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Brain Computer Interface
by- AMBIKA K VBE 8th Sem.
VCET,PUTTUR
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Overview
Introduction
What is BCI
History
Neuroimaging in BCIs
Architecture
Output device
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Current projects Conclusion
References
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Introduction
It is the study of brain functions
BCI are system that provide translation of theelectrical activity of the human brain intocommand which can control device in realtime.
An Electroencephalogram based Brain-
Computer-Interface (BCI) provides a newcommunication channel between the humanbrain and a computer.
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What is BCI
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI)
Interaction between the human neural system and
machines
It often aimed at assisting, augmenting or repairing
human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.
Goal
Enabling people (especially disabled) to
communicate and control devices by mere
thinking.
BCI is a control system
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History- Discovering the Basics
1924: Hans Berger discovers the EEG
Analyses the interrelation of EEG and braindiseases.
1970: First developments to use brain waves asinput
ARPA has vision of enhanced human
First step in the right direction
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History-Monkey first
1990: First successful experiments with
monkeys
Implanting electrode arrays into monkeybrains
Recording of monkeys brain waves
2000: Monkeys control robots by thoughts
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History - Humans follow
More non-invasive than invasive approaches
Brain reading by eg. EEG, MEG or fMRI
2004: First human benefits from research Matt Nagle is able to control a computer and
move a prosthetic hand
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Neuroimaging in BCIs
Reading the brain
Direct Neural
Contact
- Most accurate method
- Highly invasive
- Not possible with current
technologies
- Perhaps possible in future with e.g.
nanobots
Electroencephalogy
(EEG)
- Measures electical activity in brain
- Non-invasive
- Susceptible to noise
- Easy to use + low cost + portable
- Most commonly used device in BCIs
- It proposes 10-20 electrode
placement system
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Neuroimaging in BCIs
Reading the brain
Magnetoencephalogy
(MEG)
- Measures magnetic fields produced
by electrical activity in brain
- Non-invasive
- Very accurate
- High equiment requirements and
maintenance costs
Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
(fMRI)
- Measures blood flow in brain using
MRI (haemodynamics)
- Blood flow correlates to neural
activity
- Studies the brains function
- Very accurate
- Very high costs due to MRI
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Architecture
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Elements of a BCI
1) Signal Acquisition: the EEG signals are obtained from the brain
through invasive or non-invasive methods (for example,electrodes). After, the signal is amplified and sampled.
2) Signal processing: the signals are cleaned, they will beprocessed andclassified to find out which kind of mental task thesubject is performing.
1) Signal Pre-Processing: once the signals are acquired, it isnecessary to clean them.
2)feature extraction: emotions is one form of feature. Theyare 4 approaches.
3)pattern recognition: They are two basic reaction patterns
-Approach(love and joy): positive emotions.
-Avoidance(sorrow, fear): negative emotions.
3) Computer Interaction(output): once the signals are classified,&converted into commands, they will be usedby an appropriatedevice for the development of a certain application.
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Ouput Device
Wheel ChairAnswering yes/no questions
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Output device
Virtual Reality
U. S. Navy personnel using a virtual
reality parachute trainer
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BCI Pros/cons
Advantages:
- Increased the possibilities in treating disabilities related to
Nervous system.
- Used for Physically disabled.
- Techniques like EEG and MEG came in to existence by the
development of BCI concept
Disadvantages:
- Invasive BCI results in Scar tissues.
- Extensive training is required for user before using EEG and
other BCI components.
- BCI systems are complex and expensive
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BCI Applications
Medical applications : possibly only communicationchannel for people suffering from eg paraplegia,amyotrophia.
Human enchancement: any attempt to overcome thecurrent limitations of human cognitive and physicalabilities.
Human manipulation: a two way communication
between human and computer. Neuroprosthetics : surgically implanted devices used
as replacement for damaged neurons.
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Current Projects
Berlin Brain-Computer-Interface
Joint Venture of several German research
organisations
Supported by the Ministry of Education and
Research
Graz Brain-Computer-Interface
Wide range of research topics
Impressive combination of BCI and FES (Functional
Electrical Stimulation)
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Conclusions
Brain Computer Interface(BCI) is a method of communication
based on voluntary neural activity generated by the brain and
independent of its normal output pathways of peripheral
nervous and muscles.
The neural activity used in BCI can be recorded using invasive
or noninvasive techniques.
We can say as detection techniques and experimental designs
improve ,the BCI will improve as well and would provide
wealth alternatives for individuals to interact with their
environment.
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REFERENCES
[1] Wikipedia - internet encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-computer_interface
[2] http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-brain-
computer-interface-- 5412#ixzz1EbgIzsox
[3] IEEE Xplorer Digital Library website
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore
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Any Questions..?
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Thank You