis
molodini (me moval).
gamaognebeli saxea „momeciT Crdili vardebis buCqis, momeciT TasiT“ (puSkini
parizSi), TiTqos beWdebze dageyreba vardebis cvari” (saRamov, vici), yvavilebi
giiadona (xomalds mihyveba Tovlis madona).
rac Seexeba yofnis sizmareulobis mauwyebel striqonebs: „Cemi cxovrebis gza
sizmaria“ - es Tema mTel msoflioSia cnobili da galaktionic araerTgzis
afiqsirebs am gancdas (is CamomSorda rogorc sizmari, is, rogorc sizmari).
xolo leqsis Semdgomi striqoni gvauwyebs, rom misi cxovreba, sizmarTan erTad,
aris „Soreuli cis silaJvarde“.
bibliaSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi saubaria orgvar caze: xilulsa da uxilavze,
materialursa da RmerTebis caze (mecxre caze).
uzenaesi, aramaterialuri cis gamosaxatavi terminia „cani caTani“: „cani caTani
uflisani arian, xolo queyana mohsca ZeTa kacTasa“ (fs. 114, 24) (5, 649).
107
dantes „RvTaebriv komediaSi“ gvxvdeba aTi ca: mTvaris, merkuris, veneras, mzis,
marsis, iupiteris, saturnis, uZrav varskvlavTa, angelozTa, uflisa da netarTa
samkvidrebeli.
ganarCeven xilul cas mnaTobebiTurT da aramaterialur, uxilav, metafizikur,
transcendentur cas (6,55).
netari avgustines mixedviT, miwa da zeca Seqmnilia, „cani caTani“ ki, romelic
Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna RmerTis mier, „sulier samyaros warmoadgens“, is aris Cveni
xiluli zecis maRla, „cani caTani gonieri zecaa“, sadac gonebas yvelafris
erTbaSad Secnoba eZleva da ara nawilobriv, aramed mTeli Tavisi sisruliT,
gamocxadebiT“ (7, 382, 384, 386, 388).
bibliaSive miCneulia, rom Seqmnili ca da dedamiwa ar aris maradi bunebis, Zveli
aRTqmis esqatologiuri Sexeduleba gvauwyebs, rom arsebul sofels aRsasruli
moelis, ris Semdegac iyos „ca axali da qveyana axali“ (esaia, 65, 17) (4, 122).
cnobilia cis aseTi ganmarteba. „...religiebSi cas didi adgili ukavia da Zalian
xSirad ca RmerTTan aris gaigivebuli da gaTanasworebuli. radganac RmerTi
caSia, ca RmrTis samyofelia, amitom TviTon ca warmodgenilia, viTarca RmerTi
da mis nacvlad xSirad ixmareba. yvela religiaSi rwmenis siRrme da pativi
morwmunes ukarnaxebda, RmerTis saxeli ar warmoeTqvaT. am niadagze Seqmnilia
sxvadasxva saxeli RmerTisa-meufe, ufali, batoni, uzenaesi, meufe caTa, ca
mwyalobeli da sxva“. (8, 48, 48).
axal aRTqmaSi ca aris RvTis gamosaxuleba, „vefxistyaosanSic“ ca RvTis
metaforad gaigeba (8, 49).
„sasuliero mwerlobaSi „ca caTa“ mariam RvTismSoblis metaforacaa: „mariam... cao
caTao,... xido RmerTisao“... (uZvelesi iadgari“, gv. 439).
„SesityvebaSi „cao caTao“ – „ca“ wm. mariamis metaforaa, „caTa“ ki - qristesi.
rodesac himnografi yovladwminda dedofals mimarTavs: „dedao qalwulo, cao
caTao“... amiT migvaniSnebs mis arsebaze, rogorc macxovris mSobelze.
amrigad, erTmaneTisgan unda gamijnos fizikur-materialuri ca-samyaro, misi
mkvidri mziT, mTvariT, merkuriT, veneraTi, marsiT, iupiteriT, saturniT, uTvalavi
varskvlavebiT da sulier-metafizikuri ca-samyaro (caTa ca, cani da cani caTani,
zeca, mecxre ca) sadac aris sasufeveli RvTisa, angelozebisa da wmindanTa
sulisa, swored es sulieri ca iqca RvTisa da wminda mariamis simbolur-
metaforul saxeladac“, (tite mosia, ca-RvTis metaforuli saxeli) (9, 41)
„swored metafizikur samyaroSi anu mecxre caSi, brolis caSi“, caTa caSi anu
zecaSi aris samoTxe, RvTis sasufeveli, angelozTa da wmindanTa sulis samyofi
sivrce (9, 40)
galaktionis „Soreuli cis silaJvarde“ aSkarad aris cani caTani anu RmerTis ca.
poets izidavda „iqauri ca foTliT qsovili, laJvard TvalTagan ganidarul
namiT“ („gobeleni“).
laJvardi da „iqauri ca“ identuria.
izidavda laJvardi brolis: „aha, gaixsna laJvardi brolis“ (ori mrisxane stiqiis
brZola).
laJvardi, Tvali, nami saRvTo saxelebia.
108
mis leqsebSi gvxvdeba „wminda ca“, rac „cani caTanis identuria“: „aris sadRaca
netari mxare, aris wminda ca SuqiT mgznebare“ (“grZnobaTa ferfli“) „wminda caze“
„wminda naTels“ (RmerTs) eziareba suli („ave maria“).
galaktioni tovebda filisterTa miwas da misi suli silaJvardeSi, brolis caSi,
cis sarkeSi navardobda: “...suli gafrenils edareba ferad miminos, rogorc ronini
saocari da misteria, dastovo mxare, sadac yvela filisteria, silaJvardeSi
miibrolos da miiminos“ („Cems gulSi“).
neologizmebia „miibrolos“, miiminos“, isini nawarmoebia brolidan da minidan,
pirveli RmerTis cis, meore gonebis simboloa.
galaktions evlineboda „zmaneba brolis“ (nugeSi).
misTvis „laJvardebis kideze“ sasurvelis zmaneba vlindeboda: „laJvardebis kideo,
daburulo zmanebiT“...
poets awamebda primitivTagan gaucxoeba, „gaugebari genia“, misi tkivilebis,
silaJvardis, ia-vardis, siyvarulis cnebaSi Cadebuli Canafiqris Seucnoblobis
sevda: „gaiges gana bediT Cagruli yofniT ragvarad mtkioda guli? is silaJvarde,
is ia-vardi, Tundac is dardi da siyvaruli?“ (mSvidobis wigni) (10, 158).
yofna, cxovreba saRvTo saxelia: „me var gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle“ (ioane, 14,
6) (5, 211).
silaJvarde, ia-vardi, siyvaruli religiuri Sinaarsis Semcveli saxe – cnebebia.
„RmerTi siyvarulia“ (I ioane, 4,8).
erTgan silaJvardec udabnos emsgavseba: ...„gamoqroleba zeinaburi da silaJvarde
udabnosaviT” (mSvidobiani simRera debis) aseve samSoblo-udabnoa (Tovli, udabno).
„mSvidobis wignSi“ aris aseTi mravalmniSvnelovani striqonebi: „...velni... gafantavs
dardebs, im ia-vardebs, im silaJvardes tvirTad dagadebs“ (10, 105).
vfiqrobT, veli sainformacio velia (ix. Cveni „veli galaktionis
saxismetyvelebaSi) (11, 249-255). silaJvarde umaRlesi ca, naTelmxilveli poetis
cnobierebaSi RvTis ZaliT aelvarebuli.
„ca daaSuqa wynar suls“, „Subls daesaxa cisiereba“, „rogorc mravali vardebis
mfeni, mas suli hqonda uxvad ciuri“ – mravlismTqmeli frazebia, poetis cis wili
sulis aqcentirebaa.
erTgan itevs: „ca, martooba, suli Tavadis“ („qalaqSi“) cac da Tavadic saRvTo
saxelebia.
galaktionis lirikuli gmiri aris „aRtacebuli cad ganimedi“. misi idealia
„ciurTa Tanadi ocneba“ („angelozs eWira grZeli pergamenti“) “mZime ocnebis caze
atana“, anu Canafiqris gamaradiuleba („cisferi“).
warmavlobas, xrwnadobas, ferfls galaktionTan upirispirdeba „ca da wigni“:
„saSveli qveynad aRar yofila – ararsebobad STanTqmulan rigni – ukmayofilo da
kmayofili. ra darCa? ferfli, ca da es wigni“.
leqsis es „ca“ „gonieri caa“, igive „cani caTani“, wigni ki uflis metaforuli
saxelia esaias winaswarmetyvelebidan (esaia, 29,11,18).
galaktionis azriT, rusTavelis poetur samyaros „ukvdavi ca miesxura“ („mesxis
gamoxedva“).
poetebis mefe eZebs Tavis “uwindel, udiades cas“: „niRabebi wiTeli, niRabebi
aTasi, magram me momeCvena Cemi ca uwindeli, ufro udiadesi“ („domino”).
109
erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi ideebis erTguli poeti ambobs: „vipoveT Cveni
dakarguli ca da Cveni miwis ametyveleba“, riTac migvaniSnebs uaryofili
rwmenisken mibrunebas, radgan ca religiuri simboloa.
galaktioni hgavs „zesTazes:“ „...mivqrivar cxeniT, vgavar zesTazes“ (vaSa Sav
zRvaze amomaval mzes).
zesTaze aris yvelaze umaRlesi ca, uxvi sinaTlis mfrqveveli, e.i. mzis ca (8, 51).
SoTa rusTaveli ambobs TinaTinze: „misi piri unaTlea zesTazesa“.
galaktionis TqmiT, „vefxistyaosanSi“ ismis xmebi uzesTaosani“ „uzesTaosani“
neologizmia.
galaktionis caze, masSi Cadebul qveteqstebze usasrulod SeiZleba saubari (ix.
Cveni „mas SeuZlia ca gadasazras) (12, 122-135).
motanili magaliTebidan aSkaraa, rom „silaJvardis“ pirvelsave strofSi poeti
afiqsirebs aTeisturi epoqis mier uaryofil rwmenas, amasTan, xazs usvams, rom
misi cxovrebis gza ganuyrelia Soreuli cis silaJvardis, anu RmerTisgan.
Semdeg strofSi „SemoRamebuli mTis“ miuxedavad, gaTenebas, xatebTan dgomas
moelis momavalSi: „SemoiRamebs mTis napralebi, da Tu rogorme isev gaTenda, -
RamenaTevi da namTvralevi, daRlil qaliviT mival xatebTan“.
mariam RvTismSobeli, „miqael modrekilis himnebis“ mixedviT, aris „daviTis mier
mTad poxilad“ moxsenebuli, mTa sacnauri“ (13, 43).
„mTa gamoukveTeli“ aseve miemarTeba mariams (13, 383).
daviT guramiSvilis „daviTianSi“ mariams ewodeba „mTa, lodis gamomtyorcneli“
(14, 379)
es saxe momdinareobs danielis winaswarmetyvelebidan: „hxedevd, vidre ara
gamoekueTa lodi mTisagan Tvnier xelTasa“ (danieli, 2, 34). aq mTa“ mariamis
simboloa, „lodi“ ki-Ze RmerTisa“ (14, 391).
„SemoRamebuli mTis“ saxiT migvaniSna galaktionma uaryofil mariamze, xolo
gaTenebis, xatebis saxeebiT – rwmenisken mibruneba igulisxma.
aseve, momavalSi eimedeba poets salocav karebTan yofna, sionSi SemoWrili
„sxivis“ (sxivi saRvTo saxelia) xilva, TeTri olarebis aelvareba, anu
eklesiisTvis Tavisi funqciis dabruneba.
rogorc malarme, akaki wereTeli, terenti graneli, galaktioni aris „gedi
daWrili ocnebis baRiT“, daRlili, wamebuli.
mis TvalebSi aRar feTqaven „cvrebi, iebi“, RamenaTevi da namTvralevi poetis
arsebaSi cremlebs, SurisZiebis grZnobas upovia adgili: „Sexede, dastkbi! Cemi
Tvalebi winaT rom feTqdnen cvrebiT, iebiT, _ RamenaTevi da namTvralevi savsea
cremlTa SurisZiebiT!“
cvari saRmrTo saxelia.
„viqnebi cvari israelisaTvis, ayvavdeba, rogorc SroSani da libaniviT gaidgams
fesvebs“ (osia 14,3) (4,273).
vaxtang meeqvsis poeziaSi aris aseTi striqonebi: „qalwulebisa vardi xar,
siwmindis baRsa rgulia, ferad gaqvs umankoeba, ubiwoeba sul ia“, (15, 18)
am “qalwulebis vards“ da „ubiwo ias“ mariam RvTismSoblis arsebis „poeturi
ferebiT dasuraTxatebad“ miiCnevs profesori tite mosia (3, 48).
110
galaktionis leqsSi lirikuli personaJis TvalebSi davanebuli cvari da ia
qriste RmerTisa da RvTismSoblis saxelebia, maTi saSualebiT aqcenti keTdeba
poetis morwmuneobaze.
braznarevi molodinis grZnobiT aris savse poetis mavedrebeli suli, romelic
uRmerTobis periodSi pepelasaviT mokvdaobisTvis ganwirulia: „dastkbi! ase yvela
mgosnebi? Sens molodinSi asea yvela? suli, vedrebiT ganaocebi, Sens ferxTqveS
kvdeba, rogorc pepela“.
tragizmis safuZvelia „sabedniero sulis“ gauCinareba, rac dantes jojoxeTis
asociacias qmnis: „sad aris CemTvis samagiero? sabedniero sad aris suli? viT
samoTxidan aligieri, me jojoxeTiT var dafaruli!“
suli uflis saxelia: „RmerTi aris suli da misi Tayvaniscemelni Tayvans unda
scemdnen suliTa da WeSmaritebiT (ioane 4, 24) (5, 184)
ufali sulia saxieri, „RmerTi sulia WeSmaritebisa, romelic mamisgan gamovals“
(16, 14, 15).
uRmerTod gavlili gziT bolos sikvdilis landi cxaddeba. magram ar iqneba arc
„gansasvenebeli ziareba“ da arc uzenaesis xseneba, aseTia urwmuno epoqaSi
mcxovreb adamianTa xvedri: „da roca bediT dawyevlil gzaze sikvdilis landi
momeCveneba, gansasvenebel ziarebaze CemTan ar mova Seni xseneba!“
fizikuri aRsasrulis dros mxolod „swrafi cxenebi“ (anu sakuTari poezia,
lurja cxenebis saxeSi personificirebuli) iqneba tanjuli sulis nugeSi:
„davikref xelebs da grigaliviT gamaqaneben swrafi cxenebi! RamenaTevi da
namTvralevi Cems samareSi Cavesvenebi“.
leqsis bolos, isev dakarguli rwmenis reqviemi gaiJRerebs da nugeSad isev
„Soreuli cis silaJvardesTan“ ganuwyveteli kavSiri rCeba.
silaSi vardi sxvaganac ezmaneboda poets, rac adasturebs, rom misi sevdis mizezi,
fiqris sagani swored unayofo vardi (uaryofili rwmena) iyo da arc is aris
SemTxveviTi, rom es saxe „zianebisa“ da „yornebis Caxavilis“ fonze gakrTeba: „iyo
irgvliv zianeba da yornebis Cxavili, Tovlma silas mianeba novalisis yvavili“
(„aRar aris menestreli“).
galaktionma jojoxeTad aRiqva aTeisturi epoqa, ramac Semdeg TviTmkvlelobiT
daasrulebina sicocxle sergei esenins, konstantin fadeevs, paolo iaSvilsa da
TviTon galaktions.
ulmobelma drom silaSi moaqcia, anu unayofobisTvis gaswira vardi (rwmena).
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom galaktionis leqsebSi ca naWorfalia, „ca dalewilia,
zeca dangreulia, gamqralia „faruli cis sidiade“, uniWo ocnebis“ wyalobiT ca
„siSaveSi gayinda“. „zecis ngrevas mohyva „miwis gadaferdeba“ („meocnebe afrebiT“).
„roca mziani iyavi ise, rogorc uwvimar riJraJSi vardi“, ambobs leqsSi „vardebi“,
magram es gancda warsuls ekuTvnis.
arsebobs elizbar javeliZis mogoneba, rom leqsis daweris impulsi gaxda poetis
mier perovis eklesiaSi xiluli meZavi qalis cremliani locva mariam
RvTismSoblis xatis winaSe (17, 136).
am STambeWdavma suraTma poets impulsi misca kerZo faqti adamianisa da RmerTis
mimarTebis simaRleze ganezogadebina, uRmerTo cxovrebis jojoxeTad
warmodgeniT rwmenisken, uzenaesisken swrafvis survili gaeRviZebina xalxSi.
leqsis mTavari saTqmelic esaa...
111
aTmarcvlian leqss xatovani metafaruli saxeebi gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas
sZens: nawvimar silaSi vardi, Soreuli cis silaJvarde, SemoRamebuli mTa, gedi,
daWrili ocnebis baRiT, cvrebiT, iebiT mfeTqavi Tvalebi, sabedniero suli, suli,
vedrebiT ganaocebi.
STabeWdilebas aZlierebs konsonansuri riTma – silaSi vardi silaJvarde.
marTalia, konsonansebi cnobilia xalxur poeziaSi (j. bardaveliZe, qarTuli
xalxuri leqswyobis sakiTxebi), akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSic, magram aseTi
JReradi, mignebuli da TaobaTa idealad qceuli konsonansi qarTul poeziaSi
ucnobia
poeti, rogorc sxvagan („foTlebis landi“), aqac martosulia, gaucxoebulia
urwmuno brbosgan, magram mainc ar wyvets uzenaes ZalebTan kavSirs da mTeli
simZafriT gangvacdevinebs RmerTisgan gandgomili sulis tragedias, riTac zena
samyarosken swrafvis, RmerTis molodinis grZnobas aRviZebs.
galaktioni mTeli ZalisxmeviT iRwvoda qarisgan vardis gadarCenisaTvis
(„locvisTvis“), qmnida „lodinis simReras“, winaswarmetyvelebda uflis gzaze
siaruls da umReroda „gadarCenis bednierebas“.
literatura
1. qarTuli poezia, I, Tb. 1981
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
3. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
4. biblia or wignad, wigni II, Tb. 1990.
5. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
6. revaz TvaraZe, TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba, Tb. 1985.
7. netari avgustine, „aRsareba“, Targmani v. burkaZis, saqarTvelos eklesiis
kalendari, Tb. 1985.
8. viqtor nozaZe, „vefxistyaosnis“ varskvlavTmetyveleba, santiago de Cile,
1957.
9. tite mosia, narkvevebi, portretebi da sxva, zugdidi, 2002.
10. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973.
11. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri lirikis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1996.
12. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis poeziis problemuri sakiTxebi, Tb. 1991.
13. pavle ingoroyva, Zvel-qarTuli sasuliero poezia, Tb. 1913.
14. tite mosia, „daviTianis“ saxismetyveleba, Tb. 2005.
15. vaxtang VI, leqsebi da poemebi, Tb. 1975.
16. petre iberi (fsevdo-dionise areopageli), „Sromebi“, Tb. 1961.
17. Jurnali „mnaTobi“, 1978w. #12.
„Tovli“
112
galaktionma Tovlis gamoyenebiT Seqmnil saxeebs daanaTla ferebi, realur Tu
feeriul WrilSi ixila Tovli da yinva, zamTari Tu sicive. enigmebad qceuli
Tovlisa da yinulis saSualebiT gagvimJRavna Tavisi socialuri, politikuri,
fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri Canafiqri...
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvelma poetma Seqmna al. blokis „Tovlis
niRbisgan“ savsebiT gansxvavebuli “Tovlis imperia“.
tradiciulad TeTri feriT cnobili es bunebiseuli movlena srulad
gansxvavebuli ferebiT warmogvidgina: vardisferi Tovli, Savi Tovli, iisferi
Tovli.
Tovlis vardebis, Tovlis madonas, Tovlis qalis, TovlTa dafnis mSvenierebas
gvaziara.
lurji da daRaluli fifqis, Tovlis fer-umarilis, fifqiT mtrobis, bneli
Tovis, iribi, almaceri Tovlis mwuxare Tovlis xilvebiT gagvaogna.
„TeTrad spetaki, magram marad Savi gulis“ Ralati amxila, „warmavali, arawminda
Tovli“ SeniSna.
galaktionis leqsebSi modis gazafxulismagvari qarTuli Tovli, maisis Tovli,
Crdilouri zamTris gulis gamyinveli Tovli, gvzaravs „maTi“ Tovli, nislebi,
burusebi... ianvris Tovli aWknobs sulis naadrev iebs...
Tovlis, zvavis, warRvnismagvari stiqiebis muqariT „sicivis mZevlad“ qceuli,
„gulisdamxSobi zamTris“, ambiciuri yinulovani monstris samizne samSoblo
gvecnaureba poemaSi „mSvidobis wigni“.
mravlismTqmelia „ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebi“, „auxdenelTa dResaswaulT lurji
yinuli“, maisis yinva, gayinuli ca, gayinuli qveynis guli, gayinuli mxedari,
mRelvare gazafxulze gayinuli nakaduli.
„me ganvicade okeane, Sori yinuli“, aRmoxdeba poets, romelic „msoflio globuss
saguleSi Tamamad“ itevda...
galaktions zaravda „TeTri avdari“, Tovlad saxeldebuli samSoblo, „iribi,
almaceri Tovli“, misi „elami mze“ (anu yinulovani CrdiloeTis imperia), avdris
molodini.
poeti gayinuli vardebis, TovlSi wyebad dawvenili zambaxebis saxeebiT gvimxels
Zalze mniSvnelovans...
Tavisuflebadakarguli qveynis tkivilebs Tovlad saxeldebul samSobloze
miniSnebiT gvagrZnobinebs: „rom sxva samSoblo ar gamaCnia... rom es Tovlia Cemi
samSoblo“ („oforti“).
yinulis imperia daaxasiaTa yinulovani qalaqis, yinulovani garemocvis, yinulis
quCebis, yinulovani koSkis mozmanebiT. yinuliT gadaketili samoTxis gzaze
migvaniSna, am jadosnuri yinulis safaris garRveva gulis siTboTi scada da
gaiWra „saocnebo mxarisken“, rasac hqvia edemi, samoTxe (edemi, samoTxe mariam
RvTismSoblis simboluri saxelebia („SexedeT, miwa!).
poets „ianvris Tovli“ uWknobda sulis „naadrev iebs“ da samreklod qceuli suli
wuxda udabnoSi, wuxda dafarul codvebze, damalul Ralatze, wuxda SiSvel
yvavilze, TeTr beWdebze... (samreklo udabnoSi). wuxilis sagnad qceul “SiSvel
yvavilsa” da “TeTr beWdebSi” ki deda-Zis simboluri saxeebi gvecnaureba.
113
„avdris molodini”, „gulisdamxSobi zamTari“ aRaSfoTebda, „kosmiur sicives“
SeigrZnobda, „saukuneTa Tovli“ zaravda, magram gamodarebis imedi
asuldgmulebda da megobris saxeliT mosul mtarvals niSnismogebiT mimarTavda:
„saukuneTa Tovlo iTovle, mainc dadneba eg naTovlari“ („warwera xovles
ornamentze“).
„zamTris“ Zalmomreobas droebiT movlenad aRiqvamda: „...zamTaro, ase
gulisdamxSobo, ver SesZleb, sio rom gadaswio, saimqveynio da saamsoflo
(„mSvidobis wigni“).
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi TovliT Seqmnili poeturi imperiis SedevrTa Sedevria
impresionistuli leqsi „Tovli“.
poetis principi iyo „aswlad wamieris“ xilva, „wamis gasaukuneba“, wuTis
saSualebiT saukunis movlenebis ganWvreta: „lodinSiac wuTs mivyvebi da mivyvebi
saukunes“...
„ganaTebis wamSi“, „cecxlistoteba wamSi“ sulis Tvali Wvretda „sxvisTvis
uxilav-faruls“.
impresionizms axasiaTebs warmavalSi, wamierSi maradiulis moxelTeba, erTi da
igive sagnis, movlenis mravalgvar WrilSi moazreba, idumaleba, saTqmelis
qveteqstebiT gamJRavneba.
„Tovlis“ gamWoli, mTavari aqcentis matarebeli saxe Tovlia.
leqsis pirvelsave striqonSi TvalSi sacemia „iisferi Tovlis“ mSveniereba,
amasTan, Tovli asocirebulia qalwulTan, xidTan, rac SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos,
radgan es ori saxe mariam RvTismSoblis simboloebia.
„sasuliero mweralTa saxismetyvelebiT, mariami dasaxulia xidad, romelic miwier
da ciur samyaros erTmaneTTTan akavSirebs. es aris „xidi RmrTisai“... daviT
guramiSvili RvTis dedas ase mimarTavs: „xido wiaRmyvanebelo, kibev, caTamdis
mwdomelo“... es xatovani gamoTqma saTaves iRebs „daujdomelidan“: „gixaroden,
xido wiaR-myvanebelo queyanisao cad mimarT.. „xidis“ simbolikas ormagi funqcia
akisria: xidi (mariami) gaido RmerTidan adamianebisken, raTa macxovari mxsnelad
mosuliyo maTTan. am xidis meSveobiT adamianebi gadavlen ciur sasufevelSi“ (1,
123-124).
qalwuli mariamis saxelad momdinareobs esaias winaswarmetyvelebidan: „aha,
mucladiRebs qalwuli da Sobs Zes da uwodebs saxelad imanuils (CvenTan ars
RmerTi“) (esaia, 7, 14) (2, 78).
rogorc vxedavT, „Tovlis“ pirvel strofSi asocirebulia iisferi Tovli, xidi,
qalwuli.
leqsis dasawyisSive xazi esmeba xidTan moazrebuli qalwulebrivi Tovlis
siyvaruls, romelic mwuxarebasTan da moTmenasTan aris dakavSirebuli: „me Zlier
miyvars iisfer Tovlis qalwulebiviT xididan fena, mwuxare grZnoba civi
sisovlis da siyvarulis ase moTmena“ (3,73-74).
galaktionis poeziaSi gvxvdeba Tovlad saxeldebuli samSoblo: „rom sxva
samSoblo ar gamaCnia, rom es Tovlia Cemi samSoblo“...
xidTan, qalwulTan moazrebuli “iisferi Tovli“ mariamis saxe-simboloa iseve,
rogorc „Tovlis madona“ leqsSi „xomalds mihyveba Tovlis madona”.
mariam RvTismSoblis italiuri saxelia madona. macxovris dedisadmi miZRvnili
religiuri dResaswaulebidan erT-erTi aris Tovlis RvTismSoblis liturgikuli
114
dResaswauli, romelic 5/18 agvistos tardeba. arsebobs aseTi legenda: mesiis
mSobeli Camohyva Tovls iq, sadac agebulia wm. mariamis didi taZari... Tovlis
madona wminda mariamia“ (1, 87-88).
daafiqsira ra „iisferi Tovlis“ siyvaruli, romelsac mwuxareba da moTmena
dahbedebia, Semdeg sulis TovliT avsebaze, sicivis, siberis negatiur gancdebze
gaakeTa poetma aqcenti, „lurjad naxaverdebi udabnos“ uCveulo saxe Seqmna:
„Zvirfaso! suli mevseba TovliT: dReebi rbian da me vberdebi! Cems samSobloSi me
movvle mxolod udabno, lurjad naxaverdebi!“
sxvaganac udabnod esaxeba samSoblo: „CemTvis martoden udabnoa mTeli qveyana“
(udabno“).
udabno rwmenas, sulierebas moklebuli adgilia: „udabno, kldovani landSafti
ganasaxierebs codvil yofas“ (4, 211).
„Tovlis“ lirikuli gmiris „moZme“ Tovliani ianvaria da am yiameTSi TovliviT
TeTri xelebis saxebas Seaqvs naTeli sxivi: „oh, aseTia Cemi cxovreba: ianvars
moZmed ar veZnelebi, magram me mudam memaxsovreba Seni TovliviT mkrTali
xelebi“.
galaktions axasiaTebs detalebiT mTelze, arsebiTze aqcentireba. amjerad xeliT
xdeba mariamze miniSneba, es xeli ki uRonod daxrilia TovlTa dafnaSi, iqve,
udabnoSi ielvebs umTavres saTqmelze mimaniSnebeli mandili: „Zvirfaso! vxedav,
vxedav Sens xelebs, uRonod daxrils TovlTa dafnaSi. ielvebs, qreba da kvlav
ielvebs Seni mandili am udabnoSi“...
xelebiT xdeba madonas (mariamis) warmoCena leqsSi „Cveni dRis ambebs“: „gwyuria,
odes sanTlebi elavs, waiRo suliT aurzauri, bagiT Seexo madonas xelebs da
igrZno sunTqva araqauri“.
„Tovlis“ urwmunoTa gatialebul sivrceSi sulis Tvali „Zvirfasi“ arsebis
xelebs da mandils dalandavs...
orivegan detalebiT xdeba arsebiTze, mniSvnelovanze miniSneba.
mandili galaktionis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi Zalze gamorCeuli saxe-simboloa,
romelic mravalmniSvnelovania da sxvadasxvagvar konteqstebSi gvxvdeba.
satrfos „laJvardovani mandilia“ leqsSi „qari mogonebaTa“. erTgan „Savi
leCaqiT“ iqmneba tragikuli ganwyoba („alazanTan“).
vefxis tyavebiT dafaruli mandilia leqsSi „Cveni dro isev rusTavels elis“.
„Wrel-Wreli mandil-sakabea“ „mivardnil aivanSi“.
qarTlis „saburvelze da Tavxurvazea“ aqcenti leqsSi „maRal mTidan“.
sxvagan „mTebis leCaqia“ aqcentrebeli („Cven gaviareT“).
leqsSi „ar menatreba“ Seqmnilia „ocnebis mandilis“ saxe.
poeziis mandilisa da grigalis dapirispirebas gvauwyebs „dRes dReebi ecleba“.
leqsSi „gemi dalandi“ „mTvareul zambaxebSi Sefarebuli lurji mandili“
poeturi dafnis mSvenebaa: „Cemi dafnisTvis mitacebda lurji mandili, qveynad
mTvareul zambaxebSi Sefarebuli“.
profesori soso sigua wers: „lurji mandili satrfos emblemaa, rogorc
gvamcnobs sxva leqsebic: „Tovli“ da „qari mogonebaTa“ (5,259).
leqsSi „voiles“ qarSi Camqrali Sandlis, saidumlo alebis, lurji mwvervalebis
fonze moazrebuli “mandilis Tebervalebi“ iqcevs yuradRebas: „qreba qarSi
115
Sandali (ocneba SarSandeli) da TamaSSi mandilis qrian Tebervalebi! saidumlo
alebi! isev damevaleba umizezo wvaleba da lurji mwvervalebi!“
brboSic „msubuq mandiliT“ cxaddeba poeti, Tumca grZnobs Tavis gaucxoebas
primitivTagan: „poeti... brboSi, sul erTia, viqnebi zrdili, msubuq mandiliT
zedmeti, ucxo, unayofo da gandevnili foTlebis landi” („foTlebis landi“).
mandiliT vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba iqcevs yuradRebas (poemebi: “mandili“,
„baxtrioni“, leqsebi: „zamTari mTaSi“, „mTaT Zili“, „gazafxuli“, „d-k-sm“).
bibliaSi RmerTi mis damviwyebelT Sesamoselis warTmeviT, Tavsakravebis,
pirbadeebis, mandilis, Tavsaburvelis axdiT emuqreba: „raki gamedidurdnen sionis
asulni..., im dRes aarTmevs maT meufe... Tavsaburavebs... pirbadeebs, Zvirfas
Sesamosels, mandilebs”... (esaia winaswarmetyveli, 3,16,18,19,22) (2,11,76).
galaktioni gamudmebiT amravalferovnebda winare tradiciebs. „ocnebis kvarTi,
mSvenierebis Cadri, mSvenebis ride, sityvis ZaZa“ gvagrZnobinebs poetis
originalobas, aseve, neologizmebi: „gamokvarTuli, moiCadreba, galeCaqdeba“.
„mandili” mTeli cxovreba aforiaqebda poets da am saxes umetesad poeziis an
religiis WrilSi moiazrebda.
leqsSi „dRes maisi“ saubaria golgoTaze (qristes wamebis adgili), galileaze
(amaRlebis Semdeg mowafeebTan Sexvedris adgili). poets Tavisi gadiadebis
adgilad esaxeba mTawminda. misTvis isev Zvirfasi da gauxunaria mandili da mzad
aris, iesosaviT Sesvas Sxamiani sasmisi, radgan icis, rom dideba da ukvdaveba
yovelTvis msxverplis gaRebis safasurad miiwvdomeba: „dRes maisi ferSi
nairnairSia, Tu dro aris, dros isev Sen Sehferi da viT qristem galilea airCia,
me Tbilisi avirCie beberi. magram qristes golgoTa xvda wilada, me ki Cveni
damifaravs mTawminda. mandili Cans isev im mandilada, Sxamsac Sevsvam Sengan
mowvdil TasiTa“ („dRes maisi“)
„mandili Cans isev im mandilada“...
rogorc vxedavT, mandilis erTgul raindad gvecxadeba poetebis mefe da,
vfiqrobT, es mandili ueWvelad aris RvTismSoblis emblemaa.
leqsSi „Tbilisi“ poets ar tovebda „RvTismSoblis cqera, savse qarTuli
patiosnebiT“.
mesianisturi ideis mixedviT, saqarTvelo mariam RvTismSoblis wilxvdomili
qveyanaa da bunebrivia poetis aseTi ucvleli, maradiuli siyvaruli uflis
dedisadmi.
SemTxveviTi rodia saqristianosTvis mlocveli Cveni zeciuri dedis xilva da
morwmuneTaTvis mzeze ubrwyinvalesi Tavsaburavis (mandilis) gadafareba.
ruseTSi arsebobs RvTismSoblis safarvelis dResaswauli, rac Sendegnairad aris
axsnili.
„Xsaukunis Sua wlebSi, kvira dRes, axali stiliT 14 oqtombers, andria salosi
RamisTevis locvebs eswreboda konstantinepolis vlaqernis RvTismSoblis
taZarSi, sadac yovladwminda qalwulis samoseli, Tavsaburavi da sartyelis
nawili inaxeboda. Ramis oTx saaTze man Tvalebi zecad aRapyro da RvTaebrivi
SuqiT gaciskrovnebuli RvTismSobeli ixila angelozTa da wmindaTa dasis
TanxlebiT. yovladwminda dedofals krZalviT moabrZanebdnen ioane
naTlismcemeli da ioane RvTismetyveli. maradis qalwulma muxli moiyara da
didxans avedrebda cremliT ufals saqristianos, mere trapezTan mivida da locva
116
ganagrZo. bolos Tavsaburavi moixsna da taZarSi Sekrebil mlocvelebs gadaafara.
ubiwo qalwuli RvTaebrivi didebiT brwyinavda, xolo Tavsaburavi mis xelze
mzeze ubrwyinvalesad elvarebda. aTrTolebulma andriam gverdiT mdgom mowafes,
saxelad epifanes, hkiTxa: „xedav, Zmao, mTeli samyarosTvis mlocvel dedofals da
ufals?“ „vxedav, Zmao da vZrwi“, upasuxa epifanem. isini didxans Sescqerodnen
sakvirvel sanaxaobas.
„aris varaudi, rom RvTismSoblis safarvelis dResaswauli ruseTSi dawesda,
sxvebis azriT ki-saberZneTSi. am varaudis Tanaxmad, saberZneTis eklesias XII
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi unda daewyo misi aRniSnva da swored aqedan Sevida
ruseTSic. droTa ganmavlobaSi berZnebs es dResaswauli miuviwyebiaT, dakargula
saRvTismSoblo wignebic, sadac igi ixseneboda. dReisaTvis SemorCenili uZvelesi
wyaroebi, sadac RvTismSoblis safarvelis dResaswaulia naxsenebi, rusulia da
XIIIs. II naxevriT TariRdeba“ (6,8).
ase iqca mandili, safarveli mariam RvTimsSoblis emblemad (7, 78-83).
CvensaviT aqvs gagebuli mandilis saxe nana kucias. misTvis, sruliad logikurad,
amosavali mariam RvTismSoblis locvebia.
„mandilic (safarvelic) RvTismSoblis atributia. „nu ganmaSoreb safarvelsa
Sensa“, - vevedrebiT wminda mariams (yoveldRiuri locva yovladwminda
RvTismSoblis mimarT, raTa vixiloT sulisa da xorcis ganyofis Jams) (3).
„RvTismSoblis daujdomelSi”, meeqvse ikosSi, konstatirebulia: „gixaroden,
soflisa safarvelo, uvrceso RrubelTao“(2).. (8, 27).
„TovlSi“ erTdroulad aris realuri da mistikuri plani ise, rogorc mis mraval
SedevrSi („alvebi TovlSi“, „silaJvarde“, „gobeleni“, „is“).
cxovreba, samSoblo realurad udabnoa, Tovlisa da zamTris (sulieri sicivis)
samefoa. satrfos „TovliviT mkrTali xelebi“ „TovlTa dafnaSia“ uRonod
daxrili, mis xmaSi „faruli dardia“, warsuls ekuTvnis „mSvidi dReebis TeTri
broleba“, sasurvelTan erTad qarSi qrola. TovliviT TeTria sicivismomgvreli
tyeebi, magram sulSi, ocnebaSi, mistikur planSi aris sayvareli Tovli,
qalwulisdari „iisferi Tovli“, udabnoSi gaelvebuli mandili.
vfiqrobT, qalwulic, xidic da „iisferi Tovlic“ mariamis saxe-
xatebia,ganuSorebeli poetisgan, magram mwuxarebis aRmZvrelia realoba,
„zambaxebis wyebad dawyena“: „amitom miyvars iisfer Tovlis Cveni mdinaris xididan
fena, mwuxare grZnoba qrolvis, mimovlis da zambaxebis wyebad dawyena“.
Cvenis azriT, zambaxi, zambaxis princesa, zambaxis Tasi, zambaxis kalaTi,
zambaxebis fiala mariam RvTismSoblis paradigmebia.
TovlSi wyebad dawyenili zambaxebis paralelurad, galaktionis leqsebSi
gvxvdeba gayinuli, gardacvlili, gaTelili, burusebs iqiT gauCinarebuli,
qarisagan gaZarculi, silaSi moqceuli vardebi. vfiqrobT, es saxeebi xan qristeze,
xan mariamze mimaniSnebelia da aTeistur epoqaSi deda-Zis ignorirebas ukeTebs
aqcents.
TovlSi wyebad dawvenil zambaxebSi urwmunoTagan uaryofili mariami unda
vigulisxmoT.
leqsSi Semdeg warsulze keTdeba aqcenti, romelic savse iyo Tovlis siyvaruliT,
idumali arsebis xmaSi dafaruli dardiT, qarSi qrolviT, „mSvidi dReebis TeTri
brolebiT“... martoobis gziT... „aris gza, aris neli TamaSi... da Sen midixar marto,
117
sul marto! me Tovli miyvars, rogorc Sens xmaSi erT dros faruli dardi
miyvarda! miyvarda maSin, maTrobda maSin mSvidi dReebis TeTri broleba, mindvris
foTlebi Sens daSlil TmaSi da Tmebis qariT gamoqroleba“...
gza saRmrTo saxelia: „me var gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle (ioane, 14,6) (9, 211).
RvTis gzaze martoa poeti da es gza sulis sidiadis gzaa...
poetis siyvarulis sagania „mSvidi dReebis TeTri broleba“. „broleba“
neologizmia.
galaktions uyvars „brolis ritmi, musika“ („WinkasTan saubari“) „sicocxlis
broli“, ... laJvardi brolis“ (ori mrisxane stiqiis brZola“) „brolis ca“ _
RmerTebis savane.
dRec saRmrTo saxelia (10, 122).
„mSvidi dReebis TeTri broleba“, vfiqrobT, originaluri saxea RvTisa.
mistikurTan erTad, realuri cxovrebis Tanamgzavris moazrebas hgavs idumali
arsebis TanxlebiT qrolva qarSi, mZafri siyvarulis wyurvili, „TeTri tyeebis“
garemoSi svla marto da isev Tovlis saSualebiT daxasiaTeba garemosi.
leqsis finalSi isev Tovlia gancdebis warmmarTveli, dRis xareba „lurji da
daRaluli fifqiT“ aTovs poets da isev zamTrisa da qarisagan gadarCenis natvriT
mTavrdeba leqsi: „Tovs! amnair dRis xarebam lurji da daRaluli fifqiT
damTova. rogorme zamTars Tu gadavurCi! rogorme qarma Tu mimatova!“
originaluri, Tovliani dRis xarebaSi movlenili „lurji da daRaluli fifqi“
leqsis dasawyisSi gaelvebul „iisferi Tovlis“ mSvenierebas exmianeba,
amravalferovnebs am ganumeorebel saxes axali elferiT da, vfiqrobT,
mniSvnelobiTac misi identuria.
literatura
1. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
2. biblia or wignad, wigniII, Tb. 1990
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or tomad, t. I, Tb. 1988.
4. zviad gamsaxurdia, „vefxistyaosnis” saxismetyveleba, Tb. 1991.
5. soso sigua, qarTuli modernizmi, Tb. 2002.
6. gaz. „asaval-dasavali”, 10-16 oqtomberi, 2005, ¹41/580.
7. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis simbolikis erTi aspeqti, soxumis
universitetis macne, 2007, ¹1
8. nana kucia, „Tovlis“ zogierTi paradigmebi, Jurnali kulturaTaSoriso
komunikaciebi, Tb. 2008, ¹5.
9. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
10. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
„verxvebi“
118
galaktion tabiZis msoflmxedvelobis wvdoma mxolod misi simbolur-metaforuli
saxeebis gaSifrviT aris SesaZlebeli.
poetebis mefis lirikis upirvelesi Temaa rwmenis, rogorc pirovnuli Tu
SemoqmedebiTi gansxivosnebis umTavresi faqtoris, erTguleba, amasTan,
RmerTisuarmyofeli epoqis tragediis warmoCena.
„verxvebi“ poetur-musikaluri, Rrma qveteqstebis, sagulisxmo Canafiqris leqsia,
romlis hangi cremls adens mkiTxvels Tu msmenels., nawarmoebis sityvebSi,
striqonebSi „arsaamsoflo“, „araqauri“ niavi uberavs. leqsis jadosnuri
metyveleba TiTqos haersac cvlis irgvliv, da „xmaT aiazma“ gvepkureba, vgrZnobT
zenaaris moaxloebiT SeZrul suls, idumalis frTebis Sexebas.
qaris daberva da verxvis foTolTa laSqari aSrialebs leqsSi uSores zRapars:
„yovelTvis, roca daberavs qari da nisls mTebisas gaifens afrad, verxvis
foTolTa TeTri laSqari aSrialdeba uSores zRaprad“.
afra, anZa, ialqani, Ruza sulis simboloa sasuliero poeziaSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi
(grigol RvTismetyvelis swavlani, efrem mciris Targmani(1,82).
qaris daberva suliwmindis – STagonebis movlinebas gvacnobs. suliwmidis
gamocxadeba „mobervis“, „dabervis“, „uJamo mobervis“ cnebebiT gamoixateba
saxarebaSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi, dionise areopagelis SromebSi.
