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ADAI Associao para o Desenvolvimento Aerodinmico Industrial
Adlio Rodrigues Gaspar
Francisco Bispo Lamas
Sara Carvalho Francisco
Nilton Janicas Oliveira
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SEBSEB Simulation of Energy in Bui ldingsSimulation of Energy in Buildings
-- A s s o c i a oA s s o c i a o p a r ap a r a oo D e s e n v o l v i m e n t oD e s e n v o l v i m e n t o d ad a A e r o d i n m i c aA e r o d i n m i c a I n d u s t r i a lI n d u s t r i a l
Adlio Rodrigues [email protected]
Francisco Bispo [email protected]
Module 7
Airflow: zone infiltrations
and ventilation
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Airflow
is animportant characteristicof energy consumption in buildings:
airflow between zones;
and airflow due to natural ventilation;
mechanical ventilation.
Airflow: standard parameterization of infiltrations and ventilation.
Airflow Network:advanced modeling of airflows driven by wind and a forced
air distribution system.
Airflow
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Building energy breakdown of an office building Airflow
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Zone Infiltration
Infiltration is the unintended flow of air from the outdoor environment directly into a
thermal zone.
Caused by:
the opening and closing of exterior doors;
cracks around windows;
very small amounts through building elements.
Different methods:
Design Flow Rate
Effective Leakage Area
Flow Coefficient
Airflow
for smaller,
residential-type
buildings
)()())(( 2WSDWSCTTBAFIonInfiltratiodbzonescheduledesign
2)(1000
)( WSCTCA
FonInfiltrati WSLschedule
222 )()( nW
n
Sschedule WSscCTcCFonInfiltrati
Eq. for design flow rate method:
Eq. for effective leakage area:
Eq. for flow coefficient:
WS: wind speed
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Design Flow Rate
Values for thecoefficients:
chapter 26 of theASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.
the EnergyPlus defaults: 1,0,0,0 which give a constant volume flow of infiltration
under all conditions.
the BLAST defaults: 0.606, 0.03636, 0.1177, 0.
The DOE-2 defaults (adjusted to SI units):0, 0, 0.224, 0.
Airflow Zone Infiltration
)()())(( 2
WSDWSCTTBAFIonInfiltrati odbzonescheduledesign
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Design Flow Rate
ZoneorZoneList Name:
to link a Zoneor ZoneList;
ZoneList can be used with the flow/area, flow/exteriorarea, flow/exteriorwallarea, or
airchanges/hour of the Design Flow Rate Calculation Method.
Schedule Name: The name of the schedule thatmodifies the maximum design volume
flow rate(Idesign). This fraction between 0.0 and 1.0 is noted asFschedule in the above
equation.
Design Flow Rate Calculation Method:
flow/area; flow/exterior area;
flow/exterior wall area;
air-changes/hour
Airflow Zone Infiltration
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Design Flow Rate
Design Flow Rate (m3/s):denotes the full design volume flow rate. The design
volume flow rate (noted as Idesign in the above equation) is the maximum
amount of infiltration expectedat design conditions.
Flow per Zone Floor Area and Flow per Exterior Surface Area (m3/s-m2):used,
along with the Zone Area or Exterior Surface Area to determine the maximum
Design Flow Rate.
Air Changes per Hour: used, along with the Zone Volume to determine the
maximum Design Flow Rate.
Airflow Zone Infiltration
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Design Flow Rate
Constant Term Coefficient (A):function of environmental factors. This parameter, however, is a
constant under all conditionsand is not modified by any environmental effect. As a result, it is
dimensionless.
Temperature Term Coefficient (B):function ofenvironmental factors. This parameter ismodified by
the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air dry-bulb temperatures. The units
for this parameter are inverse Celsius.
Velocity Term Coefficient (C):function ofenvironmental factors.This parameter ismodified by the
speed of windbeing experienced outside the building. The units for this parameter are s/m.
Velocity Squared Term Coefficient (D): function of environmental factors. This parameter is
modified by square of the speed of windbeing experienced outside the building. The units for this
parameter are s2/m2.
Airflow Zone Infiltration
)()())(( 2WSDWSCTTBAFIonInfiltratiodbzonescheduledesign
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
For smaller, residential-type buildings
Effective Leakage Area 1
Flow Coefficient 2
T is the average difference between zone air temperature and the outdoor air
temperature
1 Developed by Sherman and Grimsrud (1980)
2 Based on AIM-2 model by Walker and Wilson (1998)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
2)(
1000)( WSCTCA
FonInfiltratiWS
L
schedule
222
)()( n
W
n
Sschedule WSscCTcCFonInfiltrati
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Effective Leakage Area
Effective Air Leakage Area (AL) (cm2, at 4 Pa):can be obtained from a whole-
building pressure test (eg. blower door test) or ASHRAE Handbook of
Fundamentals. The value should correspond to a pressure difference of 4 Pa.
