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ICBM- SCHOOL OF BUISNESS EXCELLENCE
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
STUDY ON CAPITAL MARKET OF INDIA AND COMPARISON
BETWEEN ONLINE TRADING V/S OFFLINE TRADING
AT
BY
AJAY KUMAR
FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE
DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED TO
ICBM-SCHOOL OF BUISNESS EXCELLENCE, HYDERABAD
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER :1
DECLARATION
CERTICATE FROM THE ORGANIZATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
LIMITATIONS
NEED OF THE STUDY
COMPANY PROFILE
CHAPTER:2
INTRODUCTION
CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
PARAMETERS TO JUDGE IPO
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER:3
CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA : IMPACT AND FACTORS
IMPACTS OF CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA
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FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL MARKET IN INDIA
ONLINE TRADING AND OFFLINE TRADING
CHAPTER:4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER:5
FINDINGS
SUGGESTIONS
APPENDIX
CHAPTER:6
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project on STUDY ON CAPITAL MARKET IN
INDIA AND COMPARISON BETWEEN ONLINE TRADING V/S
OFFLINE TRADING is completely my work. It has been submitted to ICBM-
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS EXCELLENCE for partial fulfillment of the educational
session and allotment of marks.
AJAY KUMAR
PGDM (09/03)
ICBM- SBE
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CERTICATE FROM THE ORGANIZATION
This is to certify that the project entitled, STUDY ON CAPITALMARKET OF INDIA AND COMPARISON BETWEEN ONLINE TRADING
V/S OFFLINE TRADING is a bonafide record of Interim report
carried out by AJAY KUMAR, Roll No.09/03 at ICBM-SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS EXCELLENCE, HYDERABAD, has successfully completed
her summer training project for a period of 8 weeks from 17th May
2010.He has worked sincerely in this duration and has completed
the project successfully.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank Mr. AATISH GUPTA, vice president, INDIABULLS
for giving me this opportunity to work in his esteemed
organization and helping me for completing the project in a
successful manner.
I am also thankful to Professor S Zaraar,principal and
director of ICBM- School of Business Excellence for guiding me
during the project work and giving me some valuable tips aboutthe market condition of mutual fund . I am thankful to Professor S
Nayar, Head of department of strategic research who is always
ready to help me.
I am very thankful to ICBM-SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
EXCELLENCE, HYDERABAD, for helping me in resolving every
issue. My regards to my faculty guide Prof. ANNIE KAVITA for
guiding me and clarifying the doubts in area of my project work.
Last but not least, I am very thankful to ICBM-SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS EXCELLENCE (staff) for helping me in resolving all the
issues.
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AJAYKUMAR
PGDM (09/03)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As per the title suggest the project report has been prepared regarding the study on
capital market and comparison between online trading v/s offline trading. Online
trading was initiated by NSE in india and soon after the other exchanges also
followed it. There was a major boom in year 2000 when lots of online trading
companies came with a bang but only few were survived because of lack of
computer knowledge and low internet penetration.
There are two types of online trading companies one is the banking online trading
companies and the other is non-banking trading.Today online trading contributes are about 8-10%. It is continuosly growing and
has a huge market potential.
Major findings indicates that out of a survey of 100 respondents it was seen that
most of the investors prefer online trading because of few major factors such as
time saving , convenience etc. although during my research project I have seen
that most of the respondents feel online trading , a secure way of investing into
stock market still a few of them feel it unsafe and a bit complicated but they posses
information about online trading.
Today the online trading companies having cut throat competition in our offering
whose brokerage discounts lower margin money and zero balance accounts.
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Due to rising education awareness and use of internet there is a huge potential for
online trading in future and companies must come pu with innovative offerings in
capture the untapped market.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is doing an in depth study of capital market
and online V/s offline trading by taking sample of investors view .
To know that which trading is good for investors : online or offline trading .
To asses an awareness of online trading and offline trading.
Which of the parties involved in capital market.
To determine the growth and development of online and offline trading.
To understand the customer perception of online trading and offline trading.
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Since the year 2000 a big boom has been witnessed in the Indian
Stock Market when the market showed the coming up of Online
Trading System. Many online stock trading companies came but
initially due to lack of online trading some companies vanished
and some survived. The companies which survived are getting the
handsome returns also attracting the foreign Investment
Companies. Now a days this sector is facing cut-throat
competition and also provides huge growth prospects. The studythen goes to evaluate and analyze the findings so as to present a
clear picture of the trends in the online trading sector.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The 100 people have been interviewed through various sources and their responses
have been analyzed. This data can be explorated to take in the trends all Indian
online and offline stock trading industry.
The significance for the industry lies in studying the growth trends that emerge
from the study. It is one of the fastest growing and evolving sectors.
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LIMITATIONS
The various limitations of the study are :
There is a lack of awareness among people about investing in stock market .
so the people who are aware of such things were found in specific areas for
survey purposes.
Most people are comfortable with traditional system in small towns and like
to trade from their respective brokers , hence not providing a true opinion of
theirs.
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Some of the respondents who did not do online trading were able to respond
to only some questions.
The survey was done in Hyderabad and may not truly express the opinion of
whole country.
NEED OF THE STUDY
During my studies I knew something about the company, but now I have
specialized in a particular department for gaining industrial knowledge about
financial department for further continuation of my studies.
Because all departments will not give overall up to date knowledge about industry,
if we went for particular department overall functioning of department will come to
know. This company is one of the leading and professionally managed stock
broking firm involved in quality services and research.
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COMPANY PROFILE
Indiabulls Group is one of Indias top business houses with businesses spread overReal Estate, Infrastructure, Financial Services, Securities, Retail, Multiplex and
Power sectors. The group companies are listed on important Indian and Overseasmarkets. Indiabulls has been conferred the status of a Business Super brand byThe Brand Council, Super brands India.
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To be the largest and most profitable financialservices organization in Indian retail market and become one stop shop for all non
banking financial products and services for the retail customers.
Rapidly increase the number of client relationships byproviding a broad array of product offering to emerge as a clear market leader.
Indiabulls Group has five separately listed companies withsubsidiaries which contributed in enhancing scope and profile of the business.
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Top Indiabulls Financial Services Limited
Indiabulls Financial Services Limited was incorporated on January 10, 2000 as M/sOrbis Infotech Private Limited at New Delhi under the Companies Act, 1956. Thename of company was changed to M/s. Indiabulls Financial Services PrivateLimited on March 16, 2001. In the year 2004, Indiabulls came up with it own
public issue & became a public limited company on February 27, 2004. The nameof company was changed to M/s. Indiabulls Financial Services Limited.
The company was promoted by three engineers from IIT Delhi, and has attractedmore than Rs.700 million as investments from venture capital, private equity andinstitutional investors and has developed significant relationships with largecommercial banks such as Citibank, HDFC Bank, Union Bank, ICICI Bank, ABNAmro Bank, Standard Chartered Bank and IL&FS.
Mr. Rajiv RattanCo-Founder &
Vice Chairman
(Indiabulls Group)
Mr. Sameer GelhautChairman
(Indiabulls Group)
Mr. Saurabh K MittalDirector
(Indiabulls Group)
The company headquarters are co-located in Mumbai and Delhi, allowing it toaccess the two most important regions for Indian financial markets, The marketingand sales efforts are headquartered out of Mumbai, with a regional headquarter in
Delhi. Back office, risk management, internal finances etc. are headquartered outof Delhi/NCR allowing the company to scale these processes efficiently for thenationwide network.
Company is listed on:
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National Stock Exchange Bombay Stock Exchange Luxemburg Stock Exchange
Market capitalization:
Over 7 Billion USD
Net worth
Over 2.5 Billion USD
Highest Ratings from CRISIL CRISIL is India's leading ratings, research, riskand policy advisory company
Broad array of product offering
1. Consumer Finance2. Housing Finance3. Commercial Loans4. Life Insurance5. Asset Management
6. Advisory Services
Top Strategic Updates
Indiabulls Financial Services Limited (IBFSL) completed the de-merger ofits real estate business into a separate publicly traded company, (IBREL)unlocked over Rs. 10000 crore of shareholder wealth.