„saRmrTo suliTaa gapirobebuli RvTiuri moberva „zeSTagoneba“, werda grigol
noseli („pasuxi equsTa maT dReTaTvis“ (2,263).
„verxvebis“ pirveli strofi suliwmidis STagonebiT avsebas gvamcnobs da
RvTaebriviT sulis ganaTeba warsulis uSores zRapars aSrialebs, rogorc
„verxvis foTolTa TeTr laSqars“.
galaktionis leqsebSi „tye saidumlod Srialebs“, „ocneba Srialebs„, „aSrialdeba
fiqrTa samosi“, anu xdeba imis mosmena, risTvisac saWiroa ara mxolod
musikaluri yuri, aramed gulis yuri; sulis Tvali, „TvalebiT smena“, rogorc
TviTon acxadebs poeti.
pavle mociqulis mixedviT, niWTa gamnawilebuli aris suliwmida. adamians sulis
mier eZleva sibrZnis sityva, codnis sityva, rwmena, gankurnebaTa niWi,
saswaulmoqmedeba, winaswarmetyveleba, sulebis garCeva, sxvadasxva enebi, enebis
ganmarteba (I-korinTelTa, 1,2,7,8,9,10).
galaktioni sulis mier sibrZnis sityviT, sulebis garCevis unariT iyo
momadlebuli da es sibrZne iyo igavuri (rogorc winaswarmetyvelTa) da
musikaluri erTdroulad.
poets ekuTvnis gamonaTqvami: „gana azri musika ar aris?“ Tanac, umetesad, es
zeciuri, cidan miwaze CamoRweuli musikaa, rac galaktionis leqsebs locvebs,
sagaloblebs uaxloebs da gamoarCevs saukunis yvela lirikosisagan.
vfiqrobT, verxvi sicocxlis xis sinonimia, sicocxlis xe ki RmerTis simboluri
saxelia.
„Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi, sasuliero poeziaSi, d. guramiSvilis
daviTianSi“ xe cxovrebisa RvTaebis metaforuli saxelia“ (3. 120-121).
sicocxlis xis variaciebia libanis naZvi (a.baqraZe), alva, palma, kiparisi (z.
gamsaxurdia), vazi (r. siraZe, el. metreveli, g. murRelia).
119
galaktionis poeziaSi sicocxlis xis mniSvnelobiT ixseneba alva, palma, kiparisi,
naZvi, bza, verxvi.
leqsSi verxvis foTolTa laSqrisagan aSrialebuli zRapriT da „Zveli RviniT“
Tvreba poeti „ugonod“, sadRac dakarguli vardi da gvirilebi ki mxolod
mogonebebSi arsebobs: „zRapari igi maTrobs da mxiblavs Zveli Rvinis smiT,
ugonod, mZafrad, sadRac dakargul vards da gvirilebs mogonebebSi viWer
Tanabrad“.
galaktionis verxvebis anu sulieri xis rwmena mware sinamdvilem uSores zRaprad
aqcia, magram poets urwmunoebis epoqaSic ar gauwyvetia kavSiri uzenaesTan,
romlis simboloebia „Zveli Rvino“, vardi, gvirilebi.
leqsSi Troba xdeba rogorc zRapriT, ise „Zveli RviniT“.
galaktionis poeziaSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba „ZvelisZveli Rvino“, „feeriul
akidosTan“ erTad („ZvelisZvel Rvinos“), „ukvdavi Rvinis“ migneba („mogoneba“),
„cisferi Rvinoebis“ („stiroda suli cisfer Rvinoebs“) wyurvili.
vfiqrobT, am konteqstebis Rvino ufalze mimaniSnebelia.
„verxvebis“ „Zveli Rvinos“ wyarod biblia unda miviCnioT: „gaumarTavs cabaoT
ufali yvela xalxs am mTaze nadims msuye kerZebiT, nadims Zveli RviniT, Zveli
dawmendili RviniT“ (esaia winaswarmetyveli, T. 25,13).
„verxvebis“ „Zveli RviniT“ Troba uflis WeSmarit siyvaruls mianiSnebs.
galaktioni xan poeziiT Tvreboda, xan fiqriT, yviTel foTlebiT, cecxliT,
yofniT (cecxli, yofna-cxovreba saRmrTo saxelebia). poets epyra „alis Tasi“,
„cecxliani azarfeSa“, „sixarulis Wiqa“, Tu „Tasi dRis xmaTa“. ali, cecxli,
sixaruli-saRmrTo saxelebia. (ix. Cvens wignSi - galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri
lirikis sakiTxebi“, Tb., 1996, gv. 117).
saanalizo leqsis striqonebi gaucxoebul ufalze migvaniSnebs dakarguli
vardebiT da gvirilebiT, romlebic poetis mogonebebSi arsebobs.
vardi, yvavili RmerTis metaforuli saxelia.
„yvavilis, abraamis yvavilis, gulis yvavilis, saRmrTo yvavilis, cxovrebis
yvavilis“ magaliTebs, romelTac religiuri Sinaarsi gaaCniaT, uxvad imowmebs
prof. t. mosia Tavis „saRvTo saxismetyvelebaSi“ (3, 105-107).
galaktionma gaamravalferovna saRmrTo gagebis vardTa saxeebi: „Tovlis vardi,
cecxlis vardi, sicocxlis vardi, Crdili vardebis buCqis... TasiT“, yvavilebi
sicocxlis dilis, trfobis wminda yvavili, udabnos yvavili“ – qristes
simboluri saxelebia. aseTive azrisaa mudmivi gazafxulis yvavilebi („akaki
wereTeli“).
ratom aris „verxvebSi“ dakargul vardsa da gvirilebze saubari?
galaktionis leqsebSi dakargul vardze da, saerTod, yvavilis saxeebisTvis
Tvalis gadevneba dagvarwmunebs, rom dakarguli vardebi, daSxamuli, damWknari,
setyviT daRupuli, burusebs iqiT gauCinarebuli yvavilebi, yinviT gayinuli,
dawyvetili, gaTelili vardebi RmerTis simboluri saxelebia da poetis
Tanamedrove satanuri epoqis mier uaryofil RmerTze miniSnebaa.
aseTi saxeebi gvxvdeba galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi socializmis gamarjvebamdec da
merec, radgan antiqristes movlineba me-19 saukunidan daiwyo da Zlevamosili
socializmis dros daidga taxti.
120
sad, rodis, risTvis? kiTxulobs poeti da agondeba odesRac miZinebulebi: „es iyo
winaT, didi xnis winaT... sad, rodis, risTvis? ar vici ara! iyvnen odesRac da
mieZinaT... Relavs foTlebis mwyobri kamara“.
SemTxveviTi rodia foTlebisa da misi Relvis aqcentireba.
ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi naTqvamia: „mdinaris orsave napirze gaizrdeba
yovelgvari xe, sakvebis momcemi, ar daWkneba misi foToli da ar moileva misi
nayofi. yovel Tves inayofebs, radgan sawmidaridan idinebs misi wylebi. misi
nayofi saWmelad iqneba da misi foToli gansakurneblad“ (ezekieli, 47,12).
galaktionis „verxvebSi“ sneuli verxvi oxravs, verxvebi swuxan („zRapridan“),
Wkneba, iyineba foToli, rac epoqis tragizmis xazgasmaa erTi arsebiTi StrixiT.
„verxvebis“ finalSi warsulze, verxvis foTlebis kvnesaze, yvavilebiT
dagvirgvinebul paJsa da princesaze modis aqcenti: „es iyo winaT, didi xnis winaT,
es iyo verxvis foTlebis kvnesa, drom yvavilebiT dagvagvirgvina, me paJi viyav, is
ki – princesa“.
am striqonebSi „yvavilebiT“ (Ze RmerTiR) dagvirgvinebuli aris mariami, paJi-
leqsis lirikuli gmiria, igive poeti, mariamis da qristes mowiwebiT moTayvane,
maTze muxlmoyriT mlocveli.
princesasTan erTad, „dedofali alva“ mariamis saxelia galaktionis „saRamoSi“.
am saxes wyaroebi eZebneba „fsalmunSi“, sasuliero poeziaSi (filipes „beTlemis
sagaloebeli“ (5, 494), dantes („RvTaebriv komediaSi“ (6,407), goeTes („faustSi“ (7,
576).
„verxvebSi“ yvavilebiT dagvirgvinebuli princesa iqcevs yuradRebas, „avdris
molodinSi“ – „nel lerwebiT da vazis mtevnebiT“ dagvirgvinebuli qalwuli.
qalwuli ki mariamia.
mivmarToT esaia winaswarmetyvels: „Tavad mogcems meufe niSans: aha, mucladiRebs
qalwuli da Sobs Zes da uwodebs saxelad emanuels (esaia, T.7.14).
„verxvebSi“ princesas gvirgvini aris yvavili (qriste), „avdris molodinSi“
qalwulis gvirgvinia“ neli lerwebi da vazis mtevnebi (qriste sulieri vazia).
gvirgvinis saxe bibliidan momdinareobs: „im dRes sabaoT ufali iqneba didebis
gvirgvini da brwyinvale jiRa Tavisi eris narComisaTvis“ (esaia, T.18,. 5).
„sionze“ mgloviareT misces gvirgvini nacris nacvlad, sixarulis zeTi glovis
nacvlad“ (esaia, 61, 3).
princesas sxvaganac vardebTan moixsenebs galaktioni: „TvalebiT veZebdi zambaxis
princesas, mwyuroda cisferi vardebi“ („es iyo 15 wlis winaT“). „cisferi
vardebis“ adresati aris qriste, „zambaxis princesasi“ – mariami.
princesa mefis asulia. am saxis STamagonebeli SeiZleba iyos fsalmuni: „mTeli
dideba mefis asulisa SigniTaa, mooqrovilia misi samosi“ (fs. 44/45, 14).
mariams ewodeba agreTve „daviTis asuli, asuli sioneveli“ (8, 75-76).
1915 wels dawerili galaktionis „verxvebi“ da 1927 wliT daTariRebuli misive „es
iyo 15 wlis winaT“ erTnairad avlens RmerTisa da RvTismSoblis siyvaruls,
amasTan, epoqis gulgrilobas am saxeebisadmi. sanTlis CaqrobiT, grigaliT,
qviTiniT, zambaxis princesisa da cisferi vardebis ZiebiT iqcevs yuradRebas „es
iyo 15 wlis winaT“.
leqsSi„wminda giorgi“ figurirebs „zambaxebis fiala“ da „cvari“. aqac „zambaxebis
fiala“ mariamis, cvari“ qristes simboluri saxelia.
121
„TovlSi“ (1916w.) „zambaxebis wyebad dawvena“ gvamcnobs antireligiur ganwyobas.
leqsSi „guli“ Sexvedra gviwevs „dawyvetil vardebTan“, usivrco baRTan,
dangreul qandakebebsa, Zeglebsa da maT qveS oblad damarxuli gulis fonze
gaazrebul zambaxTan.
sxvagan „elvare Rame ayiravebs zambaxTa kalaTs“ (“guli grZnobs“). vfiqrobT,.
„zambaxTa kalaTi“ mariams, xolo „Rame“ uRmerTo epoqas SegvagrZnobinebs.
„ornamentSi“ fanjris minebze glediCiebis, orxideebis, zambaxebis“ gadayinuli
saxeebiT keTdeba aqcenti rwmenis dagmobaze.
„portretis“ lirikuli gmiri „sigiJiT ynosavs vardebs da zambaxs“, „zamTris
motivebSi“ „simaRleebis sizmrebia zambaxeuli“. originaluri saxea „zambaxeuli
simaRleebi“.
mokled, zambaxis Tasi, zambaxebis fiala, zambaxis princesa da zambaxi mariamis
simboloebad gvesaxeba, romelTa pirdapir wyaroebs ver mivakvlieT.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom „verxvebi“ dawerilia religiur Temaze. masSi
qristianuli RmerTis simboloebia verxvi, Zveli Rvino, vardi, mariamisa –
princesa. maTi siyvaruli totaluri uaryofis epoqam „uSores zRaprad “ aqcia,
magram leqsis lirikuli personaJi, igive avtori – mainc paJia anu erTguli
msaxuri deda–Zis maradiuli xatebis.
leqsSi ara idiliuri, gawonasworebuli, aramed akvnesebuli suli RaRadebs
imdenad Zireul, mniSvnelovan WeSmaritebas da ise diadia saTqmelic da misi
gamoxatvis formac, rom zeciur sagaloblad iRvreba mkiTxvelis arsebaSi.
literatura
1. Tamar kukava, efrem mciris iambikoebi, Tb. 1988.
2. saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, Tb., 1989.
3. tite mosia,, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
4. iqve.
5. Cveni saunje t. I, Tb. 1960
6. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
7. goeTe, fausti, Tb. 1962.
8. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
„ivlisisferi yinvis TasebiT“.
idumaleba, simbolur-igavuri saxeebiT azrovneba galaktion tabiZis erT-erTi
mTavari esTetikuri principia. amasTan, misi metaforebi, umetesad, urTulesi
msoflmxedvelobis gasaRebia.
122
azrovnebis aseT wess erTgulebs poeti xSir SemTxvevaSi da xilulis
saSualebiT mihyavs mkiTxveli uxilavamde, sagnobriviT migvaniSnebs miRmurze,
miwidan avyavarT zecamde. „sivrceTa gradaciebs“ misCerebia misi utyuari mzera.
amjerad gvainteresebs galaktionis “alvebi TovlSi” da misi enigmuri saxeebi.
mivmarToT nawarmoebis teqsts: „daaTrobs mTvare Tovlian alvebs ivlisisferi
yinvis TasebiT! siTeTre Svenis maRal mwvervalebs, viT sasZlos farCa da
almasebi. mokrialebul haerSi odes gulcivad brwyinavs farCa naTeli, oh, netavi
ar Seirxeodes gadazneqili sizmrebis weli! mkrTali vardebi dascviva xelebs,
CamoiSleba Suqi-pirbade da ucnob Ramis Sor sakurTxevels unda vuxmobde
ganTiadamde. dgas gayinulTa ocnebaT kreba: mTa TeTri, rogorc maRali raSi... da
uCvev naTels ealerseba Cveul sicivis mZinarebaSi“.
am leqss Seexo Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi Teimuraz doiaSvili da sworad
SeniSna, rom masSi dapirispirebulia „uCveulo naTeli“ da „Cveuli sicive“. gamoyo
„ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebi” da musikalobis principiT Seqmnili uwoda. leqsis
saerTo Canafiqrsa da sxva saxeebze ar SeCerebula.
T. doiaSvilis azriT, nawarmoebSi ganxorcielebulia simbolisturi devizi:
„realuridan zerealurisken“. leqsSi mocemulia dualisturi koncefcia-
empiriuli sinamdvile („Cveuli sicive“) da irealuri qveyana (“uCvevi naTeli“).
dualizmis daZleva xdeba obieqturi sinamdvilis gardaqmniT poetis subieqtur
xilvebSi – „Cveuli sicividan uCvevi naTelisken”.
„leqsSi saganTa empiriuli asaxva adgils uTmobs metafizikurad gardaqminil
poetur xilvas, „sxva realobas”. xorcieldeba is, ris gamoc a. beli werda: „saxe,
rogorc cnobierebis gansazRvruli Sinaarsis modeli, aris simbolo. gancdaTa
simbolizaciis meTodi saxeebis meSveobiT aris simbolizmi” (a.beli, „arabeskebi“,
1911w. gv. 254), acxadebs mecnieri.
fraza „ivlisisferi yinvis TasebiT“ axsnilia Seucnobis, iracionaluris
gamoxatvis surviliT, ramac simbolizmi musikasTan miiyvana. xazgasmulia
„miniSnebis poetika“ („dRiur prozidan“).
T. doiaSvilis sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferatidan „galaktion tabiZis
saxeobrivi azrovneba“, Tb. 1995w.)
vfiqrobT, simboluria leqsis saTauris „alvebi“, romelic Tovlis TanxlebiT
aris warmodgenili.
simboluri xis mravalnairi variacia gvxvdeba galaktionis leqsebSi: arsebobis
xe, borotebis xe, usaxelo da gacamtverebuli xe, cecxlwakidebuli fantastiuri
xe, axal cxovrebis xe da xexili, maradi xe, cnobadis nergi, xis wveTi, sicocxlis
xe, simarTlis xe, yvela xe, “Talxis”, cremlis xe, sulieri venaxi.
am tipis saxeebia: zenitze mdgari Sori palmebi, mzeTunaxavi da mkrTali saxis
alva, alva tanadi, verxvi, tirifi, kiparisi, bza, muxa.
damafiqrebeli frazebia: sulSexuTul xeTa mefuri... zrda, alvis sulis zrda,
alvis xis gadarCena, atmis xis sulis... TrTola, yvela xe leqsebs Srialebs...
„alvebi TovlSi“ mistikuris dominantiT, dafaruli qveteqstebiT, uCveulo
xilvebiT ipyrobs yuradRebas. masSi unda gaiSifros calkeuli leqsikuri
erTeulebi, umTavresi azrobrivi datvirTvis mqone frazebi. esenia: mTvare,
Tovlian alvebs rom aTrobs ivlisisferi yinvis TasebiT, siTeTriT damSvenebuli
mwvervalebi, sasZlos farCa da almasebi, gadazneqili sizmrebis weli, xelebisgan
123
dacvenili mkrTali vardebi, CamoSlili Suqi-pirbade, ucnobi Ramis Sori
sakurTxevlisa da ganTiadis lodini, TeTri da raSiviT maRali mTa, uCvevi naTeli
da Cveuli sicive, rac kosmiuri sicivis asociacias qmnis.
„gadazneqili sizmrebi“ da misi „weli“, vfiqrobT, poetis xilvebia. sizmari,
zRapari xSirad poeturi gamonagonis identuria galaktionis poeziaSi (am
problemas dawvrilebiT vexebiT Cvens pirvel wignSi „galaktion tabiZis poeziis
problemuri sakiTxebi“, Tb. 1991w. gv. 31-46).
mainc ra ixila poetma Tavis sizmrebSi? aki xazs usvamda Tavisi sizmrebis
gansakuTrebulobas: „me vxedav sizmrebs araTqveneburs“. poezia xom „aramiwieri
sizmaria (a.bloki), „TvalRia sizmari“ (g. robaqiZe), „dedamiwis sizmari“
(t.graneli), „uneburi sizmari“ (galaktioni).
gvagondeba Stefan cvaigis naTqvami dostoevskis winaswarmetyvelur sizmrebze:
„misi samyaro... SesaZloa wuTisoflis yvelaze srulyofili halucinaciaa, sulis
momlandebeli Rrma da winaswarmetyveluri sizmaria, sizmari, romelic
sinamdvilesac ki jabnis, magram es mainc realizmia, sakuTari sazRvrebidan
fantastikurSi rom gadasula... uCveulod zusti, fantastikuri detalebiT
miwasTan arian misi gmirebi mijaWvuli, arc erTi maTgani araa landebis samyaros
binadari“ (St. cvaigi, „dostoevski“, wignSi „fantastikuri Rame“, Tb. 1966w. gv. 211,
243).
Cvenis azriT, poetma, erTi mxriv, RvTaebrivi simaRle da siwminde ixila,
gonieri zecis binadarni sakuTar sulSi davanebulni, meore mxriv ki, dacvenili
vardebi, damdablebuli Suqi, gayinuli ocnebebi, Cveuli sicive da ucnobi Ramis,
ganTiadis, uCveulo naTlis natvram aitana.
galaktionis alva, palma, kiparosi, Talxis, cremlis xe, verxvi, bza, sulieri
venaxi, tirifi, naZvi aris sicocxlis xis variaciebi.
sicocxlis xe arsebobas bibliaSi, kerZod, SesaqmeSi iwyebs da RvTaebis
simboloa (wigni dabadebisa, 50,9).
ioanes gamocxadebis „xe cxovrebisa, nayofisa gamomRebeli aTormetTa nayofTa”
(T. 22, 1-2) – qristesa da mis Tormet mociquls gulisxmobs.
axal aRTqmaSivea Seqmnili am saxis axleburi variacia: „SeiwynareT nergi
sityvisai, romel SemZlebel ars cxovrebad sulTa TqvenTa“ (kaTolike epistole
iakobisa, 1,2)
RvTismetyvelebaSi asea komentirebuli sicocxlis xe: „xe cxovrebisai, viTarca
xatebai RmrTisai“ (grigol noseli).
amgvarad ganmartavs am saxes ioane damaskeli.
„RvTaebriv komediaSi“ qristes simboloa „diadi xe“, „xe tkbili“: „amasobaSi
miveaxleT Cven xesa diads“ („RvTaebriv komedia“, Tb. 1941w. gv.234).
qarTul himnografiaSi gaigivebulia „sicocxlis xe“ da „cnobadis xe“ da igi
xan mariams, xan qristes gulisxmobs.
daviT guramiSvilis fraza: „zed gulze vibi igi xe, kaciani da RvTiani“ –
qristes orbunebovnebas gamoxatavs da Zalze originaluria“ (t. mosia, saRvTo
saxismetyveleba“, zugdidi, 1995w. gv. 121).
sicocxlis xis saxeebia libanis naZvi (a. baqraZe), alva, palma, kiparisi (z.
gamsaxurdia), vazi (v. bardaveliZe, r. siraZe, g. murRulia).
124
g. tabiZis “alva” sicocxlis xis (RmerTis) sinonimia. misi wyaroa biblia,
romelSic RmerTi ambobs: „me amwvanebuli alva var, Cemgan geqneba Sen nayofi“
(osia, 13,9).
es alva poetma moiazra TovlSi, gayinuli ocnebebis, „Cveuli sicivis“ fonze,
roca xelebidan dacvenilia „mkrTali vardebi“, CamoSlili da damdablebulia
Suqi.
yvavili saRmrTo saxelia.
„yvavili cxovrebisa“ miCneulia qristes simbolod.(tite mosia, „saRvTo
saxismetyveleba“, gv. 105-107).
saocari Sesityvebaa „mTvare... TasebiT anu yinvis TasebiT, romelic aTrobs
Tovlian alvebs”.
mTvaris mariam RvTismSoblis simbolod gaazrebis ori magaliTi aqvs
damowmebuli profesor tite mosias „saRvTismSoblo saxismetyvelebaSi“. igi wers:
„mzesTan, mzisTvalTan erTad mariamis simbolur-alegoriuli saxelia mTvarec:
„mTvare dadga wmidasa zeda Tvissa, qalwuli ubiwo“ („uZvelesi iadgari, gv.439).
„wyobilsityvaobis“ avtori wers: „saydrad mzed, viTa winaSe RvTisa qmnilad,
xolo mTovared gamtkicebulad savsed“. magram macxovris dedis simbolod...
mTvaris gamoyeneba didad gavrcelebuli rodia sasuliero mwerlobaSi“, askvnis
mecnieri (zemoTdasaxelebuli monografia, gv. 99)
Tasi, fiala, romelSic gedeonma Caswura cvari sawmisis, mariamis simboloa.
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom galaktionis alva (sicocxlis xe) Tovliania, Tasi
(mariami) gayinuli.
vfiqrobT, „ivlisisferi yinvis “Tasebis” Canafiqris gaxsnaSi dagvexmareba
poetis sxva analogiuri saxeebi.
aramarto ivlisSi, maisSic moelis galaktionis lirikuli gmiri yinvas: „maisis
dReebs is moelis,viT zamTris yinvas, TiTqo samudamod damWknara mdelo,
gaaxsendeba raRac mkacri da aRar sZinavs da imeorebs: gaCumdi, mkvlelo“ (viT
afeTqeba) “aqve „TiTqo usazRvro saRamoa da mTa binddeba”.
gazafxulis Tovli, Tovliani naZvi da gayinuli nakadulis saxe mniSvnelovani
Canafiqrisaa sxva leqsSic: „TeTr Tavlis qveS sizmrebs wahyva mTis grexili uxmo,
Sori... Tovlis fifqiT Seimosa naZvi totebdaxlarTuli da mRelvare gazafxulze
gaiyina nakaduli. gaiyina cis laJvardi, gaiyina qveynis guli“.
e.i. mTavaria, rom TovlSi mTa gauCinarda, naZvi TovliT Seimosa da es moxda
gazafxulze.
mTa mariamis simboloa. es saxe momdinareobs danielis winaswarmetyvelebidan:
„hxedavT, vidre ara gamoekveTa lodi mTisagan Tvinier xelis” (dan. win. 2,34). mTa
wminda mariamis simboloa, lodi-qristesi (t. mosia, „saRvTismSoblo
saxismetyveleba“, gv.98).
naZvi saRmrTo saxelia: „ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: aviReb tots maRali naZvidan
da davrgav: maRal da asvetil mTaze davrgav“ (ezekieli, 17,22).
galaktionTan Tovliania naZvic, alvac, mTac da es sabediswero Tovli modis
gazafxulze.
iyineba yvavilebic („ornamenti“).
iyineba tba, iyineba sisxli, siSaveSi iyineba da ar arsebobs ca: „me
marwmunebdnen: foTlebi gahqra, ca ar arsebobs mRvrie Tu wminda, raRac uniWo
125
ocnebam dahkra da siSaveSi igi gayinda . me marwmunebdnen, rom ar iqneba, Sen
dausjelad giyvardes igi, marwmunebdnen, rom ar gardiqmneba mkacri dReebis yofa
da rigi“ (me marwmunebdnen”). marTlac, RmerTis siyvaruli dausjelad ar
SeiZleboda urwmunoebis zeobis Jams.
leqsSi „oforti“ „elvare TovlSi mihqris marxili, rom moixvios TeTri
avdari“ aqve: „gayinulia TiTqo mxedari da idumal wuxs: ra siCumea!“
totaluri gayinvis suraTia leqsSi „SexedeT miwa!”, romelSic gvxvdeba yinulis
saxlebi, koSkebi, yinulis qalaqi, yinulovani garemocva, romelsac adnobs poetis
gulis siTbo.
zamTris dReebs boroti sulis TareSi kidev ufro gausaZliss xdis,
mosalodnelia kosmiuri sicivis gabatoneba: „zamTris dReebi modis mware
egzersisebad, me ram axali maTi mosvliT ar meRirseba. modis sicive da TareSi
sulis borotis, didi sicive, kosmiuri sicive modis“.
aSkaraa, rom zamTaric da sicivec simboluri azrisaa.
„arawminda, samsaliT savse Tovlzea“ saubari „mSvidobis wignSi“: „Tovlo, Sen
isev ginda iqneba misdio ganvlils? mimRebi davlis, Zala momavlis ar moiqneba...
ukanaskneli Seni samsala gviCveno ginda? o, arawminda! simarTle vin da an ram
dasZala? ginda momikla, magram RvariviT dneba is Tovli mzis elvarebiT“.
poemis mixedviT, Tovls da zvavs ugzavnis Cvens qveyanas „mteri meore“,
„mgmobari megobari“. sayuradReboa fraza: „sicives mZevlad karga xans hyvandiT“.
„Tovlia“ poetis samSoblo: „...rom sxva samSoblo ar gamaCnia, rom es Tovlia Cemi
samSoblo“ „oforti“ marTlac, patara erebs sabWoeTSi ara sakuTari, aramed
Tovliani civi qveyana unda eRiarebinaT upirveles samSoblod.
leqsSi „guli grZnobs“ aris saocari saxe: „mwuxare TovlSi wamiyvana feradma
gemma“.
gemi rwmenis simbolod ganimarteba netari agustines mier. galaktionisTvis
„feradi gemi“, romelmac ara qarTul, „gazafxulismagvar TovlTan“, aramed
„mwuxare TovlTan“, „gulgamyinvel vaebasTan“ migviyvana erTmorwmuneobis,
qristianobis saxeliT, aris imperiuli ruseTi, romelmac „Savi Tovlis” SiSiT
Segvzara.
simboluri zamTriT, Tovliani alviT da naZviT, TovliT dafaruli mTiT,
yinviani guliT da TasiT migvaniSna galaktionma Cvens erovnul da sarwmunoebriv
problemebze. TavisuflebawarTmeul, saxelmwifowarTmeul qarTvels RmerTis
rwmenasac ukargavdnen, mis mziur suls yinviani da Tovliani suliT atialebdnen,
raTa daekninebinaT da ufro kargad daemonebinaT.
„damaluli RalatiT, dafaruli codvebiT“(„samreklo udabnoSi“), yinuliani
guliT ganTqmuli “ufrosi Zmis“ mimarTeba Cveni guliT ganTqmuli qveynisadmi
aZrwmunebs galaktions da evedreba uzenaess: „daadne sxivi, sulo ciuro,
sicivisagan gayinul gulze“...
poeti winaswarmetyvelebda did avdars, kosmiur sicives, boroti sulis TareSs:
„zamTris dReebi modis mware egzersisebad, me ram axali maTi mosvliT ar
meRirseba. modis sicive da TareSi sulis borotis, didi sicive, kosmiuri sicive
modis“.
aSkaraa, rom zamTaric da sicivec did, saukuno kataklizmebze mianiSnebs.
126
Tovli Savia, Tovli vardisferia, Tovli mwuxarea, Tovli iisferia, bnelia Tova,
Tovli zeciuri sispetakea, Tovli qalwulia.
poetma ganicada „okeane, Sori yinuli“ („maisma isev momitana laJvardi zRvebi“).
sulSic „auxdenelTa dResaswaulT lurji yinulia” („Cems gulSi“). „yinva
feeriulia“, rac arsebiTia, Cvenis azriT.
„saukuneTa Tovli“ qceula eris ubedurebad leqsSi “warwera xovles
ornamentze“.
zemoTdamowmebuli magaliTebis Tovli da yinuli didi saqveyno satkivrebis
mimaniSnebelia.
gansakuTrebiT erTnairi saxeebi gvxvdeba leqsebSi „oforti”, „alvebi TovlSi“,
„qalaqi wyalze“.
mokled: yinulis sasaxle, yinulis qalaqi, yinulis koSkebi, yinulovani
garemocva, yinulis guli, gayinuli ca, gayinuli ocneba, gayinuli mxedari, yinvis
Tasi, Tovliani alva, Tovliani naZvi, Tovliani mTa politikuri da religiuri
qveteqstebis Semcveli saxeebia.
„Savia sixalise“, „Savia dideba“.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom galaktioni dascinoda im vaipoetebs, romelnic
„ianvarSic maisis vardi gafurCqvnilis“ hangze mRerodnen („samocdaaTi wlis poeti
quCaSi midis“).
xSirad negatiur konteqstSi moixseneba galaktionis saRmrTo saxelebi: yvavili
Wkneba, ianvris Tovli aWknobs... sulSi naadrev iebs, vardi iyineba, wyaro Sreba,
siyvaruliT aSenebeli koSkebi ingreva, uCinardeba gazafxulis mziani dila, qreba,
qimerebSi vardeba, landad iqceva an gardacvlilia mze, ingreva zeca, imsxvreva
xomaldebi...
aSkaraa, TovlSi, siciveSi, gayinul garemoSi, “Cveul sicivis mZinarebaSi”
darCenili alva araa pativSi, romelic sicocxlis xis simboloa.
gavixsenoT, rom urwmunoebis bacilebi me-19 saukuneSi gavrcelda, aki ilia
WavWavaZe wuxda „aCrdilSi”, rom sicocxlis xe gaxma, wyaro daSra.
saocari datvirTva akisria „mwuxare Tovlis“ saxes: „mwuxare TovlSi wamiyvana
feradma gemma” ... guli grZnobs Ralats“ („guli grZnobs“).
RvTismetyvelebaSi gemi, xomaldi rwmenis simboloa (netari agustine). Tovlis
samefo ki, romelmac mwuxareba mogvitana, rusuli bolSevizmia, sxvagan xom
aqcentirebulia misi guli–yinuli“, garegnulad „TeTrad spetaki“, magram „marad
Savi“ („918“).
maS, fraza – „mwuxare TovlSi wamiyvana feradma gemma“ – erTmorwmuneobis gamo
qristianul ruseTTan – Tovlis samefosTan dakavSirebas unda gulisxmobdes,
romelmac mravali mwuxareba mogvitana.
„iq Savi TovliT damaTovs Wvartli da burusi Tavanis“, wuxda poeti leqsSi
„Semodgoma umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi“. wmindaTa savaneSi, romelic
gauqmebulia, Wvartli da burusi Tovs Savi TovliviT, radgan uaryofilia
uzenaesi.
da isev saanalizo leqsze: Tu SeiZleba gazafxulze gaiyinos nakaduli, wyaro,
qveynis guli, mxedari, ca, Tu SeiZleba moxdes totaluri gayinva, ratom ar
SeiZleba gaiyinos Tasi, ocneba?
127
vfiqrobT, leqsSi „alvebi TovlSi“ realur viTarebas (urwmunoebas) aqcenti
ukeTdeba ori mTavari azrobrivi qveteqstis mqone saxiT, esenia Tovliani alva da
gayinuli Tasi.
magram leqsSi figurirebs ara ubralod yinvis Tasi, aramed “ivlisisferi
yinvis Tasebi”.
“ivlisisfers” cisferis transformirebad miiCneven, musikalobis dominantze
miuTiTeben (r. burWulaZe) magram es azrs ar cvlis, aRrmavebs. ivlisis,
gazafxulis, zafxulis (saRmrTo saxelia) Tasi (mariamis simbolo) yinvis, anu
gulgrili epoqis mier gayinulia, rac rwmenis, RmerTisa da RvTismSoblis
uaryofaze migvaniSnebs.
religiuri Canafiqrisaa leqsis fraza: „siTeTre Svenis maRal mwvervalebs, viT
sasZlos farCa da almasebi“.
„sasZlo“ mariamis simboloa, igi aris „wminda sZali“ (Zlispirni“, gv. 205),
„uqorwinebuli sZali“ (iqve gv.5) „ukvdavi siZis sZali“ (gv. 269), „macxovris usZlo
sZali („nevmirebuli Zlispirni, gv.317).
farCa abreSumis qsovilia, Zvel qarTulSi farCis Sesatyvisi iyo lari (ganZi).
„daujdomelSi“ mariams miemarTeba: „gixaroden, patiosanisa saidumlosa laro“
(t.mosias „saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba“ gv.94)
galaktionis leqsSi mariams, farCasTan erTad, Svenis „almasebi“.
profesori tite mosia wers: „mariamis simboloa iagundi, lali, almasi, anTraki,
safironi. d. guramiSvili ase mimarTavs mas: „almas – anTrak–safirono, iagundo–
lalo“ (iqve.gv..105)
galaktionis leqsis mixedviT ki, mariams Svenis qriste, romlis simboloa
„almasebi“, e.i. aq Secvlilia almasis adresati. poetisTvis „brwyinavs farCa
naTeli“ da ar unda gaeyaros am xilvas, magram sinamdvileSi dacvenili vardebi,
CamoSlili Suqi, gayinuli ocnebebi da „Cveuli sicivis mZinarebaa“ irgvliv.
realobiT SeZrwunebuli poeti eZaxis”ucnob Rames“.
cnobilia „mziani Ramis“ saRmrTo saxelad gagebis tradicia „vefxistyaosansa“
da „daviTianSi“ (ix. amaze tite mosias „oqsimoroni „mziani Ramis problematika“,
Tbilisi, 1999w.) analogiuri Sinaarsis unda iyos galaktionis „ucnobi Rame“.
„ganTiadis“ molodinic xazs usvams poetis amaRlebul swrafvas. „ganTiadic“
saRmrTo saxelia ioanes gamocxadebaSi: „me var Ziri da naTesavi daviTisa da
varskvlavi brwyinvale ganTiadisa“. ganTiadi, ciskarTan erTad, saRmrTo saxelia
(„ciskari saRmrToisa naTlisa“ – nevmirebuli Zlispirni“), rogorc „WeSmariti
ciskari“ (t. mosia, „saRmrTo saxismetyveleba“, gv. 113).
sul mokled rom SevajamoT zemoTqmuli, galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi simboluri
ianvris Tovli yinavs, aWknobs naadrev iebs („samreklo udabnoSi“), iyineba mxedari,
Tasi, yvavili, ocneba ca, wyaro, qveynis guli, totaluria “Sori yinulis“ Zala,
yinulovania saxli, quCa, qalaqi, garemocva da ra gasakviria, rom iyineba Tasi,
iyineba ivlisSi. poeti am sabediswero yinulis samefos Tavisi gulis siTboTi
adnobs („SexedeT, miwa!“)
amasTan, gazafxulze TeTri TovliT ifareba naZvi, Tovlis qveS sizmrebSi
uCinardeba mTa.
sagulisxmoa, rom zamTari gazafxulzeve dgeba: „ arvin aris, rom vuambo droT
zamTari gazafxulze“ („maxsovs“).
128
poetis bediswerad qceula Tovli, yinva, zamTari, wiTeli qari, raSic
politikuri Canafiqria.
mainc imediania galaktioni: „saukuneTa Tovlo iTovle, mainc dadneba eg
naTovlari“, („warwera xovles ornamentze“).
droebiTia, poetis azriT, zamTari, romelic ver SeZlebs uzenaesi sawyisebis
samudamo miCqmalvas: „zamTaro, ase gulisdamxSobo, ver SesZleb, sio rom
gadaswrio, saimsoflio da saamsoflo“ („mSvidobis wigni“). sio suliwmidis
simboloa.
galaktioni imediania, radgan daviT winaswarmetyveliviT jera samarTlianobis
gamarjvebis: „warmogzavnis Tovls matyliviT, TrTvils ferfliT mimofantavs.
gadmouSvebs setyvas puris natexebiviT, mis susxs vin daudgeba win? moavlens
Tavis sityvas da daadnobs maT, dauberavs Tavis qars da gadmodindeba wyali“
(fsalmuni, 147,5,6,7).
ezekiel winaswarmetyveli ase gvarwmunebs uzenaesis yovlisSemZleobaSi:
„uTxari mlesavT, Camowveba –Tqo Tqveni kedeli. wamova Tavsxma da Tqven, yinulis
qvebo, CamocvivdebiT da qariSxali amovardeba.
ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: avtexav qariSxals Cemi risxviT, Tavsxma wamova Cemi
wyromiT da yinulis qvebi Cemi gacecxlebiT ganadgurdeba“ (ezekieli, 13,11,13)
galaktionis „adrian gazafxulSi“ aris rwmena, rom „male gadneba yinuli
lodis“.
poetebis mefis SemoqmedebaSi rwmenis dakargviT gamowveul tkivilTan erTad,
miniSnebulia RmerTisken mibruneba leqsebSi „alvis xis gadarCena“, „ar daRupula“.
amitom qmnis „gadarCenis qebas“, umReris „gadarCenis bednierebas“ da aqac
winaswarmetyveluria misi ganWvreta.
Tavi III
revoluciisa da misi monapovrebis Sefaseba galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi
galaktion tabiZem RmarTisuarmyofel, mefistofelis saukuneSi icxovra. am epoqis
diriJori iyo satana, anu rusuli bolSevizmi.
qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi galaktioni miCneuli iyo revoluciis poetad,
sabWoTa wyobilebis, socialisturi mSeneblobis gulwrfel momRerlad (1, 250-262),
socialisturi realizmis fuZemdeblad (2, 70-83), socializmis relsebze gadasul
poetad (3, 70, 211), revoluciuri ideebisa da revoluciuri moZraobis gulwrfel
momxred (4, 131-235).
129
magram galaktionis saRmrTo da saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, graalis saxe
da misi idealebisadmi erTguleba sapirispiroSi gvarwmunebs.
“poetebis mefe” naTelmxilveli da naTelmsmeni iyo, igi winaswar Wvretda
movlenebs, “bumberazi winaTgrZnoba” gamoarCevda da daujerebelia, mas Secnobili
ar hqonoda oqtombris revoluciis reJisorTa suli,maTi saqmianobis Sedegebi,is,
rom maT mier damyarebuli socializmi ara qristes, aramed barabas gziT siarulis
momaswavebeli iyo.
magram im mecnierebs, romlebic xazs usvamen revoluciisadmi, sabWoTa
wyobilebisadmi galaktionis erTgulebas, amis samtkicebeli faqtebic moepovebaT.
poetis SemoqmedebaSi marTlac bevria revoluciisadmi miZRvnili leqsi. magram
aRsaniSnavia, rom galaktioni mkveTrad mijnavda erTmaneTisgan WeSmaritad
revoluciuri sulisa da proletarul poezias.
Cvenis azriT, am kiTxvis swor pasuxs iZleva profesori daviT TevzaZe, rom am
SemTxvevaSi “erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT zogadrevoluciuri da konkretuli
Sinaarsis istoriul-revoluciuri aqti. pirveli avtoris bunebis Tanaziaria da
samyaros maradJam ganaxlebasa da Tavisuflebisken swrafvaSi poulobs gamoxatvas,
xolo meore, Tumca uSualo kavSirSia pirvelTan, konkretul-istoriuli
Sinaarsis Semcvelia. am ukanasknelis magaliTia Tebervlis revolucia, romelmac
poets aTqmevina: “gaTenda! cecxlis mze aenTo, acurda, droSebi Cqara!” (1917 w.
marti) da “amxanagebo, ganaxlebis zarma dareka, taxti daeca da imedad qaosze
dgeba: Tanasworoba, respublika, Tavisufleba” (aTrobda xalxTa mwuxareba) (1917 w.
marti).
sworad SeniSnavs prof. d. TevzaZe, rom “es revoluciur-ganmaaxlebeli paTosi
ar SeiZleba gavavrceloT revoluciuri ganwyobilebis mis yvela qmnilebaze...
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile gvmarTebs, rodesac vafasebT poetis mimarTebas
oqtombris revoluciasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
damyarebis faqtTan, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis aqtTan, romelic axla ukve
Sefasebulia, rogorc suverenuli raspublikis saqarTvelos samxedro okupacia da
aneqsia” (5, 253).
gasaziareblad migvaCnia mecnieris daskvna, rom galaktionis damokidebuleba
oqtombris revoluciisadmi pozitiuri ar aris... unda gaiSifros poeturi saxe
“qarisa”, romelsac “gareT atlasTa artyia jari, SigniT savi aqvs gulisnadebi...”
rom “revolucia da sabWoTa saqarTvelo ar aris identuri cnebebi”.
“galaktionis werilebi, deklaraciebi, “axali saqarTvelosadmi” samsaxuri unda
niSnavdes saqarTvelos erTgulebas axal viTarebaSi” (5, 255).
galaktionis gaerTianeba antisabWoTa poziciis “arifionSi” 1921 w., “akademiuri
asociaciis” organoebSi beWdva, Jurnal “lomisisa” da “galaktion tabiZis
Jurnalis” daarseba SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, aRniSnavs profesori daviT TevzaZe
da es faqtebi marTlac damafiqrebelia.
