Download pdf - Prevencija i Menaxiranje Na Konflikti MAK

7/31/2019 Prevencija i Menaxiranje Na Konflikti MAK

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Altgol Ag}th~sel

Lo}bo Ktgpbim^ilmb Dxeb~seg

Ho}bog ^logs

ZTH^HOCG@LGAHOLVGTL[H OLEBONIGE]G

!SIX_L@ALEHMBOG@L!

&OB^LDHPDHMOBSOLZLTLMGKAL'

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ztbn/m!t Zh}lt L}lolsb~ztbn/ m!t ^il}eb C~t}gil

Ihe}xtl g ebthe}xtl0a!t Jloh} Tgs}bsel

Ktlngel zbmkb}b~el)mgpl`o g zhl}0

Dbal} ktlnges Sebz`h

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SBMTJGOL

Zthmkb~bt//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////8

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Kil~l 8=/3/Slag}b} ol Sb~h}b} pl dhpdhmobs} g Lkhoml}l pl agt //////// >>

8/Zlobtlal}l zb S}xmhol}l ~b`ol0 ohxszhf ml sh zth~hogtl /////////// >7

>/Zth~ho}g~ob tlszbthmx~l{h/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;=>/


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;/ Etg}geg}h pl zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g/////////////////////////////////////// ;;

Kil~l 3/

Zth~hocg`l g tlpthux~l{h ol ebonige}b} ~b ThzxdigelAlehmbog`l//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////68


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ZTHMKB^BT

^b olul}l olxol sthmgol sh zb`l~x~l eogkl eleb b~ll u}b `lgal}h zthm shdh0 Zth~hocg`l g aholvgtl{h ol ebonige}g0 six!l` Alehmbog`l) olzgulol bm alehmboseg g s}tloseg xog~htpg}h}!seg ztbnhsbtg/ ]beax }ll th}ebs} plsixjx~l ohebiex bd`lsox~l!{l/

Chi}l ol bd`l~x~l{h}b ol b~ll eogkl h zthex loligpl ol sixx!~l{l}l ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l ~b 4::< kbmgol) ml sh olztl~gbdgm ml sh bmkb~btg ol ztlul{l}l u}b sh sixg }bklu g ml sh zb!}hocgtl polh{h}b ol zb}zgulogb} Bftgmseg tlaeb~ho mbkb~btpl h~tbzsel}l gmogol ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l/ Gahob) bm khohpl!}l ol ols}log}h g ~exzol}l loligpl pl abjog}h ztggog pl ebo!nige} ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) sh gp~ihex~l zbs}!nhs}xa ztbch!ol pl }bl u}b sh sixg zthm g u}b sh sixx~luh ~b Alehmbog`l ~b4::< kbmgol/

Bmkb~bt ol b~gh ztlul{l sh bdgmb~ah ml ol`mhah zthex lolig!pl) ebadgogtl{h ol }hbtg`l g s}xmg`l ol sixl` g ebadgogtl{h ol}hbth}seg g ztle}gog ztgs}lzg) bmobsob) thpgah ol zbs}b`ol}l

}hbtg`l g ebadgogtl{h sb olug}h ztle}gog gsexs}~l/Zthex tlpkb~btg &go}ht~`xl' pl bsob~og}h zhtszhe}g~g ol Al!ehmbocg}h g Lidlocg}h) sb zth}s}l~ogcg ol ahyxoltbmog btklog!plcgg) ahyxoltbmog heszht}g g alehmboseg g lidloseg zbig}gl!tg) sh oxmg ztbgp~bm eb` ogp ztgpal ol olxog nle}g `l loligpgtl4::< kbmgol/

^b b~b` ztbhe}) eb` h thligpgtlo sb zbmmtuel ol Gos}g}x}b}B}~bthob bzu}hs}~b) sh ebos}l}gtlog olxhog}h ihecgg bm }hb!tg`l}l g ztle}gel}l ~b thul~l{h}b ol ebonige}g) zthex u}b sh

ml~l ztgmbohs ebo mhngogtl{h ol abmhib} ol thul~l{h ol ~leb~}gz ebonige}g) ~bhmob ztgmbohsx~l`qg ebo pl`leox~l{h ol s}ldgi!obs}l) oh slab ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) }xex g zbugtbeb ~b th!kgbob}/