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De-merger: De-merger of Indiabulls Securities Limited from IndiabullsFinancial Services Limited. Each shareholder of Indiabulls FinancialServices Limited received a share of Indiabulls Securities Limited.
SARFAESI Act Notification: Indiabulls Housing Finance Limited, a
wholly owned subsidiary of Indiabulls Financial Services Limited has beennotified as a Financial Institution for the purpose of SARFAESI Act, 2002.This notification is being effectively used by the company to yield positiveresults in speedy recoveries of delinquent mortgage loans.
New Business Venture Updates:
Life Insurance Venture: Indiabulls Financial Services Limited (IBFSL) hasentered into an MOU with Sogecap, the insurance arm of Societe Generale(SocGen) for its upcoming life insurance joint venture. Sogecap will investRs 150 crore to subscribe to 26% of the paid up capital in the joint venture.
Commodities Exchange (ICEX) : a screen based on-line derivativesexchange for commodities and has established a reliable, time tested, and atransparent trading platform. It is also in the process of putting in placerobust assaying and warehousing facilities in order to facilitate deliveries.ICEX is promoted by Indiabulls Financial Services and MMTC.
Asset Management Business: Indiabulls Financial Services Limitedproposes to set up an asset management company to manage mutual fundsand has applied to SEBI for its approval and the same is awaited.
Indiabulls Real Estate Limited
Indiabulls stepped into the real estate market as Indiabulls Real Estate Limited(IREL) in 2005. A joint venture between Indiabulls and a US based investmentmajor Farallon Capital Management LLC resulted in bringing FDI (Foreign DirectInvestment) for the first time in the Indian real estate market. Another joint ventureamongst Indiabulls and DLF, Kenneth Builders and Developers (KBD), has
brought up projects for development of residential apartments.
Our Projects:
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Indiabulls is currently evaluating many large-scale projects worth several hundredmillion dollars.
1. One Indiabulls Centre2. Indiabulls Central Park3. Central Park Madurai4. Central Park Hyderabad5. Castlewood6. Indiabulls Finance Center7. HighStreet Vadodara8. Central Park Vadodara9. Indiabulls Greens10.Centrum Park11.Indiabulls Riverside12.Gurgoan Housing
13.Sonepat Township14.Chennai Township15.Indiabulls Greens Panvel16.Mumbai Township17.Nashik SEZ18.Raigarh SEZ19.Goa Luxury Resort
Indiabulls Power Limited
Indiabulls Power Limited was established in 2007 to capitalize on emergingopportunities in the Indian power sector. It develops and intends to operate andmaintain power projects in India. Indiabulls is currently developing five thermal
power projects with an aggregate capacity of approximately 6600 MW. Theseprojects include:
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- Amravati Phase-I (1320 MW)
- Amravati Phase-II (1320 MW)
- Nasik (1335 MW) in Maharashtra
- Bhaiyathan Thermal Power Project (1320 MW)
- Chhattisgarh Power Project (1320 MW)
In addition to the above Indiabulls is also developing four medium size HydroPower Projects in Arunachal Pradesh aggregating to 167 MW.
Indiabulls Securities Limited
Indiabulls Securities Limited is the jewel in the crown of Indiabulls group.
Indiabulls Securities Limited is Indias leading capital markets company with All-India presence and an extensive client base. Indiabulls Securities is the first andonly brokerage house in India to be assigned the highest rating BQ 1 by CRISIL.Indiabulls Securities Limited is listed on NSE, BSE & Luxembourg stockexchange.
Indiabulls also provide commodity brokerage services under Indiabulls
Commodities Limited (ICL). It deals in research work and formation of reports onagri-commodites and metals. ICL has one of the largest retail branch networks inthe country.
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Products offeredEquities and Derivatives
Offers purchase and sale of securities (stock, bonds, debentures etc.)
Broker assisted trade execution
Automated online investing
Access to all IPO's
Equity Analysis
Helps to build ideal portfolio
Satisfies need by rating stocks based on facts-based measures
Free of cost for all securities clients
Depository Services
Depository participant with NSDL and CDSL
Helps in trading and settlement of dematerialized shares
Performs clearing services for all securities transactions
Offers platform to execute trade and settle transactions
Top Sales Team Structure
Sales force in Indiabulls Securities Limited is divided into two groups. i.e. Online& Offline
Mentioned below are the names of EVP's managing respective regions
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EVP's Name
(Online)Vijay Babbar Amiteshwar Chaudhay
Prasenjeet
Mukherjee
Region
Managing NCR and UP,Punjab,Haryana,Uttranchal,
Rajasthan and Gujarat
Managing Mahrashtraand Goa, Kerala,
Karnataka, AndhraPradesh
and Tamil Nadu
Managing WestBengal,
Orissa, Bihar andJharkhand
EVP's Name
(Offline)Nirdosh Gaur
Hemanshu
Kamdar
Anirban
Bhattacharya
Manoj
Srivastava
Region
Managing NCRand Haryana
, Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh andMadhyaPradesh
Managing Bengal,Andhra Pradesh
,Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and partof Mumbai andGujarat
Managing Mumbai,Pune and other
surrounding regions
ManagingRajasthan,
part of
Gujaratand Mumbai
Top Customer Care Department Providing solution to the queries of customersas well as branches from a centralized location based out of gurgaon
Clients
Client Helpline Number 0124 - 4572444
39407777
(Local dialing from 25 cities)
Securities client can E-mail at [email protected]
Available from 25 cities: Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai,Coimbatore, Delhi, Ernakulam, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jalandhar, Kolkata, Kozhikode,
Ludhiana, Lucknow, Mumbai, Mangalore, Nashik,Pune, Salem, Surat, Vadodra,Vadodra - Alkapuri, Vishakhapatnam.
Branch
Branch Helpline Number 0124-3989444
Queries E-mail at
Funds related [email protected]
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Reallocation related [email protected]
Documents related [email protected]
Other queries except above [email protected]
Milestones Achieved
Developed one of the first internet trading platforms in India
Amongst the first to develop in-house real-time CTCL (computer tocomputer link) with NSE
Introduction of integrated accounts with automatic gateways to client bankaccounts
Development of products such as Power Indiabulls for high volume traders
Indiabulls Signature Account for self-directed investors
Indiabulls Group Professional Network for information and trading service
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INTRODUCTION
Capital Market in India
The capital market is the market for securities, where companies and
governments can raise long term funds. Selling stock and selling bonds are
two ways to generate capital and long term funds. Thus bond markets and
stock markets are considered capital markets. The capital markets consist of
the primary market, where new issues are distributed to investors, and the
secondary market, where existing securities are traded .The Indian Equity
Markets and the Indian Debt markets together form the Indian Capital markets
Indian Equity Market at present is a lucrative field for investors. Indian stocks
are profitable not only for long and medium-term investors but also theposition traders, short-term swing traders and also very short term intra-day
traders. In India as on December 30 2007, market capitalisation (BSE 500) at
US$ 1638 billion was 150 per cent of GDP, matching well with other emerging
economies and selected matured markets.
For a developing economy like India, debt markets are crucial sources of
capital funds. The debt market in India is amongst the largest in Asia. It
includes government securities, public sector undertakings, other government
bodies, financial institutions, banks and companies.
Equity market in India:-
Stock is the type of equity security with which most people are familiar.
When investors (savers) buy stock, they become owners of a "share" of a
company's assets and earnings. If a company is successful, the price that
investors are willing to pay for its stock will often rise and shareholders whobought stock at a lower price then stand to make a capital profit. If a company
does not do well, however, its stock may decrease in value and shareholders
can lose money. Stock prices are also subject to both general economic and
industry-specific market factors.