“galaktioni namdvili akademistia politikuri poziciiT, esTetikuri mrwamsiT,
SemoqmedebiT, suliTa da guliT” _ aseT angariSgasawev mosazrebas aviTarebs
profesori daviT TevzaZe zemoTmiTiTebul wignSi.
dakvirvebis Sedegad aris gamotanili daskvna, rom 1921 w. daTariRebuli
galaktionis leqsebi “arsad migvaniSnebs sabWouri saqarTvelosadmi pozitiur
damokidebulebaze” da asaxelebs leqsebs “avdrebi” (1921 w.), “dRem gaiara” (1921 w.),
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“mSobliuri efemera”, “918”, “dadga agvisto” (agvisto 1924 w. ajanyebis TariRze
migvaniSnebs _ d. T.), “ori mrisxane stiqiis brZola”, “mogoneba yru Sesaxvevis”,
“cecxli”, “orad gaiyo wiTeli klde” (1923 w.).
“cxadia, poeti Sewuxebulia “mravalTa monobiT” da “uRvTismSoblobiT”,
ajamebs Tavis Tvalsazriss profesori daviT TevzaZe (5, 261).
analogiur Sexedulebas aviTarebs mecnieri galaktionis poemebTan
dakavSirebiT.
“poemebSi “mogonebebi” da “jon ridi” axali sinamdvile danaxulia, rogorc
SiSis, sisastikisa da sisxliani teroris garemo. “jon ridSi” viRacas
winaswarmetyvelurad aTqmevinebs:
“qveyana kidev ufro daimSeva,
ufro gaZlerdeba simware
daekargeba sindiss fasi
RvTiuri yvelaferi daikargeba,
daingreva yovelive wminda
saqveyno wyevliT” (5, 262).
profesor daviT TevzaZis azriT, leqsi “Cven, poetebi saqarTvelosi” miZRvnilia
ara revoluciis, aramed 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebisadmi da “marTebuli ar aris
“misi aqamdeli interpretacia”. am Temas miakuTvnebs mkvlevari galaktionis leqss
“dadga agvisto”.
saanalizo leqsis (Cven poetebi saqarTvelosi) poetur saxes “sisxliani
angelozi” d. TevzaZe ukavSirebs ajanyebul patriot qarTvelTa samarTlian
brZolas. poeti oqtombris revolucias, romelmac sisxliani represiebiT 60
milionamde msxverpli Seiwira (zogi 100 milions asaxelebs), “angelozs” (Tundac
“sisxlian angeloss”) ver daarqmevda.
“amgvari wakiTxviT “qariSxalsa” da “axal grigals” aRviqvamT 1924 w. agvistos
ajanyebad, xolo “sisxlian angeloss” _ ajanyebul qarTvelebad” _ askvnis d.
TevzaZe (5, 264).
“vis gverdiT dadgeboda barikadebze galaktioni? nuTu igi mogviwodebda
dacvisaken im wyobilebisa, romelic samxedro okupaciis gziT gabatonda da
masobrivi teroriT sisxlSi axrCobda TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol mSobel
xalxs?” _ kiTxulobs prof. d. TevzaZe.
ioseb lorTqifanize miuTiTebs, rom galaktioni 1924 w. gamoqveynebuli
poemisTvis “mogonebebi” (“mnaTobi”, 1924 w. gheg 5) “ramdenime dRiT metexis cixis
binadari gaxda” (4, 189).
aseve, nodar tabiZe aRniSnavs, rom 1924 w. galaktioni umZimes pirobebSi
aRmoCnda da Cudeckebis ojaxma Seifara (6,121).
savsebiT dasabuTebulad migvaCnia mosazreba, romliTac amTavrebs Tavis
werils profesori daviT TevzaZe: “galaktioni urTulesi fenomeni,windaxeduli
politikosi da taqtikosi gaxldaT. misi erTi Canaweri aseTia: “roca yvela elamia,
Senc Tavi elmad unda aCvenoo”. mas aqvs aseTi striqonic: “sul advilia rwmena
auxdeneli zrapris”. am TvalsazrisiT ufro sayuradReboa amave leqsis varianti:
“ramden simReras vmalav, sisxlis aCnia zoli” (Txz. t. II, Zv. 408).
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“es dakvirvebebi... gamoxatavs poetis esTetikur-politikur pozicias, mis
protestantul damokidebulebas reviluciuri saqmisadmi” _ aseTi daskvniT
mTavrdeba mecnieris gamokvleva (ix. daviT TevzaZe, “galaktioni, revolucia da
agvistos ajanyeba”. cnobilia, rom goeTe acxadebda: “me mZags yovelgvari
sisxliani gadatrialeba, romelic imdenive kargs angrevs, ramdensac qmnis. me mZags
isinic, vinc ZalmomreobiT aRiZvrian da isinic, vinc amis mizezs iZlevian. gana
amisTvis xalxis megobari aRar var? gana romelime samarTliani kaci sxvagvarad
ifiqrebs?”.
“yoveli Zaladoba, yoveli naxtomi Cems suls aRaSfoTebs, radgan is bunebas
ewinaaRmdegeba” (7, 81).
albaT arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom blokis poemaSi “Tormetni”
revolucionerebs qriste mouZRviT, rac maT momaval gansjaze unda migvaniSnebdes
(8, 175).
vaxtang javaxaZe miuTiTebs galaktionis “tragikul msoflgancdaze” da
imowmebs poetis Canawers: “saqarTveloSi, sadac xe ar yofniT jvrebis asamarTavad
da xeebi ar yofniT jvarze sacmelad, erTi tribunaRa dagvrCenia. es aris
sasaflao” (9, 259).
gvaxsendeba mixeil javaxiSvilis ganacxadi: “me, mwerali, dRes sasaflaoze
vcxovrob, irgvliv vaeba da kaeSania” (10, 267).
“sabWoTa samSoblos istoria”, misi socialur-politikuri da ideologiur-
kulturuli gza... did poets 50 wliT adre mainc ganusazRvravs, rogorc mcdari
da bneli xana”,... man (galaktionma _ v.j.) Cveni qveynis istoria grafikulad
gaiazra... 10 wrexaziT, TiToeuli migvaniSnebs adamianis Tavze, romelic TandaTan
bneldeba” _ aseTia vaxtang javaxaZis dakvirveba (9, 79).
galaktionis Semoqmedebaze am aspeqtSi axleburia profesor avTandil
nikoleiSvilis azri: “galaktionis damokidebuleba revoluciisa da misi
Sedegebisadmi arasworxazovania... igi ar yofila am movlenaTa mxolod
aRfrTovanebuli mexotbe. piriqiT, mis poeziaSi naTlad vlindeba mZafri
kritikuli damokidebulebac revoluciisadmi... cnobilia misi opoziciuri
nawarmoebebi da Canawerebi... SefarviT gamJRavneba namdvili gulisTqmis” (11, ...).
Cvenis azriT, galaktion tabiZis poeziis erT-erTi umTavresi principia saxe-
sityvaTa mrvalmniSvnelobis principi da, gamomdinare aqedan, revoluciis cnebac
ar aris erTmniSvnelovani poetis SemoqmedebaSi, mas aqvs socialuri, esTetikuri,
kulturuli aspeqtebi da umTavresi mainc isaa, rom galaktioni, umTavresad,
sityvis rvolucioneria da misTvis upirvelesia “sulis revoluciasTan formis
revolucia”.
1918 w. Seqmnili “rogor ebrZodnen zarebs zarebi” gviCvenebs samaradiso
zamTris SiSs, iudas saxe, kaenis landi da “Rameebis Savi guguni”, “uriJraJo Rame”
asdevnebia poets, “damsxvreuli swori kenari”, “sisxlis, talaxis, cecxlis da
wyalis” SeuCerebeli zvirTi, sazareli jurRmuli da mkvdrebia yvelgan,
sikeTemoklulia afTariviT da poeti grZnobs “rogor mohyveba avdars avdari”.
aseT dros igi igonebs “sxva siyvaruls”, anu RmerTs (12, 138).
galaktioni miesalma 1917 w. Tebervlis revolucias, radgan am movlenam
ruseTis imperia daangria da Cagrul patara erebs ganTavisuflebis Sansi misca,
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oqtombris revoluciaSi man samudamo zamTris SiSi dainaxa da es iyo misi
udidesi winaswarmetyvelebis unaris kidev erTi gamovlineba.
galaktioni usaxoTa sisxlian gzas, revoluciad saxeldebul terors ki ar
ganadidebda, ramed “sulis revoluciasTan formis revolucias” miesalmeboda da
“sityvis revolucionerad” gvevlineboda uwinaresad.
xolo Tu rogor gaigo poetma revolucia 1924 w. daweril poemaSi “jon ridi”,
amis magaliTad es striqonebic kmara: “sarwmunoeba gaxda satanis... locva ise
daeca... Semovlebuli droTa xavsebiT, xati pilates daemsgavseba, misi aseTi
codviT damwvari jojoxeTidan mimodis jvari. misTvis jojoxeTuri samoTxe
Sendeba da SeiZleba, ros gaTendeba, edemis msgavsi igrZnos jojoxeTi... mgmobi
naTelis, tiris Tvalebi obivatelis. yvelaferi nislis feria” (13, 9-10).
terori da sisxli rom revolucionerT saqmianobis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli
iyo adridanve, amaSi eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia,Tumca adreul etapze mas
individualuri xasiaTi hqonda, Semdeg ki saxelmwifoebrivi politikis doneze iyo.
rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi Seiqmna moZRvreba, romelic
istoriaSi dialeqtikuri materializmisa da socializmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am
moZRvrebis Semoqmedni iyvnen marqsi da engelsi. isini gamodiodnen klasobrivi
brZolis TeoriiT da miuTiTebdnen kapitalizmis ucilobel ganadgurebas. maTi
azriT, kapitalizmis qaosuri ganviTareba bolo etapze gamoiwvevda mis bunebriv
ngrevas da xelisufleba aRmoCndeboda muSaTa klasis waromadgenelTa xelSi.
Seiqmneboda saxelmwifos socialurad samarTliani modeli, rac keTildReobas
moutanda mSromelTa klass, romelic aRmoCndeboda erTaderTi klasi
saxelmwifoSi. mSromelTa klasi TviTon iqneboda Tavisi bedis mWedeli, risi
Sedegic iqneboda komunizmi, anu saxelmwifo fuladi mimoqcevis gareSe, sadac
gadawyvetili iqneboda sayofacxovrebo problemebi. am moZRvrebam farTo
gavrceleba hpova evropasa da msoflios qveynebSi.
XIX saukunis miwuruls ruseTSi Seiqmna marqsistuli social-demokratiuli
partia g. plexanovis meTaurobiT. cota xnis Semdeg partia Sidapartiulma
dapirispirebam moicva. partiaSi SigniT gamovlinda gansakuTrebiT eqstremistuli,
radikaluri fraqcia “bolSevikebis” saxelwodebiT v. leninis meTaurobiT. unda
iTqvas, rom rusuli marqsizmi gansxvavdeboda orTodoqsaluri marqsizmisagan
mniSvnelovnad,magram ara Zireulad. marqsis azriT, evropaSi, da ruseTSi miT
umetes, SeuZlebeli iyo socializmis damkvidreba axlo istoriul perspeqtivaSi,
radgan kapitalizmi, masSi Semavali proletariati ar iyo momwifebuli
progresuli azris SemoqmedebisTvis, radgan ar iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli
saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis sakiTxebSi. rusma marqsistebma ki es moZRvreba Tavisi
survilis mixedviT gaiges da gamoacxades, rom socializmis gamarjvebisTvis ar
aris aucilebeli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis da paralelurad proletariatis
gaTviTcnobierebis lodini, saWiroa moqmedeba yvela xerxebiT, romelsac SeuZlia
arsebuli sistemis dangreva. am xerxebSi igulisxmeboda: fizikuri terori,
SantaJi, mosyidva, dasmena, yaCaRoba, qurdoba da TviT droebiTi TanamSromloba
xelisuflebis organoebTan sakuTari sargeblobis mizniT.
es poziciebi kargad gamoixata adreuli xanis rusi marqsistis neCaevis
“katexizisSi socialistisaTvis”, romelic maSinaTve rusi socialistebis samagido
wigni gaxda. saintereso is aris, riT gansxvavdeboda rsdmp-s ori frTis:
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“bolSevikebisa” da “menSevikebis” platforma. menSevikebis pozicia ixreboda
SedarebiTi politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli liberalzmisaken, Tumca
itovebda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yovlismomcveli kontrolis uflebebs.
“bolSevikebi” ki winaaRmdegni iyvnen yovelgvari mravalpartiulobisa, presis
Tavisuflebisa,kerZo sakuTrebisa da iTxovdnen marqsistul-leninuri dogmatebis
mimarT brma da usityvo morCilebas. ai, ra iyo maTi ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi, Tumca erTSi isini Tanaxmani iyvnen: kapitalizmis ZaliT damxobaSi.
yovelwliurad isini awyobdnen asobiT da aTasobiT sisxliani angariSsworebis
scenebs, Zarcvebs simdidris xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, mowinaaRmdegeTa yovelmxriv
komprometirebasa da SantaJs. rad Rirs Tundac “bolSevikebis”, SemdgomSi
komunistebis or beladTagan erT-erTis _ stalinis biografia, romelic aRsavsea
kriminaluri recidivebiT, ormagi TamaSiT JandarmeriasTan TviT leninisave
nebarTviT (raZinski).
socializmis arsi Tvaidanve rom damangreveli da damRupveli iyo, amas didi
mixvedra ar sWirdeboda. man adamiani samyaroSi martod datova sicarieleSi,
gamoacala ra mas religiuri sayrdeni, sicarielis amovsebas ki TviTon Seecada
saamuri sicocxlis da maradiuli sikvdilis TeoriiT. vin unda yofiliyvnen isini,
romelTac aajanyes monebi batonTa winaaRmdeg, raTa TviTon gabatonebuliyvnen
maTze, oRond eniT auwereli sisastikiT Zvel batonebTan SedarebiT.
am periodis msoflioSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma saqarTvelozec iqonia didi
gavlena. qarTveli marqsistebi gamoirCeodnen yovelive tradiciul-erovnulis
mimarT gansakuTrebuli antipaTiiT. qarTvel ers isini ganixilavdnen klasobrivi
brZolis TeoriiT msoflio proletariatis prizmaSi. maTTvis saqarTvelo iyo
mxolod teritoriuli erTeuli, sadac unda daemkvidrebinaT “naTeli
socializmis” ideebi, xolo mizani ki iyo msoflios proletaruli saxelmwifos
Seqmna, sadac erovnebebi Sevidodnen administraciuli erTeulebis saxiT
centrisadmi daqvemdebarebiT. dRes ukve eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom qarTuli
ganmanaTleblobis titani da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis patriarqi i.
WavWavaZe moklul iqna qarTveli social-demokratebis ZalsxmeviT, “bolSevikebis”
da “menSevikebis” SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT (14, 36).
marqsizmi aRmoCnda XX saukunis saSineli, mimzidveli miTi, miraJi, romelmac
moitana totaluri sulieri dekadansi da sisxlis zRva. yuradsaRebi da
mniSvnelovani aris is, rom social-demokratiam farTod gaSala saqarTveloSi
frTebi da daCrdila erovnul-demokratiuli cnobiereba Cveni erisa, romelic
ganaviTares “Tergdaleulebma” i. WavWavaZis TaosnobiT.
dialeqtikuri materializmisa da marqsizmis raoba da fenomeni miniSnebulia
ioane RvTismetyvelis “apokalifsSi”: “da roca axsna mexuTe beWedi, vixile
sakurTxevlis qveS sulni moklulni RvTis sityvisa da mowmobisaRvis, romelic
hqondaT da SehRaRades xmamaRla da Tqves: rodemdis, meufeo wmidao da WeSmarito,
ar gansji da Surs ar iZieb Cveni sisxliaTvis miwis mkvidrTagan?” (ioanes
gamocxadeba, 9,10) (15, 498).
amiT aq miniSnebulia is devna WeSmariti azrisa socialist-aTeistebis mier, rac
Cven kargad vixileT “borotebis imperiis’ epoqaSi. komunistebis damokidebuleba
religiisa da siwmindis mimarT kargad gamoixata leninis frTosan gamoTqmaSi,
romelic atacebul iqna misi mimdevrebis mier: “gvamTmavloba”.
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TviT lenini “apokalifsSi” amgvarad aris naCvenebi: “vixile erTi Tavi misi,
TiTqos sasikvdilod iyo gangmiruli da ganikurna sasikvdilo wyluleba misi, da
gancvifrda qveyana mTeli mxecis kvaldakval...
da mieca mas piri mzvaobrad metyveli da mgmobeli, da mieca mas xelmwifeba,
raTa ibrZodes ormocdaori Tve. da ganaxvna bageni Tvisni sagmoblad RmerTis
mimarT, raTa hgmos saxeli misi da savane misi, caSi davanebuli. da mieca mas Zali
wmidaTa mimarT brZolisa, da maTi Zlevisa; da mieca mas xelmwifeba, raTa
mbrZaneblobdes yovel tomsa da enasa da xalxs. Tayvani sca mas dedamiwis yvela
mcxovrebma, romelTa saxelebi Cawerili ar aris sicocxlis wignSi” (ioanes
gamocxadeba, 13, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) (15, 507).
revolucionerTa sisxlze, terorze saubrobs zurab gurgeniZe (romelic
stalinis prototipia) m. javaxiSvilis “qalis tvirTSi”. revoluciis arss
warmoaCens gr. robaqiZe gatyavebuli cxenis istoriaSi (“Cakluli suli”), aqvea
sisxlismsmel komunistTa saqmianobisadmi miZRvnili Tavi “roca sisxls Rvrian”.
TviT galaktionma oqtombris revolucia ganicada, rogorc boroteba, roca
sikeTe afTariviT iyo daWrili,iudas da kaenis saxeebi elandeboda, Rameebis “Savi
guguni” esmoda, usaSvelo avdris mosvla aRaSfoTebda, sikvdilis mosvlas
Seicnobda da “sxva siyvaruls” (RmerTs) igonebda (“rogor ebrZodnen zarebs
zarebi”) (12, 138).
Tebervlis revolucias pativiT miesalma, radgan imperiis ngrevis,
damoukidebeli arsebobis SesaZlebloba gamoCnda.
Tu galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi revoluciaze damyarebuli imedebi aqa-iq mainc
gakrTeba, Tu “gangeb Seqmnili imedebi” xandaxan mainc SemogvanaTebs, revoluciis
monapovrebisadmi, socialisturi wyobilebisadmi poetis negatiuri damokidebuleba
imdenad aSkaraa, rom kritikas ver uZlebs mosazreba, TiTqos igi axali epoqis
gulwrfeli momRerali iyo.
sisxliani revoluciisadmi poetis mimarTebas naTelyofs leqsi “orad gaipo
wiTeli klde” (12, 253). wiTeli kaci wiTeli raSiT wiTel zRvas yavarjniT gaapobs,
gzaze wiTel gvels gadaagdebs da dedamiwaze “sazari omis” mZvinvareba iwyeba.
gvaxsendeba ebraeli xalxis winamZRoli bibliuri mose, kverTxiT rom zRva
gaapo. kverTxi qristes simboloa, zRva codvili cxovrebis, cxovrebiseuli
winaaRmdegobis. am simboluri epizodiT miniSnebulia imaze, rom codvebze,
cxovrebis siZneleebze amaRleba RmerTis rwmeniT aris SesaZlebeli. bibliis am
pozitiur ideas da moses RvTaebriv saxes galaktionis leqsSi enacvleba satana _
wiTeli gveli, wiTeli kaci (am gagebis wiTeli satana gvxvdeba k. gamsaxurdias
“fotografSi”, “tabuSi”, “wiTeli bacilebi” m. javaxiSvilis “qalis tvirTSi”)_
totaluri boroteba, omis, ngrevisa da ganadgurebis momtani, romelic cdilobs
sibnele gaabatonos momavalSic. ase Secvala bibliis humanuri idea globaluri
borotebiT rusulma bolSevizmma, romlis saxec galaktionis leqsSi “wiTeli
kaci” da “wiTeli gvelia” (wiTeli mamali, wiTeli gveli da wiTeli kiripa
analogiur Sinaarss atareben k. gamsaxurdias “dionisos RimilSi”).
sisxlis wyurviliT gamorCeul socialur ngrevebs ukeTebs aqcents
galaktionis leqsi “sad iyo smena da gagoneba?”: ...“Tvalgauwvdenel ormoebSi
sisxlis mdinare da tranSeebis midioda labirinTebi” (sad iyo smena da gagoneba?)
(12, 251).
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jer kidev adre iwinaswarmetyvela poetma “avdris molodini”, bnel Ramis
meufeba (saRamo), sulis zamTari (“Tovli”, “alvebi TovlSi”).
“sad yria es leSebi, saidan dis gaxrwnis aseTi sazizRari suni?” _ kiTxulobs
poeti leqsSi “qimiur sagnebTan” (16, 351).
“SiSis Crdili”, “SiSis landi uzarmazari” totalur ubedurebas Tesavs,
yvelgan mkvlelia Casafrebuli: “karebTan mkvleli. sardafSi Caxval, iqac
mkvlelia da Jriamuli. amoxval quCiT, dagedevneba daucxromeli mravalTmravali
da versad qveynad veRar isvenebs mTeli Taoba gardamavali” (mTeli Taoba
gardamavali) (17, 110).
leqsSi “mzeo TibaTvisa” mariam RvTismSobels evedreba poeti: “suli moavline
isev Senmieri”... realobaSi ki sisxlis koSmaria: “xanma undobarma, gza rom SeeReba,
uxvad moitana sisxli da cxedrebi”. (12, 126).
galaktions aekviateba “SeRamebuli dilebis landi”, gauTenebeli Rame,
romelSic boroteba zeobs: “Rame da yinva... quCaze midis sisxli daRvaruli”
(mogoneba yru Sesaxvevis) (12, 149).
am ubedurebaTa adgilic zustdeba: “mTawmindis iqiT dasisxlulma mzem bina
hpova. ar aris Svela. bneli Crdilebi mravldeba, rogorc sibneleSi dingebis
grova” (“mTawmindis iqiT”) (18,376).
sul axlos ganicdeba borotebis sisxliani xelebi: “yovelTvis mgonia: Cems
saxels nacnobi aCrdili Tan dasdevs sisxlian xelebiT, ucnobebs eZaxis faruli
xvelebiT da me ki Tvals mixvevs alersiT da ZmobiT” (yorani) (16, 274).
cxovrebis normad iqca msxvreva, sisxli: “napralebTan gadaimsxvra nergi, axla
zRvaa, axla sisxlis droa” (atmis rtoo, daRalulo rtoo) (16,228).
gamomdinare aqedan, unugeSoba kulminaciur zRvars aRwevs: “TviTon msoflios
mwuxareba aq SedarebiT mxolod landi da mxolod Crdilia...”
sisxliani gzebiT mosuli xelisufleba merec agrZelebda xocva-Jletas da
kuboiani vagonebis gagzavnis didostati iyo. realurad momxdari faqti _ 1924 w.
vagonebSi Seyrili da mxecurad daxvretili adamianebis kivili ar asvenebda
poetis smenas: “mowmea rbevis da TareSis xvadguris bindbundi sazizRar rkinigzis
sadguris. agzavnis sadRac kuboebs _ vagonebs da maTi kivili am dReebs magonebs,
rodesac am gzebze gaekra vaeba... nuTu is kivili liandags Caeba?” (mowmea rbevis
da) (18, 559).
ganadgurebis wyurvili, zizRi ifurCqneboda irgvliv da sunTqvas aZnelebda:
“aris Sens gulSi mware ganadgureba mkvdari, roca zizRia are, roca ver sunTqavs
qnari” (gaurkvevloba) (18, 548).
mosyiduli vaipoetebi “socializmis Zlevamosil winsvlaze”, ararsebul
warmatebebze da cru beladebze xotbebs aRavlendnen, saukunis tragediebze ki
dumdnen, cxedrebze daabijebdnen da amtkicebdnen samoTxeSi vcxovrobTo.
galaktions ki arasodes miuyidia satanisTvis suli, fxizeli realistis TvaliT
axada niRabi epoqalur borotebebs: “xmobiT saSineliT TxrilSi CaCrilebi nisli
morgebia saxe fiTrebuli, exla saSineli grova daWrilebis TiTqo morgvebia
dasaxiCrebuli... gana sisastikiT, rac aq daiRvara, sisxlis morevebi,gamoizomeba ?
mxeci Tokiani dahqris uvnebeli qveynebs Sevlebia cecxlis mezodeni, dadga okeane
dausrulebeli, es xom cremlebia... magram esodeni?!” (poemidan _ igi omia).
136
xiluli ki ase ganzogaddeba: “es dro afTari”, “dro mowvdenili Sxamian
sasmiT” (aivanze), “dro, dafaruli cecxlis enebiT” (ar aris igi imdenad tkbili)
(18, 141).
am jojoxeTis reJisoria ufskrulebidan momavali brWyalebiani mxeci” (sad
dasasruli iyo) (18, 381).
zogjer borotebiT daRdasmuli movlenebi publicisturi simkveTriT ars
mxilebuli: “gasisxlianebuli borbali epoqisa migoravda saSineli siZlieriT,
edeboda yovelives, rac cocxali iyo, awiokebda da Seubraleblad anadgurebda,
spobda, dasera, gadaiara mTeli qveyana, yvelgan cdilobda Savi fardis
Camofarebas!...”
poema “jon-ridSi” gvxvdeba “Rrubliseburi RmerTi ngrevaTa, sastiki RmerTi”,
sarwmunoebrivi gadagvareba: “sarwmunoeba gaxda satanis, locva ise daeca...
Semovlebuli droTa xavsebiT xati pilates daemsgavseba, misi aseTi codviT
damwvari jojoxeTidan mimodis jvari... jojoxeTismagvari samoTxe Sendeba... mgmobi
naTelis, tiris Tvalebi obivatelis. yvelaferi nislisferia...” (13, 9-10).
galaktions ar asvenebs udanaSauloTa sisxlis kivili da SesZaxebs: “gaiRviZeT!
hkivis sisxli ucnobi, gaiRviZeT! xmas iZleva xeoba, sasaklao! vin iyo is
ugrZnobi,rom am adgils daadgina mkvleloba?”
aseTi borotebis CamdenisTvis “fiqri RmerTze SarSandeli Tovlia” da “Tumc
ferflia, nacaria, mtveria!” _ is itovebs gardauval uflebas. is gahyveba kvlav
sisxlian mdinares, wiTel kordebs, mogugune xeobas”.
da poeti aRviZebs TanamoZmeT: “gaiRviZeT! uimedo vin aris? vin qadagebs SiSs da
erTsaxeobas. vin daeZebs bnel soroebs da ruebs? gaiRviZeT, vinc sizmarSi gaerTo.
ukanasknel sxva oms gadaayruebs ajanyeba! ajanyeba saerTo! Zlieria ucnob ConCxis
xeloba! is mets ambobs, vinem mWevrmetyveleba, vinem sisxli, aq rom gadaiara.
invalidic omSi bevrjer eria,bevri jari gahqra Ramis Rrublebad. Tumc ferflia,
nacaria, mtveria, revolucionurs is itovebs uflebas” (aTasis mxedveloba, aTasis
ieri”).
leqsSi “sisxli” sisxliani diqtatoris dauviwyari saxea naCvenebi: “...muxlebamde
sisxlis morevi gsvris da mSobliur cxedrebs exebi. kmayofili xar maTi moreviT,
yelamde sisxlSi midis fexebi.Sen gaxarebs, rom sisxlis mizezi xar da Tana gdevs
xalxis godeba, Sen boroteba xar umtkicesi, mkvleli, es aris Seni wodeba... Sen
samaremde mixval cxedrebiT” (19, 447).
poetis kredoa daumorCilebloba, simarTlisaTvis brZola mxatvruli sityviT:
“roca uwyalod iRvreba sisxli, dee, mquxare Seni xma quxdes, xma simarTlisa,
Zlieri, urCi...”
gamomdinare aqedan, bunebrivia kiTxva: “vin miafina daxvretili gmirebis gora?
zirs sisxlismsmeli, Zirs iuda, Zirs muqTaxora!” (“Zirs muqTaxora!”).
mere iwyeba movlenebisTvis, pirovnebebisTvis ara zogadad kaen-iudebis
saxelebis darqmeva, aramed adresatebis pirdapiri dakonkreteba: “samgles da
saZaRles mweralTa sasaxles verasdros daRlili ver mieyudebi. aris modebuli
gaborotebuli egreT wodebuli berias kudebi. swameben obobas-lomobas, orbobas
es katis knutebi... iZvrian kutebic, sulaqoTebuli qanaobs krebuli _
egreTwodebuli berias kudebi. beria xvrels SeZvra, magram mis kudebis qneviTa
Cven, mwerlebs, suli gvexuTebis. Cvenve Cveni Tavi aRar gveyudnebis,suli
137
gvexuTebis, sunTqva gvexuTebis. maS Zirs mflobeloba kaen-iudebis, qneva da TareSi
berias kudebis” (9, 473).
vaxtang javaxaZis mier mignebul saarqivo masalebSi am sisxliani movlenebis
reJisorad saxeldebulia beria: “beriaa, naSeneb Senobas rom moSlida, beriaa _
qarTveli eri rom amoJlita, beriaa _ rom mospo gulTa Sveba da lxena, beriaa _
zRva Wiris karze rom migvayena, beriaa _ cxedrebiT qveyana rom dahfara, beriaa _
sinaTle bnels rom gadaafara” (9, 473).
miTiTebulia, rom leqsi “navi ar unda gaswiro” dawerilia 1956 wlis 9 martis
movlenebze da “kodirebuli saxeebiT”,”SeniRbuli formiT” erovnul satkivarze
miniSnebaa (akaki xinTibiZe) (20, 14-15).
leqsSi “es oci weliwadia” poeti laparakobs “gadamTieli gadiis” winaaRmdeg,
romelsac “ar eZina Cvenze zrunviT...”
aTeistur epoqaSi RmerTis adgils tiranebi, diqtatorebi da cru beladebi
imkvidreben,romelTac aqvT daRi “satanuri SeTqmulebis wevrobis”, demonuri
beWedi.
30-iani wlebis totaluri borotebiTaa asaxuli mixeil bulgakovis romanSi
“ostati da margarita”, romelSic volandis satanuri sawyisi upirispirdeba
RvTiurs, keTils da es araa SemTxveviTi, es xom diqtaturis, represiebis
mZvinvarebis epoqaa. didi qveteqstia imaSi, rom msajul pontoel pilates
sisxlisferqobiani TeTri mosasxami acvia. romanSi sisxlis daRvris simbolos
araerTxel mimarTavs avtori. pilates ferxTiT sisxlis gubesaviT dgas gatexili
doqidan gadmoRvrili Rvino da Sig ori vardi (siwmindis simbolo) curavs.
margaritas mejlisis win sisxlSi banen da vardis nelsurnelebas afrqveven (21, 5-
6).
adamianis sisxlSi banaobasa da am gziT okulturi Zalebis mokrebaze saubrobs
grigol robaqiZis “Caklul sulSi” petrovi.
ase rom, sisxlis saxe da simbolo komunisturi “samoTxis” Tanamdevi da
maxasiaTebelia.
ociani wlebis galaktionis poeziaSi Cndeba demonis da misi variaciebis _
satanis, mefistofelis, luciferis, belzebelis saxeebi, riTac igi epoqis
boroteuli Sinaarsis gacnobierebas cdilobs.
profesori revaz miSvelaZe saubrobs galaktionis tragediis kompleqsur
mizezebze da gansakuTrebulad gamohyofs rwmenis dakargvis problemebs.
“poeziis mefis TviTmkvlelobis mizezi gaubedurebul sinamdvilesTan poetis
damokidebulebiT gamowveuli sasowarkveTa iyo” _ acxadebs r. miSvelaZe da
miuTiTebs leqsebze “cxovreba gacvda”, “o, fiqrebo”.
“rogor exmaureba da esadageba galaktionis erT-erTi bolo leqsis striqonebi
Cvens dRevandel ganwyobilebas: “...wyaro Cans da wyali arsad aris, yvelaferi aris
Zlier kargad, yvelaferi Zlier cudad aris” _ aRniSnavs mecnieri (22, 264).
galaktioni arasodes misula kompromisamde ukeTurobiT daRdasmul epoqasTan:
“misi pirovnuli da poeturi mantia yanaoTiviT TeTri da sufTa iyo miwyiv” (22,
266).
prof. r. miSvelaZe miuTiTebs “ezopes enaze” da “satiris maxvilze” galaktionis
poeziaSi (iqve, gv. 269) da es satiruloba vlindeba TviT “komunisturi manifestis”
138
avtorTan damokidebulebaSi. zemoTxsenebuli saxelmZRvanelos avtors moaqvs
magaliTi “aramkiTxe mrCeveli kritikosisadmi” mimarTuli:
erTma masebTan kavSiri,
marqsis tomebi urCia...
rom ar miiRo arcerTi,
erTxmad iZaxes: urCia!
marqsis ironiuli xseneba “ocdaaTian mrisxane wlebs ekuTvnis” _ aRniSnavs r.
miSvelaZe da imowmebs aseT magaliTs galaktionis Semoqmedebidan:
Cemo maqsime,
ra gza maqvs, i, me!
rom ar vikiTxo
axla marqsi me (22, 271-272).
revaz miSvelaZis gancxadebiT, araa swori is mosazreba, TiTqos galaktioni
revoluciis poeti iyo, arc is, roca politikisgan gamdgarad warmoadgendnen.
sruliad samarTlianad,politikas ukavSirebs r. miSvelaZe galaktionis leqsebs
“mzeo TibaTvisa”, ”me moval”, “Semodgoma”.
r. miSvelaZis wignis magaliTebi kidev ufro naTels xdis, rom galaktioni
epoqiT aRtacebuli da misi tendenciebis momRerali da mexotbe ki ara, rusuli
bolSevizmis sabediswero zraxvebis mkacri mamxilebeli iyo.
“saukunis azrTa mpyrobeli komunisturi samoTxis im “sikeTesac” kargad xedavs,
aTeuli wlebis Semdeg erTa da kulturaTa gaTqvefis (saboloo jamSi garusebis,
r. m.) uwyinar Teoriad rom Camoayaliba “marqsizmis didma SemoqmedebiTad
ganmaviTarebelma” _ breJnevma:
es valias, es Tevdores,
es tariels, es ki moses,
jer viTvlebiT qarTvelebad,
Tu ar gagvaeskimoses
da am striqonebis damweri zogjer amoikvnesebda:
saTqmeli sxvebze
da Tavis Tavze
aqvs, magram piri
wyliTa aqvs savse(r. miSvelaZis zemoTmiTiTebuli wigni,
gv. 272).
galaktionis Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTeblad r. miSvelaZes ara marto “moCvenebiTad
saqmiani, gafuyuli, medrove kacis” portretis Seqmna miaCnia, aramed “mrisxane
socializmis satira. visac komunisturi reJimis marwuxebze odnavi warmodgena
139
mainc aqvs, dameTanxmeba, rom radios sarkastuli xseneba leqsSi “im droisaTvis
moqalaqeosrivi gmirobis tolfasi iyo”(iqve, gv. 272-273).
naSromSi aRniSnulia, rom “jon ridSi” “STambeWdavad, metaforulad dagvixata
revoluciis dReebis beberi ruseTis satiruli xati”.
1949 w. dawerili erTi leqsi “Tevzma Tevzs uTxra” _ miCneulia “alegoriul
protestad arsebuli reJimisadmi” (22,274).
arsebuli viTarebis Rrma analiziTaa dawerili didi gulistkivilis
gamomxatveli striqonebi: “raa masze guldamwyveti, metexo da diRmis velo,
midiode da fiqrobde, es ar aris saqarTvelo. aris xlarTi rkinigzebis, aris
avto-moto velo, aris ojaxebic, magram es ar aris saqarTvelo” (es ar aris
saqarTvelo).
es magaliTebi zedmiwevniT aqarwylebs Cveni stereotipuli kritikis mier
Semotanil dogmas,TiTqos galaktioni oqtombris revoluciisa da sabWoTa
saxelmwifos miRwevebis guliTadi momRerali iyo.
magram galaktionis gulwrfel simpaTias revoluciisadmi is ganapirobebda, rom
poetisTvis “revolucia niSnavda esoden saZulveli imperiis,saZulveli
weswyobilebis, saZulveli cxovrebis, yovelive dromoWmulisa da damplis ngrevas”
(23, 155).
Tebervlis revolucia ki imperiis ngreviT patara erebs damoukideblobisken
uxsnida gzas da 1918 w. 26 maiss Cveni qveynis damoukidebloba am revoluciis
logikuri Sedegi iyo, rasac guliT uZRvna poetma “droSebi Cqara”.
literatura
1. sergi Wilaia,meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, wigni II, Tb. 1956.
2. giorgi jiblaZe, kritikuli etiudebi, t. 3, Tb. 1959.
3. Salva radiani,meoce saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, Tb. 1956.
4. ioseb lorTqifaniZe, galaktion tabiZe, Tb. 1988.
5. daviT TevzaZe, saukunis TvaliT, Tb. 1994.
6. nodar tabiZe, galaktioni, Tb. 1981.
7. goeTes saubrebi ekermanTan, baTumi, 1988.
8. aleqsandre bloki, rCeuli leqsebi da poemebi, mTargmneli soso sigua, Tb.
1995.
9. vaxtang javaxaZe, ucnobi, Tb. 1991.
10. qeTevan javaxiSvili, mixeil javaxiSvili, Tb. 1991.
11. avTandil nikoleiSvili, meoce saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis
narkvevebi, quTaisi, 1994.
12. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
13. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. IV, Tb. 1995.
14. vaxtang gurgeniZe, jvars vacviT ilia, Tb. 1991.
15. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 1992.
16. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
17. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. II, Tb. 1994.
18. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
140
19. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994.
20. Jurnali “droSa”,1990 w. # 1.
21. mixeil bulgakovi, ostati da margarita, Tb. 1992.
22. revaz miSvelaZe, uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb. 1999.
23. revaz TvaraZe, galaktioni, Tb. 1972.
demoni da misi variaciebi galaktionis poeziaSi
aTeistur epoqaSi RmerTis adgils cru beladebi, tiranebi da diqtatorebi
epotinebian,iqmneba kerpebi, romelTac atyviaT “demonuri beWedi, daRi aqvT
“satanuri SeTqmulebis wevrobis”.
demoni mravalmniSvnelovani cnebaa galaktionis poeziaSi. erT-erTi gagebiT, igi
genialobis identuria (1, 63-73).
amjerad gvainteresebs demonuris boroteuli arsi, vinaidan poetebis mefis
SemoqmedebaSi Warbad gvxvdeba demonis variaciebi: satana, mefistofeli,luciferi,
belzebeli.
irkveva, rom “cecxlis enebiT” dafarul droSi, sawamlavebiT,SeCvenebiT,
jojoxeTuri cecxliT gamorCeul epoqaSi satanas uxmoben totalitaruli
saxelmwifos mesveurebi, raTa boroti Zalis daxmarebiT meti ganadgureba awvnion
adamianebs: “ar aris igi imdenad tkbili dro, dafaruli cecxlis enebiT,magram
arc ise mware aqvs kbili sawamlavebiT da SeCvenebiT. man SeaCvia sofels satana,
jojoxeTuri ali qurebis, raTa SemdgomSi SesZlos atana ufro saSinel
ganadgurebis” (ar aris igi imdenad tkbili) (2, 245).
leqsi dawerilia 1917 wels da Cans utyuari ganWvreta imisa, Tu vin mova qveynis
saTaveSi.
1920 wels poets isev satanis xilva ar asvenebs. sikvdilis aCrdili, ConCxebi,
“Savi wigni”, Ramis diriJori satana aemgzavreba, misi movlinebis Sedegi ki
sikvdilia, yvavilebis (yvavilebi RmerTis simboluri saxelia) “gadaTibva”: “ras
moelian vardebi rguli? yvavilebs Tibavs elvaTa celi. Tendeba: qarma waiRo
guli da aTas cxraas meoce weli” (magida alembikebiT) (3, 186).
1921 wels iwereba totaluri ubedurebis momaswavebeli leqsi “brma cali
TvaliT”, romelSic poetma mTeli saukune mignebulad monaTla mefistofelis
saxeliT. mefistofeli aris goeTes “faustis” boroti da macduri sulis saxeli,
riTac galaktionma mianiSna ara sikeTeSi gardamaval borotebaze, aramed calsaxa
ukeTurobaze, cbierebaze, simkacreze: “man daibrmava es Tvali gangeb da amnairad
gaxda cbieri, meore TvalSi aris gangeba, meti simkacre da siZliere. umarilian
denaTa Soris, mware dacinviT maTi mgmobeli, igi trialebs, viT Tvali qoris, es
saukune _ mefistofeli” (3, 189).
galaktioni SeZruli iyo mefistofeluri saukunis usamarTlobiT da bolomde
amxelda mas.
141
1921 wels poetma “maraoebiT mosiarule mefistofeli” uwoda (poezia upirveles
yovlisa) (4, 17).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mzis (qristes), “maradi Wiqis” (mariamis) motrfiale iyo
poeti, mainc demoni miuxmobda “samSoblos iqiT, simSvidis iqiT” (mzis
sadRegrZelos) (1921 w.) (5, 221).
“faustSi” mefistofelis devizi iyo: “gaemgzavre arsebuls iqiT” (6, 555).
1922 wels ukve aSkara iyo erovnul ubedurebaTa mTeli seriali:
damoukideblobis dakargva, uazro msxverpli, sisxli, cxedrebi, Savi luciferi,
romelmac didi xniT waSala nazarevelis nakvalevi da poets ZilSic ar asvenebda
boroti sulis sakuTrebad qceuli samSoblo, “gza, dafenili msxverpliT,
cxedrebiT da sisxliT sveli. gza, sasikvdilo gadaTeTrebiT, samSoblo Savi
liuciferis. Cven mwuxarebam dagviZmobila Ramis tye-veli, arasdros CvenTan aq ar
yofila nazareveli” (samSoblo Savi liuciferis).
arc 1923 wels icvleba ganwyobileba, radgan siavis droSiT movlenilia
totaluri “qari Crdilois”, “wiTeli qari” (mogonebebi).
merab kostava konstantine gamsaxurdias “wiTel grigalTan” mebrZolad saxavda
(gamosaTxovari) (7, 135).
poemaSi “mogonebebi im dReebis, roca ielva” udaburebaa, gamxmaria Cinari,
yovliswamlekavi grigali TareSobs; “fSanebSi Campali Calis Rerebi, mdinaris
pirad gamxmari Cinari, udaburi adgili navis, Sua kerasTanac cecxliani grigali,
saxuravebzec qari” da poeti sasowarkveTili kiTxulobs: “saqarTveloa es mTa da
bari Tu is ar aris? sinamdvilea es Tu zRapari?”
uRmerToba, umweoba aTqmevinebs: “sicocxle ar Rirs uSenod arad...”
revolucia mSvidobas ngrevas upirispirebs, moaqvs totaluri tragedia, devebis,
demonebis TareSi: “aRviZebs devebs demonis qafi, grialebs qari... cas sisxlisferi
moedo luqi, grialebs qari, dawewilia afraTa Zafi, grialebs qari” (grigali).