^b go}hths ol shbznl}ol loligpl ~eixg~ah g m~l`cl s}tloseghagoho}og xog~htpg}h}seg ztbnhsbtg/ Ztbn/m!t Lo}bo Ktgpbim)bs~ho eleb olxoge g gs}tljx~l ol dhpdhmobs}l ~b ahyxoltbmog!}h bmobsg) s~b`l}l }hbtgsel agsil g gs}tljx~leg mbs}gkl{l xszhlg ztle}gob ml kg zbeljh g ml kg thligpgtl pl ~thah ol s~b`b}

aloml} eleb agogs}ht pl bmdtlol ol Thzxdigel Sib~hog`l) bm 4::


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ZTH^HOCG@L G AHOLVGTL[H OL EBONIGE]G !Sixl` Alehmbog`l!

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szbsbdobs} pl }hbtgseb loligpgtl{h g tls~h}ix~l{h ol sg}h ls!zhe}g ol sbs}b`dg}h ~b ahyxoltbmol}l dhpdhmobsol sthmgol) ~b~thah ebkl plktbpx~l{h}b ol dhpdhmobs}l h mbs}l ebazihesob) g

ml~l zbshdob polh{h ol eogkl}l ~b dltl{h}b ol bmkb~btb} olztlul{l}l pbu}b sh sixg ebonige}b} ~b 4::< kbmgol g u}b }blpolhuh pl dhpdhmobs}l) go}hktg}h}b} g sx~hthog}h}b} ol Thzxd!igel Alehmbog`l/

M!t Ho}bog ^logs og zbabkol sb ohkb~g}h olxog gs}tljx~l{lol }hbtg`l}l pl ebonige}g) ebg) sheleb zth}s}l~x~ll} bsob~l plbmkb~bt ol ztlul{h}b) gig mgihal}l0 u}b sh sixg ~b ThzxdigelAlehmbog`l ~b 4::< kbmgol0 ebonige} gig ~bòl2

S~b` ztgmbohs ~b thligpgtl{h}b ol b~b` ztbhe} mlmh g ztbn/m!t

îlmb Dxeb~seg/ Zthmobs} ol b~ll eogkl h }bl u}b ztbn/m!t îl!mb Dxeb~seg mbzgtl mgthe}ob mb sxu}gol}l ol zthmah}b} eb` shnbexsgtl) zthm s) ~b olzbtg}h ol alehmbosel}l mtjl~l pl tlpth!ux~l{h ol ebonige}b}) zlt}gcgzgtl`qg ~b îlml}l ol ThzxdigelAlehmbog`l eleb oh`pgo agogs}ht pl bmdtlol/ Gs}b }lel) }hjgosegh g mhib} eb` sh bmohsx~l ol ohkb~l}l xibkl eleb zth}shml}hi olîlml}l ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) bm 4::= mb 4::> kbmgol) ~b ga!zihaho}lcg`l}l ol Bftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt/ B~l) sheleb hxu}h hmol ztggol pbu}b h b~l ~thmol eogkl0 gsexs}~b}b ol l~}b!

tb} Dxeb~seg ~b aholvgtl{h}b ol ebonige}b} g gazihaho}lcg!`l}l ol Bftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt h bm kbihab polh{h g ztg!mbohs pl gmob}b ktlmh{h ol dhpdhmol Alehmbog`l/