The equity market is classified as :-
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(a) Primary market
(b) Secondary market
(a) Primary market:-
The primary market provides the channel for creation of new
securities through the issuance of financial instruments by public companies
as well as government companies , bodies and agencies.
Features of primary markets are:
This is the market for new long term capital. The primary market is the
market where the securities are sold for the first time. Therefore it is
also called the New Issue Market (NIM).
In a primary issue, the securities are issued by the company directly to
investors.
The company receives the money and issues new security certificates to
the investors.
Primary issues are used by companies for the purpose of setting up new
business or for expanding or modernizing the existing business.
The primary market performs the crucial function of facilitating capitalformation in the economy.
The primary market issuance is done either through public issue or private
placement . A public issue does not limit any entity in investing while in
private placement , the issuance is done to select people. In terms of Indian
Companies Act , 1956 as issue becomes public if it results in allotment to
more than 50 persons. This means an issue resulting in allotment to less than
50 persons is private placement .
An IPO is the first sale of stock by a company to the public. In this marketcompany can raise money by issuing equity. If the company has never issued
equity to the public, it's known as an IPO. Mostly public companies go for IPO.
But large privately-owned companies may also go for an IPO to become
publicly traded. In an IPO the company offloads a certain percentage of its
total shares to the public at a certain` price In an IPO, the issuer obtains the
assistance of an underwriting firm, which helps it determine what type of
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security to issue (common or preferred), best offering price and time to bring it
to market.. Most IPOS these days do not have a fixed offer price. Instead they
follow a method called BOOK BUILDIN PROCESS, where the offer price is
placed in a band or a range with the highest and the lowest value (refer to the
newspaper clipping on the page). The public can bid for the shares at any price
in the band specified. Once the bids come in, the company evaluates all the
bids and decides on an offer price in that range. After the offer price is fixed,
the company allots its shares to the people who had applied for its shares or
returns them their money in case of non allotment of shares.
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Advantages of going public
Increased Capital
A public offering will allow a company to raise capital to use for various
corporate purposes such as working capital, acquisitions, research and
development, marketing, and expanding plant and equipment.
Liquidity
Once shares of a company are issue through an IPO & traded on a publicexchange, those shares have a market value and can be resold. This allows a
company to attract and retain employees by offering stock incentive packages
to those employees. Moreover, it also provides investors in the company the
option to trade their shares thus enhancing investor confidence.
Increased Prestige
Public companies often are better known and more visible than private
companies, this enables them to obtain a larger market for their goods or
services. Public companies are able to have access to larger pools of capital aswell as different types of capital.
Valuation
Public trading of a company's shares sets a value for the company that is set
by the public market and not through more subjective standards set by a
private valuator. This is helpful for a company that is looking for a merger or
acquisition. It also allows the shareholders to know the value of the shares.
Increased wealth
The founders of the company often have the sense of increased wealth as a
result of the IPO. Prior to the IPO these shares were illiquid and had a more
subjective price. These shares now have an ascertainable price and after any
lockup period these shares may be sold to the public, subject to limitations of
law.
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Disadvantages of going Public
Time and Expense
Conducting an IPO is time consuming and expensive. A successful IPO can take
up to a year or more to complete and a company can expect to spend large
amount of money on attorneys, accountants, and printers. In addition, the
underwriter's fees can range from 3% to 10% of the value of the offering. Due
to the time and expense of preparation of the IPO, many companies simply
cannot afford the time or spare the expense of preparing the IPO.
Disclosure
Once a company goes public it comes under the purview of SEBI . It is
supposed to file quarterly results with SEBI and follow other regulations as per
SEBI guidelines. .
Decisions based upon Stock Price
Management's decisions may be affected by the market price of the shares
and the feeling that they must get market recognition for the company's stock.
They may give more consideration to market price of the share and as a
consequence may take a decision which is not prudent & sound .
Regulatory Review
The Company will be open to review by the SEBI to ensure that the company is
making the appropriate filings with all relevant disclosures.
Falling Stock Price
If the shares of the company's stock fall, the company may lose market
confidence, decreased valuation of the company may affect lines of credits,
secondary offering pricing, the company's ability to maintain employees, and
the personal wealth of insiders and investors.
Vulnerability
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If a large portion of the company's shares are sold to the public, the company
may become a target for a takeover, causing insiders to lose control. A
takeover bid may be the result of shareholders being upset with management
or corporate raiders looking for an opportunity. Defending a hostile bid can be
both expensive and time consuming.
Parameters to judge an IPO
Good investing principles demand that you study the minutes of details prior
to investing in an IPO. Here are some parameters you should evaluate:-
Promoters
Is the company a family run business or is it professionally owned? Even
with a family run business what are the credibility and professional
qualifications of those managing the company? Do the top level managers
have enough experience (of at least 5 years) in the specific type of business?
Industry Outlook
The products or services of the company should have a good demand
and scope for profit.
Business Plans
Check the progress made in terms of land acquisition, clearances from
various departments, purchase of machinery, letter of credits etc. A higher
initial investment from the promoters will lead to a higher faith in the
organization.
Financials
Why does the company require the money? Is the company floating
more equity than required? What is the debt component? Keep a track on the
profits, growth and margins of the previous years. A steady growth rate is the
quality of a fundamentally sound company. Check the assumptions thepromoters are making and whether these assumptions or expectations sound
feasible.
Risk Factors
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The offer documents will list our specific risk factors such as the
companys liabilities, court cases or other litigations. Examine how these
factors will affect the operations of the company.
Key Names
Every IPO will have lead managers and merchant bankers. You can
figure out the track record of the merchant banker through the SEBI website.
Pricing
Compare the companys PER with that of similar companies. With this
you can find out the P/E Growth ratio and examine whether its earning
projections seem viable.
Listing
You should have access to the brokers of the stock exchanges where the
company will be listing itself.
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Secondary market:-
Secondary market is the market for buying and selling securities of the
existing companies. Under this, securities are traded after being initiallyoffered to the public in the primary market and/or listed on the stock
exchange. The stock exchanges are the exclusive centres for trading of
securities. It is a sensitive barometer and reflects the trends in the economy
through fluctuations in the prices of various securities. It been defined as, "a
body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of
assisting, regulating and controlling the business of buying, selling and dealing
in securities". There are 23 stock exchanges in India. Listing on stock
exchanges enables the shareholders to monitor the movement of the share
prices in an effective manner. This assist them to take prudent decisions on
whether to retain their holdings or sell off or even accumulate further.
However, to list the securities on a stock exchange, the issuing company has
to go through set norms and procedures.
Various aspects of secondary/ stock market in India :-
(a) Corporate Securities:The stock exchanges are the exclusive centres for trading of securities.
Though the area of operation/jurisdiction of an exchange is specified at the
time of its recognition, they have been allowed recently to set up trading
terminals anywhere in the country. The three newly set up exchanges (OTCEI,
NSE and ICSE) were permitted since their inception to have nation wide
trading. The trading platforms of a few exchanges are now accessible
from many locations. Further, with extensive use of information
technology, the trading platforms of a few exchanges are also
accessible from anywhere through the Internet and mobile devices. This
made a huge difference in a geographically vast country like India.
(b) Exchange Management :
Most of the stock exchanges in the country are organised as Mutuals which
was considered beneficial in terms of tax benefits and matters of
compliance. The trading members, who provide brokering services, also
own,control and manage the exchanges. This is not an effective model for self
-regulatory organisations as the regulatory and public interest of
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the exchange conflicts with private interests. Efforts are on to
demutualise the exchanges whereby ownership, management and trading
membership would be segregated from one another. Two exchanges
viz. OTCEI and NSE are demutualised from inception, where ownership,
management and trading are in the hands of three different sets of
people. This model eliminates conflict of interest and helps the
exchange to pursue market efficiency and investor interest aggressively.