Stack Coefficient 1 (CS) - (L/s)2/(cm4K)
1Tipical values listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 and 2001)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
2)(1000
)( WSCTCAFonInfiltrati WSLschedule
One story house 0.00014
Two story house 0.000290
Three story house 0.000435
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Effective Leakage Area
1Tipical values listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 chapter 27; 2001, Chapter 26)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
Shelter class Description1 No obstructions or local shielding
2 Typical shelter for an isolated rural house
3 Typical shelter caused by other buildings across the street
4 Typical shelter for urban buildings on larger lots
5 Typical shelter produced by buildings that are immediately adjacent
Shelter
class
One story
house
Two story
house
Three story
house
1 0.000319 0.000420 0.000494
2 0.000246 0.000325 0.000382
3 0.000174 0.000231 0.000271
4 0.000104 0.000137 0.000161
5 0.000032 0.000042 0.000049
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Flow Coefficient
Note:the coefficients for the Flow Coefficient model are not interchangeable with the similarly named coefficients in the Effective
Leakage Area model
Flow Coefficient (c) (m3/(sPan)):can bedetermined from the effective leakage area
andwhole-building pressure test(eg. blower door test).
Stack Coefficient1 (CS) - (Pa/K)n
Pressure Exponent (n):generally lies between 0.6 and 0.7 with a typical value of n = 0.67
for the enhanced model
1Tipical values listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 and 2001)
Airflow Zone Infiltration
222 )()( nW
n
Sschedule
WSscCTcCFonInfiltrati
With flue No Flue
One story house 0.069 0.054
Two story house 0.089 0.078
Three story house 0.107 0.098
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Wind Coefficient 1 (CW) ((Pa.s)2/m2)n
Shelter Factor 1 (s)
1Tipical values listed in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (2005 chapter 27; 2001, Chapter 26)2See effective Leakage Area model
Airflow Zone Infiltration
One story house Two story house Three story house
Basement/slab; With Flue 0.142 0.156 0.167
Basement/slab; No Flue 0.156 0.170 0.170
Crawlspace; With Flue 0.128 0.142 0.154
Crawlspace; No Flue 0.128 0.142 0.151
Basement/slab; With Flue 0.142 0.156 0.167
Shelter class 2 No Flue One story house Two story house Three story house
1 1.00 1.10 1.07 1.06
2 0.90 1.02 0.98 0.97
3 0.70 0.86 0.81 0.79
4 0.50 0.70 0.64 0.61
5 0.30 0.54 0.47 0.43
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Portuguese regulation for residential
buildings
Region A - Generality of the territory, except
Region B
Region B - Azores, Madeira and locations at 5
km along the coast and / or altitude above
600m
Airflow Zone Infiltration
Hight above
Ground
Region A Region B
I II III I II III
10 m Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3
>10 m and 18 m Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 3
>18 m and 28 m Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 4 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 4
>28 m and 80 m Exp 3 Exp 4 Exp 4 Exp 3 Exp 4 Exp 4
Roughness I Roughness II Roughness III
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Portuguese regulation for residential buildings
Openings not self-regulating: RPH + 0.10
Glazing area > 15% of floor area: RPH + 0.10
Sealed doors: RPH - 0.05 (but always 0.60).
Class ofExposition
Air permeability of frames (according EN12207)
Without
Classification
Blind box
Class 1
Blind box
Class 2
Blind box
Class 3
Blind boxNP1037-1
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
0.6
1Yes 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75 0,80 0,70 0,75 0,65
No 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75
2Yes 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75 0,80 0,70
No 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80
3Yes 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80 0,85 0,75
No 1,10 1,00 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85
4Yes 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90 0,95 0,85 0,90 0,80
No 1,15 1,05 1,10 1,00 1,05 0,95 1,00 0,90
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Ventilation
is thepurposeful flow of airfrom the outdoor environment directly into a thermal zone
in order toprovide:
some amount ofnon-mechanical cooling;
the needed fresh air for IAQ requirements.
Can becontrolled by a scheduleand through thespecification of minimum, maximum
and delta temperatures. The temperatures can be either single constant values for the
entire simulation or schedules which can vary over time.
For more advancedventilation calculations useEnergyPlus Airflow Network.
Airflow Ventilation
)()())(( 2WSDWSCTTBAFVnVentilatioodbzonescheduledesign
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Design Flow Rate Calculation Method
flow/zone; flow/area; flow/person; airchanges/hour
Design Flow Rate (m3/s):denotes the full design volume flow rate. The design volume flow rate
(noted as Vdesignin the above equation) is the maximum amount of ventilation expectedat design
conditions.
m3/(h.person) m3/(h.m2)
Airflow Ventilation
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Ventilation Type
Natural
Air movement/exchange result ofopenings in the building
faade;
Do notconsumes fan energy;
Theconditions of the air enteringthe space are assumed to beequivalent to outside air
conditions;
Values forfan pressure and efficiency for natural ventilation are ignored.