Gmh`l}l pl b~b` }txm h ab`l/ Gs}tljx~l`qg kg ztggog}h pl ebo!nige}b}) mb`mb~ mb gmh`l ml olztl~gah loligpl ~b eb`l qh sh ~eix!l} zb~hqh l~}btg) elmh u}b sheb` bm s~b` lszhe} qh mlmh ztgmbohs~b tls~h}ix~l{h}b ol ztggog}h pl ebonige}b}/ ]beax pl}bl) pl!hmob sb bs}lol}g}h l~}btg sh bdgmb~ah olxob g sb aobkx ltkxaho!}g) ol alehmbosel}l) ob g ol zbugtbel}l `l~obs} ml ga zboxmgah

olxol ~gs}gol pl bol u}b og sh sixx~luh ~b etg}gol}l 4::< kb!mgol/ Ohshdgob) dhsebaztbagsob) sb sgil}l ol olxog nle}g) sbcg}l}g bm hagoho}og ztbnhsbtg) lolig}gltg g zbig}gltg) mlmbeljhah mhel }th}b}b xmbalehmbosel}l blpl ol agtb} olDlielob} ~b }leb~ szih} ol sbcgb!hebobaseg) zbig}geg g h}!ogeg zthagsg oh xszhl ml kb gpdhkoh ebonige}b}/ Ob pl}bl) zle)shkl galah ~}btl ulosl) eb`l slab sb dtpl}l gazihaho}lcg`l olBftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt) qh o mb~hmh mb mhabetl}seg olz!thmbe g mb ztbmildbx~l{h ol b~heb~g}h g h}ogeg}h ztl~l ~b

Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l/


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Zthmkb~bt

;

Ga gptlpx~lah dilkbmltobs} ol thchopho}g}h ztbn/m!t Zh}ltL}lolsb~) ztbnhsbt ol Gos}g}x} pl sbcgbibueg g zbig}gebztl~og gs}tljx~l{l) ztbn/m!t ^il}eb C~t}gil) ztbnhsbt g

mhelo ol Nlexi}h}b} pl zbig}geg olxeg ~b Plkthd) pl og~ol}ls}txol g gsethol zbmmtuel pl bd`l~x~l{h}b ol b~ll eogkl/Gptlpx~lah kbihal dilkbmltobs} ol nbomlcg`l}l Gos}g}x}

b}~bthob bzu}hs}~b!Alehmbog`l) eb` kb zbabkol b~b` ztbhe} gzxdigex~l{h}b ol b~ll eogkl ol alehmboseg g ol lidloseg `lpge/

L~}btg}h g ol}lax bs}lox~ll} dilkbmltog pl sg}h mbdtbolaht!og sxkhs}gg) u}b qh kg galah zthm~gm pl h~ho}xliob ob~b gpmlogh/

Sebz`h) nh~txltg 4::7 kbmgol Ztbn/m!t Altgol Ag}th~sel


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^B^HM

Zbs}bg thgsg xog~htpliho mbkb~bt szbthm eb` zth~hocg`l}l hzbztgnl}ig~l bm ihex~l{h}b g s}tl}hkgg}h pl zth~hocg`l abtlml sh olsbl} ebo ebthog}h ol ztggog}h pl ebonige}g}h) l ohslab ebo sgaz}bag}h ol olsgis}~b}b &Lolo) 4:::0 8'

Zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g h ebochz} eb` zbmmtjx~l dtbògs}tl}hueg zbig}geg lecgg ebg sh bdgmx~ll} ml kb szthl} gpdx~!ox~l{h}b) hselilcg`l}l gig ~tlql{h}b ol olsgiogb} ebonige}/Olsztb}g mgzibal}segb} g ~bhogb} ztgs}lz ebo zth~hocg`l}l) ug!tbeb h mhdl}gtlob mhel tlp~bòl}l tldb}l abjh ml dgmh btgho}g!tlol ebo zb}hocgtl{h ol ebthog}h ol ebonige}g}h ol }b` olgo)u}b thkgbo gig mtjl~l seibog ebo ebonige} qh dgml} szbsbdogml kb gpdhkol} zbh}beb} gig hselilcg`l}l ol olsgiogb} ebo!nige}/ L~}btg}h ol eogkl}l ol b~ll ~ltg`lo}l kihmll} eleb ols}txe}xtliol zth~hocg`l g gal`qg kb zthm~gm oh`pgob}b ebochz!}xliob ztheibzx~l{h sb tlp~b`b} g ktlmh{h}b ol agtb}) ogh }blkb tlpkihmx~lah g kb loligpgtlah ogp zb~hqh lszhe}g/