(c) Membership :
The trading platform of an exchange is accessible only to brokers. The broker
enters into trades in exchanges either on his own account or on behalf
of clients. No stock broker or sub-broker is allowed to buy, sell or deal in
securities, unless he or she holds a certificate of registration granted by SEBI.
A broker/sub-broker complies with the code of conduct prescribed by
SEBI. Over time, a number of brokers - proprietor firms and partnership firms -have converted themselves into corporates. The standards for
admission of members stress on factors, such as corporate structure, capital
adequacy, track record, education, experience, etc. and reflect a conscious
endeavour to ensure quality broking services.
(d) Listing:
A company seeking listing satisfies the exchange that at least 10% of the
securities, subject to a minimum of 20 lakh securities, were offered to public
for subscription, and the size of the net offer to the public (i.e. theoffer price multiplied by the number of securities offered to the
public, excluding reservations, firm allotment and promoters' contribution)
was not less than Rs. 100 crore, and the issue is made only through
book building method with allocation of 60% of the issue size to the
qualified institutional buyers. In the alternative, it is required to offer
at least 25% of the securities to public.
The company is also required to maintain the minimum level of non -
promoter holding on a continuous basis. In order to provide an opportunity to
investors to invest/trade in the securities of local companies, it ismandatory for the companies, wishing to list their securities, to list on
the regional stock exchange nearest to their registered office. If they so
wish, they can seek listing on other exchanges as well. Monopoly of the
exchanges within their allocated area, regional aspirations of the people
and mandatory listing on the regional stock exchange resulted in
multiplicity of exchanges. The basic norms for listing of securities on the stock
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exchanges are uniform for all the exchanges. These norms are specified in
the listing agreement entered into between the company and the concerned
exchange. The listing agreement prescribes a number of requirements to be
continuously complied with by the issuers for continued listing and such
compliance is monitored by the exchanges. It also stipulates the
disclosures to be made by the companies and the corporate governance
practices to be followed by them. SEBI has been issuing
guidelines/circulars prescribing certain norms to be included in the listing
agreement and to be complied with by the companies.
A listed security is available for trading on the exchange. The stock
exchanges levy listing fees - initial fees and annual fees - from the listed
companies. It is a major source of income for many exchanges.
A security listed on other exchanges is also permitted for trading. A
listed company can voluntary delist its securities from non-regional stock
exchanges after providing an exit opportunity to holders of securities in
the region where the concerned exchange is located. An exchange can,
however, delist the securities compulsorily following a very stringent
procedure.
(e) Trading Mechanism:
The exchanges provide an on-line fully-automated Screen Based
Trading System (SBTS) where a member can punch into the computerquantities of securities and the prices at which he likes to transact and
the transaction is executed as soon as it finds a matching order from
a counter party. SBTS electronically matches orders on a strict price/time
priority and hence cuts down on time, cost and risk of error, as well as on
fraud resulting in improved operational efficiency. It allows faster
incorporation of price sensitive information into prevailing prices, thus
increasing the informational efficiency of markets. It enables market
participants to see the full market on real-time, making the market
transparent. It allows a large number of participants, irrespective of
their geographical locations, to trade with one another
simultaneously, improving the depth and liquidity of the market. It provides
full anonymity by accepting orders, big or small, from members without
revealing their identity, thus providing equal access to everybody. It also
provides a perfect audit trail, which helps to resolve disputes by logging
in the trade execution process in entirety.
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(f) Trading Rules:Regulations have been framed to prevent insider trading as well as
unfair trade practices. The acquisitions and takeovers are permitted in a
well- defined and orderly manner. The companies are permitted to buy
back their securities to improve liquidity and enhance the shareholders'wealth.
(g) Price Bands :
Stock market volatility is generally a cause of concern for
both policy makers as well as investors. To curb excessive volatility,
SEBI has prescribed a system of price bands. The price bands or circuit
breakers bring about a coordinated trading halt in all equity and equity
derivatives markets nation-wide. An index-based market-wide circuit breaker
system at three stages of the index movement either way at 10%, 15% and20% has been prescribed. The movement of either S&P CNX Nifty or
Sensex, whichever is breached earlier, triggers the breakers. As an
additional measure of safety, individual scrip-wise price bands of 20%
either way have been imposed for all securities except those available for
stock options.
(h) Demat Trading:
The Depositories Act, 1996 was passed to proved for the
establishment of depositories in securities with the objective of ensuring
free transferability of securities with speed, accuracy and security by :-
(i) making securities of public limited companies freely transferable
subject to
certain exceptions;
(ii) dematerialising the securities in the depository mode; and
(iii) providing for maintenance of ownership records in a book entry
form.
In order to streamline both the stages of settlement process, the Act
envisages transfer of ownership of securities electronically by book entry
without making the securities move from person to person. Two
depositories, viz. NSDL and CDSL, have come up to provide instantaneous
electronic transfer of securities. At the end of March 2002, 4,172 and
4,284 companies were connected to NSDL and CDSL respectively. The
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number of dematerialised securities increased to 56.5 billion at the end
of March 2002. As on the same date, the value of dematerialsied
securities was Rs. 4,669 billion and the number of investor accounts was
4,605,588. All actively traded scrips are held, traded and settled in demat
form. Demat settlement accounts for over 99% of turnover settled by
delivery. This has almost eliminated the bad deliveries and associated
problems. To prevent physical certificates from sneaking into circulation, it has
been mandatory for all new IPOs to be compulsorily traded in
dematerialised form. The admission to a depository for dematerialisation of
securities has been made a prerequisite for making a public or rights issue or
an offer for sale. It has also been made compulsory for public listed companies
making IPO of any security for Rs. 10 crore or more to do the same only in
dematerialised form.
(i) Charges:
A stock broker is required to pay a registration fee of Rs.5, 000
every financial year, if his annual turnover does not exceed Rs. 1 crore.
If the turnover exceeds Rs. 1 crore during any financial year, he has to pay Rs.
5,000 plus one-hundredth of 1% of the turnover in excess of Rs.1 crore.
After the expiry of five years from the date of initial registration as a
broker, he has to pay Rs. 5,000 for a block of five financial years. Besides,
the exchanges collect transaction charges from its trading members. NSE
levies Rs. 4 per lakh of turnover.
The maximum brokerage a trading member can levy in respect ofsecurities transactions is 2.5% of the contract price, exclusive of statutory
levies like SEBI turnover fee, service tax and stamp duty. However, brokerage
charges as low as 0.15% are also observed in the market.
(j) Trading Cycle :
Rolling settlement on T+3 basis gave way to T+2 from
April 2003. The market has moved close to spot/cash market.
(k) Risk Management :
To pre-empt market failures and protect investors, the
regulator/exchanges have developed a comprehensive risk management
system, which is constantly monitored and upgraded. It encompasses capital
adequacy of members, adequate margin requirements, limits on exposure
and turnover, indemnity insurance, on-line position monitoring and
automatic disablement, etc. They also administer an efficient market
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surveillance system to curb excessive volatility, detect and prevent price
manipulations. A clearing corporation assures the counterparty risk of
each member and guarantees financial settlement in respect of trades
executed on NSE.
Thus in a nutshell the following diagram explains what all is discussed above
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Debt Market in India:-
For a developing economy like India, debt markets are crucial sources
of capital funds. The debt market in India is amongst the largest in Asia. It
includes government securities, public sector undertakings, other government
bodies, financial institutions, banks and companies. The debt markets in Indiais divided into three segments, viz., Government Securities, Public Sector
Units (PSU) bonds, and corporate securities.
