PENGANTAR SISTEM KOMPUTERPENGANTAR SISTEM KOMPUTER
Presented by Dr. Suryani Alifah
.: Apa itu Komputer ?.: Apa itu Komputer ?
Kata komputer berasal dari bahasa Latin yaitu Computareyang artinya menghitung. Dalam bahasa Inggris disebut tocompute.
definisi komputer :sekumpulan alat elektronik yang salingbekerja sama, dapat menerima data (input), mengolah data definisi komputer :sekumpulan alat elektronik yang salingbekerja sama, dapat menerima data (input), mengolah data(proses) dan memberikan informasi (output) serta terkoordinasidibawah kontrol program yang tersimpan di memorinya.
Semua komputer memiliki 4 fungsi:Pengolahan data - Data processingPenyimpanan data - Data storagePemindahan data - Data movementKendali - Control
Komponen-
komponen KomputerMONITOR: to output data
SPEAKER: to output
data
CPU: to process
command & data
KEYBOARD: to input
command/data MOUSE: to input
command/data
DISK: to
input/output data
5 Komponen Utama
Komputer
Processor(active)
Computer
Control(brain)
Memory(passive)(where
Devices
Input
Keyboard, Mouse
Disk(where programs, (brain)
Datapath(brawn)
(where programs, data live whenrunning) Output
Display, Printer
programs, data live whennot running)
CPU
Struktur dan fungsi komputerStruktur dan fungsi komputer
fungsi komputer didefinisikan sebagai operasi masing-masing komponen sebagai bagian dari struktur. Adapunfungsi dari masing-masing komponen dalam struktur diatas adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Input Device (Alat Masukan)1. Input Device (Alat Masukan)
Adalah perangkat keras komputer yang berfungsi sebagai alatuntuk memasukan data atau perintah ke dalam komputer.Contoh : keyboard
2. Output Device (Alat Keluaran)
Adalah perangkat keras komputer yang berfungsi untukmenampilkan keluaran sebagai hasil pengolahan data.Keluaran dapat berupa hard-copy (ke kertas), soft-copy (kemonitor), ataupun berupa suara.
3. I/O Ports
Bagian ini digunakan untuk menerima ataupun mengirim data ke luar sistem.Peralatan input dan output di atas terhubung melalui port ini.
4. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU merupakan otak sistem komputer, dan memiliki dua bagian fungsioperasional, yaitu: ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) sebagai pusat pengolah data,CPU merupakan otak sistem komputer, dan memiliki dua bagian fungsioperasional, yaitu: ALU (Arithmetical Logical Unit) sebagai pusat pengolah data,dan CU (Control Unit) sebagai pengontrol kerja komputer.
5. Memori
Memori terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu memori internal dan memorieksternal. Memori internal berupa RAM (Random Access Memory) yangberfungsi untuk menyimpan program yang kita olah untuk sementara waktu,dan ROM (Read Only Memory) yaitu memori yang hanya bisa dibacadan berguna sebagai penyedia informasi pada saat komputer pertama kalidinyalakan.
.
6. Data Bus
Adalah jalur-jalur perpindahan data antar modul dalam sistem komputer.Karena pada suatu saat tertentu masing-masing saluran hanya dapatmembawa 1 bit data, maka jumlah saluran menentukan jumlah bit yang dapatditransfer pada suatu saat. Lebar data bus ini menentukan kinerja sistemsecara keseluruhan. Sifatnya bidirectional, artinya CPU dapat membaca danmenerima data melalui data bus ini. Data bus biasanya terdiri atas 8, 16, 32,atau 64 jalur paralel.atau 64 jalur paralel.
7. Address Bus
Digunakan untuk menandakan lokasi sumber ataupun tujuan pada prosestransfer data. Pada jalur ini, CPU akan mengirimkan alamat memori yang akanditulis atau dibaca.
8. Control Bus
Control Bus digunakan untuk mengontrol penggunaan serta akses ke Data Busdan Address Bus. Terdiri atas 4 sampai 10 jalur paralel.
.: Evolusi Komputer :..: Evolusi Komputer :.
KOMPUTER GENERASI PERTAMA (1941)
Pemicu Perang Dunia II
Penggunaan Vacum Tube & instruksi menggunakan bahasa mesin
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) : 18000tabung, 30 ton.