Gahob) ~b ebo}hes} ol zb~hqh}b loligpg pl ztggog}h pl ebo!nige}b} ~b 4::< kbmgol ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) mhohs) sbshalbztl~mlob) zb~}btob sh zbs}l~x~l ztlul{h}b0 Mlig ThzxdigelAlehmbog`l ~b 4::< kbmgol sh sbbg sb thliol etgpl eb`l dhuholah}ol}l) sb bsob~ol chi mhpgo}hktlcg`l ol slal}l mtjl~l2

Bsbdhob pollòl xibkl ~b thul~l{h}b ol ebonige}b} ~b 4::

tlp~b`b} g xzb}thdl ol ~bbtxjhog sgig eleb ol`~ljho hihaho} ol}gh s}txe}xtg/

Mb 6:!}h) ~}btgb} bsob~ho gomgel}bt pl tlp~b` ol dhpdhmobsog!

b} ebochz} ol xogil}htliol}l mtjl~l dhuh thil}g~ob setbahodtb` ig}htl}xtl) eb` sh bdgmx~luh ml kb bznl}g ebochz}b} ol dhp!dhmobs}l ~b tlael}l ol ebfhtho}ol}l zltlmgkal/ ]bl }thdl ml `lthug sb~thahol}l dhpdhmobsol mgihal ol zbhmgohcb}) bzu}hs}~b!}b"mtjl~l}l g ahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl ~b zbkihm ol exi}xtog}hobtag pl shebh bzu}hs}~b"mtjl~l zbshdob) mbmhel ~b gs}b ~thah}bl dg tlpkihmlib ugtbe xog~htpliho ebo}hes} ol chil}l fxalolplhmogcl &Dxplo


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~l}l eleb bsob~ogb} nle}bt ~b loltfgogb} ahyxoltb!mho sgs}ha>) pha`lqg zthm~gm mtxkg gos}txaho}g ol olcg!boliol}l dhpdhmobsol zbig}gel ol gomg~gmxliol}l

mtjl~l &zt/ Bmdtlodhog}h lig`losg) mbkb~btg pl ebo}tb!il ol btxj`h) g}o/'/

d' Ahyxoltbmogb} dhpdhmobsho ebochz} heszigcg}ob `ltlpkihmx~l dhpdhmobsol}l mgihal ol sb~thahol}l mtjl~lg ztgpol~l mhel dhpdhmobs}l ol mtjl~l}l h zb~tplol sbdhpdhmobs}l ol mtxkg}h mtjl~g/ Ebihe}g~ol xzb}thdl ol~bbtxjhog sgig h ~ljho gos}txaho} ol zbig}gel}l ~b

ahyxoltbmog}h bmobsg/ Shzle) b~b` ztgs}lz h) gs}b }lel)plsob~lo ~tp thligs}gel}l }hbtg`l) ob ml~l zbkbiha

olkilsbe ol xibkl}l ol ahyxoltbmog}h gos}g}xcgg ~bbdhpdhmx~l{h}b dhpdhmobs}/

~' Thkgboliogb} dhpdhmobsho ebochz}) bm }hbth}seg lszhe}oh h polg}hiob tlpigho bm ~}btgb}) s}thah`qg sh eboztbxx~l{h ol dhpdhmobsog}h ztbdihag ~b zbshdog thkgb!og ol s~h}b} &zt/ H~tbzl) @xkbgs}bol Lpg`l) Lntgel) Il!}gosel Lahtgel) g}o/'/

k' Kibdliogb} dhpdhmobsho ebochz} sh s}thag shbznl}ob ml

kb zthktoh zbgab} ol abmhtol}l dhpdhmobs} ~b s~b`l}lsbmtjgol &ebazihesol ztgtbml ol abmhtob}b bzu}h!s}~b' g ztbs}btol}l sagsil &dhpdhmobs} ~b s~h}b} gigol ziloh}l}l' Sfxi}p h} li/