The market for Government Securities comprises the Centre, State and State-
sponsored securities. Government securities (G-secs) or gilts are sovereign
securities, which are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the
Government of India (GOI). The GOI uses these funds to meet its expenditure
commitments. The PSU bonds are generally treated as surrogates of sovereignpaper, sometimes due to explicit guarantee and often due to the comfort of
public ownership. Some of the PSU bonds are tax free, while most bonds
including government securities are not tax-free. The RBI also issues tax-free
bonds, called the 6.5% RBI relief bonds, which is a popular category of tax-free
bonds in the market. Corporate bond markets comprise of commercial paper
and bonds. These bonds typically are structured to suit the requirements of
investors and the issuing corporate, and include a variety of tailor- made
features with respect to interest payments and redemption.
Debt Market Segments
Government
Securities
PSU Bonds Corporate
Bonds
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PARTICIPANTS IN THE DEBT MARKETS
1. Central Government:-
Central government raises money through bond issuances, to fundbudgetary
deficits and other short and long term funding requirements.
2. Reserve Bank of India:-
Reserve Bank Of India (RBI), the central bank of the country, acts as
investment banker to the government, raises funds for the government
through bond and T-bill issues, and also participates in the market through
open- market operations, in the course of conduct of monetary policy.3. Primary dealers:-
Primary dealers are market intermediaries appointed by the Reserve Bank of
India who underwrite and make market in government securities
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4. State Governments, municipalities and local bodies :-
State governments , municipalities and local bodies issue securities in
the debt markets to fund their developmental projects, as well as to financetheir budgetary deficits.
5. Public sector units (PSU):-
Public Sector Units are large issuers of debt securities, for raising funds
to meet the long term and working capital needs.
6. Corporate treasuries:-
Corporate treasuries issue short and long term paper to meet the
financial requirements of the corporate sector.7. Banks:-
Commercial banks are the largest investors in the debt markets, particularly
the treasury bill and G-sec markets. They have a statutory requirement to hold
a certain percentage of their deposits (currently the mandatory requirement is
24% of deposits) in approved securities (all government bonds qualify) to
satisfy the statutory liquidity requirements.
8. Mutual funds :-
Mutual Funds have emerged as another important player in the debt markets,
owing primarily to the growing number of bond funds that have mobilised
significant amounts from the investors.
9. Foreign Institutional Investors:-
Foreign Institutional Investors are permitted to invest in Dated Government
Securities and Treasury Bills within certain specified limits.
10. Provident funds:-
Provident funds are large investors in the bond markets, as the prudential
regulations governing the deployment of the funds they mobilise, mandate
investments pre-dominantly in treasury and PSU bonds.
Primary market/ New Issue Market:-
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As in the case of equity primary market , this is the market in which
debt instruments government securities, PSU Bonds & corporate bonds are
issued for the first time .
Government Securities:-
In case of government securities , it is the RBI which issues securities on
behalf of the government (both state as well as central government). Thus RBI
periodically conducts auction of GOI/SDL under Central/State borrowing
Treasury program as per the auction calendar and also under MSS for GOI
Securities.
The Primary issuance process involves:-
AUCTION TYPE:
Yield-based auction Price-based auction.
In this, successful bids are decided
by filling up the notified amount
from the lowest bid upwards.
In this, successful bids are filled up
in terms of prices that are bid by
participants from the highest price
downward.
This auction creates a new
security, every time an auction is
completed & the name of the
security is the cut-off yield
This auction facilitates the re-issue
of an existing security
For example, the G-sec 10.3% 2010
derives its name from the cut-off
yield at the auction, which in thiscase was 10.3%, which also
becomes the coupon payable on
the bond.
For example, in March 2001, RBI
auctioned the 11.43% 2015
security. This was a G-sec, whichhad been earlier issued and trading
in the market. The auction was for
an additional issue of this existing
security. The coupon rate and the
dates of payment of coupons and
redemption are already known.
The additional issue increases the
gross
cash flows only on these dates.
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The two choices in treasury auctions, which are widely
known and used, are:
Discriminatory Price Auctions (French Auction)
Uniform Price Auctions (Dutch Auction)
In both these kinds of auctions, the winning bids are those that exhaust the
amount on offer, beginning at the highest quoted price (or lowest quoted
yield). In the Indian markets, discriminatory price auction as well as uniform
price auction is used for all bond issuances. Whether an auction will be Dutch
or French is announced in the notification of the auction.
If all the successful bidders have to pay the cut-off price of Rs. 111.2, the
auction is called a Dutch auction, or a uniform price auction. If the successful
bidders have to pay the prices they have actually bid, the auction fills up the
notified amounts, in various prices at which each of the successful bidders bid.
This is called a French auction, or a discriminatory price auction. Each
successful bidder pays the actual price bid by him.
BID TYPE
1. Competitive Bid: Participants having SGL a/c & current a/c
2. Non-Competitive Bid: Participants not having SGL a/c & current a/c
COMPETITIVE BIDDING PROCESS:
RBI announces the auction of G-sec through a press notification, and invites bids.
Front office takes a view about Bank's participation in the auction, taking into
consideration the market factors, Bank's liquidity and the existing portfolio.
Accordingly, proposal is placed before the Investment Committee
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Non-Competitive Bidding in Government Securities
To enable medium and small investors to participate in the auction process
without taking the price risk in auctions, the Reserve Bank of India has
introduced a facility of non-competitive bidding in dated government securities
auctions for select set of investors. Non-competitive bidding means that a
person would be able to participate in the auctions of dated government
securities without having to quote the yield or price in the bid. Thus, he will not
have to worry about whether his bid will be on or off-the-mark; as long as he
bids in accordance with the scheme, he will be allotted securities fully or
partially.
Participants in the Scheme:
Investment committee consists of GM, AGM of different departments & CMD.
Proposal for investment is placed before the Investment Committee. Decision is
taken.
Bids are submitted through NDS_OM platform giving details of the quantum and
expected price/yield of securities. Report is generated.
Result of the auction is declared by RBI on the same day evening on NDS.
If bid is accepted either partially or fully, the same is entered and authorized in bank
system.
Back-Office Operation:Duly authorized Deal Slip is verified by the back office. On the
day of allotment/settlement back office will settle the deal in the system & categorising
securities in HTM, AFS & HFT.
EndNO
Y
e
s
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Participation in the Scheme of non-competitive bidding is open to any person
including firms, companies, corporate bodies, institutions, provident funds,
trusts and any other entity as prescribed by RBI. As the focus is on the small
investors lacking market expertise, the Scheme will be open to those who do
not have current account (CA) or Subsidiary General Ledger (SGL) account
with the Reserve Bank of India. As an exception, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
and Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) can also apply under this Scheme in view
of their statutory obligations.
Amount offered for non-competitive bidding:
Non-competitive bids will be allowed up to 5 per cent of the notified amount in
the specified auctions of dated securities, within the notified amount. That is, if
the notified amount is Ra.1000 crore, the amount reserved for non-competitive
bidders would be Rs.50 crore and the remaining Rs.950 crore will be put up for
competitive auctions. The minimum amount for bidding will be Rs.10, 000
(face value) and in multiples in Rs.10,000.
Corporate Bonds :-
The corporate bond market has been in existence in India for a long time.
However, despite a long history, the size of the public issue segment of the
corporate bond market in India has remained quite insignificant.
Secondary Market :-
Like in the case of equity secondary market, the secondary debt market
involves buying and selling of debt instruments which are already issued in
the primary market or listed on the exchanges.
Government bonds are deemed to be listed as soon as they are issued.
Markets for government securities are pre-dominantly wholesale markets, with
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trades done on telephonic negotiation. NSE WDM provides a trading platform
for Government bonds, and reports over 65% of all secondary market trades in
government securities.
Currently, transactions in government securities are required to be settled on
the trade date or next working day unless the transaction is through a brokerof a permitted stock exchange in which case settlement can be on T+2 basis.