“ocneba gulgapobili”, “bedis mRvrie tbori”, “mzis Casvla RrublebSi da isev
qari” gvagrZnobinebs unugeSobas.
leqsSi “dabrunda grZnoba da sisadave” (5, 202) “demonma aalaSqara udabureba da
Rriankali”.
bnelze bneli Ramea belzebelis sauflo: “Rame bnelze bneli misdevs
udroobis, rogorc belzebeli _ qarebs usadaress” (Sen da Semodgoma) (3, 180).
Rames mohyveba demoni, romelsac moaqvs “axali qaosebi”, daRlili da
dafleTili suli, uSinaarso da udaburi gzebi: “gaswie! Rame eSveba zewrad,
mwared Srialebs tyeTa kalTebi, maxlobel demons igrZnob uecrad da SiSis
rdiliT akankaldebi” (iare, kaci Sen arar gqvian) (1925 w.) (5, 146).
“yru dedamiwa” ucxoobs mSobliur xmebs, mxolod imedis iavarmqmneli satanaa
irgvliv, sikvdilis samefosken momwodebeli: “ubedur saaTs arvin dagicavs, aravin
metyvis mSobliur nanas, magram gaxedav yru dedamiwas da moigoneb Sen Sens
satanas. imedi, Seni brZolis sagani, gatacebaa daudgromelis. moRuSulia Seni
sakani: sxva ra, sikvdili mxolod mogelis” (ubedur saaTs arvin dagicavs) (6, 41).
leqsi dawerilia 1927 wels.
leqsSi “risTvis” demoni sasicocxlo Zalas aclis da cinikurad dahxarxarebs
Tavis msxverpls: “...Cemiv demoni xarxarebda Cemsav maxloblad, Tundac mokvdeo,
gatacebiT daixriala, gamomacala sasicocxlo grZnoba da Zala” (2, 288).
142
demoni “samSoblos iqiT, simSvidis iqiT” mouwodebs gamudmebiT (mzis
sadRegrZelos) (3, 190).
“ubeduri saaTis”, sikvdilis Semamzadebelia satana (ubedur saaTs arvin
dagicavs). satanis movlenili “viRac maxinji” sikvdilis SiSs Tesavs da Savi dRis
badeSi Sehyavs cxovrebaze Seyvarebulni (edgari mesamed) (2, 165). ase iqmneba
miRmuri samyaros mkvidrTa “axali mosaxleoba”.
angelozi keTilia da akvnis damrwevi, demoni _ sikvdilis momtani: “Tu
angelozi girwevda akvans, Semdeg demonad mova sikvdili” (ori mrisxane stiqiis
brZola) (2, 398).
isev sruli uimedoba daafiqsira poetma realuri viTarebis analizidan
gamomdinare.
1927 wels iwereba “es SeRameba”, romelic gvamcnobs: “...da gasagonad: msoflio,
wynarad! iq nangrevebad iqca sofeli, didi xania iqca ararad da daxarxarebs
mefistofeli” (2, 323).
laJvardebTan ara angelozi, aramed isev luciferi ilandeba (Tqven garTobdaT)
(1927 w.) (2, 323).
adamianebma ver Seiferes “mze konebisa” (WeSmariti RmerTi) da bneli demonebis
qveyanaSi isurves cxovreba, ris gamoc sikvdilis Semdegac maT suls luciferi _
eSmaki daepatroneba: “ver gaigones Tqveni mxne nana, ver Seiferes mze konebisa da
mogesizmraT isev qveyana, qveyana bneli demonebisa. mokvdebiT, bneli iqneba Tova,
rom Tqveni grZnoba ver Seiferes da samaresTan vinc krZalviT mova, iqneba landi
liuciferis” (ver gaigones) (1927 w.) (2, 332).
demoni sulebze nadirobs, sikvdilis aCrdilebis movlinebis didostatia,
Wianurs, samaris lods axmianebs da adamianurs emtereba: “mas moeCvena, rom es xmaa
samaris lodis,TiTqo demoni ukravs Wianurs, raRac aCrdili qveyanaze midis da
modis da axSobs wyurvils adamianurs” (sxvisi sispetake ufro agiJebs) (1927 w.)
(2,333).
goeTes “faustSi” mefistofeli “cecxlis xatebaa” (6,560), es aris ara
ganmanaTlebeli, aramed Semwveli, gamanadgurebeli cecxli.
galaktioni sibneleSi gesls, yvelafris gaufasurebas, demonis profilSi
cecxls Wvrets: “saSineleba, sibnele, gesli, demoniuri cecxlis profili” (qveyana
gacvda) (5, 810).
“mlocveli” satanis saxea _ “aloceba satanis” (gviani ocneba) (2, 57).
demonTan wilnayari adamiani suldakarguli, cocxali leSi xdeba,
romlisTvisac sulerTia yvelaferi: “Sav demons mive frTa motivtive da
yvelaferi erTia CemTvis” (sxva yvelaferi) (3, 136).
amitom mizani xdeba demonTa daviwyeba: “...mxolod demonTa daviwyeba eZebs
samyofels, yovelivesTvis iyos igi samagiero” (Sen da Semodgoma) (2, 180).
demoniviT Tavze adga poets “ciliswameba avi zmanebiT”, awvalebda Tbilisi
“savse gaxelebuli intriganebiT”, zvavi gaiZveraTa, WoriT da enis mitan-motaniT”
(Tumca demoniviT damadga Tavze) (3, 263).
sikvdilis pirad poeti demonebs Txovda yvela wignis daxurvas, da mxolod
erTTan, uzenaesTan ziareba enatreboda (sikvdilis pirad) (5, 576).
cxovrebisagan ganawameb poets “mxeci” “wertils tyviisas” _ TviTmkvlelobas
sTavazobda da zogjer TviTmkvlelobis demoni isadgurebda sulSi: “Cemi tvini
143
daiRala gamocanebiT, Cemi sxeuli daiRala sicocxliT, idea sikvdilis, romelic
ganadgurebas niSnavs, CemTvis tkbilia. me mixaria, rom Cemive sakuTari nebiT
SemiZlia SevaCero es mousvenari guliscema, es aRelvebuli da mxurvale sisxli,
es mtanjveli tkivili nervebis. me axalgazrda var, magram survili arsebobisa ara
maqvs,me verafers ver vxedav, Cemi demonis cecxlovan Tvalebis garda” (8, 575).
boroti sulis TareSi globalur masStabebs iZenda da “kosmiur sicives”
abatonebda (zamTris dReebi) (3, 376).
“satanuri SeTqmulebis wevrebs” “demonuri saSineli beWedi” da yalbi
“enamWevroba” gamoarCevdaT (ena mSobliur miwis) (5, 417).
poema “jon-ridSi” satanis saxeSi arian personificirebuli revoluciis
mesveurebi da sarwmunoebrivi gadagvareba saxezea: “al-demonebad qceva adamianebis.
rusi wmindanis eSmaki bage. sarwmunoeba gaxda satanis. locva ise daeca.
Semovlebuli droTa xavsebiT xati pilates daemsgavseba, misi aseTi codviT
damwvari jojoxeTidan mimodis jvari. misTvis jojoxeTuri samoTxe Sendeba da
SeiZleba, ros gaTendeba, edemis msgavsi igrZnos jojoxeTi. uceb gaCnda demoni da
cecxls fiCxs ukeTebs. taniT SuaTana mogvdevs satana” (5, 234).
“mSvidobis wignSi” Cvens qveyanas Tavze adga satana, romelsac afrTxilebs
poeti: “aq yovel eSmaks ujobs moeSvas Tvis saTareSos da sanavardos” (9, 239).
ubedur droSi adamianebi demonTan sisxliT deben xelSekrulebas: “yvela
SandalSi Caqra sanTeli,vin iwyevleba da ikruleba? me, is, demoni, Sen Jruanteli,
Cven sisxliT davdeT xelSekruleba” (yvela SandalSi Caqra sanTeli) (2, 121).
faustic mefistofelTan sisxliT agvirgvinebs xelSekrulebas: “qaRaldis
mcire naWeric kmara, Sen xels moawer mas sisxlis wveTiT” (6, 153).
galaktions sjeroda, rom demonis meufeba droebiTi iyo, amitom “roca
dawynarda qari RelvaTa, uceb aenTo yvela sanTeli” (2, 121).
“droTa sikvdils” mohyva demonis aRzeveba, magram bedisweris ZaliT, isev
aenTeboda siyvarulis, sikeTis, mSvenierebis, rwmenis sanTeli, imedovnebda poeti.
demoni emtereba sikeTes, mSvenierebas, mosvenebas ukargavs “brZolis ritmi,
musika”, “alis Wiqa”, “lurji edemi” (dabmuli Winka) (2, 590).
ali, cecxli _ qristes simboloa (10, 121), Wiqa, edemi _mariamis (10, 124).
borot suls akrTobs sikvdilis (Tavis qalis) dammarcxebeli simRerebi,
wignebi, poezia: “da ornamentiT akrTobda demons im mSvenieri wignebis Zala,
wignTa yovelTa maSindelT zemo vardiT morTuli Cnda Tavis qala” (vardebi) (5,
537).
goeTes “faustSic” mefistofels eSinia ornamentis da virTxas sTxovs, gauxsnas
ornamentis kuTxe, rTa hqondes SesaZlebloba faustis oTaxi datovos.
“bindis stumarSi” galaktionis leqsis martoobiT datanjuli personaJi
“axali mxariT” cdundeba, mere ki aRmoaCens, rom “jadoTa SiSvel-titvel mxareSi”
moxvda da nikoloz baraTaSviliT SesZaxebs borot suls: “wyeulimc iyav!” (3, 130).
galaktioni darwmunebuli iyo, rom droebiT moxda demonis aRzeveba da igi
caze varskvlavis (RmerTis) aelvarebis imediT cxovrobda: “varskvlavi igi, fiqrTa
sagani, erTi umravles varskvlavTagani aelvardeba caze odesme _ sulo, demonze
uboroteso!” (xomalds mihyveba Tovlis madona) (2, 212).
ioanes gamocxadebaSi RmerTis brZanebiT angelozma aTasi wliT Sekra eSmaki da
ufskrulSi Caagdo (gamocxadeba, 20, 1, 2, 3) (12, 516).
144
wignTa wignis sibrZnes naziarebi qarTveli poeti kargad erkveoda sikeTe _
borotebis brZolissaidumloebaSi.
poema “mSvidobis wignSi” saqarTvelos mteri saxeldebulia, rogorc avi
zraxvebis qaji, satana: “aq Savi Savze, fiqrebiT avze midamos Tavze adga satana” (9,
239).
demoni, luciferi, avi suli galaktionis poeziaSi mxolod garegnuli Zala
rodia, igi sulSi eZebs binas da misi mizani adamianis arsebidan “umanko naTelis”
gandevna, RmerTis adgilis dakavebaa.
leqsi “saswauls” (1919 w.) demonuri Zalisa da keTili sawyisis
urTierTWidilis simZafres exeba.
boroti Zala sulSi Casaxlebula mZvinvare luciferis saxiT.
galaktionis Semoqmedebas axasiaTebs kontrasti: naTeli da bneli, keTili da
boroti,qriste da satana.
Tu rodis xdeba sikeTe borotebis wilxvedri, amaze “bindis stumarSi”
gvesaubreba poeti: “...axali mxare,axali bina, jadoTa mxare SiSvel-titveli me
martoobam SemamCnevina”.
“saswaulis” lirikul gmirs Secnobili aqvs luciferis arsi da misi
ZalisxmeviT boroti suli mrisxane vefxviviT dakodili da miZinebulia: “Seunde,
Seunde, Seunde bnel-codvils, liucifers, Cems sulSi avobiT mZvinvares,
liucifers, mrisxane vefxviviT dakodils da exla mZinares”.
jojoxeTia leqsis lirikuli personaJis TvalSi, xelebic borotebisTvis
garjilan,magram gonsmogebuli sinanuliT Sepyrobilia, Sendobas iTxovs,ebrZvis,
miasikvdilebs bnel Zalas, ganwmendis survils avlens, ganwmendis unariT
momadlebuli ki RmerTia, romelsac “umanko naTelisa” da “saswaulis” saxelebiT
moixseniebs poeti: “Seunde, Seunde, Seunde Cems Tvalebs, Seunde Cems xelebs,
borotad daRaluls, me Seni umanko naTeli mawvalebs da veli saswauls” (2,162).
naTeli RmerTis saxelia: “me naTeli var wuTisoflisa” (ioane, 8, 12) (12, 195).
saswauli Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi mravalgzis figurirebs uflis saxelad.
mivmarToT fsalmuns:
“didi da saswaulmoqmedi xar, Sen xar RmerTi erTaderTi” (fs. 85-85,10).
“mouTxreT ers misi Rirseba, yovel ers misi saswauli” (fs. 95/96, 3).
“ugalobeT ufals axali aRTqma, radgan saswaulebi moimoqmeda” (fs. 97/98, 1).
“moimoqmede Cems mimarT saswauli sasikeTo, Semewire da nugeSi meci” (fs. 85/86,
17).
“gadideb ufalo, vilaparakeb Sens saswaulebs” (fs. 9, 2).
“aqeT igi, ilaparakeT yovel mis saswaulze” (fs. 104/105, 2).
“gaixseneT misi saswaulebi, saocrebani” (fs. 104-105, 5).
saswaulis saxe gvxvdeba winaswarmetyvel miqasTan: “gaCveneb saswaulebs,
rogorc im dReebSi” (miqa winaswarmetyveli,7,15).
danielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi xazgasmulia RmerTis saswaulebi: “raoden didia
misi niSnebi, _ raoden Zlevamosilia misi saswaulebi” (danieli, III,10).
“igi Svelis da ixsnis, saswaulebs da niSnebs axdens caze da dedamiwaze”
(danieli, 6, 28).
dantem RmerTi moixsenia, rogorc “saswauli” (13,348).
145
galaktionis leqsSi “bnelcodvili luciferis” mZvinvareba daamarcxa “umanko
naTelma” da “saswaulma” (RmerTma).
xSirad poeti TvalTmaqcuri Rimilis miRma satanuri sulis Sxams da gesls
Wvretda: “me vici saxe, romlis nakvTebze mxolod satanis suli krTeboda, SxamiT
da gesliT uZgerda guli, igi ki mainc iRimeboda” (Rimili) (3, 143).
galaktions aRaSfoTebda “mavne qveynis suli”, romelsac xalxTa ubedureba
uxaroda da “sasikvdilo arias” mReroda (vilaneli) (3, 312).
poets ar gamohparvia gveluri bunebis satana, romelsac pacifistis niRabi
hqonda morgebuli: “...isev gveluri miparebiT iReba kari da demoniviT am leqsebis
Semodis gmiri” (gaicaniT, pacifistia) (5, 179).
ukeTuri satanebi, demonebi tyviebs arigebdnen, rom dedamiwaze sikeTisTvis
eZiaT Suri: “man SeaCvia Tvis suls satana, ali qurebis, demoniurad miuZRvis
RamiT razmebs tyviebiT, rom dedamiwas uCvenos amiT SurisZieba” (mogoneba) (2, 44).
poeti momwre iyo demonTa mier organizebuli samgloviaro etlebis frenis:
“demoniurad miuZRvis RamiT, samgloviaro etlebis frenas...” (samgloviaro etlebis
frena) (2,36).
borotebis qaris oromtrialSi belzebels Wvretda kidiT-kide (qariSxlis
Semdeg) (2, 128).
TiTqos demons epyra Wianuri daadamianur wyurvils axSobda (sxvisi sispetake
ufro agiJebs) (2, 77).
poeti winaswarmetyvelurad Wvretda imperializmis saSiSroebas, romelic
satanuri celiT cdilobda miwazesicocxlis aTibvas, sisxliani samoselis
morgebas: “miwas kvlav efineba imperialisturi omis saSiSroeba, raTa sataniuri
celiT miwa aTibos, raTa asisxlebuli mxrebi moiqaTibos” (miwas kvlav efineba) (5,
78, 512).
eSmaki gamudmebiT maxes agebs,magram “alocebis” poza ucxo ar aris misTvis
(gviani ocneba) (3, 57).
dafiqreba da SeeWveba sCvevia borot suls (saRamov, vici) (2, 57), mwuxarebis
niRabs ikeTebs... (var genia rimaneli) (3, 265).
xSirad ki, roca iwyeba “aguguneba demonTa gundis” saxezea “ngreva Rrublebis,
dalewili ca” (zRvis efemera) (3, 208).
ca RmerTis(10, 121), Rrublebi mariamis simboloa (11, 124).
leqsiT miniSnebulia demonuri Zalebis mier sarwmunoebis uaryofaze.
mTawmindis iqiT uxilavs poets bneli Crdilebis “dingebis grova”, dasisxluli
mze, da borotebis ayvaveba (Savi da Cumi dRis yvavilebi) da usasoobis gancda
dauflebia (mTawmindis iqiT) (3, 127).
demonebi warumateblobis, damarcxebis SiSs unergavdnen: “me demonebi qrolviT
maradiT momagonebdnen dafarul SxamiT, rom uimedod mivqrodi RamiT gatexil
SubiT da muzaradiT” (magram me ra vqna?) (3, 111).
gvelisgan mowamluli “yvavilovani siymawvile” da qnari elegiur motivebs
aZlevda stimuls (elegia) (5, 30-31).
poeti natrobda demonTa daviwyebas: “...mxolod demonTa daviwyeba eZebs samyofels,
yovelivesTvis iyos igi samagiero” (Sens siymawviles) (3, 180).
sabolood, galaktioni ki ar emoneboda, amxelda satanas: “iyav satana, iyav
demoni!” (bindis stumari).
146
luciferTan brZolaSi “saswauli” _ RmerTi eimedeboda da usmenda ra
lucifers, Tan brZoliT asustebda,riTac sikvdils da siberesac amarcxebda:
“yrud vusmendi liucifers, is brZolaSi mivanele, vgmob samares da siberes me,
genia rimaneli” (var genia romaneli) (3, 389).
ori mrisxane stiqiis brZola “cxovrebasa” da belzebels” Soris iyo, rac erT-
erTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrebuliyo (gzadagza) (3, 445).
cxovreba, yofna, sicocxle RmerTis saxelia: “me var gza, cxovreba,
WeSmariteba” (ioane, 14, 6) (12, 211).
leqsSi “demoniuri” (5, 187) poeti gmobs sicocxlis _ RmerTis gareSe cxovrebas:
“ar gicxovria Sen qveyanaze, Sen gaiare sicocxlis axli... Sen gaiare sicocxlis
axlo da sicocxlisTvis ar Segixedavs” (stansebi) (14,508-509).
samyaroSi yovelive warmavalia, sulisa da mSvenierebis garda, laCrisTvis ki
mxolod satana aris ukvdavi: “arara hgiebs ukunisamde, sul yvelaferi midis da
hqreba, Rrubels amarTuls uzrunvel camde idumaleba ar esizmreba. mSvenierebas
uxmo sikvdili moelis qveynad, Tan ar moelis... SenTvis, laCaro, ukvdavi aris xma
satanasi da samoelis” (demoniuri) (6, 102).
“aRar arsebobs igi demoni, is brZoliT aris dasustebuli, iqneba Zalas
ikrebdes isev, rom dauwewos msoflios suli” _ acxadebs poeti.
satanis, borotis mZleveli mxolod siyvarulis RmerTia, romelic “bneleTis
demons daejaxa, gaanadgura da qveynad erTa siyvaruli daasadgura. borotni
sulni xeobebis iqiT gareka, gamococxlebis, gaRviZebis zari dareka” (svanis
dabruneba) (14, 55).
galaktionis STagoneba zRvasTan, udabnosTan, demonebTan iyo wilnayari: “zrvas
udabnos da demonebs Cemi bediswera SeeCvia da simRerac mxolod maTTan sjera”
(bediswera) (5, 150).
magram “sibrZnis demoni”, demoni, rogorc genialobis simbolo, sxva Temaa da
mas sxvagan vexebiT (1, 63-73).
literatura
1. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis poeziis problemuri sakiTxebi, Tb. 1991.
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, leqsebi, Tb. 1988.
4. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. V, Tb. 1995.
5. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
6. goeTe,fausti, Tb. 1961.
7. merab kostava, Sewyvetili fiqrebi, Tb. 1991.
8. vaxtang javaxaZe, ucnobi, Tb. 1991.
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. XI, Tb.
10. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi,1995.
11. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
12. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
13. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
14. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994.
147
Tavi IV
apokalifsuri saxeebi
galaktion tabiZem RmerTisuarmyofel, mefistofelis saukuneSi icxovra. am epoqis
diriJori iyo satana, anu aTeisturi, sisxliani rusuli bolSevizmi.
“Rrma sibrZniT Tvalanaxeli” poetebis mefe sagnebis, movlenebis “mizezTa
mizezs” eZebda, bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebiviT evlineboda xilvebi, romlebic
momavals ucdomlad mianiSnebdnen.
“bumberazi winaTgrZnobiT” momadlebulma galaktionma yovelgvari niRbis
gareSe ixila social-demokratTa saxeebi, oqtombris revoluciis reJisorTa suli,
maTi saqmianobis damRupveli Sedegebi. winaswar darwmunda, rom socializmis
saxeliT ara qristes, aramed barabas gzas erTgulebdnen. poeti mTeli epoqis
aSkara Tu farul dinebebs miswvda.
qarTul saliteraturo kritikaSi galaktioni gamocxadebuli iyo revoluciis,
sabWoTa wyobilebis, socialisturi aRmSeneblobis gulwrfel momRerlad.
magram poetis saRmrTo da saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, graalis,
qristianuli idealebisadmi erTguleba gamoricxavs sisxliani Zaladobisadmi
simpaTiebs, Tanac revoluciis cneba erTmniSvnelovani rodia da aSkarad
sxvadasxvagvaria galaktionis damokidebuleba Tebervlisa da oqtombris
revoluciebisadmi.
“wminda cis” SuqiT gaalebuli poetis suli ucdomlad Wvretda miwier
ukeTurobebs, globaluri kataklizmebis mizezebs uRrmavdeboda, mefistofelis,
apokalifsuri mxecebis sauflod qceul qveyanas xsnis gzebs uCvenebda
borotebisadmi niRbis CamoglejiT.
TiTqmis erTnairi gagebiT SevxvdebiT galaktionis poeziaSi mxecis, nadiris,
afTris, mglis, gienas, qajis saxeebs. isini arian apokalifsur mxecTa variaciebi,
samyaroSi bediswerisgan droebiT ganarjvebuli siavis personaJebi, romelTa
ufskrulSi Caxocvaze TviT bibliur xilvebSia miniSnebuli.
Sesabamisad, Wotebis, qorebis, yornebis, bus, mikiotTa Cxavili enacvleba
borotebamoZalebul saukuneSi “siyvarulis xmas”. “yru dedamiwas” ar ainteresebda
araferi RvTiuri.
galaktionis leqsi “fragmentebidan: cecxli fiqriania” revoluciuri
damsjelTa razmis ngreviT saqmianobas gvamcnobs; “yvelaferi sruliad gamxecebul
alisagan ganadgurebulia”.
mxecis sisastikes, mis gamanadgurebel saqmianobas, sisxlis morevebs, cecxlad
agizgizebul borotebas, cremlebis okeanes, sikvdilis meufebas gvixatavs
galaktionis poemidan _ “igi omia”: “xmobiT saSineliT TxrilSi CaCrilebi, nisli
morgebia saxe fiTrebuli, exla saSineli grova daWrilebis TiTqo morgvebia
148
dasaxiCrebuli... gana sisastikiT, rac aq daiRvara sisxlis morevebi, gamoizomeba ?
mxeci Tokiani dahqris uvnebeli, qveynebs Sevlebia cecxlis mezodeni, dadga okeane
dausrulebeli, es xom cremlebia, magram esodeni ?”
“zecis ngreva” (uzenaesis dagmoba), “miwis gadaferdeba” (qveyniuri ukeTurobebi)
mxecTa da demonTa Rvawlia: “TiTqo moingra zeca, sisxli, sicili loTis, TiTqo
maluli mxeci ufskrulebidan modis”.
“sisxlSi” warmogvidgeba gaugonari represiebis xana, eris rCeulTa fizikuri
da sulieri Semusvris procesi, romelsac warmarTavs mxeci: “saSinelia igrZno
uecrad, rom aRar dganan Zveli kaklebi, Seni saxeli maT miucrad _ mxeci ! arc
meti da arc naklebi... ros muxlebamde sisxlis morevi gsvris da mSobliur
cxedrebs exebi, kmayofili xar maTi moreviT, yelamde sisxlSi midis fexebi”.
am movlenebis ostats hqvia “umtkicesi boroteba”, “mkvleli”, “iuda”...
galaktioni amxels “mSobliur cxedrebTan” SexebiT gaxarebul mxecebs,
romelTac CvenSic hyavdaT adresatebi.
poetis Canawerebi mowmobs, rom antipaTiurad yofila ganwyobili stalinisadmi,
radgan 1937 wlis represiebs Seewira olia okujava.
1959 wlis 9 martis winadRes galaktioni ar ahyva egzaltirebuli
axalgazrdebis Zaxils: “gaumarjos did stalins!”
galaktionis damokidebuleba beladad aRiarebuli stalinisadmi vlindeba aseT
SeniSvnebSi: “asec ar SeiZleba, amxanago stalino. stalinis Sesaxeb rac leqsebia...
hm...” (1, 465-466) im dros damkvidrebuli saxotbo lirikis paTetikas galaktionma
aseTi mamxilebeli striqonebi daupirispira: “maS Zirs mflobeloba kaen-iudebis,
qneva da TareSi berias kudebis”.
poets beria warmoudgenia totaluri borotebis rejisorad: “beriaa naSeneb
Senobas rom moSlida, beriaa _ qarTveli eri rom amojlita, beriaa _ cxedrebiT
qveyana rom dahfara, beriaa _ sinaTle bnels rom gadaafara” (1, 479).
konkretul pirovnebas mimarTavda erT leqsSi: “Sen xar is mxeci, romelic
yefas ar agvianebs. ucxo najaxiT Sen upob kefas adamianebs”.
“mware kbilis”, “jojoxeTuri alis damnTebi” saSineli ganadgurebis momtani
mxeci boboqrobs leqsSi “ar aris igi imdenad tkbili”.
mxecisa da mis TanamzraxvelTa saxeebi amoicnoba leqsSi “mTawmindis iqiT”: “ar
aris Svela. bneli Crdilebi mravldeba, rogorc sibneleSi dingebis grova...”
aq datrialebuli ubedurebis fonze msoflios mwuxareba mxolod landad,
Crdilad isaxeba.
leqsSi “rogor ebrZodnen zarebs zarebi” sikeTe “moklulia, rogorc afTari”.
mxecis saqmeebia sisxli, sikvdili, warRvnaSi mcuravi cxedrebi, “gadamsxvreuli
swori kenari” (uaryofili sicocxlis xe, ane RmerTi) (2, 181).
neronis cecxli, jvarcma, ubedureba, rRveva, cxedrebi, giliotina, eSafoti
ilandeba mxecis brWyalebSi Cavardnil TbilisSi (Tbilisi).
drois maxasiaTebeli afTaria: “es dro _ afTari Sen saukunis svlas mianebe”
(elegia).
mxeci ar icnobs mzes, igi saRamos binadaria (aCrdili Cumi da moTareSe).
“samgloviaro etlebis demonuri winamZRolis” saxeSi diqtator imperatorTa
saqmianoba cnaurdeba.
149
“imperatoro, Sen diqtatoro, mZvinvareb sisxlis korianteliT, mamis saflavze
rad dagaviwyda, agenTo erTi wminda sanTeli”, mimarTa saocari gabedulebiT
terenti granelma msoflio tiranuli politikis genias _ stalins (3, 398).
galaktionis Winkac xsenebuli borotebis nairsaxeobaa. igi emtereba yovelive
amaRlebuls, simbolur alis Wiqas (ali qristes, Wiqa mariamis simboloa) (4, 36,
117) “lurj edems” (mariamis saxea) (5, 121), qars ugzavnis, sZuls “brolis ritmi,
musika” (saRvTo hangebi), maisis baRi (baRi kacuri bunebaa ipolite romaelis
mixedviT) amarjvebinebs udabnos (urwmunoebas, usulobas), Winka qviTinebs poetis
binaSi da Semoqmedebis amaoebis, sikvdilis garduvalobis intonaciebiT wamlavs
suls: “rad ginda brolis ritmi, musika, sikvdili gelis”. magram, sabednierod,
Winka dabmulia da misi borotebis asparezi Sekvecili (dabmuli Winka).
“calTvala mefistofeli”, bnelcodvili luciferi”, satana, belzebeli, Savi
demoni galaktionis poeziaSi epoqis totaluri borotebis maxasiaTebelia.
sxva saxelmwifos Zlieri cofiT mowamlul xalxs urCevs poeti, saRad Sexedos
sinamdviles da maSin gulmarTlis niRabSi demoni Seicnoba: “gulmarTlis, saxe _
kdemobis CamoiSore niRabi, rom dainaxo demonis energiuli nikapi!”
“mwyemsi keTilis” _ qristes (ioane, 10, 14) (6, 20) siwmindes Seenacvla sisastike,
al-qajebis meufeba am sofelze: “cxovreba gawyra da gaalqajda, mindvrebSi gatyda
ocneba mwyemsis” (portreti).
qajis uaryofiTi saxe, romelic SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosnidan” aris
cnobili, sabWoTa sinamdnilis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyena. axal droSi xalxis
mesveurT, medroveT cxvris tyavi aqvT morgebuli, saqmiT qajebi arian:
“Tavmjdomare... cxvaria, imisi ena, saqme qajiviT cxarea” (Cemi meetle).
poema “mSvidobis wignSi” gaSuqebulia imperiuli ambiciebis mqone didi qveynis
mimarTeba mcire erisadmi. masSi Sejamebulia im muxanaTobebis seria, rac Cvens
qveyanas awvnia “mterma meorem”, “mgmobarma megobarma”, romelic saxeldebulia
qajad.
qajis mcdelobiT daikarga “mSvidobis wigni”. wigni Rmertis simboloa (4, 151-
152), qaji rusuli bolSevizmis, romelmac rwmenis saxeliT gagvacura, jer
damoukidebloba, mere RmerTis rwmenac wagvarTva. am urwmuno imperias ioane
RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi eSmakis taxtis memkvidre ewodeba da is sabWoTa
kavSiria (7, 411).
galaktionis poemaSi saubaria maxeze, badeze, did SeTqmulebaze, wylis
amRvrevasa da mzis gauCinarebaze.
“qajT mier gadanabirebi” zvirTebi angreven saxlebs. imuqrebian Cveni cixe-
simgreebis aRebiT, xalxis aklebiT.
midamos satana daepatroneba, eri yofna-aryofnis zRvarze aRmoCndeba, sanTeli
qreba,mze Cadis (mze da sanTeli saRvTo saxelebia) (8, 122), mamuli nislis samefod
iqceva.
qajebma aRazeves mglebi, ZaRlebi, bayayebi, Wotebi, jojoebi, devebi...
nadirTa saTareSod qceul qveyanaSi gansakuTrebuli madiT gamoirCeva vefxvi,
romelsac surs “rame namceci miwis da zecis”. warRvnismagvari stiqiiT iRupebian
adamianebi, iZireba bavSvebiani akvnebi, xalxi xdeba sicivis mZevali, Tovlis, zvavis
msxverpli, xdeba “gadaSeneba iaT da vardTa” (ia da vardi saRmrTo saxelebia) (8,
122), jagis, yvavilT momSTobi eklebis momravleba.
150
es ubedureba mSvidobis wignis dakargvis Semdeg xdeba. bolos, xalxi Caswvda
Tavisi tragediis mizezebs, tarielma ipova qajebis mier gatacebuli wigni, mere
dacxra warRvna, amindi gamzianda, “mzis sveti” gamobrwyinda, wignis kiTxviT xalxs
“Subls daesaxa cisiereba”, “diadad gaTenda”, “ciskris wamwami axamxamda”, ganTiadi
dabrunda (ciskari, ganTiadi saRmrTo saxelebia) (8, 122), magram wyaldidobis
Sedegad darCa simyraliT savse ormoebi, sadac yvavilebi ver iyvavilebs, poemis
avtori xalxs urCevs, simwriT napovni wigni galavnian cixeSi Seinaxos, karebi
magrad Caketos, WiSkrebi Carazos da yvela gadamTieli ar aTareSos Tavis miwaze,
ufro meti sifxizle ifaros farad.
qmediTi erovnuli ideologia asea gamoTqmuli: “xifaTSi myofo vazo da mdelo,
Semoikribe gonT siZliere, Torem gvianRa iqneba mere, ufro metad gamWriaxoba
iyos imedad”.
leqsSi “maxajiri” imperiuli ruseTis mier afxazTa gadasaxlebis istoriuli
faqtia (1864-1877 ww.) Tema.
maxajirobis reJisoria qaji. mas enacvleba nadiri da mxeci.
nawinaswarmetyvelebia maTi droebiTi meufeba: “gardava bneli saukunis mRvrie
nadiri, aRmosavleTi moirTveba ciskris alubliT”.
mxecTa bunagebis iavarqmnis rwmena gamoxata poetma leqsSi “evropav, rogor ar
gaxsovs?” galaktionis mxecisa da misi variaciebis saxeebi poetis mier ioane
RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis ucdomeli gagebiT aris STagonebuli. ioanes
gamocxadebaSi sayuradReboa ori mxecis saxe. gamocxadebaSi mxeci
winaswarmetyvelebs daxocavs, magram isini samnaxevari dRis Semdeg gacocxldebian
da zecaSi avlen (gamocxadeba 11,7,8,9,10).
“wiTel gveleSaps”, wuTisoflis macdurs (T. 12) ebrZvis miqaeli angelozebTan
erTad zecaSi. mas Camoagdeben miwaze. gveleSapi Tavis Zalas, taxts da did
xelmwifebas miscems zRvidan amomaval mxecs, romelic gmobs RmerTs. mas Tayvans
scemen isini, vinc Cawerili ar arian sicocxlis wignSi, romelic aqvs kravs
(“gamocxadeba”, 11,1-8).
Semdeg gamoCndeba miwidan amomavali mxeci, romelic mxecis xatebas gaakeTebs
da aiZulebs yvelas, Tayvani scen mas. xelze an Sublze mxecis niSnis mimRebni
svamen RvTis mrisxanebis Rvinos (gamocxadeba, 14,10), maTi wamebis kvali dis
ukuniTi ukunisamde.
RvTis mZvinvarebis Svidi Tasis miwaze gadmoRvris Semdeg mxecis niSnis mqone
adamianebs uCndebaT sazareli Wrilobebi (gamocxadeba, 16,1,2).
mexuTe angelozi gadmoRvris Tavisi Tasidan mxecis taxtze da dabneldeba misi
samefo (16,10).
eSmakis sulebi axdenen saswaulebs, gamodian mTeli msoflios mefeebTan, raTa
Sekribon isini yovlisSemZle RvTis didi dRisaTvis (gamocxadeba, 16,14).
aTi mxeci SeebrZoleba kravs, magram kravi gaimarjvebs.
mxecs da mis Tayvanismcemlebs Caagdeben cecxlis tbaSi (gamocxadeba, 19,17,20).
angelozi gveleSaps SeboWavs aTasi wliT da ufskrulSi miuCens adgils
(gamocxadeba, 20,10).
bibliis komentatorebi akonkreteben apokalifsis mxecTa adresatebs. “zRvidan
momavali mxecis Tavi, romelmac sasikvdilo Wriloba miiRo da ar mokvda, lenimia.
man imefa 42 Tve, 1917-1921 ww., vidre SeeZlo azrovneba, ris Semdegac mefobda meore
151
mxeci _ stalini, romelmac Seqmna pirveli mxecis xati da daxoca yvela, vinc
Tayvans ar scenda mas. pirveli mxeci, zRvidan amomavali, niSnavs xalxis
mRelvarebidan mosul belads, lenins. meore mxeci, miwidan mosuli, aris
iatakqveSeli bolSeviki stalini. axda bibliuri winaswarmetyveleba. Seiqmna
uRmerTo imperia, magram wiTeli gveleSapis yovlisSemZleobasac moeRo bolo,
daemxo borotebis sisxliani monstri. bibliaze damyarebiT, galaktioni
winaswarmetyvelebda Cveni ubedurebis moTave nadir-mxecTa gadaSenebas da
marTlac, saukunis bolos gavxdiT totaluri borotebis ukandaxevis mowme, xolo
aRmosavleTi, saidanac gamoCnda cocxali RmerTis beWdis mpyrobeli angelozi
(gamocxadeba, 1,2-3), jerjerobiT isev SeWirvebulia da ciskris gamoCenas moelis.
literatura
1. vaxtang javaxaZe, “ucnobi”, Tbilisi, 1991.
2. akaki baqraZe, sasuliero poeziis saxeebi, kr. “poezia”, 1981.
3. “cisferi siSore”, Tbilisi, 1978.
4. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis filosofiuri lirikis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1996.
5. tite mosia, “saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba”, zugdidi, 1996.
6. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
7. ioane-iona, “ra unda vakeToT”, Tbilisi, 1994.
8. titemosia, “saRvTo saxismetyveleba”, zugdidi, 1995.
Tavi V
baRi galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebaSi
galaktion tabiZis umTavresi Taviseburebaa Rrmaazrovani saTqmelis simbolur-
metaforuli saxeebiT gamJRavneba.
baRis saxes poetebis mefis Semoqmedebam SesZina socialuri, filosofiuri,
religiuri, politikuri qveteqstebi.
bibliaSi orgvari baRi da venaxi gvxvdeba.
zeciuri venaxi qristes simboloa: “me var vazi WeSmariti da mamaCemi mevenaxea”
(ioane, 151) (1,213).
miwis venaxi da baRi bibliaSi ebraeli xalxis simboloa.
“cabaoT uflis venaxi israelis da iudas saxlia, misi sanatreli nergi” (esaia,
5,7,) (2, 77).
aseve, ebraeli xalxia morwyuli baRis adresati: “iqnebi morwyuli baRiviT da
wyarosaviT, romlis wylebi arasodes daSreba” (esaia, 58,11) (2,117).
152
zeciuri baRi wminda sulebis, angelozebis savanea.
edemis baRi, romelic Seqmna RmerTma, ucodveli adamis da evas sacxovrisi iyo.
baRSi yvaoda sicocxlisa da cnobadis xeebi. pirvel adamianebs ufleba
eZleodaT, eWamaT sicocxlis xis nayofi, magram ekrZalebodaT cnobadis xis
nayofis miReba. boroti sulisagan cdunebulma evam daarRvia es piroba da adamsac
SeaWama akrZaluli xili, rasac mohyva maTi cnobierebis Secvla da samoTxidan
gandevna (dabadeba, T. 2, 16,17) (2, 8).
galaktion tabiZe xSirad mimarTavs baRis saxes da Tanac mravalmniSvnelovania
misi Canafiqri.
Zalze xSirad, baRi da mebaRe religiur WrilSi aqvs gaazrebuli.
poetis leqsebSi baRi simboloa xalxisa, xolo misi macocxlebeli aris mebaRe-
RmerTi.
leqsi “gadanaxuli droSebi” (1908 w.) dakarguli rwmenis, gadamxmari baRebisa da
amomSrali wyaros reqviemia, anu uaryofili RmerTisa da gausaxurebuli
adamianuri bunebis gamotireba: “vdgevar kldeze _ aq odesme baRi iyo sanetaro.
gadamxmara Cveni baRi, amomSrala Cveni wyaro” (3,9).
klde, sulieri klde qristes metaforuli saxelia: “da yvelani svamdnen erTsa
da imave sulier sasmels, vinaidan svamdnen sulieri kldidan, romelic Tan
dahyveboda maT; xolo is klde iyo qriste” (pavle mociquli, korinTelTa, 10,4)
(1,370).
galaktionis leqsSi kldeze gaSenebuli baRi rwmeniT ganmtkicebuli xalxia.
leqsis mixedviT, adre aq “droSebiT umRerodnen rwmenas mTaze gamosaxuls”.
mTis saxe mimaniSnebelia mariam RvTismSobelze da igi momdinareobs danielis
winaswarmetyvelebidan: “hxedevd, vidre ara gamoekueTa lodi mTisagan Tvinier
xelTasa” (danieli, 2,34) (2,247).
mTa mariamis, lodi _ Ze RmerTis simboloa.
sicocxlis wyali, cocxali wyali qristes metaforad figurirebs Zvel da
axal aRTqmaSi.
RmerTi aris “cxovelmyofeli wyarosTvali” (ieremia, 17,13) (2,14).
“im dRes iqneba, rom idinebs ierusalimidan sicocxlis wyali” (zaqaria, 14,8)
(2,304).
“gavxsni nakadulebs xmel gorebze da wyaroebs tramalebSi. udabnos wylis
tborad vaqcev, xriok miwas _ wyarosTvalad” (esaia, 41,18) (2,104).
galaktionis “gadanaxul droSebSi” “amomSrali wyaro” RmerTis uaryofaze,
“gadamxmari baRi” uRmerTobiT gauxeSebul sulze migvaniSnebs.
RmerTis uaryofa, wminda gzidan gadaxveva yovelTvis satanasTan daZmobilebiT
mTavrdeba, rac adamianuri bunebis gaudaburebis momtania.
es movlena galaktionis mier saxeldebulia, rogorc baRis gaxmoba, edemis
ganadgureba, maisis gaqroba.
“dabmul WinkaSi” swored am procesze xdeba miniSneba: “lurji edemi qarma
daburda, maisi gahqra da baRi Cemi gaudaburda” (4,388).
“lurji edemi”, samoTxe mariamis simboluri saxelia (5,11).
maisi, gazafxuli (Zveli qarTuliT zafxuli) RmerTis metaforaa: “gvirgvini
daadgi Seni sikeTis zafxuls da Seni nakvalevidan wveTavs simsuqne” (fs. 65,12)
(1,588).
153
leqsi “qari” epoqis satanuri Zalaa, romelic enacvleba saRvTo naTels.
uzenaesi sawyisebis uaryofa, Winkebis (cdunebis), qaris Zala baRs _ kacTa
bunebas atialebs, udabnos abatonebs: “uCinrad rbian dReni da Tveni, ar vTvli maT
denas da gamarjveba, udabnov Seni, me marTmevs enas, saukuneTa vdgevar winaSe ase
gulkmkvdari...”