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bzs}b`x~l) eleb lmlz}lcg`l ol btklogpab} ol plelog}h ebg mblyll}bm jg~b}ol}l sthmgol/ Pdbtx~l`qg dgbibueg;) dhpdhmobs}l hbsob~ogb} zthmxsib~ pl gp~tux~l{h}b ol bsob~og}h jg~b}og nxo!

ecgg &`lmh{h) b~hel thztbmxecg`l) g}o/'/ ]lel) dhpdhmobs}l hsgil ol tlp~b` g ~eixx~l olahtol) s~hsol b~hel le}g~obs} pl mlsh ~bszbs}l~g sbs}b`dl ol dhpdhmobs} &eleb zbpg}g~ho go' bmzbh}be &sigob ol thmxcgtl{h ol }homhocg`l}l pl ho}tbzg`l'/

S~hsogb} olzbt ml sh ~bszbs}l~g sbs}b`dl ol dhpdhmobs} h cg~g!igplcgsel) eleb g exi}xtol el}hkbtg`l) eb`l kg ~eixx~l sg}h ls!zhe}g ol sb~thahol}l dhpdhmobs}) eleb hebobasegb}) bzu}hs}~h!ogb}) exi}xtogb}) zbig}gegb}) ztl~ogb}) hebibuegb} g bmdtlo!dhogb} g}o/ ]bl sh sg}h nbtag ol bzu}hs}~ho jg~b} ebg sh sah}l!

l} pl bzu}hs}~hog ~thmobs}g/ Pl}bl) nbtag}h ol bzu}hs}~holbtklogplcg`l `l bznlqll} thkgboliol}l) olcgboliol}l) ahyxoltbm!ol}l g kibdliol}l &xog~htpliol' dhpdhmobs}/

Shzle) kbtogb} bzgs ol zbgab} dhpdhmobs} bzgux~l gmhligpg!tlol sbs}b`dl/ Zbgab} h mhngogtlo ~b bmobs ol b}sxs}~b ol bmth!mhog hihaho}g &sigob ol mhngogcg`l}l pl pmtl~`h u}b h khohtli!ob mhngogtlol eleb b}sxs}~b ol dbihs}'/ ]lel) mhngogcg`l}l oldhpdhmobs} h zb}thdol pl ml b~bpabjg s~hsho b~heg olzbt ml sh~bszbs}l~g sbs}b`dl ol dhpdhmobs} zthex bzu}hs}~hol le}g~obs}btklogpgtlol ~b lmhe~l}ho sgs}ha pl ml sh gazihaho}gtl b~ll le!}g~obs}/

Sh gog mhel dhpdhmobs}l h galoho}ho s}txe}xtliho hihaho} olbzu}hs}~b}b) ~eixx~l`qg `l mtjl~l}l gig zbshdol eltle}htgs}g!el ol mtjl~l}l) eleb g le}g~obs}l gig sgs}hab}/ Dhpdhmobs}l shzb~tpx~l sb bzu}hs}~b}b"mtjl~l}l ~b chigol) eleb g sb ahyxol!tbmol}l plhmogcl/ ^b zt~gb} sixl` ogh pdbtx~lah pl olcgboliolgig ~ol}thuol g olm~bthuol dhpdhmobs}) mbmhel ~b ~}btgb} pl

ahyxoltbmol gig kibdliol dhpdhmobs}/

; Sg}h jg~g sxu}hs}~l sh bzthahog sb ahflogpag) ebg zthm s b~bpabjx~ll} m~hohu}l0 zt~b) plu}g}l ol go}hktg}h}b} ol zbhmgohcb} g ~}btb) thztbmxecg`l ol~gmb~g}h/ Og~ob}b bmohsx~l{h ~b kbihal ahtl h xsib~hob bm og~ol}l ab}g~lcg`lg hab}g~ol sbs}b`dl/ Zt~b}b abjh ml sh gixs}tgtl sb kilm}l) jhm}l gig dbiel}l/]le~g}h sbs}b`dg kg olsbx~ll} jg~g}h sxu}hs}~l gig ml gpdhkol} u}h}oghnhe}g bm sthmgol}l gig ml dltll} ftlol/ Hab}g~og}h sbs}b`dg) eleb u}b shntxs}tlcg`l}l) ix}gol}l) s}tl~b}) g}o/ ztgaltob kg olsbx~ll} jg~g}h sxu}hs}~l