In NDS, all trades between members of NDS have to be reported immediately.
The settlement is routed through CCIL for all NDS members.
The lack of market infrastructure and comprehensive regulatory framework
coupled with low issuance leading to low liquidity in the secondary market,
narrow investor base, inadequate credit assessment skills, high cost of
issuance and lack of transparency in trades are some of the major factors that
hindered the growth of the private corporate debt market.
Factors affecting bond interest rates :
The key variables having a bearing on interest rate outlook are:-
US 10 year government bond yields :
The correlation between Indian 10 yr G-sec has held reasonably well in the
recent past. Although, the correlation might not hold on a day to day basis,
but over a slightly longer period, the direction of the movement of theIndian 10 yr bond is quite similar to that of the US 10 yr bond.
The yields of the bonds have increased as the green shoots of recovery in
the global economy has led to an increase in risk taking behaviour among
the investors who are selling bonds to enter other asset classes which are
relatively more risky and offers higher yields. The S&Ps decision to lower
ratings outlook on US sovereign debt to negative from stable led to sell off
in the US treasuries.
Similarly in India, the rally in equity markets since the election results on18th May might have led to some sell off in the bond markets which have
pushed the Indian 10 yr bond yields to 6.70% levels from 6.22% in Mid May,
in line with the sharp rise in the US 10 yr bonds .
Inflation / crude oil prices :
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Inflation arises as the purchasing power of people increases, the value of
Rupee increases. To control the inflation and to suck excess liquidity
from the system the bonds are issued t higher yield.
Political stability / sovereign rating outlook :
The sense of political stability following election results has reduced the
risk of an outright sovereign rating downgrade by international credit
rating agencies in the near future . Although , the fiscal deficit concerns
remain, the continuity of the political regime will abate the risk of
runaway fiscal deficits. The reduced risk of sovereign rating downgrade
due to a stable government and a likely controllable fiscal deficit
scenario will therefore provide support to the bond market sentiments.
RBI policy stance / liquidity outlook:-
The bond interest rate is also affected by the RBI policy stance. If the RBI
goes for an expansionary monetary policy , then the bond coupon rate
will come down , as there will be ample liquidity in the system which
easily would meet the demand for the same. It is a reverse situation
when the RBI goes for a contractionary monetary policy. This is because
then the money supply in the economy would be less as compared to
the demand for the same and the consequence would be hardening ofthe bond coupon rate.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What are the Sensex & the Nifty?
ANS:-The Sensex is an "index". An index is basically an indicator. It gives you
a general idea about whether most of the stocks have gone up or most of the
stocks have gone down. The Sensex is an indicator of all the major companies
of the BSE. The Nifty is an indicator of all the major companies of the NSE.
The sensex is calculated taking into consideration the top 30 companies of
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).In case of National Stock Exchange (NSE) , top
50 companies are taken into consideration to calculating nifty.
If the Sensex goes up, it means that the prices of the stocks of most of
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the major companies on the BSE have gone up. If the Sensex goes down, this
tells you that the stock price of most of the major stocks on the BSE have gone
down.
Just like the Sensex represents the top stocks of the BSE, the Nifty
represents the top stocks of the NSE.
2. Which are the top 30 companies of BSE & top 50
companies of NSE, which are used to calculate sensex &
nifty ?
ANS:- The following is the list of top 30 companies of BSE :-
The sensex 30 includes the following companies (As on 24th
July 2009)
S. No. Name of the
company
S.
No
Name of the company
1 Reliance Industies 16 Grasim Industries
2 Infosys Technologies 17 Maruti Suzuki
3 L &T 18 NTPC
4 ICICI Bank 19 Sterlite Industries
5 HDFC 20 Tata Power
6 ITC 21 Reliance Infrastructure
7 Reliance
Communication
22 Mahindra & Mahindra
8 Bharti Airtel 23 Jai Prakash Associates
9 HDFC Bank 24 Hero Honda
10 SBI 25 DLF11 ONGC 26 Wipro
12 BHEL 27 Hindalco
13 Hindustan Unilever 28 Tata Motors
14 Tata Consultancy 29 Sun Pharma
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15 Tata Steel 30 ACC
The 30 companies that make up the Sensex are selected and reviewed fromtime to time by an index committee. This index committee is made up of
academicians, mutual fund managers, finance journalists, independent
governing board members and other participants in the financial markets.
The Nifty 50 Companies as on 24th July 2009 are as follows :-
S.N
o
Name of the company S.
No.
Name of the company
1 Reliance Industies 26 Hero Honda
2 Infosys Technologies 27 DLF
3 L &T 28 Wipro
4 ICICI Bank 29 Cipla
5 HDFC 30 Idea Celluar
6 ITC 31 Unitech
7 Bharti Airtel 32 Cairn
8 HDFC Bank 33 Hindalco
9 SBI 34 Reliance capital
10 ONGC 35 Tata Motors
11 BHEL 36 SAIL
12 Hindustan Unilever 37 Punjab National Bank
13 Tata Consultancy 38 Sun Pharma14 Tata Steel 39 ACC
15 Grasim Industries 40 Ambuja Cement
16 Reliance Communication 41 ABB
17 Jindal Steel 42 Siemens
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18 Axis Bank 43 Power Grid
19 Maruti Suzuki 44 Reliance Power
20 NTPC 45 Suzlon Energy
21 Sterlite Industries 46 BPCL
22 Tata Power 47 HCL Technologies
23 Reliance Infrastructure 48 Ranbaxy Laboratories
24 Mahindra & Mahindra 49 Tata Communication
25 GAIL(I) 50 National Aluminium
3. What is market capitalisation ( Market cap ) ?
ANS:- Market cap or market capitalization is simply the worth of a company in
terms of its shares. To calculate the market cap of a particular company,
simply multiply the current share price by the number of shares issued by
the company. Thus,
Depending on the value of the market cap, the company will either be a mid-
cap or large-cap or small-cap company
4.What do we mean by Free Float Market Capitalisation
?
ANS:- Many different types of investors hold the shares of a company. These
include government, founders( promoters ) or directors of the company, FDIs
, retail investors, etc. Only the open market shares that are free for trading
by anyone, are called the free-float shares.A particular company, may have
certain shares in the open market and certain shares that are not available for
trading in the open market.
Market Cap= Current Share Price X no. of shares issued by
he com an .
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According the BSE, any shares that DO NOT fall under the following criteria,
can be considered to be open market shares:
Holdings by founders/directors/ acquirers which has control element
Holdings by persons/ bodies with "controlling interest"
Government holding as promoter/acquirer
Holdings through the FDI Route
Strategic stakes by private corporate bodies/ individuals
Equity held by associate/group companies (cross-holdings)
Equity held by employee welfare trusts
Locked-in shares and shares which would not be sold in the open market in
normal course.
A company has to submit a complete report about who has how many of the
companys shares to the BSE. On the basis of this, the BSE will decide the
free-float factor of the company. The free-float factor is a very valuable
number. If you multiply the "free-float factor" with the market cap of that
company, you will get the free-float market cap ,which is the value of the
shares of the company in the open market
5.What is the criteria for selecting top 30 and 50 stocks in
case of BSE & NSE respectively ?
ANS:- The following are the criteria for selecting the top 30 and 50 Stocks for
BSE &
NSE respectively:-
(a)Market capitalization: -The company should have a market capitalization
in the Top 100 market capitalizations of the BSE. Also the market
capitalization of each company should be more than 0.5% of the total market
capitalization of the Index.
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(b)Trading frequency: -The company to be included should have been
traded on each and every trading day for the last one year. Exceptions can be
made for extreme reasons like share suspension etc.
(c) Number of trades: -The scrip should be among the top 150 companies
listed by average number of trades per day for the last one year.
(d)Industry representation: -The companies should be leaders in their
industry group.
(e)Listed history:- The companies should have a listing history of at least
one year on BSE.