KOMPUTER GENERASI KEDUA (1948)
Menggunakan Transistor ( IBM 1401 )
Sudah memiliki SO , program , media penyimpan (disket)
Munculnya COBOL , FORTRAN
Software house, programmer, analyst
Pemanfaatan pada skala industri
KOMPUTER GENERASI KETIGA (1958)
penggunaan IC (Integrated Circuit )
mengkombinasikan tiga komponen elektronik dalam sebuah piringan silikonkecil yang terbuat dari pasir kuarsa
munculnya chip semikonduktor : gabungan banyak IC dalam 1 chip yangdapat diprogram sesui dengan kebutuhandapat diprogram sesui dengan kebutuhan
KOMPUTER GENERASI KEEMPAT (1980)
Setelah IC, tujuan pengembangan menjadi lebih jelas: mengecilkan ukuransirkuit dan komponen-komponen elektrik.
Large Scale Integration (LSI) dapat memuat ratusan komponen dalamsebuah chip.
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) memuat ribuan komponen dalam sebuahVery Large Scale Integration (VLSI) memuat ribuan komponen dalam sebuahchip tunggal.
Mikroprosesor : penggabungan seluruh komponen komputer ( CPU ,memori, kendali I/O) dan diprogram sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
Munculnya PC
Komputer Generasi Kelima
Sudah tidak berorientasi pada kecepatan atau ukuran
fisik, namun lebih menonjolkan performance
Artificial Intelegence
Patern recognation, bioinformatikaPatern recognation, bioinformatika
Perkembangan Sistem Komputer1946: ENIAC Stored Program Computer pertama
50 x 30 feet, 30 Ton, 25 kWatt, 100 k Kalkulasi/detik
- Penurunan : (1) Ukuran fisik (tabung transistor IC
(2) Biaya
1960: Main frameComputer
1970: Mini Computer
14
200_ : Komputer meja (PC), PDA, Bionic,
- Peningkatan (1) Kapasitas memory(2) Kinerja (kecepatan)
1980: Mikrokomputer
Produk utama: PC, workstation. Mainframe digantikan multiprosesor.
Minicomputer digantikan server.
optimalisasikinerja - biaya
Generasi Komputer berdasarkan tekologinya
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 Transistor - 1958-1964 Small Scale Integration - 1965 on
Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium Scale Integration - to 1971
100-3,000 devices on a chip
15
Large Scale Integration - 1971-1977 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
Very Large Scale Integration - 1978 to date 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra Large Scale Integration Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Teknologi IC
Pentium Evolution
8080 first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path Used in first personal computer Altair
8086 much more powerful
16
much more powerful 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
80286 16 Mbyte memory addressable up from 1Mb
80386 32 bit Support for multitasking
80486 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction
pipelining built in maths co-processor
Pentium
17
Pentium Superscalar Multiple instructions executed in parallel
Pentium Pro Increased superscalar organization Aggressive register renaming branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution
Pentium II MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing
Pentium III Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
18
Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics Pentium 4
Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium 64 bit
Pendekatan Software Efisiensi program,
Struktur data
Pendekatan Teknologis/hardware
Penggunaan komponen2 ICkecepatan tinggi,kerapatan tinggi
Pendekatan
Peningkatankinerja
Peningkatan Kinerja
19
Pendekatan Arsitektural Peningkatan aspek
fungsional dan struk-tural
Contoh :- Arsitektur Instruction set- Struktur pipeline dalam CPU- Pengingat cache- Memory interleaving- Struktur Bus- Prosesor paralel
Arsitektur
teknologi/hardware
software
Kecenderungan TeknologiKomputer modern
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1010GG
1G1G
100M
1010MM
Memory(DRAM)
1 Mb4 Mb
16 Mb
64 Mb
256 Mb1 Gb
4 Gb
PentiumPII
PIII
Pentium IV
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100K
10K
1K1K1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Microprocessor
4 Kb16
Kb
64 Kb
256 Kb
4004 80808085
808668000
8028668020
8038680486,680
Pentium
Struktur Dasar Sistem Komputer
Fungsi Komponen
Data processing CPU Control Data movement I/O unit Data storage Memory
Main Memory
CentralProcessing Unit
Computer
23
Memory
InputOutput
SystemsInterconnection
Tren Teknologi
1000000
10000000
