IDEAIDEA
““Significantly sub-average Significantly sub-average intellectual functioning existing intellectual functioning existing with deficits in adaptive behavior with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the and manifested during the developmental period (before developmental period (before 18”…18”…
Intellectual Intellectual FunctioningFunctioning What is intelligence?What is intelligence?
– Different definitions and Different definitions and perspectivesperspectives
– Can your IQ change?Can your IQ change?– Measured by IQ testsMeasured by IQ tests– Solve problems, think abstractly, Solve problems, think abstractly,
remember important information, remember important information, generalize, etc.generalize, etc.
MRMR
At least 2 standard deviations At least 2 standard deviations below the meanbelow the mean
Show normal curveShow normal curve
IQ of 70 or 75 and belowIQ of 70 or 75 and below
Mental FunctioningMental Functioning
MildMild IQ 50 – 70 or 75IQ 50 – 70 or 75
ModerateModerate IQ 35 – 49IQ 35 – 49
SevereSevere IQ 20 – 34IQ 20 – 34
ProfoundProfoundIQ <20IQ <20
IQ formulaIQ formula
Traditional formula IQ = MA/CA X 100Traditional formula IQ = MA/CA X 100
Example: MA of 12, CA of 10, IQ =120Example: MA of 12, CA of 10, IQ =120
Example: MA of 5, CA of 10, IQ=50Example: MA of 5, CA of 10, IQ=50
IQ formula IQ formula continuedcontinued
Try these:Try these:
MA of 9, CA of 10, IQ = ?MA of 9, CA of 10, IQ = ?
MA of 7, CA of 12, IQ = ?MA of 7, CA of 12, IQ = ?
Adaptive BehaviorAdaptive Behavior
Skills learned by people in order Skills learned by people in order to function in everyday lifeto function in everyday life
ConceptualConceptual
Academic-Academic-related skills related skills such as such as reading, reading, writing, money writing, money concepts, and concepts, and using languageusing language
SocialSocial
Interpersonal-Interpersonal-related skills related skills such as getting such as getting along with along with others, others, following rules following rules of society, and of society, and being being responsibleresponsible
PracticalPractical
Everyday Everyday activities such as activities such as eating, dressing, eating, dressing, toileting, toileting, cooking, and cooking, and using the using the telephonetelephone
Assessing Adaptive Assessing Adaptive BehaviorBehavior Rating scales or checklists Rating scales or checklists
completed by individuals who completed by individuals who know the child wellknow the child well
Compare scores to non MR Compare scores to non MR populationpopulation
Does a weakness exist?Does a weakness exist?
Need for SupportsNeed for Supports
33rdrd component of MR component of MR
A result of impaired intellectual A result of impaired intellectual and adaptive behavior skillsand adaptive behavior skills
Different levelsDifferent levels
Level of SupportLevel of Support
Intermittent – “as needed” basisIntermittent – “as needed” basis Limited – consistency over time, Limited – consistency over time,
few staff members, not high costfew staff members, not high cost Extensive – regular involvement in Extensive – regular involvement in
some environments, more staff some environments, more staff members, greater costmembers, greater cost
Pervasive – constant support and Pervasive – constant support and highly intensive supporthighly intensive support
ExamplesExamples
Intermittent – Intermittent – counseling at the counseling at the beginning of the beginning of the school yearschool year
Limited – support Limited – support to students with to students with mild MR in mild MR in inclusion coursesinclusion courses
continuedcontinued
Extensive – Extensive – support to support to students with students with moderate MR in moderate MR in inclusion coursesinclusion courses
Pervasive – 24 Pervasive – 24 hr/7day care for hr/7day care for medically fragile medically fragile conditioncondition
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Adaptive behavior skills are Adaptive behavior skills are needed.needed.
– Focus on self-careFocus on self-care
– Learn social skills with reciprocal Learn social skills with reciprocal relationshipsrelationships
Characteristics Characteristics continuedcontinued Physical Development is delayed.Physical Development is delayed.
– Motor skills lackingMotor skills lacking
– Sensory impairment commonSensory impairment common
Characteristics Characteristics continuedcontinued Health Care Needs are often Health Care Needs are often
extensive.extensive.
– Many are medically fragileMany are medically fragile– May need clean and intermittent May need clean and intermittent
catheterization, gastrostomy tube catheterization, gastrostomy tube feeding, respiratory ventilation, feeding, respiratory ventilation, medicationsmedications
– Seizures are commonSeizures are common
Characteristics Characteristics continuedcontinued Communication is Communication is
limited.limited.
– Eye movementsEye movements– NoisesNoises– Communication Communication
boardsboards– Sign LanguageSign Language
Causes of MRCauses of MR
May be classified May be classified as:as:
< prenatal (before < prenatal (before birth)birth)
< perinatal (during < perinatal (during birth process)birth process)
< postnatal (after < postnatal (after birth)birth)
Biomedical CausesBiomedical Causes
Examples:Examples:
– Fragile X syndromeFragile X syndrome
– Down Syndrome: extra chromosomeDown Syndrome: extra chromosome
– PKUPKU
Infections and Infections and IntoxicantsIntoxicants Examples:Examples:
– RubellaRubella– SyphilisSyphilis– Alcohol Alcohol
consumptionconsumption– Lead poisoningLead poisoning– Drug useDrug use– HIVHIV
Trauma or Physical Trauma or Physical agentagent Examples:Examples:
– Oxygen deprivationOxygen deprivation
– AccidentsAccidents
– Child abuseChild abuse
PsychosocialPsychosocial
Examples:Examples:
– Impoverished environmentImpoverished environment
– Poor nutritionPoor nutrition
Preventative Preventative StrategiesStrategies Early prenatal counselingEarly prenatal counseling Avoid sexually transmitted Avoid sexually transmitted
diseasesdiseases Infant screeningInfant screening Proper child nutritionProper child nutrition Prevent lead poisoningPrevent lead poisoning Early intervention programsEarly intervention programs
Prevention Strategies Prevention Strategies continuedcontinued Remove Remove
environmental environmental toxinstoxins
Vaccinate childrenVaccinate children Genetic Genetic
counselingcounseling Access to health Access to health
carecare OthersOthers
Some Teaching Ideas Some Teaching Ideas (mild)(mild) AccommodationsAccommodations
Task analysisTask analysis
Frequent positive reinforcementFrequent positive reinforcement
VisualsVisuals
continuedcontinued
Frequent reviewFrequent review
Pre teach vocabulary and conceptsPre teach vocabulary and concepts
Demonstrations/examples/modelingDemonstrations/examples/modeling
At times, alternative assignmentAt times, alternative assignment
Some Teaching Ideas Some Teaching Ideas (moderate)(moderate) Individualized Individualized
assignmentsassignments
Paraprofessional or Paraprofessional or assistant or buddy assistant or buddy systemsystem
Social skills Social skills instructioninstruction
Other therapies, as Other therapies, as per IEPper IEP
continuedcontinued
Structure and Structure and consistencyconsistency
Functional focusFunctional focus
Adjusted gradingAdjusted grading
Classroom climate Classroom climate of acceptanceof acceptance
To RememberTo Remember
MR can be mild, moderate, or MR can be mild, moderate, or severe/profoundsevere/profound
IQ and adaptive behavior must be IQ and adaptive behavior must be impairedimpaired
IQ = 2 or more SD below the meanIQ = 2 or more SD below the mean