“udabno, kldovani landSafti ganasaxierebs saaqaos codvil yofas” (z.
gamsaxurdia, 6,211).
“droTa avadmyofobas” mosdevs gazafxulis gaqroba, baRis sikvdili, kvalis
dakargva, xolo “Zveli wignebis” gverdebis areva wyevliT da SeCvenebiT mTavrdeba:
“gazafxulisa gahqra Sveneba da miefara nisls sizmareuls... da baRic kvdeba
Zvelad darguli, is yvelafers grZnobs kvaldakarguli. ra qaotur bades edebi,
sadaa, bedo, is imedebi?... Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls sdevs mxolod wyevla
da SeCveneba” (Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls) (3,281).
gazafxuli (zafxuli) saRvTo saxelia (fs. 65,12).
RmerTis metaforaa wigni, Zveli wigni da misi variaciebi mravlad aris
“mSvidobis wignSi”.
wignis saRvTo saxelad gagebis magaliTi gvxvdeba esaias winaswarmetyvelebaSi:
“iqneba mTeli es xilva, rogorc dabeWdili wignis sityvebi”.
“gaigoneben im dRes yruebi wignis sityvebs da brmaTa Tvalebi _ bnelidan da
ukunidan gamoixedaven” (esaia, 29,11,18) (2,94).
netari avgustines “aRsarebaSi” RmerTs ewodeba “diadi wigni”: “arasdros ar
daixeva maTi wigni, arasdros ar aixeva maTi gragnili imitom, rom TviT xar,
ufalo, es wigni maTTvis da am wignadve hgieb ukunisamde” (7,217).
dantes “RvTaebriv komediaSi” RmerTis saxelia “sanukveli wigni”, “diadi
wigni”(8,383).
galaktionis leqsSi gazafxulis gaqroba gvamcnobs RmerTisgan gandgomas,
rwmenasganSorebul xalxze miuTiTebs “mkvdari”, “kvaldakarguli” baRi, xolo
“Zveli wignis areuli gverdebi” Seryvnil rwmenaze, rasac “wyevla da SeCveneba”,
sasjeli mohyveba.
“atmis yvavilebSi” damWknari yvavili, gaZarculi atmis xe migvaniSnebs rwmenis
dakargvas.
am sferoSi mravlad aris qaragma, igavi, alegoria.
leqsSi “mTvaris Crdili” baRs afenia mTvaris Crdili, sadRac ki Taris xma
ismis yovel quCaze, gza-Saraze, magram mis simebSi moCvenebiTia wyali.
leqsis frazebi: “yvelaferi aris Zlier kargad” da “ wyaro Cans da wyali
arsad aris” realur viTarebas avlens da mTavar aqcents akeTebs saTqmelze:
“mTvaris Crdili baRs efina qargad, maSin, roca sadRac xmaa Taris, yvelaferi
aris Zlier kargad, yvelaferi Zlier cudad aris... o, daCumdi, mokakane Taro,
yovel quCis, yovel gzis da Saris, Sens simebSi me momwyurda wyaro, wyaro Cans da
wyali arsad aris (3,395).
realur viTarebas avlens frazebi: “yvelaferi aris Zlier cudad”, “wyaro Cans
da wyaro arsad aris”, radgan wyaro, wyali qristianuli RmerTis saxelia, misi
hangebi, qristianobis idea, msaxureba ki ucxoa aRmosavluri TarisTvis.
mTvare qristianuli RmerTis alegoriuli saxelia: “mTovare dadga wmidasa
zeda Tvissa, qalwuli ubiwoi”(9,439).
154
galaktionis leqsis lirikuli gmiri _ mariam RvTismSobelis saxiT mianiSnebs
mTavar qaragmas, am konteqstSia naxsenebi wyali (qristes simbolo), xolo
aRmosavluri Saragzis Tari ar aris wyaros, wylis hangebiT wyurvilis
damacxrobeli, anu leqsi rwmenis deficits warmoaCens.
“Semodgomis dReSi” mkvdaria yvavilebi, momakvdavia baRi, anu urwmuno adamianis
sulisTvis WeSmariti cxovreba ucxoa: “mkvdar yvavilebis fenas grZnobs momakvdavi
baRi, guli iburavs wyenas, rogorc katorRis daRi” (10,36-37).
leqsSi “guli” (1919 w.) megobrad dasaxuli mtris mier dawyvetili vardebi,
“usivrco baRi” (urwmuno adamianis arasrulyofili buneba), dangreul qandakebebSi
Camarxuli guli SegvagrZnobinebs aTeistur epoqaSi dakninebul suls,
originaluri saxea “usivrco baRi”.
“mSvidobis wignSi” “mteri meore”, megobris niRbiT movlenili mtris satanuri
ideologia ebrZvis Cvens rwmenas, adamianur bunebas, muxanaTuri xerxebiT agebs
maxes, awyobs SeTqmulebas, amRvrevs “wminda da fergamWvirvale wyaros”, miaqvs
Cveni “usufTavesi baRi”, tye, misi mcdeloba Tavidan “baRis waxdeniT” sruldeba,
“baRi ar baRobs”. Semdeg xalxi gaicnobierebs Tavisi ubedurebis mizezebs,
miubrundeba RmerTs da gadarCeba (11,144-276).
galaktionis mier daxatuli baRi “feerulia”, “fantazmiT mosili”.
zogjer dakonkretebulia problema, lokaluria garemo, yuradRebis centrSi
eqceva kojris qari da veris baRi, romelic “daviwyebulia” da “Savi Crdili” aqvs
Semovlebuli: “baRSi,mosilSi Cveni fantazmiT, kojriT dahqrola qarma dilisam.
miTxari, gulo, ra ferisaa, exla rom Savi Crdili avlia, daviwyebuli baRi
verisa?” (aivanze) (3,323).
“daviwyebuli baRi” daviwyebuli xalxia, “Savi Crdili” ki baRis moCvenebiTi
patronis avi zraxvebis mauwyebelia.
Cvenis azriT, poeti lokalurs ganazogadebs da alegoriulad gviCvenebs
Savsieli xalxisTvis gamzadebul borot zraxvebs.
leqsSi “lenini” “Ria baRebis” mRelvareba, grigali, msoflio ngreva gvauwyebs
mosalodnel ubedurebas: “mRelvareba RrRnis qalaqis qalas: Cavardnil Tvalebs
da Ria baRebs... daxurul karebs grigali aRebs... axloa dro msoflio ngrevisa”
(3,362).
grigalisgan gaRebuli karebi da Riad darCenili baRi daucveli xalxis
asociacias qmnis.
karebis Tema erT-erTi umTavresia galaktionis poeziaSi.
karebis Caketvis, sazRvrebis, ganZis galavnian koSkSi moTavsebis Sesaxeb
gvesaubreba poeti poema “mSvidobis wignSi”.
narinjebiT da iebiT savse baRisken mteri moiwevs da kari unda iqnes Caketili,
aseTia dedaazri leqsisa “me Sens sinaTles vzogav” (4,472).
karebis moxsnaSi alegoriulad sazRvrebis moSla igulisxmeba (im erTa ligas)
(10,197).
baRis odnav gaRebuli karebidan mosmenili Zveleburi aryebis Sriali sul
“sxva cxovrebisTvis” aRviZebs suls: “mxolod xandaxan qari Searxevs odnav
gaRebul karebs baRisas, Sriali gaaqvT Zvelebur aryebs, sxva cxovrebisTvis
TiTqos maRviZebs” (gzaSi) (3,201).
155
“sxva cxovreba”, cxovreba RmerTis saxelia: “me var gza, cxovreba, WeSmariteba”
(ioane, 14,6) (1,211).
leqsSi “me erTaderTi mqonda wuxili” uZveles baRSi danTebul erTaderT
sanTels enacvleba grigali, korianteli: “Sors erTaderTi enTo sanTeli
uuZvelesi baRis totebiT, aq ki grigali, korianteli da tye mSfoTvare
TavgamodebiT” (3,335).
“uuZvelesi baRi” uuZvelesi, didi warsulis mqone mSobeli xalxis paradigmaa,
xolo “erTaderTi sanTeli” _ RmerTia, radgan qriste aris “sanTeli naTlisa”
(12,323).
grigalis, koriantelis moZaleba da tyis mSfoTvareba alegoriulad gvauwyebs
borotebis, ukeTuris muqaras.
leqsSi “pirimze” qreba darbazebi, ecema svetebi, kubo iiT ivseba... sizmarSi
“waqceuli svetebi dgeba”, realobaSi ki “gaiyves Zmebma moxuci baRi da mwuxareba
damrCa aseTi” (3,274).
sveti, ia mariamis simboloebia (13,124), iis adgili kuboSia, sveti waqceulia
(sxvagan aris “kuboebSi STanTqmuli ca” _ “sikvdili mTvarisgan”).
Zmebi arian Cvens “ufros Zmad” saxeldebuli moyvris niRbiT mosuli mtrebi,
Cvens baRSi, mamulSi wildadebulni. swored esaa poetis wuxilis mizezi.
“mSobliur efemeraSi” tye gugunebs amiranis saxels, sasurveli idealis
dakargvas (3,337).
rwmenis iavarqmnas, urwmuno xalxis tragedias gvicnobierebs leqsi “Semodgoma
umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi” (3,247).
zafxulis (zafxuli saRmrTo saxelia) wasvlasTan erTad modis foTolcvenis
mauwyebeli noemberi, sasaxlis Camqrali WaRebi, “Savi Tovli” da unugeSoba: “am
maiss, am ivniss, am ivliss gadireks noembris baRebi, mxurvale vnebebi gamivlis,
sasaxlis Caqreba WaRebi... vewvevi gandegil mamaTa umanko Casaxvis savanes, iq Savi
TovliviT damaTovs Wvartli da burusi Tavanis, jvars ecvi, Tu ginda, saSveli ar
aris, ar aris, ar aris”.
sasaxle, sanTeli saRmrTo saxelebia (14,121).
leqsSi gauqmebuli taZris Wvartli da burusi “Sav TovlTan” asocirdeba da
ase xdeba miniSneba uRmerTobaze, rasac saSemodgomo baRebis dauZlureba,
urwmunoebis tragedia mohyolia.
zafxulis wasvlas, Semodgomas mosdevs baRSi, mdeloSi gaZarcul xeTa
foTlebis kvdoma, neSos dagroveba (mas gaxelili darCa Tvalebi) (3,256).
poetis sevdas amZafrebs tkivilebiani baRi, rac kacuri bunebis gatialebas
gamouwvevia: “farul tkivilebiT baRi daburuli, aseT gradaciiT midis
frTazviadi. Rame _ martoobis mtevniT daxuruli, farda idumali, sarke _
iSviaTi” (farul tkivilebiT).
galaktionis leqsebSi xSirad figurirebs “ucxo, ucxoeTi” (radgan ar maqvs
samSoblo, radgan ar myavs aravin, isev ucxoeTisken mimafrenen navebi) (mzadeba
gasamgzavreblad) (5,162), iZulebiTi kavSiri ucxosTan: “Rame ucxoeTSi unda meTia,
roca aziidan modis ganaTeba, aTas saukunis mTeli tragedia mosdevs mogonebas,
rogorc anaTema” (3,181).
aziis, aRmosavleTis gansakuTrebulobis warmoCenas (dasavleTis Rirsebebis
SecnobasTan erTad) udidesi adgili ukavia galaktionis poeziaSi.
156
zemoxsenebul leqsSi Jonavs ucxosTan iZulebiTi kavSiris tkivili, ucxosi,
romelic uZvelesi kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi tradiciebis mqone ers zevidan
uyurebs Tavisi mravalricxovnebis gamo.
“ucxoeTis tyves” ezmaneba baRi, jejili, mTis qari, tanjavs yofnis
sizmareuloba: “Sors baRi moCans, moCans jejili, da isev baRi, isev mTis qari, me
vdgavar, rogorc tyve ucxoeTSi, rogorc sizmarSi ucxo sizmari” (mTvare mTas
amoefara) (3,136).
leqsSi “avdris molodini” “qalwuli” (mariam RvTismSobeli) dagvirgvinebulia
“nel lerwmebiT da vazis mtevnebiT” (vazi qristes metaforaa).
aqvea epoqis avbediTi qaris (aTeizmis) SiSi, rwmenis gadarCenis survili da
mebaRis molodini: “am mwife mtevnebs dalewavs qari, mebaRem mosvla Tu ar ineba”.
“mebaRis” molodini qristes molodinia.
arc uflis dedaa pativSi, romelic moazrebulia daWrili Rrublis saxeSi:
“...mTebs, irmebs, Svelebs,xevs da napralebs awuxebT Rrublis mZime Wriloba” (3,197).
mSvenieri baRisa da mebaRis dakargva yvela danakargze ufro didi mwuxarebis
momtania: “mSvenieri maxsovs baRi, mebaRe mas ar Targavs, davkarge da vigrZeni, rom
kargi ram damikargavs” (melanqoliuri mosimRere) (4,38).
leqsSi “SiSi” (4,337) poetma sabWoTa periodis represiebi, urwmunoeba
warmoadgina gamanadgurebeli xoleris saxiT. masSi “xeebi xmebian”, xe RmerTis
simboloa.
“mSobliur efemeraSi” (4,337) gadasxvaferebulia xeebi, zamTrisagan waSlilia
biliki: “veRar vcnobilob mSobliur xeebs, zamTars biliki dautania...”
biliki saRvTo saxelia: “waviyvan brmebs maTTvis ucnobi gzebiT da maTTvis
ucnob bilikze vatareb” (esaia, 42,16) (2,105)
leqsis “zamTari” Crdiloel yinulovan monstrs miemarTeba.
luciferis samSobloSi mwuxarebiT Sepyrobilebs meti arCevani ara aqvT da
uZmobildebian Ramis tye-vels, sadac nazareveli gauCinarebula: “Cven mwuxarebam
dagviZmobila Ramis tye-veli. arasdris CvenTan iq ar yofila nazareveli”
(samSoblo Savi liuciferis) (15,313).
“TovlSi” (4,73) Tu “iisferi Tovli” idumalis xatebaa, ianvris Zmoba, TeTri
tyeebis sicive suls yinavs da martoobas aZlierebs: “TeTri tyeebis mimyveba gundi
da kvlav marto var me Cems winaSe”. aqve TovlSi dacemulia zambaxebi, zambaxebi ki
mariamis simboloa.
leqsSi “alvebi TovlSi” Tovliania alva (alva sicocxlis xis, anu RmerTis
simboloa), aqve Tasi gayinulia (Tasi mariamis simboloa). leqsi uRmerTobis
tragedias afiqsirebs (16,31-40).
“aTovs gamvlelebs da gulciv baRebs, sad unda naxo aq Tavis Tavi”, Civis poeti
leqsSi “ramdenime dRe petrogradSi” da sisxliani revoluciiT gaTelil rwmenas
ukeTebs aqcents (4,255).
nisliani tye da cxovrebis siZnelea asocirebuli leqsSi “srolis xma mTaSi:
“...nisls aTamaSebs Semodgomis tye, cxovreba Zneli” (srolis xma mTaSi) (4,143).
“saSiSari Ramis tye-veli”, “mTebis iara” da RriancelSi mavali gemis saxeebi
iqcevs yuradRebas leqsSi “ra RriacelSi vidoda gemi”: “daRamda, nisli gadekra
Saras, tyes daefara Ramis blondebi, magram gaxedav mTebis iaras da usaTuod
157
mogagondebi. ra RriancelSi vidoda gemi, ra saSiSari iyo tye-veli, yvelgan,
yovelSi marxia Cemi sulis nawili SeumCneveli” (4,250).
gza, Sara saRvTo saxelia (esaia, 42,16). igi nisliania.
mTa mariamis simboloa (danieli, 2,34). mTebis iara uaryofil mariamze miniSnebas
iZleva.
gemi, Zeli rwmenis paradigmaa (netari avgustine) (7,519).
“demoniur sulis ltolviT gadvevle mTebs da tyeebs”, gvacnobs poeti Tavis
daumorCilebel suls (dReTa gardasulTa) (4,119).
baRSi qarisgan atmis yvavilebs gaZarcva, daRameba, mzis Casvla da mwuxri
uRmerTobis tragedias gvacnobs leqsSi “atmis yvavilebi”: “baRis bilikze mivdivar
da Tan gaZrcvnil atamTan zRvebi grovdeba, saRamovdeba da mzis CasvlasTan
TandaTan mwuxri miaxlovdeba” (4,112) (16,99-113).
zamTris, yinvis, Tovlis saSualebiT poeti xSirad yinulovan imperias
axasiaTebs, mis aTeizms ukeTebs aqcents.
“TovlSi” zamTrisagan gadarCenas natrobs, “vardebSi” ki zamTrisgan
TavdaRweulia: “me, zamTrisgan jaWvawyvetili nacnob baRisken mivemarTebi, sad
ferad ucxo, ynosvad keTili, zamTar da zafxul yvavis vardebi” (10,20).
poetisaTvis “uaxloesia” “uuZvelesi baRis surneli” (mwoliare) (3,282).
poetis idealia ara iavarqmnili baRi, rogorc urwmuno sulis paradigma, aramed
maisis, gazafxulis, ocnebiT da siyvaruliT mosili baRebi: “isev maisi mSvenier
baRTa, isev ocneba da siyvaruli” (isev ocneba da siyvaruli) (3,293).
Sadrevnis TanxlebiT warmodgenili baRi naTeli sulis, rwmeniT savse xalxis
alegoriaa, radgan Sadrevani saRvTo saxelia: “...eg sixaruli, eg Rimi, eg baRi, eg
Sadrevnebi...” (gamonaklisi) (3,39).
“afeTqebuli baRebis” sixarulia leqsSi “iRimebian saxlebi”.
“saaxalwlo efemeraSi” (17,101) poets ezmaneba “baRis mZimed aSadrevneba”, anu
baRi auziT, SadrevniT, e.i. morwyuli da ara gamxmari baRi. “aSadrevneba”
neologizmia. leqsSi uxvad aris “feeriuli” saxeebi, “fantazmebi”...
warsulis tradiciebis qmediTi ZaliT, guSindelis inerciiT mainc dRevandeli
baRi Sendeba: “guSindelma gaiara guSina, winandelma guli ver SeuSina, dRevandel
dRes baRi SemouSena: es didi dRe axla mas eubneba _ adamians daemona buneba”
(ganiaxle, ganiaxle!).
leqsis refrenia “ganiaxle!” (15,283).
“baRis SemoSenebasTan” erTad, poets ainteresebda “yvavilT SemoSeneba”.
siyvarulTan wilwayaria mTvarian tyeSi dacvarul gzaze moaruli personaJi
leqsisa “qalaqisken”: “is gamovida Zlier adre, viT siyvaruli, mTvarian tyeze
midioda gza dacvaruli”.
siyvaruli RmerTia (ioane, I, 4,8).
mTvare mariam RvTismSobelis saxelia (9,124).
gza da cvari qristes metaforaa (14,121).
leqsSi RvTisnier bunebis SvilTan gviwevs Sexvedra, romelic qalaqisken
miemarTeba da axal garemoSi gaucxoebaa misi xvedri: “cxeli qalaqis qvafenilma
me ver miSvela, ros uqudo da fexSiSvela mivdiodi da gamwarebiT vimtvrevdi
TiTebs, vin gagigonebs, vin mogxedavs, vin dagamSvidebs”.
da isev dedamiwa, buneba xdeba namdvili deda...
158
poema “mSvidobis wignSi” moyvris niRbiT mosuli qaji emtereboda baRs (xalxs),
mohpara mas mSvidobis wigni (rwmena, RmerTi), magram aTeuli wlis wvalebis Semdeg
tarielma ipova mTavari ganZi (rwmena) da baRs (xalxs) daetyo wignis (RmerTis,
rwmenis) keTilismyofeli gavlena, rac asea gamoxatuli: “...kvlav Zveli Srialebs
baRi da Zveli daRi wignebis azis”.
leqsSi “ucdian axal miqel-anjelos” (10,161) “...siyvaruliT sunTqavs tye-veli,
aRgznebul gulis alersisa” “mze uleveli”.
siyvaruli, mze saRmrTo saxelebia.
“RmerTi siyvarulia” (ioane, I, 4,8).
“mze da faria ufali RmerTi” (fs. 84,12).
poetis bednierebis sazomia vardebiani baRi, anu rwmenis erTguli xalxi: “sanam
ar gadamWknaran baRSi vardTa bardebi, miwav, nu gecodebi, cao, mu gedardebi”
(sanam ar damsxvreulan) (4,385).
galaktions gamudmebiT awamebda zamTari, yinvian-Tovliani zamTris samefo,
sulis mzafravi misi satanisturi ideologia, xolo Tavisuflebis gancdisas
“zamTrisgan jaWvawyvetilia”, nacnob baRSi ki zamTar da zafxul moyvavile
maradiuli vardebi (RmerTi) eguleba. Tu uRmerToba silaSi moqceuli vardis
gancdas badebda, sulieri gasxivosnebis momentSi uwvimari riJraJis vardiviT
mziania: “me zamTrisgan jaWvawyvetili, nacnob baRisken mivemarTebi, sad ferad
ucxo, ynosvad keTili, zamTar da zafxul hyvavis vardebi... roca mziani iyavi ise,
rogorc uwvimar riJraJSi vardi” (vardebi) (4,284-285).
“SerigebaSi” diadi, SemoqmedebiTi yovlisSemZleobiT gamorCeuli suli yvelgan
mzes, Seyvarebul da meocnebe baRs Wvrets, romelic myinvarTan erTad maisis aliT
azambaxebulia: “dRes yvelgan mzea. axla am baRebs da myinvars, maRal zraxvaTa
mefes, maisi aliT aazambaxebs, viT Seyvarebuls da meocnebes” (4,53).
originaluri, mignebuli saxea Seyvarebuli da meocnebe baRi, anu amaRlebulze,
diadze, uzenaesze orientirebuli xalxi.
kidev ufro idumali, enigmebiT savse leqsia “gobeleni” (4,81), romelic savsea
maradiuli zecis xilvebiT: “iqauri ca foTliT qsovili, laJvard TvalTagan
gadasul namiT, moveli, Rames da Sen sulamiT. Cems mkvlel _ miuval Rames
moveli!”
galaktioni qmnis zecis saxis variaciebs: laJvardis Tvali, Tvalebi Sekruli
kamaris...
cvari, nami, romelic laJvardis Tvalidan mowveTavs, mxolod uzenaesis
simbolo SeiZleba iyos.
“viqnebi cvari israelisTvis, ayvavdeba, rogorc SroSani da libaniviT gaidgams
fesvebs” (osia winaswarmetyveli, 12,11).
sulamiTi solomon mefis mistikuri siyvarulia.
“mkvleli da miuvali Ramis” lodini RmerTis lodins gvagonebs.
Semdegi striqonebis “alersTa uxmo veli, nislis wamosasxami, Troba Ramis
RamiT, “uxilav gzebiT” uzenaesis xilvis eqstazi SeiZleba iyos.
gvagondeba moses Sesvla nislSi, roca mas mouwoda ufalma.
“xeebis xelebi” mTvariT da cvariT moCans, baRi ki “mTvralia” (Sdr. fiqriT
Troba, RviniT uRvinod Troba _ Rvino ki uflis saxelia): “tyis pirad, roca
xeebis xelebs daekideba mTvare da cvari, damTvrali baRi gaSlis gobelens...”
159
leqsis lirikuli gmiri mistikur eqstazSia gadasuli, realoba ki sruliad
sapirispiroa, Semodgomis ca damwvaria (Sdr. zecis ngreva, talaxiani da
Worfliani ca, kuboebSi Casvenebuli ca), uCinari Wknobis ali igrZnoba yvelgan,
rac sasikvdilo gancdas iwvevs: “Semodgomis ca ase damwvari, uCinar Wknobis alTa
dareviT, tbas davecemi uxmod, mkvdariviT!” (gobeleni) (3,195).
leqsSi ramdenime aqcentis matarebeli saxea: Rame, miuvali Rame, Ramis Rame,
uxilavi gzebi, iqauri ca, laJvardis Tvalis nami, uCinari Wknobis ali,
...Semodgomis damwvari ca, anu orgvari realobaa danaxuli _ sulismieri da
faqtiuri.
“fardebis SrialSi” (3,195) “Sav idumalebas” “surs moitacos gazafxuli”, magram
“baRi edareba cisfer mogonebas”.
leqsSi “Zala-iaraRi” (15,127) “daukrefeli sicocxlis baRis”, dakarguli edemis
sevdaa, rac evasa da adamis Secodebis Sedegia.
edemis baRi daikarga pirveli adamianebis urCobis gamo, magram poets arasodes
gauwyvetia masTan kavSiri da amitomac ambobs: “...mainc gaTenebamde ar vgrZnob
uedemobas” (brZola RmerTTan) (4,97).
“mSvenieri baRebi” “fiqrebis foniT” figurirebs leqsSi “oqro” (4,393).
“mSvidobis wignSi” “zeciuri baRi” gvxvdeba. “zeciur baRis zedmeti bargi”
uwoda angelozma tariels Tavidan, mere ki misi idumali zraxvebi amoicno da
madloba gadauxada “mSvidobis wignis” povnisTvis.
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi poeziis simboloc aris baRi, sadac “dauleveli
vardebi” xarobs, TviT poeti ki Tavisi SedevrebiT milionebSi xelismrevelia:
“ocnebis mdidar baRSi Sevedi, vardebi damxvda dauleveli, viyav amayi da
uZleveli _ milionebSi xelismreveli” (milionebSi xelismreveli) (15,189).
vardebiani baRi uzenaesi idealia: “sanam ar gadamWknaran baRSi vardTa bardebi,
miwav, nu gecodebi, cao, nu gedardebi” (sanam ar damsxvreulan) (4,385).
ocnebis baRiT daWrili gedis saxeSi gvecnaureba poeti leqsSi “silaJvarde anu
vardi silaSi”: “aha, movedi, gedi, daWrili ocnebis baRiT, Sexede, dastkbi
ymawvilur bedis daRlil xelebiT, wamebul saxiT”...
galaktionis poeziaSi yuradRebas iqcevs vardis suli, gemebis suli, Walebis
suli (modis Walebis suli mcuravi) (4,101).
sicocxlis maradiuloba, movlenaTa monacvleoba tyis saxis gamoyenebiT
gaiazreba: “tyes arasodes sicocxle ar gamoecleba grigalis mier mWknar
foTlebis Zirs CamogdebiT” (icocxle kidev as weliwads) (15,254).
“foTlebi drosTvis gvidarebia”, asea gancdili drois swrafwarmavloba
(aivanze) (17,378).
baRis, tyis fonze ganicdeba siyvaruli (auzisagan).
leqsSi “yofila mware dReebi” (15,148) “Suqmiuval dReebs” “edemTa msgavsi”
dReebi enacvleba, gadalekil, waSlil baRebs _ “gamarjvebaTa baRebi”: “yofila
mware dReebi, Suqmiuvali dReebi, gadalekilan, waSlilan am qveynis samoTxeebi,
kvalad mosulan dReebi, edemTa msgavsi dReebi, gamarjvebaTa baRebi, vardebi,
orxideebi”.
“anZebis tye” poetis xilvebiT savse suls gvixatavs: “adevnebuli mTvaris
mazariT anZebis tyeSi landebi qrian” (lurji xomaldi).
yuradRebas iqcevs “tyis weli”, “saukuneTa tye” (poema vefxvisa).
160
ganumeorebeli xedviTi saxea: “erTi Ramisebr tye aris, yru, win gawvdili
nikapiT” (im bilikiT).
tye aris TeTri, yru, tkiviliani, siyvaruliani, bneli...
literatura
1. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 1992.
2. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
4. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
5. daujdomeli yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa, sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 12, 3
aprili, 2009.
6. zviad gamsaxurdia, “vefxistyaosnis” saxismetyveleba, Tb. 1991.
7. netari avgustine, “aRsareba”, saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, Tb. 1983.
8. dante, RvTaebrivi komedia, Tb. 1941.
9. uZvelesi iadgari, Tb. 1988.
10. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 2, Tb. 1993.
11. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973.
12. nevmirebuli Zlispirni, Tb. 1982.
13. tite mosia, saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1996.
14. tite mosia, saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995.
15. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 3, Tb. 1994.
16. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009.
17. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
Tavi VI
Cemi samSoblos sanaxavidan
„mSobliuri efemera“
galaktion tabiZe Cvens poeziaSi damkvidrda uberebeli devizebiT: „samSoblo
upirveles yovlisa!“, „Cemi samSoblos sanaxavidan“, „samSoblo umTavresia“,
„samSoblos winsvla... ai pirveli, ai pirveli, ris siyvarulic me miswavlia!“...
poetis erT-erTi sayvareli epiTetia „mSobliuri“. mis leqsebSi mSobliuria qari,
sio, mSobliuria siCume, xe, nana, mSobliuria miwa, efemera.
161
efemerebi mravalganzomilebiania: gamoiyofa „zRvis efemera, “isev efemera”,
“mSobliuri efemera“. yuradRebas iqcevs „wuxili efemeridis, “Zaxili efemeridis”,
“efemeris fantazma”, “gadarevis efemerebi”, “nugeSmcemi ocneba efemeridis”,
“efemeruli feradi qarebi...“
galaktionis samSoblos Temaze dawerili leqsebi gajerebulia tkiviliT, eWvebiT,
SeurigeblobiT, mowodebiT, gafrTxilebiT, sibrZniT, cremliani rwmeniT da es
bunebrivia. borkilebiani Sexvda Cveni qveyana meoce saukunes. sami wliT
molandebuli Tavisuleba isev xelyo 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals moyvrulad mosulma
mterma da apokalifsuri mxecebis saTareSod iqca qveyana. kavkasiis qedze
mijaWvul amirans ver eRirsa aSveba, ramac ganukurnebeli tkiviliT aavso poetis
suli.
marTebulad SeniSnavs profesori revaz TvaraZe, rom „samSoblo galaktionisaTvis
„Tema“ arasodes yofila (iseve, rogorc vaJa-fSavelasaTvis buneba; xolo
rusTavelisaTvis – siyvaruli). es TviT arseboba iyo, misi piradi sicocxlec da
samyaros yofnac. mas absoluturad hqonda nagznebi... dafaruli Sinagani sawyisebi,
sulieri raoba erisa“ (1, 28).
iavarqmnili rwmenis, damonebuli samSoblos tkivilebi axali ZaliT gacxadda
galaktionis „mSobliur eemeraSi“, romelSic saocari datvirTvis, Rrma
qveteqstebis mqone saxeebia: amiranis kvnesa, darialis zari, dacarielebuli
yvavilTa ca, RrubelSemosili yazbegis Subli, gadasxvaferebuli mSobliuri
xeebi, ucxo zamTrisagan dakarguli biliki, gaZarculi xe...
poetis xilvaSi cocxldeba tragikuli realoba: „veRar vcnobilob mSobliur
xeebs – zamTars biliki dautania... „didi xania? – mivmarTav tyeebs da tye gugunebs:
ddi xania“...
erTi SexedviT SeCveul empiriul samyaroSi, nacnob realobaSi xdeba eris
uarsebiTesi problemebis warmoCena.
Cvenis azriT, gadasxvaferebuli „mSobliuri xeebi“, romlebic veRar icnoba,
Seryeuli rwmenis simboloa. xe (sicocxlisa da cnobadisa) RmerTis simbolod
moiazreba Zvel da axal aRTqmaSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi, sasuliero poeziaSi,
klasikosTa naazrevSi.
„ieso qriste cxovrebis momniWebeli xea. Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi,
sasuliero poeziaSi xe cxovrebisa RvTaebis metaforuli saxelia (dab. 2,9, gamocx.
ioanesi, 22,1-2). xe cxovrebisas Sesaxeb saintereso Sexedulebebi gaaCniaT grigol
nosels, ioane damaskels da sxvebs (2, 120-121).
galaktionis leqsis saxecvlili xeebi da masTan misasvleli zamTris mier
Caxergili biliki uaryofil rwmenaze migvaniSnebs. zamTari asocirdeba rusul
bolSevizmTan, romelmac Tavs mogvaxvia marqsizmi, urwmunoeba.
gza da biliki saRmrTo saxelebia.
Zvel aRTqmaSi RmerTs ewodeba „Saragza“, wmida gza“, „ucnobi gza“, „cocxali
gza“, axal aRTqmaSi „gza“ (ioane, 14, 6, 3, 211).
biliki, ucnobi biliki saRmrTo Sinaarsisaa esaias winaswarmetyvelebaSi: „waviyvan
brmebs maTTvis ucnobi gzebiT da maTTvis ucnob bilikebze gavatareb“ (esaia, 42,16,
4, 105).
an: „ase ambobs ufali, zRvaSi gzis mimcemi da bilikisa boboqar wylebSi“ (esaia,
43,16, 4, 106).
162
galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi mravalgzis gvxvdeba simboluri zamTari. SemTxveviTi
rodia, rom alvis xes (sicocxlis xes) Tovli mosavs, Tovliania naZvi (sicocxlis
xe), TeTr Tovlis qveS uCinardeba mTa (mariami), mTa binddeba usazRvro RamiT,
Tasi (mariamis simboloa) yinviania, yinulovania saxli, quCa, qalaqi, gayinulia
qveynis guli, ca, ocneba, mxedari, sulSi „auxdenelTa dResaswaulT lurji
yinulia“, ianvris TovliT Wkneba sulis iebi, maisSic iyineba nakaduli, Cvens
bediswerad qceula „gulisdamxSobi“, aramSobliuri zamTari, misi „mwuxare
Tovli“, „Savi Tovli“, „saukunis Tovli“ da zvavi emuqreba saqarTvelos arsebobas.
saocari frazaa: „mwuxare TovlSi wamiyvana feradma gemma“.
netari avgustines ganmartebiT, gemi rwmenaa (5, 453).
gamomdinare aqedan, saanalizo striqoni aseTnairad SeiZleba gaiSifros: erTnairma
rwmenam, anu qristianobam migviyvana “mwuxare Tovlis” – Crdiloeli mezoblis
samefosTan.
ara qarTuli „gazafxulismagvari Tovlis“, aramed „Savi Tovlis“ SiSiT daizafra
eri. ucxouri zamTris qaric wiTelia, sisxlis, aRsasrulis, sikvdilis mociquli.
poetis sulSi ki „iisferi Tovlis, qalwuli Tovlis“ silamaze iyo da „mrgebeli
qaris“, mSobliuri qaris siyvaruli.
„karga xania“ am rusuli zamTris, „sicivis mZevali“ iyo Cveni qveyana, rogorc
moswrebulad aris naTqvami „mSvidobis wignSi“. „mSobliur efemeraSi“ tyec
amowmebs am azrs da gugunebs: „didi xania!“
mijaWvuli amirani damonebuli samSoblos simbolod gaiazreba akaki wereTlis
„Tornike erisTavSi“. „kavkasiis maRal qedze mijaWvuli amirani aris mTeli
saqarTvelo da mtrebi ki yvav-yorani“. amiranis aSvebiT gamoxatavs akaki wereTeli
saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis rwmenas: „mova dro da Tavs aiSvebs, im jaWvs
gaswyvets gmirTa gmiri“ (6, 221).
galaktionic saqarTvelos simbolod warmosaxavs amirans.
poeti saqarTvelos, xalxis genias amgvarad exmaureboda: „Sexavsebia kldeebi
kldeebs, iq viRac kenesis didi xania. „amirania? – mivmarTav tyveebs, da tye
gugunebs amirania!“
„galaktioni Tavad iyo qarTuli poeziis amirani, misi Zalisa da energiis
gamarTleba“( 7, 594).
amiranis kvnesa da saerTod, mravlismTqmeli kvnesa Tan dahyolia gangebiT Cveni
eris arsebobas. ilia WavWavaZesac xom „qarTlis ZilSi” kvnesa esmoda („elegia“).
arc galaktions asvenebs es „mZafri kvnesa“ da kiTxva „dakargulia?“ TiTqos tyeTa
gugunic umowmebs eWvebs: „es mZafri kvnesa miwamlavs dReeebs, is guli isev Cemi
gulia... „dakargulia?“ – mivmarTav tyeebs da tye gugunebs: „dakargulia“...
„mSobliuri efemera“ dawerilia 1923 wels, roca ukve aSkara gaxda qveynisTvis
axali borkilis dadeba, gazafxulis gaqroba (anu rwmenis dakargva, - gazafxuli
da zafxuli saRmrTo saxelebia,) zamTris gabatoneba. es tragedia mijaWvuli
amiranis saxiT SeiZleboda yvelaze STambeWdavad gamoxatuliyo.mravlismTqmelia
mzis dabindebamde Casvla: „mze Cava, jer ki Sorsaa bindi“... mze qristianuli
RmerTis simboloa Zveli aRTqmidan dawyebuli: mivmarToT fsalumuns: „mzea da
faria ufali RmerTi“ (fs. 84, 13).
mzis Casvla, mzis gardacvaleba, mzis Caqroba qristianuli RmerTis uaryofas
moaswavebs galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi.
163
yazbegi – erovnulobis, sidiadis, simaRlis, siamayis, miuwvdomilobis simbolo –
RrubliT Semosa moyvrad mosulma mterma, yvavilTa cis kalaTebi daacariela, anu
rwmena Caukla am edemismagvari mxaris mkvidrs, darialis zariT Sezara eri:
„yazbegis Subli Semoses RrubliT da ca alubliT savsea... kmara.yvavilTa cidan
kalaTebs clidnen, darialidan zaravda zara“...
mignebuli, Rrma qveteqstebis Semcveli frazaa: „yazbegis Subli Semoses
RrubliT“.
bibliaSi Rrublis svetiT ifaravs RmerTi ebraelebs egviptelTagan: „win miuZRoda
maT ufali, dRisiT Rrublis svetSi gzis saCveneblad, RamiT cecxlis svetSi gzis
gasanaTeblad, raTa evloT dRiTa da RamiT“.
„ar mihfarebia xalxis Tvals dRisiT Rrublis sveti da RamiT cecxlis sveti“
(gamosvla 113, 21, 22).
xalxis uzneobiT ganrisxebuli uzenaesi RrubliTa da risxviT ibureba: „risxviT
moibure da gvdevni“, „RrubliT moibure da airide Cveni locvebi“ (godeba
ieremiasi, 1, 43, 44).
RmerTi codvil israelebs sjis imiT, rom mzes RrubliT mosavs: „mzes RrubliT
Sevmosav da mTvare aRar gaanaTebs Tavisi naTeliT“ (ezekiel winaswarmetyveli, 32,
7).
simboluri saxeebi Rrublisa da nislisa gvxvdeba homerosis „odiseasa“ da
„iliadaSi“.
lesingi aRniSnavs, rom „homerosma daamuSava arsisa da moqmedebis orgvari
saxeoba: xiluli da uxilavi... poetisaTvis nisli, Rrubeli, Rame... poeturi xerxia...
ieroglifi, simboluri niSania, rac cvlis gamoTqmas „uCinari“, „gauCinareba“... da
damkvirvebels eubneba: „unda warmoidginoT, rom uCinaria. homerosTan gmiris
winaswar nislSi gaxveva im mizniT ki ar xdeba, rom irgvliv myofma adamianebma
gmiris nacvlad nisli dainaxon, aramed imisTvis, rom mnaxvelma igrZnos, kaci
gauCinardao. raki nisliT daibura, is ukve uxilavia“.
„homerisiseuli nislebi... gaqrobis, gauCinarebis niSania da lesingi ukiJinebs
mxatvrebs poeziisa da mxatvrobis sazRvrebis moSlas, SeniSnavs, rom isini
homerosiseul nislebs yovelTvis da arasaWiro SemTxvevaSi iyeneben“ (8, 92, 94, 96).
pomerosis „iliadaSi“ tidevsis pirmSos „RmerTi icavs, mxrebze nisli daufenia,
mofrenil isars meyseulad aSorebs xolme.
poseidonma „pelevsis Zis Tvalwin mohfina mrume wyvdiadi“, aseve, imwams gafanta
TvalTa winaSe RmerTma Rrubeli jadosnuri, apolonma ki „gmiri Sebura yomrali
RrubliT“(9, 84, 393, 394).
„odeseaSi“ telemaqe da odisevsi aTinam nisliT Sebura da ugrZneulod gaiyvana
qalaqidan“ (10, 440).
vaJa-fSavelas poema „ialbuzSi“ nisli sxvaTa Rirsebis miCqmalvis,
ugulebelyofis, CrdilSi moqcevis saSualebaa. patara, Surian mTebs aRizianebT
ialbuzis ganTqmuli saxeli da raki am goliaTis daSla-dangreva ar SeuZliaT,
gadawyveten, uCinaryon igi Rrubel-nislebiT. mTeli weli ar Canda ialbuzi, magram
mere RmerTis brZanebiT damarcxda eSmaki da mTebs angelozi daepatrona (11, 371).
galaktions gansakuTrebiT izidavda es xerxi. mis saxeebs xan risxvis wamosasxami,
xan ki Rrublisa da “mTvaris wamosasxami”, an “mTvaris mazara“ hburavT anZebis
tyeSi (anZa ki sulis ZvelberZnuli simboloa). misi poeziis lirikuli personaJi,
164
mziTSemosili, sixarulSemosili, sxva mziT mosili, SuqiT Semosili,
zegardmonaTliT mosili gvecxadeba.
„mSobliur efemeraSi“ Cvenma “ufrosma Zmam“, „mterma meorem“ yazbegis anu eris
sidiades Rrubeli aafara misi damcirebis, ugulebelyofis mizniT, daacariela
„yvavilTa ca“, rusulma bolSevizmma dagvaTmobina RmerTi, daxoca morwmuneni,
radgan igi gveleSapis mier xeldasmuli mxecebis programiT moqmedebda da
satanis, antiqristes meufebas moaswavebda.
sagulisxmo frazaa: „yvavilTa cidan kalaTebs clidnen“.
yvavili saRmrTo saxelia: „yvavili, yvavili abraamisa, yvavili gulisa, yvavili
saRmrToi, yvavili cxovrebisa macxovris simboloa“ (12, 105-106).
gansacdelis Jams „Zvirfasi landebis“ movlineba ipyrobs yuradRebas (albaT ilia
da akaki igulisxmebian, TergdaleulTa beladebi): „sul erTi wamiT gansacdel
Jamad Sexvedra Cumi me Senad mergo. mogonebebiT, rac Cems guls anTebs, im
Zvirfas landebs gadaec, Tergo!...“
finalSi amiranis kvnesa ufro amZafrebs TavisuflebawarTmeuli samSoblos
tkivils.
leqsis da, saerTod, galaktionis poeziis reziumed gaiJRerebs gadasxvaferebuli
mSobliuri xeebis sevda, zamTrisagan waSlili biliki, mijaWvuli amiranis kvnesa,
mzis naadrevi Casvla, RrubliT SublSemosili yazbegi, dacarielebuli yvavilTa
ca, darialis zari, aq yovel sityvas fiqris lodebi hkidia, Casuli mzis fonze
sxivis natamalic ar ilandeba, magram poeti TviT aCerebs am avbediT xilvas, roca
SesZaxebs: „kmara!“
simboluri zamTriT, Rrubliani yazbegiT, amiranis kvnesiT, darialis zariT
migvaniSna galaktionma Cvens erovnul da sarwmunoebriv tkivilebze.