100000000
Pentium
i80486
Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor
Alpha 21264: 15 million
Pentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 million
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Moores Law
Pentium 4: 42 million
Pentium III: 9.5 million
Year
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
i80386
i4004
i8080
i80286
i80862X transistors/Chip
Every 1.5 years
CalledMoores Law
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million
Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor
400500600700800900 DEC Alpha 21264/600
DEC Alpha 5/500
1.54X/yr
0100200300400
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
DEC Alpha 5/500
DEC Alpha 5/300
DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100
DEC AXP/500
HP 9000/750
Sun-4/260
IBMRS/6000
MIPS M/120
MIPS M
2000
Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moores Law (transistors/chip)
Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)
size
10000000
100000000
1000000000
year size(Megabit) 1980 0.06251983 0.251986 11989 41992 16
Year
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1996 642000 256
Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years4000X since 1980
Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas
DiskYear Areal Density
1973 1.71979 7.71989 631997 30902000 17100
110
1001000
10000100000
1970 1980 1990 2000
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1970 1980 1990 2000Year
A
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Areal Density = BPI x TPI- BPI: Bit Per Inch- TPI: Tracks Per Inch
Change slope 30%/yr to 60%/yr about 1991
Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis
Prosessor
2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun
100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir
Memori
Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 yearsKapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years
Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun
Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun
Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir
Disk
Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun
Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun
Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir
Komputer Berkinerja Tinggi
(High Performance Computers)
Intel Pentium Pro
Quad
P-Pro bus (64-bit data, 36-bit address, 66 MHz)
CPU
Bus interface
MIU
P-Promodule
P-Promodule
P-Promodule256-KB
L2 $Interruptcontroller
PCIbridge
PCIbridge
Memorycontroller
1-, 2-, or 4-wayPC
I
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P
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sPCII/O
cards
All coherence and multiprocessing glue in processor module
Highly integrated, targeted at high volume
Low latency and bandwidth
1-, 2-, or 4-wayinterleaved
DRAM
SUN
Enterprise
Gigaplane bus (256 data, 41 address, 83 MHz)
CPU/memcardsP
$2
$P
$2
$
Mem ctrl
Bus interface/switch
Proc + mem card - I/O card
16 cards of either type
All memory accessed over bus, so symmetric
Higher bandwidth, higher latency bus
Gigaplane bus (256 data, 41 address, 83 MHz)
S
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Bus interfaceI/O cards
Cray
T3E
P$
External I/O
Memctrl
and NI
Mem
Scale up to 1024 processors, 480MB/s links
Memory controller generates request message for non-local references
No hardware mechanism for coherence
SGI Origin etc. provide this
SwitchXY
Z
Intel
Paragon
Memory bus (64-bit, 50 MHz)
i860
L1 $
DMA
i860
L1 $
Memctrl
IntelParagonnode
NIDriver
ctrl
4-wayinterleaved
DRAM
8 bits,175 MHz,bidirectional2D grid network
with processing nodeattached to every switch
Sandia s Intel Paragon XP/S-based Supercomputer
IBM SP-2 node
L2 $
Power 2CPU
IBM
SP-2
Made out of essentially complete RS6000 workstations
Memory bus
MicroChannel bus
I/O
i860 NI
DMA
D
R
A
M
Memorycontroller
4-wayinterleaved
DRAM
General interconnectionnetwork formed from8-port switches
NIC
essentially complete RS6000 workstations
Network interface integrated in I/O bus (bw limited by I/O bus)
Berkeley NOW 100 Sun Ultra2
workstations
Inteligent network interface
proc + mem
Myrinet Network
160 MB/s per link
300 ns per hop
Types of Storage Devices
Describing Storage Devices
Store data when computer is off
Two processes
Writing data
Reading data
6A-38
Reading data