(f)Track record:- In the opinion of the index committee, the company should
have an acceptable track record.
6.How to calculate the value of sensex at a particular
point ?
ANS:- The following are the steps to calculate sensex at a particular point of
time:-
First: Find out the free-float market cap of all the 30 companies that make
up the Sensex.
Second: Add all the free-float market caps of all the 30 companies.
Third: Make all this relative to the Sensex base. The value you get is the
Sensex value. To understand the third step let us take an example .
Example:-Suppose, the free float market cap of all the 30 companies was Rs.
100,000,000 at the end of one trading day and the value of sensex is 12500. Themarket cap at the end of next trading day becomes Rs.120,000,000, then the
sensex value at the end of that day is
Sensex value = 120,000,000 x12500 = 15000
100,000,000
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Thus the sensex value at the end of next trading day is 15000.
Please note that every time one of the 30 companies has a stock split or a
"bonus" etc. appropriate changes are made in the market cap calculations.
7. What is price earnings ratio ( P/E ratio) ?
ANS: - PE Ratio is a short form for Price to Earnings Ratio. This is the ratio of
the market price of a stock and its EPS. It is used to judge the valuation of a
company. This ratio shows how much the investors are willing to pay for a
company for each rupee of profit.
As a rule of thumb, companies in mature industries / markets having stable
growth
have a
low to
moderate PE ratio. Companies in high-growth industries / markets having rapidgrowth have a moderate to high PE ratio.
8. Who are the participants in the capital market ?
ANS:-The following are the market participants in the capital market :-
(a) Foreign institutional Investors
(b) Non- Resident Indians
(c) Persons of Indian Origin
(d) Retail investors
(e) Venture capital funds
(f) Mutual Funds
Price Earnings ratio = Market price per shareEarnings Per Share
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(g) Private Equity
(h) High Net worth Individuals (HNIs)
(i)Financial Institutions
(j)Insurance companies
(k) Pension funds , etc.
9. What are Mutual Funds, Pension Funds and Financial
Institutions ?
ANS:- The meaning of above terms is as follows:-
Pension Fund
A pension fund is a pool of assets forming an independent legal entity that arebought with the contributions to a pension plan for the exclusive purpose offinancing pension plan benefits.
Mutual fund
A mutual fund is a professionally managed type ofcollective investmentscheme that pools money from many investors and invests it in stocks,bonds,short-term money market instruments, and/or other securities. The mutualfund will have a fund manager that trades the pooled money on a regularbasis. The net proceeds or losses are then typically distributed to the investors
annually.
Financial Institution
A financial institution is an institution that provides financial services for itsclients or members. Probably the most important financial service provided byfinancial institutions is acting as financial intermediaries. Most financialinstitutions are highly regulated by government bodies. Broadly speaking,there are three major types of financial institution :-
1) Deposit-taking institutions that accept and manage deposits and
make loans (this category includes banks, credit unions, trustcompanies, and mortgage loan companies);
2) Insurance companies and pension funds; and3) Brokers, underwriters and investment funds.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fund_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_(financial_instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwritershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fund_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_(financial_instrument)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_companieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwritershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_scheme8/2/2019 Onlyn Trading
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10. What is the difference between FDI and FII? Which Form
of Investment is good for the economy ?
ANS:-Foreign Direct Investment (FDI ) is the investment made by the foreign
companies / investors in a company with a strategic perspective. The
investment is not only made to gain return but also made to have a say in the
management of the affairs of the company.
On the other hand, Foreign Institutional Investments (FIIs) , also called as
portfolio investments are made by foreign investors primarily to get a
healthy return on their investment.
FDI is preferred overFII investments since it is considered to be the most
beneficial form of foreign investment for the economy as a whole. Direct
investment targets a specific enterprise, with the aim of increasing its
capacity/productivity or changing its management control. Direct investmentto create or augment capacity ensures that the capital inflow translates into
additional production. In the case of FII investment that flows into the
secondary market, the effect is to increase capital availability in general,
rather than availability of capital to a particular enterprise. Translating an FII
inflow into additional production depends on production decisions by someone
other than the foreign investor some local investor has to draw upon the
additional capital made available via FII inflows to augment production. In the
case of FDI that flows in for the purpose of acquiring an existing asset, no
addition to production capacity takes place as a direct result of the FDI inflow.Just like in the case of FII inflows, in this case too, addition to production
capacity does not result from the action of the foreign investor the domestic
seller has to invest the proceeds of the sale in a manner that augments
capacity or productivity for the foreign capital inflow to boost domestic
production. There is a widespread notion that FII inflows are hot money that
it comes and goes, creating volatility in the stock market and exchange rates.
While this might be true of individual funds, cumulatively, FII inflows have only
provided net inflows of capital.
FDI tends to be much more stable than FII inflows. Moreover, FDI brings notjust capital but also better management and governance practices and, often,
technology transfer. The know-how thus transferred along with FDI is often
more crucial than the capital per se. No such benefit accrues in the case of FII
inflows, although the search by FIIs for credible investment options has tended
to improve accounting and governance practices among listed Indian
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companies.
The following graph shows the FDI & FII inflows in India during the last 5 years
Capital Market in India - Impact & Factors
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Impact of capital market on Indian Economy:-
1. Long term finance for corporate and government :-
The capital market is the market for securities, where companies and
governments can raise long term funds. Selling stock and selling bonds are
two ways to generate capital and long term funds. It provides a new avenue to
corporate and government to raise funds for long term.
At present the central government has a large fiscal deficit of 6.8% of GDP,
which comes to around Rs. 4,00,000 cr. To finance this large deficit the
government would look to capital market . Corporates at the moment are
also looking at raising funds through capital market.
2. Helps to bridge investment savings gap:-
It is seen mostly in case of developing countries that they suffer from
investment savings gap . This gap means that funds available fall far short
of the amount needed to stimulate economic development.Thus this gap
hinders the economic growth of a developing country like India.In such a
situation capital market plays an important role . Capital market expand theinvestment options available in the country , which attracts portfolio
investments from abroad. Domestic savings are also facilitated by the
availability of additional investment options. This enables to bridge the gap
between investment and savings and paves the way for economic
development .
Indias improving macroeconomic fundamentals, a sizeable skilled labour
force and greater integration with the world economy have increased Indias
global competitiveness, placing the country on the radar screens of investors
the world over. The global ratings agencies Moodys and Fitch have awardedIndia investment grade ratings, indicating comparatively low sovereign risks.
These positive dynamics have led to a sustained surge in Indias equity
markets since 2003 ,attracting sizeable capital from foreign investors. The net
cumulative portfolio flows from 2003-2006 ( bonds & equities) amounted to $35
billion. In current year (from Jan to July) the Foreign Institutional Investors
have pumped in over $6 billion or around Rs . 29,940 cr.
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3. Cost effective mode of raising finance :-
Capital market in any country provides the corporate and government to raise
long term finance at a low cost as compared to other modes of raisingfinance .Therefore capital market is important, more so for India as it embarks
on the path of becoming a developed country.
4. Provides an avenue for investors to park their surplus funds :-
Capital market provides the investors both domestic as well as foreign
,various instruments to invest their surplus funds. Not only it provides an
avenue to park surplus funds but it also helps the investors to reap decent
rewards on their investment. This realisation has resulted in increased
investments in capital market both from domestic as well as foreign investors
in Indian capital market.
Also there is an opportunity for investors to diversify their investment
portfolio, as wide range of instruments for investment are available in capital
market.
5. Conducive to implementation of Monetary Policy:-
Through open Market Operation (OMO), the Reserve Bank of India controls the
cost and availability of money supply in the Indian economy.Thus when RBI
follows expansionary monetary policy it purchases government securities fromthe Bond market and when it intends to contract the money supply in the
economy it sells the securities from the secondary bond market . Because of
these operation there is also an impact on the interest rates , which in turn
impacts the cost of the funds in the economy. Thus capital market helps the
RBI to check the cost and availability of funds in the economy.