TavisuflebawarTmeul, saxelmwifoebriobawagvril qarTvels RmerTis rwmenasac
ukargavdnen, misi mziuri suli Crdilouri TovliTa da yinviT unda gaeToSaT,
raTa daemsgavsebinaT da ufro kargad daemonebinaT.
RalatiT, yinviT gamwarebuli poeti uzenaess evedreboda: „daadne sxivi, sulo
ciuro, sicivisagan gayinul gulze“.
momavlis rwmenis ZaliT, mainc droebiT movlenad aRiqvamda poetis saukunis
Tovls: „saukuneTa Tovlio iTovle, mainc dadneba eg naTovlari“ („warwera
xovles ornamentze“).
aseve sulis TvaliT Wvretda poeti apokalifsuri mxecebis damarcxebas da
aRmosavleTis ciskars: „gardava bneli saukunis mRvrie nadiri, aRmosavleTi
moirTveba ciskris alubliT“ (maxajiri).
galaktion tabiZem TavisuflebawarTmeul, ucxoeTis mier damonebul qveyanaSi
icxovra da, bunebrivia, mis lirikas bolomde gasdevs damoukidebeli samSoblos
nostalgia. 1914 wels werda: “gTxov, damobrune Cemi samSoblo, sadac malxenda
ocneba yrmobis, sadac ar vgrZnobdi, Tu ras niSnavda: fiqri sircxvilis, fiqri
monobis” (samSobloSi) (13,116).
1914 wliT TariRdeba “mTvare mTas amoefara”, romelSic afiqsirebs, rom
ucxoeTis tyvea da misi cxovreba sizmars aris damsgavsebuli: “...me vdgavar,
rogorc tyve ucxoeTSi, rogorc sizmarSi ucxo sizmari” (13,136).
165
Rrma ZilSi STanTqmul, uzrunvel, damoukideblobadakargul samSobloSi
monobas siZulvils, ucxoeTSi xsnis Ziebis umarTebulobis azrs unergavs
mSobliuri niavis xma, Tergis zvirTebi (“darialisa viwro kldeebSi”) (13,46-47).
mevaxSis xelSi Cavrdnili, gayiduli sasaxlisa, Walebisa da acelili saTibis
Rrmaazrovani saxeebiT gvamcnobs poeti erovnul tragedias, leqsSi arc
CrdiloeTis xsenebaa SemTxveviTi: “...mevaxSis xelSi var, damedo valebi, oh, unda
gavyido mamuli Walebi! ra gzaa, me mikvirs, rom dRemde gavZeli... sasaxlec
gavyide, saTibic avcele!” (TibaTve gavida) (13,114) afiqsirebs poeti 1916 wels.
leqsSi “Savi zRvis pirad” yoveli namdvili qarTvelis satkivris gacxadebaa,
radgan Cveni samoTxisdari qveyana sxvis mamulSi iyo “CaSenebuli”: “tropikul
xeebs, Savi zRvis pirad, vazebs daxlarTuls, rom mivyvebodi zurmuxtisfer
fiqrebSi garTuls, Camaval mzeSi mas mxolod sxvisi erqva mamuli” (14,114). leqsis
TariRia 1928 weli.
1937 wels isev monobis simware, urwmunoeba, umamuloba akvnesebda: “ar megona,
ar megona, ar megona, gulo, Tu sicocxlis mokvdeboda kona _ ar megona,
sicocxleo, ara, ar megona!” (“ar megona”) (14,374).
literatura:
1. revaz TvaraZe, „galaktioni“, Tbilisi, 1972.
2. tite mosia, „saRvTo saxismetyveleba“, zugdidi, 1995.
3. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
4. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
5. netari avgustine, „aRsareba“, saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendaei, Tb. 1985.
6. akaki wereTeli, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 2, Tb. 1991.
7. simon Ciqovani, “qarTuli poeziis amirani“, wignSi galaktionis rCeuli, Tb.
1989.
8. lesingi, „laokooni anu mxatvrobisa da poeziis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb“, Tb.
1986.
9. homerosi, „iliada“, ZvelberZnulidan Targmani r. miminoSvilis, Tb. 1990w.
10. homerosi, „odisea“, Targmani z. kiknaZis da T. Cxenkelis, Tb. 1975.
11. vaJa-fSavela, xuTtomeuli, t. 3, Tb. 1966.
12. tite mosia, „saRvTo saxismetyveleba“, zugdidi, 1996.
avdris, uamindobis, zamTris, Tovlis saxeTa qveteqstebiT samSoblos
bedisa Tu ubedobis gacxadeba. avdrisa da zamTris religiur–politikuri
qveteqstebi
166
galaktion tabiZem zamTris, avdris, uamindobis, Tovlis, yinvis saxeebSi
Caaqsova religiuri, politikuri, socialuri, erovnuli, filosofiuri
Tvalsazrisi, am saxeTa gamoyenebiT Seqmna ganumeorebeli mxatvruli saxeebi,
Zalauneburad gaejibra „Tovlis niRabis“ avtors, romelic, miuxedavad germanuli
warmoSobisa, rusuli cnobierebis iyo. momavali albaT gascems srulyofil
pasuxs, am SemTxveviT Semdgar SejibrSi vin vis gadaameta.
cnobilia, rom al. blokma gagvanebivra Tovlis da yinvis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili
metaforebiT: Tovlis embazSi monaTvla, qarbuqis qvebi yinulis beltis Sublze
nalesi, Tovliani qaris Semoxveva, Tovlis Rvino, Tovlis morevi Tovliani mxaris
gemi, Tovlis namqeriani gza, TovlSi Cakirul sulis Zaxili, unapiro Tovlze
gadafrena, Tovlian sevdiT mkvnesari lira, Tovlis frinvelis fardebia, Tovlis
vercxlisferi gzebi, Soreuli yinvis napralebi, TeTri sikvdilis veliT gayinuli
guli, guli, qarbuqs gadacemuli, ukanaskneli ekliT TovlSi SemonaTeba,
Tovliani neSti, Tovliani mxaris gemi, Tovlis sanTeli, cecxlmodebuli Tovlis
eklebi (1, 28,29,30,34,35,36).
amjerad Cven gvainteresebs Canafiqri saxeebisa: Tovliani mxaris jadoqari
sicive, siavis grZnobiT Sefifquli quCa, ucnobis skripkis tirili uamindobaze,
zamTrebis mwuxareba, zamTris yinva–qarbuqSi cxovreba, TviTmpyrobelobis susxi,
gulisdamxSobi zamTari, Zveli TovliT da yinviT Semosili miuRweveli mwvane
napirebi, ianvris TovliT damWknari sulis iebi, mwuxare Tovli, Tovliani tyeebi,
Tovliani alva, mwuxare, TovlSi feradi gemiT svla, yinvis SiSi Sorevi,
uamindoTa sastiki suli, Tovlis mier silisTvis minebebuli novalisis yvavili,
Tovliani mindvrebis sasaflao, Tovliani mindvrebis TeTri kubo, Tovlis mxare,
nisliani mTa–bari, siSaveSi gayinuli ocneba, ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebi, maisis
yinva, gayinuli mTa, Savi Tovli, zamTris sikvdili, usazRvro Rame da yinva,
qariSxlis fifqi, zamTris susxi mokluli sxivi, TovlSi Cafluli unugeSod
STenili gayinuli foToli, Tovlis fer–umarili, fifqiT mtroba, bneli Tova,
samSoblod saxeldebuli Tovli, yinviT gadayinuli yvavilebi, yinvaTa mfeni
Tvalebi. gviani zamTari, zamTriT daCagruli guli, zamTrisagan ganSorebis
natvra, zamTrebis mwuxareba, yinviT dabindebuli Tvali, daTovlili xidebi,
daTovlili mwuxareba, uamindobiT Sewyvetili simebis sicili, elvare TovlSi
mavali marxili, zamTris dReebi da TareSi sulis borotis, didi sicive, kosmiuri
sicive, avdriT gadaxrili quCa, yinvis ganguleba, avdriT gadaxrili quCa, zamTari
Zneli, gulisdamxSobi zamTari, warmavali Tovli, Tovlis fanteliviT gardasuli
siave, saimqveynio da saamsoflo siosTan dapirispirebuli zamTari, Tovlis
ukanaskneli samsala, arawminda Tovli, uamur zamTris gulgasagmiri saxli, zvavis
zriali, TovlTa msgavsad dReTa svla, nazavTari bedis avdari, dReebis TovliT
gadabaReba, gayinuli ocneba, sizmariviT mdevari zamTari, guli–yinuli, TeTrad
spetaki da marad Savi, suli–aRsavse susxiT, daTovlili xidebi, daTovlili
zmanebebi da mwuxareba, yinvamosxmuli gundi laSqarTa, ganaTebuli sicivis
brwyinva, siSaveSi gayinuli ca, gamwarebuli sulis sicxele da yinvis amao
gangulebis glova, mwuxare TovlSi feradi gemiT svla, zamTris dReebis mosvla
egzersisebad, gulisdamxSobi zamTari, maisis dReebis yinva, agvistos Tovli,
avdars moyolili avdari, daTovlili gamvlelebi da gulcivi baRebi, gulSi
auxdenelTa dResaswaulT lurji yinuli, TeTr Tovlis qveS sizmrebSi
167
gauCinarebuli mTis grexili, Tovlis fifqiT Semosili naZvi da mRelvare
gazafxulze gayinuli nakaduli, yru baiaTis fifqiT mtroba, zamTari, sicive da
sikvdili, TeTri Tovlis TeTri sudara, Tovli–samSoblo, Tova da gulis wuxili,
TeTri avdari, elvare TovlSi mavali gemia, wvima da Tovli... mxareebi siberis,
yinulis sasaxle, quCa, qalaqi, koSki, TovliT Troba, iribi, almaceri Tovli, yinva
da Rame, yinva feeriuli, gamwarebuli sulis sicxele da amaod yinvis gangulebis
glova, gadaudebeli Tova, zamTris mier waSlili biliki, bneli Tova, maisis yinva,
sulSi iribi, almaceri Tovli, iTlisisferi yinvis Tasebi, TovlTa msgavsad
dReTa svla, TeTri avdari, TeTri tye. Tbilisis zamTris gazafxulis msgavsi
Tovlis dafiqsireba, madliani qedis Tovli da mTuTqavi mze. siTeTre Tovlis,
sispetake mxareT zemoTa, Tovlis vardebi, Tovlis madona, vardisferi Tovli,
iisferi Tovli, warsulis Tovli ia–zambaxis, qalwul TovlTan binis Zieba,
iisfer Tovlis qalwulebiviT xididan fena, feeriuli yinva.
Tovlis saSualebiT movlenaTa swarfwarmavlobaze aqcentirebaa: „msgavsad
TovlTa midian dReni, .... es raca moxda, damacaa, iyo raRaca Tovli, fanteli... is
dro sad aris? iq, sadac Tovli SarSanwindeli“... (mSvidobis wigni).
idumali xmiT bneli natvris, saSineli avdris damarcxebis azria: „ismen im
sxva xmas... im bneli natvris, saSinel avdris, uamur zamTris gulgasagmirad“
(mSvidobis wigni). da Cndeba survili mudmivi Tovlis sulis siTboTi gadnobisa: „...
vnebis rkalad movedebi mudmiv TovliT Sesadrul mTebs“..
yinulis sasaxlis, yinulis koSkis, yinulis qalaqis, yinulovani garemocvis,
yinulis zRvis dadnobaa cxeli gulis ZaliT leqsSi „SexedeT, miwa!“
Tovlian myinvarze yvelas dasanaxad dawerilia sityva: „... myinvaris TovliT
mosil yinulze oblobis sityva mgzavrma dawera“.
da rwmena avdris damarcxebisa, „sixarulis“ (saRvTo saxelia!) gamoCenisa: „...
rac unda aTovos da quCa avdriT gadaixaros, dRes usaTuod, o, usaTuod, me
sasaxleSi vnaxav sixaruls“...
gvxiblavs Tovliani dRis xareba, iisferi Tovlis qalwulebiviT xididan fenis
fonze: „...amnair dRis xarebam lurji da daRaluli sizmriT damTova“ (Tovli).
mTavara devizi, rac, upirvelesia yoveli geniisTvis: „suli gqondes uspetakes
Tovlisa!“ (poezia upirveles yovlisa).
qaris, Tovlis SiSis daZleva, gamarjvebis utyuari garantiaa: „armoSiSars
qarisa da Tovlisa, yovel Cvengans uryev miznad iqneba mxolod erTi sixarulis
Segneba: poezia upirveles yovlisa“ (poezia upirveles yovlisa).
sayuradReboa qarTuli xasiaTis warmoCena Tovlis saxis gamoyenebiT, xalxuri
intonaciis gaJRerebiT: „araTu Tovlis brwyinvis, ar meSinia mtrisac, vaJkacsa
guli rkinis, abjari Tundac xisa“.
qarTuli fenomeni am striqonebSic xalxuri sidiadiT aris naTelyofili
Tovlis saSualebiT: „ras niSnavs iyo qarTveli? es niSnavs pirvel yovlisa,
mtris geSinodes momxduris, viT SarSandeli Tovlisa“.
poetis genialuri ironia isev xalxuri sisadaviT gaJRerda Tovlis
konteqstSi: „... TovlSi mogiyvans zafxulis yvavils Cemi baxala“...
galaktion tabiZe „bedis amindis“ amocnobas cdilobda da aminds Tu uamindobas
daukavSira filosofiuri, erovunli, religiuri, socialuri, sulieri problemebi
„mSvidobis wignSi“, romelic erovnul–sarwmunoebriv tragediebs exeba, poeti
168
amCnevs „bedis avdars“ da ambobs: „ragvarad naskvavs aq bedis varskvlavs
uamindoba“ (2,55).
„avdris molodinSi“ sulieri avdris sevdaa da uamindoba imiT aris
gamowveuli, rom daviwyebulia warsulis ia–zambaxi (mariamis simboloebia), alva–
mzeTunaxavi da mkrTali saxis (alva qristes saxelia), saTuoa „mebaRis“ mosvla,
mebaRe ki RmerTia. mariami qalwulia, „nel lerwamiT da vazis mtevnebiT“
dagvirgvinebuli, (lerwami da mtevani metaforaa), magram mebaRes Tu gauucxovda
xalxi, yvelafers daRupva daemuqreba (3,197).
„mSobliur efemeriaSi“ „zamTars biliki dautania“ (biliki saRvTo saxelia)
(2,337)
swored zamTari, zamTrebis mwuxareba iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
galaktionis poeziaSi: „...mxolod zamTrebis mwuxarebiT SeifoTlebi“, radgan
sulSi arc yvavilia, arc mze, demonebia igvliv da mxolod mis daviwyebaSia xsna
(yvavili, mze saRvTo saxelebia – Sens siymawviles) (4,173).
„gviani zamTari da qaris tirilia“ elegiuri ganwyobilebis macne „elegiaSi
(4,216).
zamTaria saxis niRabic: „feri mzesa da qars mohyavs gazafxulis sadari, Sen ki
loyas gadagkvroda zamTari“.
„zamTris yinva–qarbuqSi“ mcxovrebs, daviwyebia zafxuli, gaciebia suli, gulic
sicivis samkvidrod qceula: „vcxovrobdi zamTris yinva–qarbuqSi, xsovna ar iyo
CemSi zafxulis da nela–nela miWknobda dReebs, sicive gulis, sicive sulis“ (me
davibade ganTiadisas) (2,131).
zafxuli saRmrTo saxelia. aSkaraa, poeti wuxs uRmerTo cxovrebaze,
wasul zaRxulze, zamTris ZonZebze da wuTisoflis amao didebaze. leqsis
lirikul gmirs RameSi, yinvaSi cxovreba da „Soreuls SiSi“ dahbedebia: „vxedav,
zamTris ZonZebi xeebs Camoekona, me ki, es gazafxuli isev Cemi megona... hyinavs. isev
Ramea, modis SiSi Sorevi, ra amaod ireva wuTisoflis morevi“ (wami wams ezideba)
(4,290).
aq gazafxuli RmerTis, zamTari urwmunoebis simboloa. uamindo qveynis
mkvidrTa sulis sisastikis ganmcdeli poeti ityvis: „sastikia suli uamindoTa,
gana qveynad bevri rame mindoda“ (Semosilni gamWvirvale blondebiT) (4,110).
„yrud, ualersod yinvaTa mfeni Tvalebis“ susxiani Sexedvac dahbedebia.
„nazavTari bedis avdaris win grgvinvis zari wveviT diadis“ mousmenia
(mSvidobis wigni) (2,907).
„mogonebebSi“ xazgasmulia „zamTris gminvis sastiki Zala, mkvleli iara“ (6,36).
poeti afiqsirebs, rom „zamTris susxma sxivi mohkla“ (daxuWuli Tveebi) (3,27).
zamTari urwmunoebaa, sxivi – Ze RmerTis saxeli.
„sizmariviT mdevari zamTaria“ leqsSi „TeTri pelikani“ (4,70).
„mantiiTa da gvirgviniT“ mosulT zamTars moaqvs sicive, sikvdili, kenaris
msxvreva, sisxli, cremli, sxva siyvarulis monatreba, iudasa da kaenis meufeba:
„mantiiT mxrebze, TeTri gvirgviniT elvare gzebiT modis zamTari. midis zamTari,
modis sicive, modis sikvdili... iudas saxe, kaenis landi da Rameebis Savi guguni“
(rogor ebrZodnen zarebs zarebi) (4,38).
leqsi aSkarad religiuri da socialur–politikuri aqcentebis matarebelia.
169
zamTris dReebi gauTenebel Rames emsgavseba, mas rame axali ki ara, boroti sulis
TareSi da kosmiuri sicive mosdevs: „zamTris dReebi modis mware egzersisebad, me
ram axali maTi mosvliT ar meRirseba. modis sicive da TareSi sulis borotis,
didi sicive, kosmiuri sicive modis“ (zamTris dReebi) (7,376).
„gulisdamxSobi zamTari“ da „arawminda Tovlia“ ubedurebis macne poemaSi
„mSvidobis wigni“ (2,260).
„gviani zamTriT“ (elegia,), „zamTris siaviT mTlad daCagruli“ (o, gazafxulo)
poeti natrobs am „gulgamyinveli vaebis“ gacilebas: „rom wavides es zamTari,
sizmariviT mdevari“ (TeTri pulikani) (4,17).
„rogorme zamTars Tu gadavurCi, rogorme qarma Tu mimatova“, naTqvamia leqsSi
„Tovli“, romelSic TovlSi dacemulia zambaxebi, udabnoSi gauCinarebulia
mandili (5,165-174). zambaxi da mandili mariamis simboloebia, udabno urwmunoeba.
„nazavTaria bedi“, „avdriT gadaxrilia“ quCa (mTeli dRe vgrZnobdi) (3,2901).
„sicivis mZevalia“ xalxi „mSvidobis wignSi“ (2,307).
peterburgSi revoluciuri movlenebis mayurebeli poeti avdris uwyvetobas
winaswarmetyvelebda: „me valmoxdili isev veli, rogor mohyveba avdars avdari“
(rogor ebrZodnen zarebs zarebi).
uamindoba, urwmunoeba qnaris simebsac adumebs: „uecrad wyveten simebi sicils
uamindobiT, uamindobiT“ (mas gaxelili darCa Tvalebi) (4,138).
„zamTrebis mwuxarebiT“ „SefoTlili“ personaJi galaktionis lirikisa, mainc
darwmunebulia miwiuri ukeTurobebis damarcxebaSi, zamTari ver SesZlebs
„saamsoflo da saimqveynio siosTan“ (RmerTTan) gamklavebias: „zamTaro, ase
gulisdamxSobo, ver SesZleb sio rom gadaswio saamqveynio da saamsoflo“
(mSvidobis wigni) (2,131).
avdris SiSi saerTod daebada meoce saukunes: „ca iRrubleba, modis zamTari, me
damaqvs sevda Cveni planetis“ – werda terenti graneli (8,154).
1921w. 25 Tebervals Cveni samSoblos Tavisuflebis xelyofisa da xelaxali
okupaciis dros damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi daRupuli erTaderTi asulis
daRupviT samudamod dazamTrda didi qarTveli patriotis kote mayaSvilis gulSi
da igi vaebda: „arc sicocxlis, arc sikvdilis aRara maqvs xalisi, Tebervalma
damizamTra samudamod maisi“ (9,41).
politikuri uamindobis miuxedavad, galaktioni arasodes wyvetda kavSirs
uzenaes sawyisebTan: „davirTuli mraval uamindobiT, kidev didxans viqanaveb
kidobniT“ (meocnebe afrebiT).
kidobani mariamis simboloa: „gixaroden, kidobano oqrovanqmnilo suliTa“
(daujdomeli yovladwmindisa RvTismSoblisa) (10,12).
literatura
1. aleqsandr bloki, rCeuli leqsebi da poemebi, Tbilisi, 1995, Targmani
soso siguasi;
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993
4. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988
170
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani, Tb. 1977
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. IV, Tb. 1994
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994
8. cisferi siSore, Tb. 1998
9. avTandil nikoleiSvili, XXs. qarTuli mwerloba, quTaisi, 2002.
10. sapatriarqos uwyebani, 3-9 aprili, 2009, М12.
samSoblod saxeldebuli „arawminda Tovlis“ mxare
galaktionis poeziis Tovlis saxeSi socialuri, erovnuli, religiuri,
filosofiuri Canafiqri ikiTxeba.
am saxes, erTi mxriv, poziciur konteqstSi iyenebs poeti, religiuri gagebiT da
misi „Tovlis madona, Tovlis vardebi, lurji fifqi, iisferi Tovli, vardisferi
Tovli mariam RvTismSoblis saxelebia (1,165-174).
„elvis bilikze midis fexebi da mecemian Tovlis vardebi“ (xan ufskrulebi, xar
mwvervalebi (2,271) elvis biliki qristes, Tovlis vardebi mariamis simboloa.
galaktionis leqebSi gvxvdeba arawminda Tovli, Tovlis samsala, Tovlis sudara,
fifqiT mtroba, romlis qveteqstebsac Tovlian–yinulian imperiasTan mivyavarT.
CrdiloeTis qveynis Tovli moiazreba, rogorc sasaflao. TeTri kuboebi:
„fanjridan sCans Tovliani mindvrebi, rogorc sasaflao, rogorc TeTri kuboebi,
rogorc mgloviare ezo, ukaloo da ukuTno“ (jon–ridi) (6,3,23-24).
da poets am TovlSi nagulisxmevi muxanaTobis gamo uCndeba SeuZlebeli survili:
orTiTa orkapiT aniavos, axali niCbiT azidos es msaxvrali Tovli: „aiRe orTiTa
orkapi da aniave es Tovli, axali niCabi azidavs amodena Tovls“... (3,24).
leqsSi „alvebi TovlSi“ (3,47), alva Tovliania, Tasi gayinuli. alva sicocxlis
xea, Tasi mariamis simbolo. leqsSi upirispirdeba „Cveuli sicive“ da „uCvevi
naTeli“(ix. dawvrilebiT (1,31,40).
daTovlili xidebis, zmanebebisa da mwuxarebis fonze (xidi mariamis saxelia)
poets evlineba zeciuri deda, „RvTismSoblis cqera savse qarTuli patiosnebiT“
(Tbilisi), (4,183).
leqsSi „samSoblo Savi liuciferis“ (4,193) mSobliur mxareSi erTdroulad
ixilveba wvima, Tovli, sibere, sisxli, msxverpli, cxedrebi, „sasikvdilo
gadaTeTrebiT“ cnobili gza da poeti askvnis: „Cven mwuxarebam dagviZmobila Ramis
tye–veli, arasdros CvenTan iq ar yofila nazareveli“.
CvenTan daZmobilebuli, nazarevelis gareSe arsebuli „Ramis tye–velis
qveteqstebSi moyvris niRbiT mosuli mtris, mkvlelis saxe Seicnoba.
galaktioni ganasxvavebda saqarTvelos gazafxulis msgavs Tovls Crdilouri
Tovlisgan: „mTawmindidan gaRmiT vxedav Tovlis livlivs, ...gazafxulis msgavsi
Tovli modis zamTris“hSvenis melxioris tfilis Tovlis tvirTi (4,533).
171
„mRvrie qarSi“ Tovlis mxares, mis „jadoqar sicives“ SeigrZnobda: „Tovlis mxare,
nisliani mTa da bari. movimxari misi gzebi, sicive da mRvrie dari. suli Zlier
afeTqebis da sicive jadoqari“ (2,17).
poetis bediswerad qceula TeTri sudaris magvari Tovli: „da sicivem TeTri
Tovli TeTr sudarad daTova“ (sasikvdilo mwuxareba) (2,305).
gazafxulismagvari Tovlisa da mzis samefoSi poeti „iisferi havis. ultraiisferi
sxivis Zalas SeigrZnobda: „ager madliani qedi, sad Tovlia da mzec TuTqavs,
brwyinvaleba pirispiri iisferi haviT sunTqavs, sxivic ultraiisferi vera Zalas
ver STaunTqavs (Sexvedra mTaSi) (5,440).
galaktions awamebda „uamindoTa sastiki suli“ (Semosilno gamWvirvale,
blondebiT) suli, aRsavse susxiT (918) TviTmyrobelobis saSineli susxi (guli
rkinada qceuli) (6,163).
aranaklebi kodirebuli saxeebis Semcvelia da CvenTan „daZmobilebuli“ mtris
mxlebiT gamoirCeva „ofarti“ (4,144), romelSic elvare Tovlis marxili da TeTri
avdari mignebuli miniSnebaa Cveni ubedurebis reJisorze: „elvare TovlSi mihqris
marxili, rom moixvios TeTri avdari, am sivrceebSi myavs damarxuli zamTari civi
da nazavTari“.
misi „elami mze“, „gayinuli mxedari“ da siCume, avbediTi nakvalevi da ZaladobiT
samSoblod aRiarebuli Tovliani imperiaa satkivris mizezi: „ra siCumea. rogor
aCnia gzebs nakvalevi arsaamsoflo, rom sxva samSoblo ar gamaCnia... rom es
Tovlia Cemi samSoblo“.
marTlac, sakuTaris daviwyebas da Tavisi Tovlian–yinuliani monstris samSoblod
aRiarebas iTxovda Cvengan „gaiZvera moyvare“.
„dominoSi“ (2,203) „Tovlis fer–umarili“ da „fifqiT mtroba“ migvaniSnebs mtris
avbediT zraxvas.
leqsSi „guli grZnobs“ (3,322) saocari kodirebuli saxiT migvaniSnebs poeti Cveni
mZime xvedris mizezebze. amjerad Sexvedra gviwevs „mwuxare TovlTan“, misken
svlis mizezi ki „feradi gemi“ yofila:„...mwuxare TovlSi wamiyvanaa feradma gemma,
winaT angelozs – dedamiwas vucqeri jalaTs. o, Surs iZiebs rosme bohema. guli
grZnobs Ralats“
„mwuxare Tovli“ isev ubedurebis momtani imperiaa, gemi, feradi gemi–igive Zeli,
jvari, rwmena...
naTelia, rom erTmorwmuneobis gamo momxdara Tovlis samefosTan daaxloeba,
magram mfarvel angelozad movlenili qveyana jalaTad qceula, RalatiT yofila
daRdasmuli es urTierToba.
„mSvidobis wignSi“ alegoriulad mxilebulia satanuri imperia, „meore mteri“,
romlisganac „saSineli avdari“, „uamuri zamTari“, „ngreva–xocva“ gvergo.
muxanaTi mezoblis TovliT da yinviT gaToSil gulSi bevri miuRweveli napiria
TovliT da yinviT Semosili: „da miuRwevel mwvane napirebs Semosavs Zveli
TovliT da yinviT“ (TovliT da yinviT) (3,50).
gulSi bevria „auxdenelTa dResaswaulT lurji yinuli“ (Cems gulSi dahqris).
es avbediTi, „almaceri“ (aramSobliuri) Tovli sulSi ara _ sicives: „Tovli iyo
iribi, almaceri. dikensis gmiriviT cecxlTan Cafiqreba. elvarebs Rumeli.
vfiqrob, sacaa cecxlic Camoqreba. gaiRo fanjara: Tovli iyo iribi, almaceri.
172
ifanteba TeTri fiqrebi. iferfleba xelnaweri... nu Camiqrebi da iqac, SigniT,
sulSi... Tovli iyo iribi, almaceri“ (Tovli iyo iribi, almaceri“ (4,3267).
1921 w. 25 Tebervali bolSevikuri, aTeisturi imperiis mier saqarTvelos xelaxal
okupacias moaswavebda da amasTan religiuri rwmenis uaryofasac.
amis Sesaxeb metaforulad ambobs poeti: „iyo irgvliv zianeba da yornebis
Cxavili. Tovlma silas mianeba novalisis yvavili“ (aRar aris menestreli (3,186).
silaSi moqceuli vardi unayofobis, urwmunoebis simboloa sxvaganac (ix. Cveni
„silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi“) (1, 156-165).
„ianvris moZmed“ („Tovli“) aranebayoflobiT qceuli poeti sxvagan ianvris
Tovlisgan sulis iebis Wknobas afiqsirebs: „ianvris Tovli, ianvris TovlSi
aWknobs Cems sulSi naadrev iebs“. aqve saubaria „dafarul codvebze, damalul
Ralatze“ „SiSveli yvaviliT“ gamowveul wuxilze (samreklo udabnoSi) (3,40)
ia mariamis, yvavili qristes simboloa.
maradiuli TovliT, Ralati cnobili monstri saxeldebulia, rogorc ianvris
Tovli“.wuxilis mizezia „TovlSi Cafluli unugeSod STenili“ „gayinuli
foToli“ (qariT datirebuli) (2,355): Semdeg Tovli movida da viT suls motivtive,
SevaCvie sicive Cemi sulis sicives“, ambobs poeti, magram sinamdvileSi swored rom
es SeuCvevlobaa misi tragediis mizezi.
TovliviT TeTr saxeSi „irisisfer“ suls Wvretda ucdomeli mzera: „saxes
siTeTre Tovlis dahyroda, suls– burusebi irisisferi“ ( 918) (3,173).
„elegiaSi“ wuxilis mizezia „gazafxulis mzian Crdils“ Senacvlebuli
gadauRebeli Tovli, (2,86).
TeTr Tovlis qveS sizmareTSi gauCinarebuli mTa (mTa mariamis simboloa),
gazafxulze gayinuli nakaduli (saRmrTo saxelia),Tovlis fifqiT Semosuli naZvi
(sicocxlis xe saRmrTo saxelia) avlens rwmenis gaqrobas leqsSi „TeTr Tovlis
qveS“: „TeTr Tovlis qveS sizmrebs wahyva mTis grexili uxmo, Sori da mRelvare
gazafxulze fiqrs mieca vel–mindori. Tovlis fifqiT Seimosa naZvi
totebdaxlarTuli da mRelvare gazafxulze gaiyina nakaduli“ (TeTr Tovlis
qveS) (2,6).
leqsSi „Semodgoma umanko Casxebis mamaTa savaneSi“ (2,247) gvauwyebs, rom Camqralia
sasaxlis Walebi, zafxuls Wknoba Separvia, gandegil mamaTa gauqmebul savaneSi
„Savi ToliviT“ Tovs „Wvartli da burusi Tavanis“ da poets udabnos qarebis
qrolvaSi Caesmis aTeisturi epoqis ganaCeni, morwmuneTaTvis gamotanili: „jvars
ecvi Tu ginda, saSveli ar aris, ar aris, ar aris“.
udabnos qarebis batonobisas isev uzenaesi axsovs leqsis lirikul gmirs da
samreklos zarebi angreven, poetis RaRadisi macxovars miemarTeba, poetisa,
romelic gazelebis ostatad iqca, gazelebi ki religiuri leqsebia.
„Savi Tovli“ urwmunoebaze, gauqmebul eklesiaze miniSnebaa mignebuli saxiT.
gansakuTrebiT Warbad gamoiyena potma Tovlis da zvavis saxe poemaSi „mSvidobis
wigni“.
maxis dagebis, Ralatis, SeTqmulebis ostatad cnobilma mezobelma imperiam (mas
poemaSi qajeTi hqvia) Cvens qveyanas „mSvidobis wigni“ (RmerTis simboloa) mohpara,
Tovli, nisli, zvavi mouvlina, bneli Rame gabatona, warRvnismsgavsi stiqiebiT
daemuqra, gaanadgura misi xeebi, am edemismsgavsi qveynis „miwis da zecis“ namcecis
waglejis surviliT jvarze acva, satana daasva Tavze, magram xalxis mcdelobiT,
173
moZiebul iqna wigni (rwmena), napovni iqna „wminda gza“ (RmerTi) da qveyana gadarCa.
poemaSi saubaria „Tovlis samsalaze“, „arawminda Tovlze“, romelic mzis
elvarebiT da RvTis nebiT dadna: „mTebze is Tovli, Seni niSani – warmavalia,
Tumc mravalia–wyalni warvlian, rCeba qviSani... Tovli mzis sxivze dadna an
dneba Tovlo, Sen isev ginda, iqneba, misdio ganvlils? mimRebi davlis, Zala
momavlis ar moiqneba ukanaskneli Seni samsala gviCveno ginda? o, arawminda!
simarTle vin da an ram dasZala? ginda momikla, magram RvarebiT dneba is Tovli
mzis elvarebiT“ (7,132)
zvavs orbebi da svavebi mohyvebian: „faziss daeca zvavi zrialiT, Seirya zeca,
gadmoikeca, faziss daeca svavT ZalTa Zali“.
bolos Tovlis swraf dnobas miamsgavsa poetma Tovliani imperiisgan movlenili
gansacdeli: „msgavsad Tu TovlTa midian dReni, gana bevrs gTxovda samSoblo
Cveni. cota siyvaruls, cota simtkices, rom mis daTesils sxva ara mkides da
hqonoda mas, raic misia, wignia, xmali Tu saxnisia“.
imedianobis safuZveli borotebis swrafwarmavloba xdeba: „mainc ar Caqra Cveni
sanTeli, vambobT: es raca moxda, damaca, iyo raRaca Tovli, fanteli“ (7,351).
„ubinao bavSvebSi“ (8,215) „dReebi TovliT gadibaReba“.
dRe saRvTo saxelia, baRi xalxis paradogmaa, dReebis TovliT gadabaReba RvTis
xalxis gaukuRmarTebas unda niSnavdes.
miuxedavad Tovlisa da „avdriT“ gadaxrili quCisa, poeti sasaxleSi mainc
„sixaruls“ (sixaruli qristes saxelia) moeloda (mTeli dRe vgrZnobdi) (3,290)
galaktionis mizani iyo mudmiv TovliT Semosil mTebze titanuri Zalis, siTbos
Setana: „male mTebs da velebs titaniviT moevlebi, vnebis rkalad movedebi mudmiv
TovliT Sesulrul mTebs“ (avrora) (3,75).
„Tovliani alva“ uaryofili sicocxlis xe anu Rmeria (31-40).
„elvis bilikze“ (elva saRmro saxelia) mavali poeti eTayvaneboda „Tovlis
vardebs (mariams) (xan ufskrulebi, xan mwvervalebi).
swrafva „qalwuli Tovlisken“, „Rrublebisken“ (Tovli da Rrubeli mariamis
paradigmebia) niSnavda uflis dedis Tayvaniscemas: „frTebi rom mqondes, gavswevdi
im mwvervals sazRvrad dadebuls, iq qalwul TovlTan vpovebdi binas mziT
aferadebuls; me msurs iq davasadguro Cemi ocneba da qnari da vkocno, vkocno
Rrublebis bage alisfer–narnari!“ frTebi rom (mqondes, mzisaken gaveqanebi zRvis
navad, cis kabadonze davwerdi msoflios Sesaxedavad: giyvardeT!“ iqneb yvelasi
Sexvdes am nawers Tvalebi da Seiyvaron, radganac kacni arian da–Zmebi“ (fantazia)
(3,154).
galaktionis ocneba iyo Tovlze uspetakesi suli: „suli gvqondes uspetakes
Tovlisa“ (poezia upirveles yovlisa (3,300).
poetma myinvaris TovliT mosil yinulze da mkiTxvelis gulSi qveynis gasagonad
dawera samaradiso sityva (sityva poetis (3,121).
misi mizani iyo titanuri sulis vnebiT mudmivi TovliT Sesudrul mTebSi
maradiuli siTbos da siyvarulis Setana: „male, male mTebs da velebs titaniviT
movevlebi, vnebis rkalad movedebi mudmiv TovliT Sesudrul mTebs“ (avrora)
(3,75).
174
Tovlis gamoyenebiT naCvenebia erovnuli xasiaTi: „araTu Tovlis brwyinvis, ar
meSinia mtrisac, vaJkacsa–guli rkinis, abjari–Tundac xisa“ (pirvel agvistos
RamiT (8,754).
qarTuli sulisa da mgosnis sulis daxasiaTeba xdeba Tovlis gamoyenebiT
Seqmnili xalxuri fraziT: „ras niSnavs iyo qarTveli? es niSnavs pirvel yovlasa,
mtris geSinodes momxdurs, viT SarSandeli Tovlisa. ras niSnavs iyo mgosani? es
niSnavs, pirvel yovlisa, mtris geSinodes momxduris, viT SarSandeli Tovlisa“.
leqSi „he, mamulo“ (4,438) qarTveli warmoCndeba, rogorc „armoSiSari qarisa da
Tovlisa: „armoSiSars qarisa da Tovlisa yovel Cvengans uryev miznad eqneba,
mxolod SenTvis Tavdadebis Segneba: mamuls guli, upirveles uflisa“. (he,
mamulo) (2,438).
epoqaluri wvimisa da Tovlis miuxedavad, poeti gamudmebiT eZebda RmerTs: „rogor
wvims, rogor Tovs, rogor Tovs, ver gpoveb verasdros, verasdros“ (qari qris)
(3,229).
poetis mzera sikvdilis win mihyrobili iyo Soreuli Tovliani bilikisken:
„mxolod Soreul Tovlian biliks mivapyrob Tvalebs“ (qari, amwevi fardis).
biliki saRmrTo saxelia.
galaktionis vedreba mimarTuli iyo TeTri feris, zeciuri sispetakis
SenarCunebisken“. „... ocnebao, ra amaod didxans gevedre rom Segenaxa erTi feri:
mSvidi siTeTre, siTeTre Tovlis, sispetake mxareT zemoTa, rom mas umanko bavSvis
cremli ar dascemoda“ (ornamenti) (3,514).
poeti afrTxilebda RmerTis mgmobelT, rom zecis spetaki siTeTre ki ara, „bneli
Tova“ da luciferis savane iqneboda maTi xvedri: „ver gaigones Tqveni mxne nana,
ver Seiferes mze konebisa da mogesizmraT isev qveyana, qveyanabneli demonebisa.
mokvdebiT, bneli iqneba Tova, rom Tqveni grZnoba ver Seiferes da samaresTan vinc
krZalviT mova, iqneba landi liuciferis“ (ver gaigones) (3,332).
Rrma azria „TovliviT TeTri qaris“ saxeSi: „TovliviT TeTri beravda qari“
(mogonebebi im dReebis, roca ielva) (6, 36).
ase SifriT naweriT amxila poetma Cveni erovnul–religiuri, saxelmwifoebrivi
tragediebi, ase ganuxrelad emsaxura simarTles, magram iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic
ianvris TveSic „maisis vardni gafurCqvnilis“ xmiT RiRinebdnen da qveynis
satkivarze arc fiqrobdnen: „ianvaria. Tovli hfaravs quCebs da binebs, magram
vinaa, rom jinaze aseT amindis „maisis vardni gafurCqvnilis“ xmiT miRiRinebs?
(9,366).
aseTive ironiulia „yvavis simRera“: „...TovlSi mogiyvans zafxulis yvavils Cemi
baxala“... (yvavis simRera) (4,328).
leqsSi „quCaze (2,1,336) Tovlian qvebze miyrili bavSvebi ocneboben „mkvlelobaze,
sisxlze, cecxlze“.
ori saukune awvimda da aTovda CrdiloeTidan qarTveli kacis suls, magram poeti
imeds ar kargavda, rom gamoidarebda, dadneboda es avbediTi Tovli: „saukuneTa
Tovlo, iTovle, mainc dadneba eg naTelari“ (warwera Tovlis ornamentze) (9,374).
literatura:
175
1. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009
2. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1982
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1994
4. galaktion tabiZe, Tbzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. III, Tb. 1994
6. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. IV, Tb. 1993
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11 , Tb. 1973
8. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977
9. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. II, Tb. 1993
10. al. bloki, rCeuli leqsebi da poemebi Tb. 1995, mTargmneli soso sigua.
“auxdenelTa dResaswaulT lurji yinuli”
yinvasac mravalmniSvnelovani gageba aqvs galaktionis poeziaSi da mis socialur,
politikur, erovnul, religiur SexedulebaTa samyaroSi SevyavarT.
leqsSi „me davibade, ganTiadisas“ (1,131) zafxuli rwmenaze migvaniSnebs, „zamTris
yinva – qarbuqi“ aTeistur poziciebze: „vcxovrobdi zamTris yinva–qarbuqSi, xsovna
ar iyo CemSi zafxulis da nela–nela miWknobda dReebs sicive sulis, sicive
gulis“.
„svanis dabrunebaSi“ (2,152) „aRqafebuli–Tovlis msgavsi, yinulebr civi, yviris
nakadi“.
leqsSi „rus poets“ (2, 347) blokis Tvalia „dabindebuli nisliT da yinviT“.
Tovls da yinvas ekisreba gansakuTrebuli funqcia leqsSi „alvebi TovlSi“ (3,47).
masSi alva) sicocxlis xe) Tovliania, Tasi yinviani: „daaTrobs mTvare Tovlian
alvebs ivlisisferi yinvis TasebiT!“
alva sicocxlis xea, RmerTis simbolo.
Tasi mariamis paradigmaa.
Tovliani alva da gayinuli Tasi uaryofil qristesa da mariamze migvaniSnebs.
vardebi dacvenilia, Suqi CamoSlili (vardi da Suqi saRvTo saxelebia), Sorsa
„ucnobi Ramis“ (saRvTo saxelia) sakurTxeveli.
gayinulia ocnebebi, TeTri mTa uCveulo naTels ealerseba, irgvliv ki Cveuli
sicivea: „dgas gayinulTa ocnebaT kreba: mTa TeTri, rogorc maRali raSi... da
uCvev naTels ealerseba Cveul sicivis mZinarebaSi“.
mTa mariamis simboloa.