Airflow Ventilation
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Ventilation Type (cont.)
Exhaust or Intake
Values for fan pressure and efficiency define thefan electric consumption;
For exhaust ventilation: the conditions of the air entering the space are assumed to be
equivalent to outside air conditions;
For intake ventilation: an appropriate amount offan heat is added to the entering air
stream.
Pfan - fan pressure rise (Pa);
Qfan -fan flow at std conditions (m3/s);
Hfan - fan shaft power (W).
Airflow Ventilation
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Ventilation Type (cont.)
Balanced
An appropriate amount of fan heat is added to the entering air stream;
Both an intake fan and an exhaust fan are assumed to co-exist, both having the same flow
rate and power consumption.
Fan Pressure Rise - Pascals (N/m2): this is a function of
the fan and plays a role in determining the amount of
energy consumed by the fan.
Fan Total Efficiency (0.0 1.0): this is a function of
the fan and plays a role in determining the amount of
energy consumed by the fan.
Airflow Ventilation
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M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Minimum Indoor Temperature (-100.0 to 100.0C): indoor temperature
(C)belowwhichventilation is shutoff. The default valueis -100.0Cif the field is left blank.
This lower temperature limit is intended to avoid overcooling a space.
Minimum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name:defines the name of a schedule which contains
the minimum indoor temperature (C) below which ventilation is shutoff as a function of time.
This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Minimum Indoor
Temperaturefield.
Maximum Indoor Temperature (-100.0 to 100.0 C): indoor temperature (C)abovewhich
ventilation is shutoff. The default value is 100.0C if the field is left blank. This upper
temperature limit is intended to avoid overheating a space.
Maximum Indoor Temperature Schedule Name: defines the name of a schedule whichcontains the minimum indoor temperature (C) below which ventilation is shutoff as a function
of time. This field is an optional field and has the same functionality as the Maximum Indoor
Temperaturefield.
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-- A s s o c i a oA s s o c i a o p a r ap a r a oo D e s e n v o l v i m e n t oD e s e n v o l v i m e n t o d ad a A e r o d i n m i c aA e r o d i n m i c a I n d u s t r i a lI n d u s t r i a l 2 52 5
M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Maximum Outdoor Temperature (-100.0 100.0 C): outdoor
temperature(C)abovewhich ventilationis shutoff.
Maximum Outdoor Temperature Schedule Name:This field is an optional field and has
the same functionality as the Maximum Outdoor Temperature field.
Maximum Wind Speed (m/s):This field is the wind speedabovewhich ventilation isshut
off. Thiscan help simulateconditions where one would normallyclose windows to avoid
chaosin a space (papers blowing around, etc.).
Airflow Ventilation
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-- A s s o c i a oA s s o c i a o p a r ap a r a oo D e s e n v o l v i m e n t oD e s e n v o l v i m e n t o d ad a A e r o d i n m i c aA e r o d i n m i c a I n d u s t r i a lI n d u s t r i a l 2 62 6
M o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o nM o d u l e 7 : A i r f l o w : z o n e i n f i l t r a t io n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n
Other options:
WindandStackOpenArea: For this model, the
ventilation air flow rate is a function of wind speed and
thermal stack effect, along with the area of the openingbeing modeled.
ZoneAirBalance:OutdoorAir: This model calculates a
combined zone outdoor airflow by including
interactions between mechanical ventilation,
infiltration and duct leakage. It is mainly applied to a
single zone (e.g., residential) building. The modelcombines all outdoor airflows from ZoneInfiltration and
ZoneVentilation objects in the same zone.
ZoneMixing: In EnergyPlus, the ZoneMixing syntax is
intended to allow simplified treatment of air exchange
between zones. Note that this statement only affects
the energy balance of the receiving zone and that thisstatement will not produce any effect on the source
zone. Mixing statements can be complementary and
include multiple zones, but the balancing of flows
between zones is left to the users discretion.
ZoneCrossMixing: The ZoneCrossMixing syntax is
ideally suited for two zones that exchange an equalamount of air between each other and do not have any
air exchange with other zones.
ZoneRefrigerationDoorMixing: The ZoneRefrigeration
DoorMixing syntax is ideally suited for two zones, at
least one of which is refrigerated, that exchange an
equal amount of dry air. They may also have mixed airfrom other zones, but only one object should be
entered for any one pair of zones.
CalcSoilSurfTemp Auxiliary Programs Document: The
CalcSoilSurfTemp program is simple and requires only
two input fields : soil condition and soil surface
condition in addition to a valid weather file.ZoneCoolTower:Shower
ZoneThermalChimney
Airflow Ventilation
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