6.Indicates the state of the economy:-
Capital market also indicate the state of the economy. It is said to be the face
of the economy. This is so because when capital market is stable ,
investments flow into capital market from within as well as outside the
country , which indicates that the future prospects of the economy are good.
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Factors affecting capital market in India :-
The capital market is affected by a range of factors . Some of the factors which
influence capital market are as follows:-
a)Performance of domestic companies:-
The performance of the companies or rather corporate earnings is one of
the factors which has direct impact or effect on capital market in a country.
Weak corporate earnings indicate that the demand for goods and services in
the economy is less due to slow growth in per capita income of people .
Because of slow growth in demand there is slow growth in employment which
means slow growth in demand in the near future. Thus weak corporateearnings indicate average or not so good prospects for the economy as a
whole in the near term. In such a scenario the investors ( both domestic as
well as foreign ) would be wary to invest in the capital market and thus there
is bear market like situation. The opposite case of it would be robust
corporate earnings and its positive impact on the capital market.
The corporate earnings for the April June quarter for the current fiscal
has been good. The companies like TCS, Infosys,Maruti Suzuki, Bharti Airtel,
ACC, ITC, Wipro,HDFC,Binani cement, IDEA, Marico Canara Bank, Piramal
Health, India cements , Ultra Tech, L&T, Coca- Cola, Yes Bank, Dr. Reddys
Laboratories, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Ranbaxy, Fortis, Shree Cement ,etc
have registered growth in net profit compared to the corresponding quarter a
year ago. Thus we see companies from Infrastructure sector, Financial
Services, Pharmaceutical sector, IT Sector, Automobile sector, etc. doing well .
This across the sector growth indicates that the Indian economy is on the path
of recovery which has been positively reflected in the stock market( rise in
sensex & nifty) in the last two weeks. (July 13-July 24).
b)Environmental Factors :-
Environmental Factor in Indias context primarily means- Monsoon . In India
around 60 % of agricultural production is dependent on monsoon. Thus there
is heavy dependence on monsoon. The major chunk of agricultural production
comes from the states of Punjab , Haryana & Uttar Pradesh. Thus deficient or
delayed monsoon in this part of the country would directly affect the
agricultural output in the country. Apart from monsoon other natural
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calamities like Floods, tsunami, drought, earthquake, etc. also have an impact
on the capital market of a country.
The Indian Met Department (IMD) on 24thJune stated that India would receive
only 93 % rainfall of Long Period Average (LPA). This piece of news directly had
an impact on Indian capital market with BSE Sensex falling by 0.5 % on the 25th
June . The major losers were automakers and consumer goods firms since the
below normal monsoon forecast triggered concerns that demand in the
crucial rural heartland would take a hit. This is because a deficient monsoon
could seriously squeeze rural incomes, reduce the demand for everything
from motorbikes to soaps and worsen a slowing economy.
c)Macro Economic Numbers :-
The macro economic numbers also influence the capital market. It includes
Index of Industrial Production (IIP) which is released every month, annual
Inflation number indicated by Wholesale Price Index (WPI) which is released
every week, Export Import numbers which are declared every month, Core
Industries growth rate ( It includes Six Core infrastructure industries Coal,
Crude oil, refining, power, cement and finished steel) which comes out every
month, etc. This macro economic indicators indicate the state of the economy
and the direction in which the economy is headed and therefore impacts the
capital market in India.
A case in the point was declaration of core industries growth figure. The six
Core Infrastructure Industries Coal, Crude oil, refining, finished steel, power &
cement grew 6.5% in June , the figure came on the 23 rd of July and had a
positive impact on the capital market with the sensex and nifty rising by 388
points & 125 points respectively.
d)Global Cues :-
In this world of globalisation various economies are interdependent and
interconnected. An event in one part of the world is bound to affect other
parts of the world , however the magnitude and intensity of impact would vary.
Thus capital market in India is also affected by developments in other parts of
the world i.e. U.S. , Europe, Japan , etc.
Global cues includes corporate earnings of MNCs, consumer confidence index
in developed countries, jobless claims in developed countries, global growth
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outlook given by various agencies like IMF, economic growth of major
economies, price of crude oil, credit rating of various economies given by
Moodys, S & P, etc.
An obvious example at this point in time would be that of subprime crisis &
recession . Recession started in U.S. and some parts of the Europe in early2008 .Since then it has impacted all the countries of the world- developed,
developing , less- developed and even emerging economies.
e)Political stability and government policies:-
For any economy to achieve and sustain growth it has to have political
stability and pro- growth government policies. This is because when there is
political stability there is stability and consistency in governments attitude
which is communicated through various government policies. The vice- versa
is the case when there is no political stability .So capital market also reacts tothe nature of government , attitude of government, and various policies of the
government.
The above statement can be substantiated by the fact the when the mandate
came in UPA governments favour ( Without the baggage of left party) on May
16 2009, the stock markets on Monday , 18th May had a bullish rally with
sensex closing 800 point higher over the previous days close. The reason
was political stability. Also without the baggage of left party government can
go ahead with reforms.
f)Growth prospectus of an economy:-
When the national income of the country increases and per capita income of
people increases it is said that the economy is growing . Higher income also
means higher expenditure and higher savings.This augurs well for the
economy as higher expenditure means higher demand and higher savings
means higher investment. Thus when an economy is growing at a good pace
capital market of the country attracts more money from investors, both from
within and outside the country and vice -versa. So we can say that growth
prospects of an economy does have an impact on capital markets.g)Investor Sentiment and risk appetite :-
Another factor which influences capital market is investor sentiment and their
risk appetite .Even if the investors have the money to invest but if they are
not confident about the returns from their investment , they may stay away
from investment for some time.At the same time if the investors have low
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risk appetite , which they were having in global and Indian capital market
some four to five months back due to global financial meltdown and
recessionary situation in U.S. & some parts of Europe , they may stay away
from investment and wait for the right time to come.
WHAT IS ONLINE TRADING?
Online trading involves investment activity which takes place over the internet and
it does not require physical inclusion of the broker. An investor has to register with
an online portal like ICICI direct com, motiwals.com and many companies like that
and investors gets into an agreement with the firm to trade in different securitiesaccording to the terms and conditions given to the agreement. As the servers of the
online trading portal are connected all the time to the stock exchanges and
designated banks the order processing is done in real time and investors can also
have updates on the trading. They can also check status of their orders either
through email or through the interface that it cannot be accessed by a third party.
Some options are usually given to users such as to link their bank account, demat
account and brokerage accounts into a single interface.
Online trading has some advantages over offline trading:
-It is usually cheaper
-It is convenient.
-You have direct access to the actual prices and much more data if you have your
own terminal.
-There is no back office work to be taken care of.
WHAT IS OFFLINE TRADING?
Online trading means apart from online trading , goods or things involved in
buying and selling activity, those are all the activities considered as offline trading.
For example retail marketing, vegetable markets, jewel shop and so on.
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Now a days banking sectors also involved in offline trading. They involved selling
and buying gold from customers.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
TABLE-1
CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS BASED ON GENDER
GENDER PERCENTAGE
Male 85Female 15
Total 100
INFRENCE:-
The above table shows that out of 100 investors 85 percents investors are male and
only 15 percent investors are female.
Chart:1
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Table :2
CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS BASED ON KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT STOCK MARKET
STOCK MARKET PERCENTAGE
Yes 90
No 10
Total 100
INFERENCE:-
The above table shows that 90 % of the respondents says yes that they
have knowledge about stock market and only 10% respondents says that
no about stock market , they dont have knowledge .
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CHART:2
TABLE :3
CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESPONDENTS BASED ON MARKET
/INVE