„uCvevi naTeli“ uzenaesia.
„Cveuli sicivis“ da Zilis garemo gaucxoebulia uflisgan (3,-140).
TeTri, yinuliani guli sinamdvileSi marad Sav zraxvebs inaxavs da wminda
qarTul azrs danaSaulad gviTvlis. vin? ra Tqma unda, yinulovani monstris
mesveuri: „o, mepatios, guli yinuli–TeTrad spetaki, marad Savia. wminda qarTuli
da rutinuli azrisTvis igi damnaSavea!“ (918) (3,173).
176
yinuliani gulis patronis „suli aRsavsea susxiT“ da zizRiT“, misi winamZRvaria
Woti, igi cremlis, ubedurebis momtania, „saunjis“ (saRvTo saxelia) gaqrobis da
daRamebis didostati: „maSin saocrad tiroda saxli, Cveni yru, Cveni munji satana,
TiTqos sadRaca gahqra saunje da SeRamebam iTandaTana“ (918) mis saxes „siTeTre
Tovlis“ ayria, suls burusebi irisisferi.“
leqsSi „me marwmunebdnen“ (3,242) ca ar arsebobs, igi siSaveSi gayinulia, urwmuno
epoqaSi ki dausjelad arc uzenaesis siyvarulia SesaZlebeli da arc cxovrebis
gardaqmnis Sansi arsebobs:„me marwmunebdnen: foTlebi gahqra, ca ar arsebobs
mRvrie Tu wminda, raRac uniWo ocnebam dahkra da siSaveSi igi gayinda. me
marwmunebdnen: rom ar iqneba Sen dausjelad giyvardes igi, marwmunebdnen, rom ar
gardiqmneba mkacri dReebis yofa da rigi“.
yinvian zamTarSi amaoa „yinvis ganguleba“, Tovli da sicivea yvelgan, gulSi ki
grigalis yvirilia, wuxilia imis gamo, visi xsenebac akrZalulia: „zamTari Zneli,
yinva ficxeli. gamwvavebuli sulis sicxele, amaod yinvis gangulebas glovs,
gadauReblad Tovs. saxlebi aivso TovliT, quCebi aivso TovliT, SuSabands
cvivian kecebi, sicivisagan dRe ikeceba. mokluli ecema frinveli, me Senze
mawuxebs wuxeli: gulidan grigali yviroda wuxili. Sen ar gaqvs senaki, Sen ar
gaqvs sarTuli, sada xar, vin icis. arc tkbeba haeri, arc cxreba Jini cis, Tavisi
uJino simZafriT garTuli“ (zamTari Zneli) (.3, 328-289).
leqsSi „qariT datirebuli (3,139) –„TovlSi Cafluli, unugeSod STenili, iyineba
foToli, velad Camocvenili“.
gulSic yinulia, mwuxarebis yinuli: „ar gebralebiT? me mqonda guli, exla is
aris, rogorc yinuli... vin icis, iqneb galxves yinuli, Rrma mwuxarebiT
Semorkinuli (werili soflidan) (3,80).
poets aseve awamebs „ganmyinvebel mkvlel TvalTa cqera“ (daRlil wamwamT qveS)
(3,39). „mzeragamyinveli (didedas saTvale, t. 4,311) „yrud ualersod yinvaTa mfeni
Tvalebi) (ibrZodnen Surni (1,182).
1918w. aris dawerili „mogoneba yru Sesaxvevis“ (3,149). romelSic Rame, yinva, kvnesa,
cecxli da sisxlia avbediTi drois maxasiaTebeli: „usazRvro Rame. Rame da yinva,
quCaze midis sisxli Rvaruli“. magram mtarvalTa azriT, „am sisxlSi aris ara
dacinva, aramed siTbo da siyvaruli“...
leqsSi „TiTqo ara aq“. dedamiwa qaosebSi iZireba TiTqos, ismis Wotebis kivili,
ZaRlebis yefa, mere „mSobliuri siCume“ isadgurebs, maRali mTa gayinulia,
dayruebulia Saragzebi da am nangrevebis siCumeSi, qaosebSi dafarul, uCinar
cecxls amCnevs poeti (3,112).
„sicivis mZevalia“ xalxi poemaSi „mSvidobis wigni“, mas „guls uyinavs Savi dRe“
(5,204).
miuRweveli ocnebebi da mwvane napirebi TovliT da yinviT imoseba: – „...da
miuRwevel mwvane napirebs Semosavs Zveli TovliT da yinviT“ (Cems gulSi dahqris).
poets ianvris Tovli hyavda „moZmed“, is uWknobda sulis iebs (Tovli, samreklo
udabnoSi).
magram maisis dReebSic yinvas, mdelos Wknobas, usazRvro saRamos da mTis
dabindebas moelis: „maisis dReebs is moelis, viT zamTris yinvas, TiTqo samudamod
damWknara mlelo, gaaxsendeba raRac mkaecri da aRar sZinavs da imeorebs: gaCumdi
mkvlelo! TiTqo usazRvro saRamoa da mTa binddeba, airevian qenjnis kalTebi.
177
gaxedavs serebs, gafiTrdeba, SeeSindeba da foToliviT akankaldeba. TiTqo
viRacas udarajebs wyvdiadi RamiT da uborotes dReTa xelebiT, wyvdiad dumilis
samoselSi fiqrebis SvaviT ivseba guli saSinelebiT (viT afeTqeba) (3,332).
Tovlis qveS sizmrebs gahyolia Sori mTa, maisSi yinvas, ivlisSi yinvis Tasebs,
mRelvare gazafxulze gayinul nakaduls, gayinul cis laJvards, gayinul qveynis
guls, Tovlian naZvs, yvavilTa gauCinarebas Wvrets poetis ucdomeli mzera:
„TeTr Tovlis qveS sizmrebs wahyva mTis grexili uxmo, Sori da mRelvare
gazaRxulze fiqrs mieca, mindor–veli. Tovlis fifqiT Seimosa naZvi
totebdaxlarTuli da mRelvare gazafxulze gaiyina nakaduli. gaiyina cis
laJvardi, gaiyina qveynis guli da mRelvare gazafxulze tye garindda daburuli.
sad, sad gaqra mSvenierTa yvavilTa da foTolT kreba? – iq, sad mefobs
gazafxulis ocneba da mosizmreba“ (TeTr Tovlis qveS) (1,233).
„feriulia“ galaktionis yinva, sulis, grZnobebis, zraxvebis maxasiaTebeli
(rodesac yvelas sZinavda (8, 178).
„ornamentSi“ (3,514) „yvavilebi gadaiyina“. yvavili saRmrTo saxelia.
„Cven Tan wamogvyva misi yinuli“ (es leqsi) (3,236) ambobs poeti da qveteqstebSia
saZiebeli am frazis adresati iseve, rogorc „almaceri Tovlis“, Tovlad
saxeldebuli samSoblosi.
poetis gulis „brwyinvalebas da elvarebas“ Crdilavs „auxdenelTa dResaswaulT
lurji yinuli“ (Cems gulSi dahqris) (6,801).
poets ar asvenebs maTi okeane, „Sori yinuli“: „me ganvicode okeane, Sori yinuli,
maTi simSvide, maTi vrceli aurzauri“ (maisma isev momitana laJvardi zRvebi“
(3,200).
gardasuli gazafxulis sevda, yinviani Ramis „Sorevi SiSia“ leqsSi „wami wams
ezideba: „hyinavs. isev Ramea. modis SiSi Sorevi. ra amaod ireva wuTisoflis
morevi“ (3,399).
„mogonebebi im dReebis, roca ielva“ (7,36) isev yinvas miiCnevs ubedurebad: „.. o,
Zlivs vuZlebdi gamgmirav yinvas, ar mqonda Zala. zamTris gminvis sastiki Zala...
ise Semikra yinvam kbilebi, mklavda iara“.
aseve awamebs poets „gamyinvebel mkvlel TvalTa cqera“ (daRlil wamwamqveS),
„yrud, ualersod yinvaTa mfeni“ Tvalebi (ibrZodnen Surni“ (6,79).
es yinuli, rogorc totaluri uRmerToba da usamarTloba, ganusazRvrel
masStabebs iZens da uzarmazar yinulis qalaqad iqceva yinulis kedlebiT, yinulis
sasaxleebT, yinulis mTebiT da koSkebiT... da yinulovan zRvaSi iketeba momavlis
gza...
magram mTvaris zewarSi gaxveul naTelSi poeti „sicocxlis genias“ xedavs maRal
anZasTan droSiT da misi siaxloviT, gulis siTboTi ingreva yinulovani
garemocva, ifanteba yinulovani qalaqi RrubeliviT, cisferi, kaSkaSa mTebi
imsxvrevian, gemis savali Tavisufldeba da igi elvis siswrafiT gaiWreba saocnebo
edemis mxarisken, samSobloSi ki „siyvarulis“ da „sicocxlis qnaris xmebia da
aTaswlovani xeebis simdidre.
yinulis mTebis nacvlad mSvenieri da didebuli mTebi moCans gardaqmnili,
gadiadebuli, „axlad srulyofili da camdis Sekidebuli.
poeti adidebs momavali rwmenis bunebas, romelsac dReTa Semobrunebis Zala aqvs:
„sadRaa yinulT Jriamuli da qaris stvena? o, momavalis, didi rwmenis kargo
178
buneba... Sen SegiZlia dReTa CvenTa Semobruneba, mSvenier dReTa SegiZlia
mommadlo ena!“ (SexedeT, miwa!) (6,232).
mTa, edemi, mTvare mariamis simboloebia,
sicocxlis genia, sicocxlis qnari – qristesi.
poetis sityvebi araTu myinvaris mTis simaRleze weria, aramed xalxis gulSia da
yvelgan rom amoiSalos, samyaroSi simRerad ganifineba, radgan igi saqveynoa:
„myinvaris TovliT mosil yinulze oblobis sityva mgzavrma daswera, Sig Caaqsova
dagubebuli kaeSan–fiqri da gulis Zgera... qveynisTvis –igi ar aris ucxo, ucxo
araa misTvis qveyana“ (sityva poetis) (1,121).
galaktioni mainc imediania da aqvs rwmena, rom gulis yinuli galxveba: „...vin icis,
iqneb galxves yinuli, Rrma mwuxarebiT Semorkinuli“ (werili soflidan) (8,80).
ruseTis „qar–yinvis“ Tovlis, yinulis, yinuleTis asociacia uCndeba konstantine
gamsaxurdias „dionisis Rimilis“ personaJs–konstantine savarsamiZes rus
slanskisTan: „slanski! Sen–yinuleTi, me–mzisguli, Sen Tovli, me–cecxli, Sen–
murdali, Roris tyavis fariviT farTo da mrgvali, me–qarTuli xanjaliviT basri
da wvetriani. me da Sen erT saxlSi ver daveteviT!“ (9,367).
„adrian gazaRxulSi“ (1,3255) aris rwmena, rom „keTili gazafxulis“ „kargi xareba“
gaadnobs yinulis lodebs, rogorc bibliaSi uzenaesis Zala.
galaktions daviT winaswarmetyveliviT sjeroda RmerTis yovlisSemZleobis,
romelic yinulis dnobis unariT iyo momadlebuli: „warmogzavnis Tovls
matyliviT, TrTvils ferfliT mimofantavs. gadmouSvebs setyvas puris natexiviT,
mis susxs vin daudgeba win? moavlens Tavis sityvas da daadnobs maT, dauberavs
Tavis qars da gadmodindeba wyali (fsalmuni, 147,5,6,7) (10,681).
ezekiel winaswarmetyvelis piriT RaRadebs ufali RmerTi: „uTxari mlesavT,
Camowveba–Tqo Tqveni kedeli. wamova Tavsxma da Tqven, yinulis qvebo,
CamocvivdebiT da qariSxali amovardeba“. (ezekieli, 147,11).
„ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: avtexav qariSxals Cemi rixviT, Tavsxma wamova Cemi
wyromiT da yinulis qvebi Cemi gacecxlebiT ganadgurdeba“ (ezekieli, 13,11,13)
(11,203).
literatura
1. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993
2. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. III, Tb. 1993
3. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988
4. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msofmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009.
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. 11, Tb. 1973
6. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1947
7. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. VI, Tb. 1994
8. galaktion tabiZe, xuTtomeuli, t. 2, Tb. 1993
9. konstantine gamsaxurdia, dionisis Rimili, Txzulebani 20 tomad, t. II, Tb.
1992
10. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, 1992
179
11. biblia or wignad, wigni II
„Rrublebi hgvanan amRvreul tvinebs“.
„mSobliur efemeraSi“ yazbegis RrubliT Semosili Subli, dacarielebuli
„yvavilTa ca“ da amiranis kvnesa gvagrZnobinebs erovnul tragedias, leqsSi
„Rrublebi hgvanan amRvreul tvinebs“ isev Rrubelze modis azrobriv–emociuri
muxti, igi asocirebulia amRvreul tvinebTan, xolo cidan CafebiT gadmoRvrili
cremlebi, grgvinva da elva–Rrublebi qveteqstebiT gvawvdis mTavar saTqmels:
„Rrublebi hgvanan amRvreul tvinebs, cidan cremlebi modis CafebiT. grgvinva
cidan ciT miagvirgvnebs elvas–RrubelTa akiafebiT“.
amRvreul tvinTan Sedarebuli Rrubeli tragizmis umTavres mizezi – sibrZnis
naklebobaze migvaniSnebs, raRac diadis gamotireba xdeba cremlebiT, xolo
grgvinva mtris muqaris SiSiT gvavsebs.
Semdeg strofSi ki konkretdeba zevsis ganrisxebis, dabnelebis mizezi, radgan
RameSi gzadakargul moxeves miSveleba sWirdeba: „ganrisxebula TviTon zevesi,
dorblmoreuli TeTri melaniT. dakargulia gza moxevesi bneldeba. Rame.
mieSveleniT“ (1,72).
bunebrivad Cndeba ilia WavWavaZis erovnuli idealebis asociacia, „mgzavris
werilebSi“ rom gamoxata moxevis sityvebiT: „Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso“ da es
mTeli eris saTqmelis gamoxatva iyo Zalze mignebuli.
galaktionma Tavisi didi poeturi winapris mravlismetyvel saxes da saTqmels
mimarTa axal droSi da gvagrZnobina, rom moxevis da mTeli qveynis sawuxari isev
aqtualuri da Znelad gadasaWreli iyo. es mdgomareoba dabnelebis, ukuneTis
dadgomis tolfasad aRiqmeboda .
ase originalurad, ganumeorebel mxatvrul saxeebSi nagulisxmevi qveteqstebiT
Segviyvana poetebis mefem „farul tkivilebiT daburul baRSi“. TviT mis sityvebs
rom mivmarToT.
am problemas isev simboluri formiT aSuqebs poeti axal aspeqtSi da aSkara
xdeba, ramdenad arsebiTia da sazogado satkivriT nasazrdoebi is erovnuli
saTqmeli, rac msWvalavs mTel mis poezias.
leqsSi „918“ mwuxareba, sawamlavebi, araadamianuri wvaleba Soreuli peterburgis
burusSia gaxveuli, sinamdvileSi guli Savi yinulia, qarTuli cnobiereba ki
danaSaulad aRiqmeba: „oh, mepatios, guli–yinuli! TeTrad spetaki– marad Savia,
wminda qarTuli da rutinuli azrisTvis igi damnaSavea“.
udabnos yvavilTa Zebna, qarSi liandags acdenili matarebeli (gzadakarguli
moxevis analogiuri Canafiqris Semcvleli saxe!) erovnul da sarwmunoebriv
idealTa iavarqmnas moaswavebs: „Semdeg udabnos yvavilTa mzogar TvaliT mZebneli
da marebeli, vudarajebdiT, Tu qarSi rogor ascda liandags matarebeli“.
udabnos yvavili qristes saxelia, iseve, rogorc yvavili, radgan qristem udabnoSi
imarxula da udabnoSi gamoicada.
180
qari is sabediswero avi qaria, atmis yvavilebs, atmis rtos da xomaldebs rom
usafrdeba...
„gzaTa miuvalobiT“ uedemo angelozebis tiriliT SeZrulia poeti/, misi demoni
(amjerad geniis simbobloa demoni) ver Seegueba Cveul standartebs, igi SefarviT
amxels mware sinamdviles: „sastiki iyo Cemi demoni, ver iTvisebda Cveul galobas,
angelozebi uedemoni tirodnen gzaTa miuvalobas“.
locvas qimerebi enacvleba, poetis lirikuli me ki maradiuli ianiCaria, es
qarTvelTa bedisweraa: „da migvafrenda locvaT magier, frTian qimeraT gviani
jari, oh, verasodes gverds ver agiar me, udroobis ianiCari!“
Semdeg avbediTi xmebi gvaZrwunebs, rac migvaniSnebs sazarel momavalze ZaRlis
ymuili, Wotis kivili, TandaTanobiTi daRameba,.. saunjis gaqrobiT sruldeba, SiSi
da ubedurebis molodinia. saunje ki saRvTo saxelia, anu realoba, dakarguli
Tavisufleba, RmerTwarmTmeuli arseboba (2,173).
leqsi 1918–iT TariRdeba da poetis avbediTi winagrZnobis sasworSi gvarwmunebs,
radgan saukuneobiT naocnebari 1918w. mopovebuli Tavisufleba mxolod samwliani
gamodga.
am problemas kidev ufro gamZafrebulad da axali kuTxiT warmoaCens 1918w.
daweril leqsSi „oforti“ (2,144).
zamTari, TeTri avdari, Tovli da marxili realuria Crdiloeli mezoblisTvis
da Cvenc mis moziared gvaqcia bedisweram: „elvare TovlSi mihqris marxili, rom
moixvios TeTri avdari, am sivrceebSi myavs damarxuli zamTari civi da
nazavTari“.
rusuli marxiliT modis CvenSi TeTri avdari, misi sivrceebi civi zamTris
samefoa.
simboluria es marxili, romelic ilia WavWavaZis „mgzavris werilebis“ rusuli
„povoskis“ asociacias iwvevs... CrdiloeTis imperiis mzesac „elami“ Tvali aqvs,
tyemlebis ayvavileba ki sizmareulia...
„gayinuli mxedris“ wuxilis mizezia siCume. Cveul siCumeSi mainc aSkaraa gzebis
„arsaamsoflo“ nakvalevi, rom aRar arsebobs sxva samSoblo, garda Tovlisa, anu
Tovliani monstrisa: „... ra siCumea! rogorc aCnia gzebs nakvalevi arsaamsoflo,
rom sxva samSoblo ar gamaCnia, rom es Tovlia Cemi samSoblo“.
edemis msgavsi samSoblos patrons Tovlis samefo aRiarebines samSoblod, dedas
dedinacvali amjobinebines.
misi Tovli „iisferi“ an „qalwuli Tovli“ rodia, es ufro „Savi Tovlia“,
talaxiani, gulismomwyveli, romelic ar dneba...
1921 wels dawerili „muxa“ mexiT muxis sikvdilze, mis fuRuroSi dabudebul
atirebul Wotze saubriT migvaniSnebs SiSze, simboluri muxis (eris sulis)
gansacdelze (1,52).
tye, baRi, muxa, kaklebi eris sulis simboloa.
mxecis „apokalifsuri mxecis nairsaxeoba) xelobaa „Zveli kaklebis“ iavarqmna:
„saSinelia, igrZno uecrad, rom aRar dganan Zveli kaklebi. Seni saxeli maT
miuecrad–mxeci, arc meti da arc naklebi“ (sisxli) (3-735).
totaluri represiebis asociacia gviCndeba, kaklebi ki erovnuli sulis simboloa,
romlis Semusvras cdilobdnen triumfatori imperatorebi meoce saukuneSi.
181
„darialisa viwro kldeebSi“ (1911w.) monobis siZulviliT ZilSi STanTqmuli,
uzrunveli samSoblos gamo dardiT iqcevs yuradRebas (1,46).
megobrad movlenili mtris muxanaTuri Ralatis mxilebaa leqsSi „guli“ (1919w.)
damsxvreul Zeglebsa da qandakebebs Soris ugono siyvaruliT Seryeuli guli
marxia, „usivrco“ baRi ki asparezwarTmeuli xalxis asociacias qmnis, radgan baRi,
venaxi xalxis paradigmaa bibliaSi (1,274).
grigol orbelianis gaxseneba amZafrebs erovnul tkivils leqsSi „Cemo iarali“:
„... tfilisi Zveli miingr–moingra, scivaT kaxurebs da nariyala, cremlebiT sveli
matareblebis kivils gahyurebs.
Semdeg striqonebSi kidev ufro Zlierdeba sevda. poeti jiutad dgas simbolur
mTaze marto (mTa mariam RvTismSoblis simboloa) zeciuri gadasaxedidan ki
„axali sanaxavi“ sanugeSo rodia: „me vdgavar mTaze, me vdgavar marto, damTvrali
axal sanaxaviTa, riTi gagarTo, rogor gagarTo? Cemo iarali, is dro wavida!“
(4,34).
SemTxveviTi rodia patrioti romantikosi winaprebis molandeba.
1959 wels dauweria galaktions mravalmniSvneloTani saTqmeliT savse leqsi,
romelsac gasdevs n. baraTaSvilis fraza poemiidan „bedi qarTlisa“: „axla ki
droa!“
magram aq 50-iani wlebis sabWoTa ideologia rodia, romelic mTeli msoflios
proletariatis gaerTianebis deviziT gamodioda da erovnulis daviwyebas
gvaswavlida.
albaT, poets surda mSromelis „dafasebis“ epoqaSi mSromelze saubriT aexvia
Tvali cenzurisTvis: „axla ki droa, mSromelo, roma, dafasdes Seni Rvawli da
Sroma, darigdes wigni, iquxos qarTvlis sadRegrZeloma“.
wigni saRvTo saxelia, rogorc Cans, poeti saxelmwifoebriv doneze religiis
Semwynareblobas gulismobda, xolo qarTvelis sadRegrZeloTi aSkarad
patriotul aqcents akeTebda.
Semdeg warsulis gaxsenebiT axal safrTxesac usvams xazs: „axla ki droa,
mSromelo, roma is gavixsenoT, risxva da wyroma, rac Tavs dagvatyda, ganadgureba
rom mogvindoma“.
ucxo gvar–tomTa daundoblobis gameorebis SemTxvevaSi qarTvel vefxvebsa da
lomebs xmlisken mouwodebs poeti: „exla ki droa, mSromelo, roma, Tu ar
dagvindo ucxoT gvar–tomma, xmals ikras xeli qarTvelma vefxvma, qarTvelma
lomma“.
momavalSi mWknari mdelos ayvavebis, mSvidobis damkvidrebis, Tavisuflebis
miRwevis natvriT mTavrdeba leqsi: „exla ki droa, mSromelo, roma, mSvidoba
naxos saqarTveloma, grili niavis qrolva SeigrZnos mWknarma mdeloma“ (5,303).
leqsSi „aq marmarilos maRali sveti“ refrenad gamoyenebulia aleqsadre
WavWavaZis fraza „vai, droni, droni!“
„epoqis gedi“ TviT poetia, romelic „ocnebas mReris gabediTebiT“.
sisxlian epoqas Seumusravs dRe. dRe saRmrTo saxelia.
cixe– galavanSi daRvrili sisxli mis mSenebels samareSic ar moasvenebs: „cixe–
galavans sCqefs sisxlis wveTi, dRe SemmusvrelTa alTa kidebiT. vin iyo qvaTa
amaTa mkveTi? igi ar hkvdeba gulTmSvidebiT“.
182
suro, xavsi, TaRebis Rrubeli da nislTa piramidebi miniSnebaa epoqis Rrubelsa
da nislze: „suro da xavsi RalRiT, gvritebiT. vamCnev TaRebze RrubelTa ronins,
gaSlilan nislTa piramidebi, vah, droni, droni!“
nangrevebi, Zveli miTebi, amindi Tu uamindoba iyo poetis pirveli bedi da nugeSi
mxolod is aris, rom mainc qarTan gabediTebiT mebrZoli moCans samSoblo.
bednierebis survili, gamomSvidobeba da SeZaxili, vai, droni, droni“. xuravs
tkivilebis matianes...
leqsi daTariRebulia 1927 wliT, „aRmavali socializmis“ periodiT (6,334).
ase amoefarara galaktioni winapar patriotTa saxelebs gadauWreli erovnuli
problemebis gasacxadeblad.. poetis SemoqmedebaSi gamudmebiT emezobleba
erTmaneTs erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi idealebi, ganuyofeli triada: ena, mamuli,
sarwmunoeba.
mTeli erovnuli ubedobis Sejamebad aRiqmeba 1928 wels dawerili leqsi „Sen
oblad kvlav adgaxar gzas“.
zecis rRveva, sodomis codva, grgvinva–quxilis muqara, urTierT Seubralebloba,
gzadakargulTa wuxili, obloba, grigalisa da qaris imedad yofna aSkaras xdis,
rom qveynis Tavze datexili ubedureba magistraluri gzis, sarwmunoebis,
erovnuli idealebis Ralatis Sedegia: „Sen oblad kvlav adgexar gzas, zeca hquxs,
zeca irRveva, oTxiv mxriv gadmoxeTqili mTeli sodomi iRvreba. elvani
iklaknebian, aris grgvinva da quxili, SoriT Sors ismis xevebSi, gzadakargulTa
wuxili. dabrundi! erTimeores am dros aravin icodebs, mSvelel xels mxolod
grigali da qari gamogiwodebs“ (4,106).
1927 wliT aris daTariRebuli leqsi „guli grZnobs“. sevdis mizezia
dausaxelebeli mtris Ralati, Ramisgan ayiravebuli zambaxTa kalaTi, mRvrie
qariSxali: „avtomobilis mRvrie Tvalebs darevda sevda, elvare Rame ayiravebs
zambaxTa kalaTs, Sen gaxsovs? mRvrie qariSxali haers rom revda, guli grZnobs
Ralats“.
„zambaxTa kalaTi“ mariam RvTismSoblis saxelia.
Semdeg striqonebSi „mwuxare TovlSi“ „feradi gemis“ wasvla gamxdara sananebeli,
dedamiwa angelozebiT ki ara, jalaTebiT avsebulan da RalatiT guldaxruli
personaJi leqsisa mxolod SurisZiebaSi xedavs xsnas: „mwuxare TovlSi wamiyvana
feradma gemma, winaT angelozs– dedamiwas vucqeri jalaTs. o, Surs iZiebs
usaTuod rosme bohema, guli grZnobs Ralats“ (4,63).
rogorc vxedavT, leqsi enigmebiT gvimxels saTqmels. „mwuxare TovlSi“
Crdiloeli qveyana, yinvian–Tovliani monstri SeiZleba vigulisxmoT (Tovli
mravalmniSvnelovani cnebaa galaktionis poeziaSi, erT–erT WriloSi mas
politikuri qveteqstebic aqvs).
„feradi gemi“ galaktionis leqsSi qristianobaa, xolo „feradi gemiT“ mwuxare
TovlSi“ wasvla niSnavs qristianobis, erTmorwmuneobis saxeliT misvlas Tovlis
samefoSi, yinulovani monstris amao imedze yofnas.
ase simbolur–alegoriulad, axleburad, enigmebiT gvagrZnobinebs poeti
samSoblos ubedurebas, romelic xsnas mezobel qristianul saxelmwifoSi eZebda,
magram imedgacrueba arguna morwmuneobis niRabs amofarebulma borotebis
imperiam.
183
1927 wliT aris daTariRebuli leqsi „daiRupa is xomaldi“, romelSic boroti
qarisagan daRupuli xomaldis saxiT SegvagrZnobinebs poeti erovnul -
sarwmunoebrivi idealebis ganadgurebas (4,61).
avbediT 1937 wels poets sabolood gadawuruli hqonia imedi, mamulis monobas,
urwmunoebis gabatonebas sabolood mouklavs sicocxlis xalisi: „ar megona, ar
megona, ar megona, gulo, Tu amgvari gaxdebodi–civi, umamulo da amgvarad Tu
sicocxlis mokvdeboda kona–ar megona, sicocxleo, ara, ar megona“. mkvdari
„sicocxlis kona“ uaryofili RmerTia (4,374).
erTgan „Tovli“ anu Tovliani imperiaa poetis „samSoblo“ (samSoblo Savi
luciferis), sakuTaris daviwyebas aiZulebdnen“, samagierod sxvisi yinulovani
mosnstris aRiarebas STaagonebdnen. mSobliur, edemismagvar mxares saxelic
dakarguli hqonda, igi borotebis imperiis provincia iyo: „tropikul xeebs Savi
zRvis pirad, vazebs daxlarTuls, rom mivyvebodi zurmuxtisfrad fiqrebSi
garTuls, Camaval mzeSi mas mxolod sxvisi erqva mamuli“ (Savi zRvis pirad) (1,114).
monobis, sircxvilis fiqri uwvavda guls, dasabrunebeli iyo satanistebisagan
wagvrili mamuli da beds evedreboda: „gTxov, damibrune Cemi samSoblo, sadac
malxenda ocneba yrmobis, sadac ar vgrZnobdi, Tu ras niSnavda fiqri
sircxvilis, fiqri monobis“ (samSobloSi) (1,136).
galaktionis ideali iyo „samSoblos sanaxavidan“ enaxa „imedis Suqi“, sicocxlis
sagani“, „Suqi mocimcime“ (rwmenis simboloebia), magram burusi faravda sanatrel
ocnebas (Cemi gulia dRes es Savi zRva) (1934w.) (4,293).
poeti xedavda saTayvanebeli samSoblos idealebis iavarqmnas da gulistkeniT
askvnida: „raa masze guldamwyveti, metexo da doRmis velo, midiode da fiqrobde,
es ar aris saqarTvelo. aris xlarTi rkinigzebis, aris avto–moto–velo, aris
ojaxebic, magram es ar aris saqarTvelo“ (raa masze guldamwyveti).
qronologiurad rom gavadevnoT Tvali galaktions erovnul Temaze Seqmnil
leqsebs, aRmoCndeba, rom 30-40–ian wlebSi kidev ufro meti simwvaviT igrZnoba
„udarebeli samSoblo mxaris“ gulistkivili, radgan droTa svlas eris, arcerTi
imedi ar ausrulebia: „ra uwyaloa ronini xanis, ausrulebel imedTa gare“ (es
winaT iyo) (1927w.) (6,288). galaktionis am mamxilebel leqsebs rom vecnobiT,
gvagondeba akaki beliaSvilis sityvebi: „galaktionisTvis sinonimebad iqcnen
samSoblo da poezia. galaktioni poeziis mefe erekle iyo da mis xelSi ise
elvarebda kalami, rogorc erekles xelSi–xmali“(akaki beliaSvili, poeziis
ugvirgvino mefe)(8-577-579).
literatura:
1. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, Tb, 1993
2. galaktion tabiZe, Tbzulebani or wignad, wigni I, 1988
3. galaktion tabiZe, Tb. 1977
4. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t.II, Tb. 1994
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t.III, Tb. 1994
6. galaktion tabiZe, Tbzulebani xuT wignad, wigni IV, 1988
7. netari avgustine, „aRsareba“, saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, Tb. 1985
184
8. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, leqsebi, publicistika, mimowera,
Tavi VII
„Serigeba“
galaktion tabiZis epoqa RmerTisagan gaucxoebiT, uzenaes sawyisebTan ganSorebiT
gamoirCa. drois es avbediTi daRi mravalgzis gvagrZnobina poetma ganumeorebeli
mxatvruli saxeebiT. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom galaktionis Semoqmedebis
tragizmis erT-erTi umTavresi ganmapirobebelia uflis uaryofa da aqedan
gamomdinare maRali sulierebis, sikeTis gaufasureba. TviT poets arasodes
gauwyvetia kavSiri zecasTan, sikeTis RmerTTan.
TiTqos poetebis mefeze gacxadda bibliuri WeSmariteba: „aha, wyvdiadi dafaravs
qveyanas da bneli – xalxebs, Senze ki ufali inaTebs da misi dideba
gamogecxadeba“ (esaia, 60,2).
galaktioni taZrisken misasvleli gzebis Ziebas, sibneleSi gzis gagnebas
STaagonebda „ZilquSis suliT“ Sepyrobil sazogadoebas. mis leqsebSi „oreuli
mzis“ paralelurad, „Soreuli mze“ anaTebs, anu poets rom davesesxoT, „namdvili
mzis naTeli“, „gazafxulis wminda dila“. gazafxuli, zafxuli ki qristianuli
RmerTis simboloebia. „gvirgvini daadgi weni sikeTis zafxuls da Seni
nakvalevidan wveTavs simsuqne“ (fs. 64/65,12).
poeti afiqsirebda „gazafxulis wminda dilis“, „namdvili mzis“ gauCinarebis
samwuxaro faqts, rac uRmerTo arsebobaze mimaniSnebelia: „ase risTvis Seicvala
gazafxulis wminda dila, Tu Rimili mxiaruli SenTvis jerac ar yofila? ase
risTvis miefara mze daRvremil mTis mwvervalebs, Tu namdvili mzis naTeli ar
unaxavT jer Sens Tvalebs?“ („ase risTvis?“).
leqsis lirikuli gmiri natrobda ganwmendas, RmerTTan Serigebas, magram amis
niSnebs ver amCnevda da gulistkiviliT ambobda: „Serigebis molodinSi bedi jerac
arsaiT sCans, da ar vici kaci, vinac ar icnobdes mag kaeSans“ („ase risTvis?“).
rogorc zemoTdamowmebuli leqsidan Cans, am SemTxvevaSi Serigebis cnebas
galaktionisTvis aqvs mxoloddamxolod religiuri azri.
winaswarmetyvelTa wignebSi, pavle mociqulis epistoleebSi Serigeba RmerTTan
adamianis mibrunebis gagebiT iqcevs yuradRebas.
mivmarToT magaliTebs: „aha, mogivlenT elia winaswarmetyvels uflis dRis, didis
da saSinelis dadgomamde“ (malaqia winaswarmetyveli, 2,23).
„is Searigebs mamebis guls Svilebis gulTan da Svilebis guls mamebis gulTan,
rom Cemi mosvlisas qveyana SeCvenebiT ar Sevmusro“ (malaqia, 3,24).
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pavle mociquli saubrobs RmerTTan Serigebaze, Serigebis msaxurebasa da
Serigebis sityvaze: „yovelive RvTisagan aris, romelmac Segviriga ieso qristes
meSveobiT da mogvca Serigebis msaxureba“ (pavle mociquri, II korinTelTa, T.5,18).
„imitom, rom RmerTma qristeSi Seiriga wuTisofeli da ar CauTvala maT maTi
danaSaulebani da gviboZa Serigebis sityva“ (iqve, T, 5,19).
„amjerad Cven qristes saxeliT varT movlenilni da Tavad RmerTi SegagonebT
Cveni meSveobiT, qristes saxeliT gTxovT: SeurigdiT RmerTs“ (iqve, 5,20).
igives qadagebs pavle mociquli, roca mimarTavs romaelebs: „vinaidan, Tu misi Zis
sikvdiliT SevurigdiT RmerTs, roca mtrebi viyaviT, miT umetes, Serigebulni
gadavrCebiT misi sicocxliT“ (romaelTa mimarT, 5,10).
„ufro metic, viqadiT RmerTiT Cveni uflis ieso qristes meSveobiT, romlis
wyalobiTac miviReT axla Serigeba“ (iqve, 5,11).
„RmerTTan jvris meSveobiT Serigebaze“ saubrobs pavle mociquli mimarTvaSi
efeselTadmi (2,16), kolaselTadmi (1,20).
galaktioni „dausrulebeli setyviT daRupuli yvavilebisa da venaxebis“ saxeebiT
migvaniSnebs Tavisi Tanamedrove epoqis xasiaTze, romelic RmerTisuarmyofeli
suliT daidaRa. „yvavili“ da „venaxi“ saRmrTo saxelebia.
„yvavili abramisa“, „yvavili gulisa“, „yvavili saRmrToi“, „yvavili cxovrebisa“
ieso qristes simboluri saxeebia (t. mosia, „saRvTo saxismetyveleba, zugdidi, 1995
w. gv. 106-107).
aseve qristes simboloa „venaxi WeSmariti“, „me var venaxi WeSmariti da mamaCemi
moqmedi ars“ (ioane, 15,1).
„dausrulebeli setyva“ urwmuno epoqis metaforuli gamoxatvaa, religiis, rwmenis
amoZirkvisaken mimarTuli.
galaktioni gmobda vaipoetebis Rriancels, „usagno kamaTs“, wminda cremlebiT,
„Rrma mogonebebiT“ aTenebda, sjeroda, rom jer yovelive ar iyo daRupuli, rom
kidev iqneboda sulis amaRleba da bedTan Serigeba uzenaesis saxeliT: „Sen nu
daecemi, Sen nu SeSindebi, gulis udabnosTan brZolas eg ar igebs, yvela amaoa,
jer ar Sebinddeba, mxolod gamarjveba bedTan Segvarigebs“ („ar Rirs erT
cremlad“).
poeti qariani martis damarcxebiT migvaniSnebda ukeTurobis aRsasruls,
siwmindiT, sinaTliT ivseboda, amaRlebuli suliT qmnida mSvenierebis sadidebels
suliwmindis madliT cxebuli sityvisa da musikis virtuozi: „totebs qarisas
gadahyva marti, TeTr tansacmelSi me movirTvebi da waval qarSi, rogorc mocarti,
gulSi simReris msubuq zvirTebiT“.
poeturi Zlevamosilebis masazrdoebelia siwminde, siTeTre, TeTri sinaTlis,
siwmindis, silamazis, umankoebis, wmindanobis, sixarulis, bednierebis,
naTlisRebis feria. qarTuli monaTvlac qristianobas ukavSirdeba“ (v. nozaZe,
„vefxistyaosnis“ ferTametyveleba“, buenos airesi, 1953 w. gv. 133).
poetebis mefe namdvil, maradiul mzis naTels Wvretda yvelgan, mzisa, romelsac
RvTiuri aliT unda aezambaxebina baRebi, anu gaemSvenierebina adamianis suli (baRi
kacuri bunebaa ipolite romaelis mixedviT). ukvdavebis yovlisSemZleoba vlindeba
yvelaferSi: „dRes yvelgan mzea: exla am baRebs da myinvars, maRal zraxvaTa mefes,
maisi aliT aazambaxebs, viT Seyvarebuls da meocnebes“.
186
maradiuli Suqis madliT gaalebulad ganicdeboda myinvaris Tovlis iagundebiani
gvirgvinic da poetis dafnis gvirgvinic: „Cven gvirgvinebi gvaqvs odnav msgavsi,
lamazi SuqTa maradi nTebiT: me – msubuq dafnis foTlebiT savse, myinvars –
umZimes iagundebiT“.
spetaki suliT maRldeboda poeti akldamaze (sikvdilze) mSvenierebis sadidebeli
leqsebiT wvdeboda ukvdavebas, yvelgan mzes, silamazes, uzenaess Wvretda da
sikvdilsac RmerTis saxeliT urigdeboda: „amaRldi, sulo, TeTr akldamaze
mSvenierebis leqsiT mqebeli: dRes yvelgan mzea da silamaze sikvdilTan Cemi
Semrigebeli“ (Serigeba“).
ara ganSoreba, ara dacileba, aramed RmerTTan Serigeba eimedeboda ukvdavebis
karibWesTan galaktions.
ganSorebis gulistkivili, ganSorebis wamebSi Camqrali sanTlebi, RmerTisagan
ganSoreba awamebda terenti granels da eloda ganwmendas, Serigebas: „da sulis
landi isev gaCndeba da isev mova dRe Serigebis“.
RmerTis rwmeniT ki sikvdilis SiSi marcxdeboda, vinaidan wminda sulis adamianebs
maradiul sasufevels hpirdeba uzenaesi. galaktionisaTvis amis SegnebiT
sikvdilis Savi gza vardisfer gzad gardaisaxeboda („mTawmindis mTvare“). terenti
granelisTvis aRsasrulisas Camqrali sanTlebi ki ara, „sikvdilis cisferi wamebi“
unda acimcimebuliyo. ase amarcxebda RmerTis, sulis ukvdavebis rwmena codvebs
da aaxloebda uzenaesTan Serigebas.
gadarCenis himni da gadarCenis bedniereba
meoce saukunis ociani wlebidan Cveni qveynis winaSe gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT
daisva yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, radgan ruseTma meored moaxdina saqarTvelos
okupacia 1921 w. 25 Tebervals da sisxlSi CaaxSo 1924 wlis ajanyeba.
satanisturi bolSevizmis Zalmomreobisgan gadasarCeni iyo Tavisuflebis idea,
suliereba, rwmena, dasabrunebeli iyo dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba.
“qormeZebriani cenzuris” (k. gamsaxurdias terminia) mZlavrobis miuxedavad,
progresuli qarTveli moRvaweebi mainc axerxebdnen amofarebodnen igavur
azrovnebas, simbolo-alegoriebs da “kulturis diqtaturis” deviziT iRwvodnen
federalistebi konstantine gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT qarTuli eTnosis,
TviTmyofadi kulturis, sulieri faseulobebis gadarCenisTvis. es Zalze saxifaTo
iyo, radgan gamudmebiT fxizlobda “gaiZvera moyvare” da cecxliTa da maxviliT
ebrZoda rwmenas, patriotizms Sovinizmad acxadebda, krZalavda cxovrebis
filosofiuri sazrisis Ziebas, erovnul genze, mSobliur Zirebze, fesvebze weras.
yinulovani monstri afetiSebda internacionalizms, kosmopolitizms da
cdilobda Tavis borotebis imperiaSi ZaliT Serekili xalxebisTvis sakuTari
enis, cnobierebis Tavs moxvevas.
magram epoqalur warRvnas, mefistofeluri Zalebis ieriSebs mainc gauZlo
qarTulma sulma da Seqmna sakacobrio mniSvnelobis proza, poezia, musika,
Teatraluri xelovneba.
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erovnuli fenomenis gadarCenisaTvis moRvaweTa Soris gansakuTrebuli iyo
galaktion tabiZis roli. igi poezias suliwmindis madlad saxavda da mxatvruli
sityvis upirveles misias, gansxvavebiT proletaruli Taobebis da socialisturi
realizmis warmomadgenlebisgan, rwmenis, erovnulobis, sulierebis msaxurebaSi,
cxovrebis raobisa da adamianis daniSnulebis gansazRvraSi xedavda, socialur-
politikuri problemebis ganWvretasTan erTad, momavalSi gasaRwevi gzebis
gasigrZeganebas cdilobda.