Describing Storage Devices
Storage terms
Media is the material storing data
Storage devices manage the media
Magnetic devices use a magnet
6A-39
Magnetic devices use a magnet
Optical devices use lasers
Solid-state devices have physical switches
Magnetic Storage Devices
Most common form of storage
Hard drives, floppy drives, tape
All magnetic drives work the same
6A-40
Magnetic Storage DevicesFloppy DiskFloppy Disk
Hard DiskHard Disk
6A-41
TapeTape
Magnetic Storage Devices
Data storage and retrieval
Media is covered with iron oxide
Read/write head is a magnet
Magnet writes charges on the media
6A-42
Magnet writes charges on the media
Positive charge is a 1
Negative charge is a 0
Magnet reads charges
Drive converts charges into binary
Data Retrieval
6A-43
Magnetic Storage Devices
Data organization
Disks must be formatted before use
Format draws tracks on the disk
Tracks is divided into sectors
6A-44
Tracks is divided into sectors
Amount of data a drive can read
Tracks and Sectors
6A-45
Magnetic Storage Devices
Finding data on disk
Each track and sector is labeled
Some are reserved
Listing of where files are stored
6A-46
Listing of where files are stored
File Allocation Table (FAT)
FAT32
NTFS
Data is organized in clusters
Size of data the OS handles
Magnetic Storage Devices
Diskettes
Also known as floppy disks
Read with a disk drive
Mylar disk
6A-47
Mylar disk
Spin at 300 RPM
Takes .2 second to find data
3 floppy disk holds 1.44 MB
Magnetic Storage Devices
Hard disks
Primary storage device in a computer
2 or more aluminum platters
Each platter has 2 sides
6A-48
Each platter has 2 sides
Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM
Data found in 9.5 ms or less
Drive capacity greater than 40 GB
Illustrated Hard Disk
6A-49
Magnetic Storage Devices
Removable high capacity disks
Speed of hard disk
Portability of floppy disk
Several variants have emerged
6A-50
Several variants have emerged
High capacity floppy disk
Stores up to 750 MB of data
Hot swappable hard disks
Provide GB of data
Connect via USB
Magnetic Storage Devices
Tape drives
Best used for
Infrequently accessed data
Back-up solutions
6A-51
Back-up solutions
Slow sequential access
Capacity exceeds 200 GB
Optical Storage Devices
CD-ROM
Most software ships on a CD
Read using a laser
Lands, binary 1, reflect data
Pits scatter data
6A-52
Pits scatter data
Written from the inside out
CD speed is based on the original
Original CD read 150 Kbps
A 10 X will read 1,500 Kbps
Standard CD holds 650 MB
Optical Storage Devices
DVD-ROM
Digital Video Disk
Use both sides of the disk
Capacities can reach 18 GB
6A-53
Capacities can reach 18 GB
DVD players can read CDs
Recordable Optical Technologies
CD Recordable (CD-R)
Create a data or audio CD
Data cannot be changed
Can continue adding until full
6A-54
Can continue adding until full
Recordable Optical Technologies
CD Regrettable (CD-RW)
Create a reusable CD
Cannot be read in all CD players
Can reuse about 100 times
6A-55
Can reuse about 100 times
Recordable Optical Technologies
Photo CD
Developed by Kodak
Provides for photo storage
Photos added to CD until full
6A-56
Photos added to CD until full
Original pictures cannot be changed
Recordable Optical Technologies
DVD Recordable
Several different formats exist
None are standardized
Allows home users to create DVDs
6A-57
Allows home users to create DVDs
Cannot be read in all players
Recordable Optical Technologies
DVD-RAM
Allow reusing of DVD media
Not standardized
Cannot be read in all players
6A-58
Cannot be read in all players
Solid State Devices
Data is stored physically
No magnets or laser
Very fast
6A-59
Solid State Devices
Flash memory
Found in cameras and USB drives
Combination of RAM and ROM
Long term updateable storage
6A-60
Long term updateable storage
Solid State Devices
Smart cards
Credit cards with a chip
Chip stores data
Eventually may be used for cash
6A-61
Eventually may be used for cash
Hotels use for electronic keys
Solid State Devices
Solid-state disks
Large amount of SDRAM
Extremely fast
Volatile storage
6A-62
Volatile storage
Require battery backups
Most have hard disks copying data
Text Book
William Stalling, Computer Organization &
Architecture, Prentice Hall, 2000
Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer
Organization, Prentice Hall, 1999 Organization, Prentice Hall, 1999