SemTxveviT ar Cndeba galaktion tabiZis poeziaSi terminebi: gadarCena,
aRorZineba, ganaxleba, aRdgoma.
saTqmelis pirdapir gamJRavnebis SesaZleblobas wiTeli cenzura ar iZleoda
da poetic enigmur saxeebs, urTules metaforebs andobda saTqmels, raTa
emxilebina “mefistofelis saukune” da qristes gzaze mieniSnebina. dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es poetma zedmiwevniT SesZlo. amitom ar kargavs Tavis
jadosnur Zalas misi Rrma qveteqstebiT savse poezia... igi iseTi aqtualuria,
TiTqos am epoqisTvis iyos Seqmnili, radgan dResac umwvavesia is problemebi,
rasac yofna-aryofnis dilemamde mihyavda Cveni qveyana.
“aTasis mxedvelobis” mqone poetis lirika epoqis tragikul movlenebs
ireklavda, magram amasTan, “cis da miwis Sezavebis” saidumloebebs naziarebi suli
Sinaganad sabolood gawonasworebuli hqonda cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa
Secnobis, zeciuri sibrZnis mignebis wyalobiT. mis SemoqmedebaSi pirovnuli
tkivili, gansacdeli yovelTvis nasazrdoebia sazogadoebrivi ubedurebiT, magram
uimedoba marcxdeba uzenaesi goniT, cxovrebis zRvaze aRzrdili, samyaros
Semoqmedisgan gabrZnobili Zlevamosili suliT es nugeSis formula ki
Camoyalibebulia aseTnairad: “rac aireva da daireva, rac daingreva, kvlav
aSendeba” (mSvidobis wigni).
umaRlesi wyaro am optimizmisa, xsnis gza mxolod maralzneobrivi cxovreba da
RmerTia _ siyvaruliT saxeldebuli: “gulSi JRers ra xania siyvarulis simRera,
rogorc erTaderTi xsna, erTaderTi imedi” (ilias motivi) (1, 429-430).
galaktioni qmnida “lodinis simReras”, eloda “Sori gazafxulis”
gamobrwyinebas, maradisis movlinebas, risTvisac mzad iyo uyoymanod gaewira
warmavali, dRevandeli yofna: “Cems Sor gazafxuls udarajebs sicocxlis vneba,
im Sor gazafxuls Zlierad rom gamobrwyindeba. sinamdvileSi ocnebisas avanTeb
kandels, im Sor gazafxuls fexqveS vugeb yofnas dRevandels” (sinamdvileSi
ocnebisas) (1, 37).
gazafxuli, Zveli qarTuliT zafxuli saRmrTo saxelia: “gvirgvini daadgi Seni
sikeTis zafxuls da Seni nakvalevidn wveTavs simsuqne” (fs. 64/65, 12) (2, 588).
gaunelebeli wyurviliT eZebda poeti “TasebiT” “sicocxlis Cangebs”:
“sicocxlis Cangebs mivaSuroT isev TasebiT, mraval wyurvilTa gaxelebiT,
gaaTasebiT” (mivaSuroT) (3, 361).
Tasi mariamis simboloa (4, 184-185) “sicocxlis Cangi” qristesi (4, 38-39).
rwmenis, sikeTis, adamianuri sulis gadarCenisTvis ibrZoda poeti mTeli
cxovreba, “ganadgurebis eklian gzaze” unda gamoetarebina, “muxTali, Savbneli
Zalisgan” unda gadaerCina “yvavilebi”: “veli, vibrZoleb... me am yvavilebs vatareb,
sanam meqneba Zali, rom ar Seexos mas sisastikis Zala Savbneli, xeli muxTali da
188
mudam gavzrdi gulSi im imeds, rom sadRac aris iseTi mxare, sadac edemi hyvavis
mziani, sadac ar aris suli mwuxare” (me am yvavilebs) (5, 59).
yvavili, vardi saRmrTo saxelia. es saxe momdinareobs solomonis qebaTa
qebidan: “yvavilebi daCndnen miwis pirze, Jami galobisa moiwia da xma gvritisa
ismis Cvens mxareSi” (qebaTa qeba solomonisa, 2, 12) (6, 15).
edemi, samoTxe mariam RvTismSoblis metaforaa: “gixaroden, romlisa mier
ganeRo samoTxei” (daujdomeli yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa) (7, 9).
satanis, bnelis aRzevebis periodSi RmerTis erTguleba, lodinis simReris
gavrceleba, saTnoebis mkvdreTiT aRdgena daakisra poets gangebam: “viT locva,
edeba saRamo mTis kalTebs, Sors qari gahkivis, bneldeba TandaTan. me gaval am
qarSi, gavitan am vardebs da Seni lodinis simReras gavatan” (locvisTvis) (5, 281).
umaRlesi idealebis gadarCenisTvis brZola iyo saWiro, brZola xmalze ufro
Zlieri kalmiT: “me kidev waval, me kidev vivli, gaTenebamde unda vibrZolo... ara
erTi msurs vpovo yvavili da damWknarebi gadavisrolo” (Semodgomis yvavilebi) (5,
183).
poeti iZleoda “vardobisTvis vardebiT Trobis” magaliTs, iyo erTguli
qristianuli eTikis: “o, mebraleba me Cemi mtrebi, ar vici mtroba” (maisis isriT)
(5, 53).
grigalisgan (borotebisgan) sanTlis Caqrobis SiSs amarcxebda deda-Zis
maradiuli saxeebis movlineba, poeti eZebda Tavis maradiul ideals _ “zambaxis
princesas” da “cisfer vardebs”: “me TvaliT veZebdi zambaxis princesas, mwyuroda
cisferi vardebi” (es iyo TxuTmeti wlis winaT) (3, 281).
zambaxis princesa mariamis saxelia (8, 13-18), “cisferi vardebi” _ qristesi (8,98).
urwmuno epoqaSi poeti mowme gaxda “lurj yvavilebis Telvis” (saRamo) (1, 97).
“grZnobaT damxobis”, magram mas arasodes daviwyebia Tavisi “Soreuli trfoba” anu
uzenaesi: “me damaviwyda Zveli wvaleba da valaleba grZnobaT damxobis. da maxsovs
mxolod cisferTvaleba, idumaleba Soreul trfobis” (is) (1, 4).
“Soreuli satrfo”, “sruli trfoba” RmerTis saxelia galaktionis poeziaSi (8,
113)... da misi wyaroa solomonis “qebaTa qeba”: “...es aris metrfe Cemi, es aris
sayvareli Cemi” (5, 16) (6, 17).
zecaze isev is “mSvildi” (cisartyela) eguleba da isev mas erTgulebs, rogorc
zecis Svili: “araferia isev is mSvildi dahxaris mdelos, im sadRegrZelos
uzecisSvildi, im sadRegrZelos” (maisis isriT) (5, 53).
“cisartyela” saRmrTo saxelia (9, 112).
“gadanaxul droSebSi” Tumca gadamwvari sasaxle, gadamxmari baRebi, amomSrali
wyaro da mWknari foTlebis sevdaa, magram amasTan aris “sxva gazafxulis”
(RmerTis) mogoneba, mTaze, kldeze gamosaxuli, momavlisaTvis Senaxuli rwmenis
droSebis erTguleba (1, 14).
mTa mariamis saxelia da momdinareobs danielis winaswarmetyvelebidan: “hxedevd,
vidre ara gamoekueTa lodi mTisagan Tvinier xelTasa” (danieli, 2, 34). aq mTa
mariamis simboloa, lodi ki _ Ze RmerTis.
klde qristeze migvaniSnebs: “ufali RmerTia saukuno klde” (esaia, 26, 4) (6, 91).
poets arasodes tovebda nugeSis RmerTis saxe: “gmadlob, nugeSo, Sens gzaze
rom daviarebi” (sxvagan sadaa) (3, 802).
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“nugeSisken” raSiT swrafvaa leqsSi “mwuxareba Senze”: “...me vixdi niRabs,
momgvareT raSi, SenTan, nugeSTan, o, Cqara, Cqara, me momdevs ganTqmul saxelis
taSi, dideba, cremli, Relva, muqara” (3, 346).
“nugeSis” saxis wyaroa biblia: “me var, me, Tqveni nugeSismcemeli...” (esaia
winaswarmetyveli, 51, 12) (6, 112).
nugeSis ZaliT marcxdeba obloba, yovelgvari siZnele: “ar var oboli am
qveyanaze, Sen megulebi nugeSad sanam” (ar var oboli am qveyanaze) (3, 605).
nugeSis RmerTi fantavs borotebis nisls, krizisis wuTebSi Cndeba “brolis
zmanebis” TanamgrZnobi Tvalebi, igi aCerebs Caxmaxisken gawvdil xels, sibneles
amarcxebs da Subls misi zebunebrivi naTeli asxivosnebs: “vici, poetis gatexil
saxels brbo ar daindobs gasaTelavad, magram Seni mze sibneles gaxevs da
daadgeba Subls naTeliviT” (nugeSi).
Tvali saRmrTo saxelia: “yvelgan uflis Tvalebia, xedaven ukeTurebs da
keTilebs” (igavni solomonisa, 10, 627).
leqsSi “ra saWiroa sityvebi? mjera!” “gazafxulis”, “oqrosTmiani dRis”
(gazafxulTan erTad, dRec saRmrTo saxelia) movlinebis sixarulia: “dRe
wamoiWra oqrosTmiani, dRe axalgazrda da gambedavi”.
Semdegi striqonebis “mze” da “saunjec”, romlebic aRmosavleTs miemarTeba,
qristianuli RmerTis simboloebia: “mze dedamiwas sunTqvas udidebs, sadac
Zeglebi aris darguli, aRmosavleTiT is miuTiTebs: iq saunjea gadamarxuli” (1,
25).
mzis saRmrTo saxelad moazrebis magaliTebi mravlad aris bibliaSi.
davimowmebT oriodes: “mze da faria ufali RmerTi” (fs. 84, 12) (2, 614).
malaqias winaswarmetyvelebaSi RmerTs ewodeba “mze simarTlisa”:
“amogibrwyindebaT, RvTis moSiSno, mze simarTlisa da kurneba iqneba mis frTebze”
(malaqia winaswarmetyveli, 3, 2) (6, 307).
mebrZol poets uzenaesis “brwyinvalebis da gamarjvebis samoseli’ ezmaneba da
“mSvidi molodiniT” gascqeris mzis amosvlas: “ra damSvidebiT gadavcqeri
msoflio Relvebs, vici, axloa is, visac veli. mas samoseli brwyinvalebis da
gamarjvebis moaqvs mebrZoli poetisTvis. dascxriT, talRebo, mze amodis
aRmosavleTiT, mze amodis ara erTi da ori” (ra damSvidebiT gadavcqeri) (5, 265).
poetis molodinis adresati mzea _ RmerTi.
galaktioni aris mziTSemosili, rogorc wmindanebi: “...me sxva mze mmosavs
rogorc Sehferis saqarTvelos saxalxo mgosans” (dRes Semisrulda).
rwmeniT ganmtkicebuli, bolomde sixaruliT da gazafxuliT (sixaruli da
gazafxuli saRmrTo Sinaarsis saxelebia) Semosili iyo poetebis mefe: “me
sixaruli memosa da gazafxulis ocneba, xiblavda gareSemosa mindvrebis
gadasosneba” (fanjaras totebs miaxlis) (3, 200).
gazafxulis wyaro fsalmunia, RmerTis saxed moazrebuli sixaruli mravlad
gvxvdeba Zvel da axal aRTqmaSi. davimowmebT erT magaliTs: “qriste aris
“sixaruli yovlisa erisa” (luka, 2, 10) (2, 113).
demonis sikvdilisken momwodebel xmas faravs “maradi WiqiT” mirTmeuli mzis
da cecxlis sadRegrZelo: “mzis sadRegrZelos maradi WiqiT vsvam, mixaria
cecxlis kdemani, samSoblos iqiT, simSvidis iqiT, isev meZaxis Cemi demoni” (mzis
sadRegrZelos) (5, 309).
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mzesTan erTad, RmerTis simboloa cecxli.
qoribis mTaze moses mier Seuwveli cecxlis TanxlebiT xiluli mayvali
qristesa da mariamze miniSnebaa (gamosvla, 3, 1, 2, 3) (12, 59).
fiala, Tasi, azarfeSa, maradi Wiqa, sixarulis Wiqa mariamis simboluri
saxelebia (4, 182-193).
galaktioni “cecxliani azarfeSebiT” svamda mzis sadRegrZelos, anu
erTdroulad eziareboda mamaRmerTis, (mzis), Ze RmerTis (cecxlis), azarfeSis
(mariamis) madls.
sulSi damkvidrebuli bnelicodvili “luciferis” mZvinvarebas “umanko
naTelisa” da “saswaulis” ZaliT amarcxebda (saswauls) (3, 139).
RmerTi aris “naTeli didi” (maTe, 4, 16) (11, 6).
uzenaesis saxelia saswauli: “Sena xar RmerTi saswaulis moqmedi” (fs. 76, 5) (2,
603).
“alvis xis gadarCenaSi” (1, 186) simboluri formiT mowodebulia azri
orbunebovani RmerTisken (qristesken) mibrunebisa, rwmenis gafrTxilebisa.
xe, kerZod, alvis xe uzenaesis simboloa (4, 179).
poeti moxiblulia alvis xis mSvenebiT, misi “mrCobli” sulis movlinebiT.
leqsis zog variantSi aris “mxrCobeli”, rac sworad ar migvaCnia. unda iyos
mrCobli (mrCobli suli).
“mrCobli” (17, 18 ieremia) ori, gina orkeci, ganmartavs sulxan-saba orbeliani
(11, 520).
Cvenis azriT, alvis xis ori _ mrCobli suli ase SeiZleba aixsnas: alvis xe
RmerTis simboluri saxelia, misi ori suli qristes orbunebovnebas _ kacurs da
RvTiurs unda niSnavdes. gavixsenoT leqsi: “modis, feTqs da izrdeba suli misi
mrCobeli, foTlebs ametistebiT faravs Seucnobeli”.
“Seucnobeli” mama RmerTis saxelia (12, 335).
leqsis Semdeg striqonebSi vlindeba alvis xis gadarCenis rwmena: “tbis guls
gadaxvevia mdumareba totebis, ocneba ar Cvevia qveynis gamocodebis. arc Sxamian
landebad ucems wyalTa gubeba. is ar Wleqiandeba, is ar daiRupeba”.
alvis xis gadarCenaSi rwmenis, sulierebis, sikeTis gadarCena igulisxmeba.
qveteqstebiT savsea leqsi “ar daRupula”, romelic mTebis, wyaros, gazafxulis,
aswlovani xeebis gadarCeniT gvagrZnobinebs isev rwmenisken mibrunebas, RmerTis
ZaliT arsebobis da wminda gonis gadarCenas: “me gadviare dRes Cveni mTebi, Cveni
maisis wkriala wyaro: Seni nazi xma da oqros Tmebi... dauviwyaro, dauviwyaro... ar
daRupula, isev iqave dgas aswlovanTa xeTa Cereba, guliT simRera ver Sevikave da
gadarCenis bedniereba” (5, 386).
mTa mariamis simboloa, lodi _ qristesi.
wkriala wyaro RmerTze mimaniSnebeli saxea saxarebis mixedviT, qriste aris
sicocxlis wyali, cocxali wyali (ioane, 7,38) (2, 194).
aswlovani xeebi eris sulia, romelic rwmenam gadaarCina.
magram satanisturi bolSevizmis epoqaSi gaugonari represiebis Sedegad
Seubraleblad imusreboda marTali xalxi da am borotebis reJisorebi iyvnen
apokalifsuri mxecebi: “saSinelia, igrZno uecrad, rom aRar dganan Zveli kaklebi.
Seni saxeli maT miuecrad, mxeci, arc meti da arc naklebi” (13, 447).
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kaklebi isev xalxze migvaniSnebs, misi iavarqmnis reJisori mxeci ki _
apokalifsur mxecebze, romlis adresatebi iyvnen revoluciis beladad
saxeldebuli tiranebi – zRvis da miwis mxecebi (ioanes gamocxadeba, T. 13, 1, 11, 6,
506, 507).
zRvis mxecSi xalxTa masebidan mosuli lenini igulisxmeba, miwis mxecSi _
iatakqveSeli stalini (ioane-iona, apokalifsi da dRevandeloba (44, 411).
SemaZrwunebelia “dausrulebeli setyviT daRupuli yvavilebisa da venaxebis
xilva” (ar Rirs erT cremlad) (3, 302).
yvavilebi rwmenaa, venaxebi _ xalxi.
bibliaSi miwiuri baRisa da venaxis paralelurad gvxvdeba zeciuri baRi da
venaxi.
miwieri venaxi ebraeli xalxis simboloa: “cabaoT uflis venaxi israelis
saxli da iudas sisxlia, misi sanatreli nergi” (esaia, 5, 7,) (6, 76).
galaktionis leqsSi satanis saqmeebia “dausrulebeli setyva” _ uRmerTobis
dakanoneba da venaxebis _ xalxis sulis gatialeba.
magram dacemiT udabnos (urwmunoebas) ver daamarcxeb, unda gjerodes, rom
amaoa, warmavalia boroteba, rac iyo, ar niSnavs saboloo dabindebas (mzis
CasvliT, dabindebiTac migvaniSnebda poeti uRmerTobaze “mzis Casvla...”). mxolod
RmerTTan Serigeba moitans gamarjvebas, gvarwmunebda poeti: “Sen nu daecemi, Sen
nu SeSindebi, gulis udabnosTan brZolas eg ar igebs. yvela amaoa, jer ar
Sebinddeba, mxolod gamarjveba bedTan Segvarigebs”.
“SerigebaSi” (1, 53) mzis (RmerTis) da silamazis wyalobiT xdeba sikvdilTan
Serigeba, rac RmerTisken mibrunebas moaswavebs.
Tumca gazafxulze “rtoebs rtooba” ar etyobaT, “yinulis lodis” gadnobis
rwmena mainc aris leqsSi “adriani gazafxuli” (1, 255): “rogorc SeTqmulebs, Cven
ar gvaSinebs, rom ar etyobaT rtoebs rtooba, suls didi xnidan aSalaSinebs sxva
martooba”.
nergi, toti, rto uflis saxelia: “ase ambobs ufali RmerTi: “aviReb tots
maRali naZvidan da davrgav... maRal da asvetil mTaze davrgav” (ezekieli, 17, 22) (6,
208).
Waobze unotiesi sulis meoxebiT gacemuli qristes, misi ukanaskneli serobis
da jvarcmis warmodgenis Semdeg isev Cndeba caze varskvlavis gabrwyinebis rwmena:
“varskvlavi igi _ fiqrTa sagani _ erTi umravles varskvlavTagani, aelvardeba
caze odesme sulo, demonze uboroteso!” (xomalds mihyveba Tovlis madona) (3, 129).
varskvlavi qristes simboloa: “me var daviTis fesvi da STamomavali, ciskris
kaSkaSa varskvlavi” (ioanes gamocxadeba, 22, 16) (2, 521).
“Tovlis madona” mariamia: mariam RvTismSoblis italiuri saxelia madona.
macxovris dedisadmi miZRvnili religiuri dResaswaulebidan erT-erTi aris
Tovlis RvTismSoblis liturgikuli dResaswauli,... arsebobs aseTi legenda:
mesiis mSobeli Camohyva Tovls iq, sadac agebulia wm. mariamis taZari... xomaldi
alegoriulad taZars ganasaxierebs (15, 87-88).
rwmenis winaaRmdeg cecxliTa da maxviliT brZolis periodSi bunebrivi iyo
damsxvreuli gegmebis, xomaldebis, kreiserebis saxeTa Seqmna, magram, amave dros,
fiqrebTan Cans fregati, cisartyela, rogorc “imedebis xati” (wynari zRva).
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“dmsxvreuli swrafvaTa navi”, ganadgurebis suraTebia irgvliv, magram “imedi
momxiblavi” isev cocxlobs da axal talRebs elis (viT grigalis Semdeg tye-
veli).
“muxebSi’ (1925 w.) gamxmari vazebis fonze beberi, ZvelisZveli muxebis siaxlea,
romelTac “momavlisaTvis siaxle aqvT xelSeuxebi _ axal qarTaTvis agebuli
mZlavri sasaxle”... (3, 414).
“kosmiur orkestrSi” (1926 w.) yuradRebas iqcevs “imedebi usazRvro da
gansazRvrul mxareTa”, siyvarulis, gazafxulis sixaruli: “es aris grZnoba kvlav
siyvarulTa, gadaqceuli sxvisTvis Waobad, es ocnebaa ferTa farulTa da
gazafxulis sanaxaoba” (2, 11, 9). siyvaruli saRvTo saxelia: “RmerTi siyvarulia”
(ioane, 4, 8) (2, 320).
gazafxuli, zafxuli bibliaSi moiazreba RmerTis saxed (fs. 64) (65, 12).
“ZveliZveli RvinoTi” Troba, yofniT Troba, cecxliT Troba (mTvralia yofniT,
mTvralia cecxliT) sxva araferia, Tu ara uzenaesis siyvaruli, radgan Zveli
Rvino, cecxli da yofna (sicocxle) saRvTo saxelebia (ZvelisZvel Rvinos) (1, 45).
mivmarToT wyaroebs.
“gaumarTavs cabaoT ufali yvela xalxs am mTaze nadims msuye kerZebiT, nadims
Zveli RviniT, Zveli dawmendili RviniT (esaia winaswarmetyveli, T. 25, 13).
cecxli saRvTo saxelia da momdinareobs gamosvlaTa wignidan. es saxe
pirvelad moses moevlina qoribis mTaze, sadac mayvals cecxli exveoda, magram
mayvali ar iwveboda (gamosvla, 2, 3,) (10, 59).
RmerTi saxarebaSi saxeldebulia, rogorc yofna, sicocxle: “uTxra iesom: “me
var gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle” (ioane, 14, 6) (2, 211).
TasiT mirTmeuli wigni, maranSi mignebuli “Zvirfasi Rvino, ukvdavi Rvino
mianiSnebs RnerTisadmi interess, radgan Rvino, wigni, memarne aseve saRvTo
saxelebia leqsSi “mogoneba”.
wigni mama RmerTia bibliaSi, wignis sityva aris qriste: “iqneba mTeli es xilva,
rogorc dabeWdili wignis sityvebi..., “gaigoneben im dRes yruebi wignis sityvebs
da brmaTa Tvalebi bnelidan da ukunidan gamoixedaven” (esaia, 29, 11, 18) (6, 94).
netari avgustine ambobs “aRsarebaSi”: “arasdros ar daixeva maTi wigni,
arasdros ar aireva maTi gragnili imitom, rom TviT xar, ufalo, es wigni maTTvis
da am wignadve hgieb ukunisamde” (16, 217).
cxovrebis usamarTlobis, mware fialis, eklis gvirgvinis, sisxlis wil
“mSvenieri mzis” gabrwyinebis molodinia leqsSi “nu daumalav xalxs Sens iarebs”
(1, 341).
ara “mkvdari mzis”, mkvdradSobili, qaosze mdgari Tavisuflebis, aramed
“quxilis” siyvaruli vlindeba galaktionis poeziaSi: “quxilo, geliT, SenTan
vibrZolebT, gamoeqane, zvirTi dasZari! gvaxsovs: diliT mze amodioda, mkvdari
mze, Sen ki amoaswari!” (quxilo, geliT) (5, 102).
quxili saRvTo saxelia (9, 122).
RmerTs “klavdnen” satanistebi, magram igi kvlav cocxldeboda.
ocnebis navze ia-vardis gamococxlebiT, sixarulis qrolviT gvagrZnobinebs
galaktioni RmerTis movlinebas: “kvlav gamococxlda ia-vardi ocnebis navze,
ocnebis navze sixaruli dahqris vedrebiT” (mzis amosvla zRvaze).
193
“vardi” da “sixaruli” saRmrTo saxelebia, ia mariam RvTismSoblis metaforaa.
“ubiwoebiT Semkuli ia” ewodeba mariams vaxtang meeqvsis poeziaSi (7, 48).
poetis optimizmis wyaroa samyaroSi keTili sawyisebis maradiulobis,
wyaldidobis, niaRvrebis warmavlobis rwmena. “gazafxulis savse fiala”
(gazafxuli qristeze, fiala _ mariamze migvaniSnebs) niaRvris, wyaldidobis
Sedegad “gadmoitopa”, magram “wyalni wavidnen da wamovidnen, darCnen qviSani”.
leqsis lirikul gmirs xelT upyria “savse fiala” (fiala mariamis simboloa)
“mSvidobas” natrobs, niaRvrebis da wyaldidobis niSnebi ki “waSlilia”: “aswi
fiala, savse fiala! aqa mSvidoba! ra niaRvrebma gadigriala, ra wyaldidobam!”
(darCnen qviSani) (10, 15).
“axali yofnis”, ganaxlebis, “aRdgomis kvalis” molodinia leqsSi “axal wlis
Ramis” (5, 69).
“adre Tu gvian sicocxlis vardi bednierebad gadaiSleba” (grZnobaTa ferfli,
5, 54) gvarwmunebs poeti.
didi winaprebis darad, bnelis Crdils galaktionic amCnevda, magram sjeroda
saqarTvelos momavali: “gaifanteba Crdili gardamavali drois, saqarTveloSi
grZnobdes yoveli Cumi saxli” (drama erTi binisa).
mware, Suqmiuval dReebs, gauCinarebul qveyniur samoTxeebs isev Senacvlebia
edemTa msgavsi dReebi, gamarjvebaTa baRebi, vardebi, orxideebi, gvarwmunebs poeti:
“yofila mware dReebi, Suqmiuvali dReebi, gadalekilan, waSlilan am qveynis
samoTxeebi. kvalad mosulan dReebi, edemTa msgavsi dReebi, gamarjvebaTa baRebi,
vardebi, orxideebi”, ase abalansebs bnelisa da naTlis Widils avtori leqsisa
(yofila mware dReebi) (5, 178).
sulSi “uxilavis”, “varskvlavis”, “mTvaris”, “satrfos” Zieba qristianuli
RmerTis da RvTismSoblis gamudmebul Tayvaniscemas moaswavebs (xSirad vocnebob).
ara warmavalis, efemerulis, aramed “maradisi imedis”, “sxvagvari imedis”,
saukuneobrivisadmi interesia damaxasiaTebeli galaktionisTvis (“maradisi imedi”,
“megobars”). swored es xdeba sulis gawonasworebis sawindari.
bevri dabrkolebis, Cixis, xveulis gadalaxva, brZola, sikvdilis damarcxeba,
Seucnobis Secnoba uZRvis win gvirabis bolos sinaTlis mignebas, idealebis
gadarCenas: “gadagvilaxavs bevri sikvdili, bevri Secdoma da dabrkoleba, rom
Semdeg isev gadarCenisTvis, sicocxlisaTvis gvemRera qeba” (bevri Cixi, bevri
xveuli).
gana mxolod iisfrad an vardisfrad Tovda galaktionis xilvebSi, mas “Savi
TovliviT” aTovda “Wvartli da burusi Tavanis” (Semodgoma umanko Casaxebis
mamaTa savaneSi) (1-128) kosmiuri sicive azrobda, yinulis samefo, yinvis aTasi,
gayinuli mxedari, gayinuli guli zaravda, magram uzenaesis xeldasxmuli poeti
sZlevda grigalebs, mexis xarxaris, mas “axal-axal gambedaobas da gabedvebs”
aniWebda yovelgvari dabrkoleba, radgan esmoda “sixarulis uvertiura”, grZnobda
“alionTa sixaruls”, rac gamarjvebaSi arwmunebda: “Cveni gamarjveba mainc ueWvoa”
(o, Cemo Cango).
mxolod gadarCenis rwmeniT SeiZleboda daweriliyo maJoruli “iboboqre”,
“warwera xovles ornamentze”, romelic SiSis saboloo daZlevas, rwmenis, imedis
gamarjvebas gvamcnobs: “saukuneTa Tovlo iTovle! mainc dadneba eg naTovlari!”
(15, 374).
194
zogjer eWvi seravda suls, eWvi mebaRis (qristes) movlinebaze, inebebda Tu ara
igi codviT damZimebul samyaroSi isev mosvlas, xom ar daileweboda mwife
mtevnebi: “am mwife mtevnebs dalewavs qari, Tu mwifobisTvem Secvala dari, mebaRem
mosvla Tu ar ineba” (avdris molodini) (5, 82).
sxavaganc kiTxvis niSnebi Cndeboda am problemis irgvliv: “mova Tu ara, mova
Tu ara ! oxvriT kiTxulobs cecxlis SiSini”.
simboluri avdari, zamTari, Tovli, yinva, wyaldidoba, warRvna uvlida
qarTvelT savanes, rac gamoafxizlebda xalxs, gons moegeboda codvili adamiani,
moinaniebda da TviT gaignebda gzas uzenaesisken, ase sjeroda poets.
Tavisi didi winaprebiviT evedreboda galaktioni ufals RvTismSoblis
wilxvedri qveynis gadarCenas: “mze iveria, RvTismSoblis xvedri bednierebas misas
RmerTs vvedri, miec, ufalo, goni da Zala, rom aiSoros Sxamis fiala” (6, 88).
“goni da Zala!” _ ara erT-erTs, aramed orives mouxmobs poeti, roca ismeba
kiTxva: “magram ra gvelis an dRes an xvale?”
“mSvidobis wignSi” aSkarad Savia sicxade: “Ramea bneli, ganuzomeli,
ganuWvreteli” (17, 161), “midamos Tavze adgas satana” (17, 289).
vefxvi uxmod gatrunula tyeSi, dros elis, rom Sesaferis situaciaSi iskupos
da msxverpls mieparos. amitomac afrTxilebs poeti TanamemamuleT, “gonT
siZlieris”, “gamWriaxobis” fari ifaron xifaTSi myofebma: “, gazafxulisa Rameo
bnelo, xifaTSi myofo vazo da mdelo, Semoikribe gonT siZliere, Torem gvianRa
iqneba mere... gazafxulisa Ramea bneli, ganuzomeli, ganuWvreteli, es imas niSnavs,
rom ufro metad gamWriaxoba iyos imedad. exmaureba siaTs siaTi, rom Ralats
rasmes awyobs wyvdiadi...”
gadarCenis garantiaa sifxizle, mter-moyvris garCevis, borotisaTvis
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari: “galavans gareT de grgvinavdes zRva, mteri sxva
aris da moyvare sxva. asea, Torem mterma meorem axlom Tu Sorem Tavis sityva
Tqva”.
gansacdels sWirdeba pasuxi, raTa gaqres Sxami da isev aenTos Camqrali
sanTlebi: “maSin ra vuyoT, mwared daRamda, dro upasuxod xom ar daamda. ganvida
Jami, dRes gahqra Sxami. ciskris wamwami ha, axamxamda”.
gadarCenis imedia nugeSi, gza (saRmrTo saxelebia): “silaRis eSxiT mziurTa
mdeloT ares nugeSiT Cven miveSveloT. avabibinoT igi salxinod, gza gamovfinoT,
farTed gavSaloT! aSene, darge, Cveni fazisi ufro kargi da ulamazesi gaxdeba
kvlavac. man ivarskvlava da gza ukvdavad ganvlo Tavisi”.
qristianuli RmerTi iyo Cveni xalxis Semwe yovelTvis, misiT ignebda igi
maradiul gzebs: “Cveni Zvirfasze Zvirfasi wigniT vidodiT ase gareT Tu SigniT.
naTeliT misiT wrfeliT, faqiziT Cven maradisiT gzebi gavigneT”.
“mSvidobis wignSi” napovnia uaryofili RmerTi, “wigni sicocxle, wigni
sindisi”, wigni cis da dedamiwis, rac gamoixateba “ciskris wamwamis axamxamebiT”
(ciskari saRmrTo saxelia), mzis movlinebiT, amis Semdeg damarcxda simboluri
Tovli, wyaldidoba, warRvna, gadarCa xeebi, “kvlav saRi Srialebs baRi da Zveli
daRi wignebis azis”.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom baRi kacuri bunebaa ipolite romaelis mixedviT,
cxadi gaxdeba, ratom aqvs baRs (xalxs) wignis (uzenaesis) daRi, misi
keTilismyofeli zegavlena.
195
RmerTis dakargvis da kvlav povnis, eris sazrisis Ziebis, rwmenis gadarCenis
himnia “mSvidobis wigni”: “dRes mSvidobis mze gaanaTebs gzebs, xalxs nugeSsa
scems imedT kandeli”.
eris ganTiadis, sinaTlis sagalobelia poemis bolo striqonebi: “vxedav,
diadad rom aw gaTenda, o, ganTiado dideba Senda. moedo agre gzas Jruanteli,
mainc ar Cahqra Cveni sanTeli... vambobT: es raca moxda, damaca, iyo raRaca Tovli,
fanteli” (17, 352).
momavlis winamgrZnobi poetis moimede striqonebiT mTavrdeba poema: “xvalis
dRis gvjera: Cveni alRoa Cveni simRera. sivrcea, droa, mze Tu qaria, rac
saxalxoa, utyuaria. gulo, damSviddi... mteri ganibnes, gvaqvs ganZi didi, ar varT
Raribni”... poeti gvmoZRvravs: “droa, SeiRos sibnelis kari, suli mze iyos da
guli-qnari, gza sanaqebo vadidoT, Zmebo!”
“damarcxda yvela gveli, wurbela, maT kacTa Telva vin mianeba?! mteri,
mzveravi... ise mogvarda, rom Sig veravin ver Semogvarda”.
naTelmsmen poets moesmis “xma saedemo”, qmnis “ganTiadis, Zlevis simReras”,
Soris Zaxili ganTiadis saxeliT afxizlebs: “misTvis cxadia Soris Zaxili
Tvalgasaxeli, romlis saxeli ganTiadia” (17, 276).
poema Seicavs Cveni xalxis gafrTxilebas: “Seigne talRaT ZalT siZliere,
Torem gvianRa iqneba mere” (17, 181).
“mSvidobis wignSi” xdeba veragi mtris avbediTi zraxvebis mxileba: “...mteri ar
aris morcxvi, rom ngreva-xocvis mas eSinodes” (17, 136), “kidec movalo Tqvens
asaklebad” (17, 241), “mihye, he, mihye, aba aiRe, rac Tqveni cixe da simagrea”.
wignis (rwmenis) qurdi saxeldebulia “satanad, mxecad, qajad”.
miTiTebulia “arawminda Tovlze”, romelic warmavalia.
“mTebze is Tovli _ Seni niSani _ warmavalia, Tumc mravalia _ wyalni
warvlian, rCeba qviSani ... Tovlo... Sen Seni sabralo Zala, ukanaskneli Seni
samsala gviCveno, ginda? o, arawminda! ginda mimovla, magram RvarebiT dneba is
Tovli mzis elvarebiT” (17, 132).
poema Seicavs mtris gafrTxilebas : “aq yovel eSmaks ujobs moeSvas Tvis
saTareSos da sanavardos” (17, 250).
nawarmoebi mTavrdeba wignis (RmerTis) povniT, zamTris damarcxebiT,
“saimqveynio” da “saamsoflo sios” maradiulobis rwmeniT: “zamTaro, gulis ase
damxSobo, ver SesZleb, sio rom gadaswio, saimqveynio da saamsoflo” (17, 131).
“ver dagvZlevs is sxva,... oblis kveri cxva” (17, 185).
magram mters surda “rame namceci miwis da zecis”... (17, 217), rac
winaswarmetyvelurad ganWvrita poetma.
“pirimzeSi” (ort. t. I, 1988, gv. 154) tkivilia imis gamo, rom gaiyves Zmebma moxuci
baRi (“Zmebi” Cveni moyvrad mosuli Crdiloeli mteria, baRi _ xalxi).
magram poetma ipova “Cveni dakarguli ca da Cveni miwis ametyveleba”, ipova
“grZnoba, romelic dakargula” (1, 282).
atmis rtos (rto RmerTis simboluri saxelia) gadarCenis SiSia leqsSi “atmis
rtoo, daRalulo rtoo” (1, 291).
Semdeg aris aRmosavleTis gaRviZeba (aRmosavleTi) (218-221).
nangrevebad qceuli soflis tkivilia leqsSi “es SeRameba” (5, 54).
“ukaro saxlis” kritikaa leqsSi “erTa liga” (5, 196).
196
poetis devizia “ganiaxle, ganiaxle” (1, 535-536).
rwmena aimedebs: “ar Sedrkeba, Sen nu wuxar, cad asuli didi muxa _
uflebisTvis Cvenma xalxma sisxli sisxlze daaduRa !” (mSveniero Cemo zeca) (1,
536).
samyaroSi cvalebadobas emorCileba adamiani, xiluli ca da planetebi, mTeli
kosmosi, maradiuli ki mxolod “caTa ca”, RmerTebis samyofeli da RmerTia,
“mSvidobis wignis”, “mSvidobis gzis” saxeebSi moazrebuli: “samSoblos win yovel
valTa moxdis, mSvidobis wigns gvirgvins vervin moxdis, mSvidobis gza rom odesme
mokvdes, ara, es ar SeiZleba moxdes” (yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes) (17, 558).
wonasworobis sawindaria “TeTri dReebi” da sulSi davanebuli “qaosis
mxatvari” (RmerTi) _ “dgeba TeTri dReebi” (1, 211).
galaktions Svenoda patiosneba, didi dRe (RmerTis rwmena), qveyniuri samoTxe
(mariami): “viT gSvenis patiosneba, es didi, es saamo dRe, o, mSveniero ocneba ! o,
qveyniuro samoTxe !” (13, 429).
“samoTxis hangebi”, “gadarCenis himni” ismoda galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi, ramac
poetebis mefes gamorCeuli adgili daumkvidra qarTul poeziaSi.
cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa SecnobiT gamotanilia daskvna: “omsa cvlis
mSvidoba da ngrevas _ Seneba, sitlanqes sulisas cvlis sulis mSveneba, wyals _
Rvino, dRes _ Rame, sicxades Cveneba” (aq xilul ocnebas) (3, 676).
aswlovan xeTa gadarCenaSi eris sulis gadarCenas zeimobs poeti: “ar
daRupula, isev iqave dgas aswlovan xeTa Cereba; gulSi simRera ver Sevikave da
gadarCenis bedniereba” (ar daRupula) (3, 246).
analogiuri Tvalsazrisia mumlis gawyvetasa da muxis gadarCenaSi (mumli
wydeboda) (3, 685).
politikuri qveteqstis Semcvelia “saukuneTa Tovlis” dadnoba: “saukuneTa
Tovlo iTovle, mainc dadneba naTovlari” (warwera xovles ornamentze) (15, 374).
xomaldis gadarCenaSi rwmenis gadarCena moiazreba: “...xomaldi grigalebs
gadaurCa mravals (grigals, qariSxals vsvamT amis Semdeg) (5, 372).
“prologi asi leqsis” (3, 247) gvauwyebs “cecxlTa qartexilebisgan” qveynisa da
poetis gadarCenas: “...mxolod me erTi gadavrCi mgzavri, rom gamomevlo jer
arsmenili qartexilebi cecxlTa fenisa da mometana saqarTveloSi simRera qveynis
gadarCenisa”.
poetis mrwamsia: “rac aireva da daireva, rac daingreva, kvlav aSendeba”
(mSvidobis wigni) da es optimisturi daskvna mravalgzis meordeba: “iyo grigali,
iyvnen ngrevani, mainc gadarCa Crdili ramxela” (operis TeatrTan) (3, 243).
galaktioni “Cveni samSoblos sanaxavidan” xedavda “sicocxlis mizans,
sicocxlis sagans, Suqs mocimcimes” (Cemi gulia dRes es Savi zRva) (3, 329),
aRmosavleTidan Wvretda ara erTi da ori mzis amosvlas (ra damSvidebiT
gadavcqeri msoflio Relvebs” (5, 265).
galaktion tabiZe amaRlebul idealebs, saRvTo saxeebs qmnida da bolomde
darCa “samoTxis hangebis”, “saedemo xmis” moTayvane, iavarqmnili sulis,
iavarqmnili taZrebis gadasarCeni gzebis maZiebeli. Tavisi didi winaprebis darad,
dacemis mizezebi man uRmerTobaSi ipova da aRdgomis gzad uflisken mibruneba
dasaxa.
197
galaktioni naTelxilvis da naTelsmenis wyalobiT Wvretda “aryofnisa” da
“yofnis wignebis” saidumloebebs da Tavis qmediT erovnul ideologias
upirvelesad RmerTis mcnebebze aSenebda, dangreulis aRdgenaSi xarjavda Tavis
Zalisxmevas.
“rwmenis taxti” edga “epoqis geds” da “gaunelebel cecxlTa da qarTa” ukurnav
wylulebs rwmeniT amarcxebda, Tanamemamuleebs “mSvidobis wignad” saxeldebuli
RmerTisken mibrunebas STaagonebda: “vidgeT gareT Tu SigniT mxolod mSvidobis
wigniT... SevxvdeT momavlis xaliss mxolod mSvidobis wigniT” (sadac ar unda
viqneT).
galaktionis esqatologiur SexedulebebSi icvleba da ingreva ca, samyaro,
xdeba totaluri dabneleba, mTeli kosmosis cvlileba, adamianTa urTierTobebSi
zneobrivi Rirebulebebis gaufasureba, magram maradiuli rCeba RmerTi _
mSvidobis wigni, igi maradiulad gvirgvinmosilia, aseve ukvdavia mSvidobis gzad
moazrebuli RmerTi: “samSoblos win yovel valTa moxdis, mSvidobis wigns
gvirgvins vervin moxdis. mSvidobis gza rom odesme mokvdes, ara, es ar SeiZleba
moxdes” (yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes).
RmerTis mSvidobis wignad da mSvidobis gzad warmodgena dafuZnebulia Zvel da
axal aRTqmaze, RvTismetyvelTa naazrevze, sasuliero poeziaze.
“mSvidobis gzis” upirvelesi wyaro esaia winaswarmetyveli unda iyos: “aspitis
kvercxebs Cekaven da obobas ablabudas qsoven. mSvidobis gzebi maT ar uwyian”
(esaia, 59, 5).
galaktioni wuxda, rom “JamT mtveriT” ifareba wigni cis da dedamiwis”
(xelovneba).
aseve, maradiulia misi “Soreuli gazafxuli”, isev RmerTis sinonimi.
literatura
1. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani or wignad, wigni I, Tb. 1988.
2. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992.
3. galaktion tabiZe, rCeuli, Tb. 1977.
4. luara sordia, qristianuli saxismetyvelebis sakiTxebi meoce saukunis
qarTul poeziaSi, Tb. 2009.
5. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I, Tb. 1993.
6. biblia or wignad, wigni II.
7. sapatriarqos uwyebani, 3-9 aprili, 2009 w. # 12.
8. luara sordia, galaktion tabiZis saxismetyvelebisa da msoflmxedvelobis
sakiTxebi, Tb. 2009.
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10. biblia or wignad, wigni I.
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2. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema,
Tb. 2000.
13. galaktion tabiZe, Txzulebani 5 tomad, t. 3, Tb. 1994.