ml gpdhkox~ll} tgpgcg) ml mhix~ll} ~b slabbmdtlol gig ml `l bihsol}ohztg`l}ol}l sbs}b`dl ol s}tlml{h ~b eb`l }gh sh olbyll}/ Zhtcw Ib{hofltm) Gs {ltGoh~g}ldih)Go}htol}gboli @bxtoli bo [btim Zhlch) alt}


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! bmtjx~l{h ol zbig}gel ohpl~gsobs} eleb l}tgdx} olahyxoltbmob ztgpolho olcgboliho s}l}xs ol mtjl~l}l5

! bdhpdhmx~l{h ol e~lig}h} ol jg~b}5

! ~}hahix~l{h ol ~g}liog}h go}hthsg ol mtjl~l}l ~b olcg!boliol}l dhpdhmobsol zbig}gel &Obdgib


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~thmobs}g eleb bsob~l pl thkxigtl{h}b ol bmobsg}h zbahyx ahyx!oltbmog}h sxd`he}g/

Gal`qg `l zthm~gm ebazihesobs}l g tlsib`x~l{h}b &s}tl}gng!

elcg`l}l' ol ahyxoltbmog}h bmobsg &og~bl}l ol ztbchsg}h olgo}hktlcg`l g kibdligplcg`l) hngelsobs}l gig ohhngelsobs}l olahflogpag}h pl bdhpdhmx~l{h olcgboliol g ahyxoltbmol dhpdhm!obs}) sbs}b`dl}l ol tldb}g}h ~b ~bhog}h) zbig}geg}h) hebobaseg!}h g mtxkg}h bmobsg ahyx mtjl~g}h' 7sh gog mhel ahyxoltbmol}ldhpdhmobs} dg }thdlil ml dgmh aobjhs}~b ol ahteg ebg dg bdhpdh!mgih zbs}bh{h ol sg}h mtjl~g g h xsib~ sgoh |xl obo pl zbs}bh{h gtlp~b` ol ahyxoltbmol}l dhpdhmobs}/

Olcgboliol}l dhpdhmobsol zbig}gel ol sb~thahog}h mtjl~g~b zhtgbmb} zbsih ^}btl}l s~h}sel ~b`ol pl ml sh zbs}gkoh ahyxol!tbmol dhpdhmobs} h }hs}gtlol zthex s}tl}hkg`l}l ol dlilos olabq/ Sxu}gol}l ol b~ll s}tl}hkg`l) eleb ahflogpla pl bdhpdhmx!~l{h agt g dhpdhmobs} ~b ahyxoltbmog}h bmobsg) ihjg ~b olzbtg!}h ol mtjl~g}h ml `l bmtjl} s~b`l}l ohpl~gsobs} ~b ohztg`l}hisel)mxtg g lkthsg~ol ahyxoltbmol sthmgol sb igag}gtl{h ol abq}l olmtxkg}h mtjl~g/ Bsob~ogb} bzhtl}g~ho ztgocgz h }bl u}b hmolmtjl~l mbdg~l ol sah}el ol mtxkl}l/ Ob~g hihaho}g ~b sb~thahog!b} s~h}ebg sh thpxi}l} ol shkluob}b og~b ol bzu}hs}~ho tlp~b`)eleb g ol tlmgeliog ztbahog ~b ahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl pl gpag!ol}g}h zh}olhsh} kbmgog`l igag}gtll} ol aobkx olgog hngels!obs}l ol s}tl}hkg`l}l ol dlilos ol abq}l/


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3>

zbahyx bzu}hs}~l}l/ Gp~btg}h ol plelol sh tlpigex~ll} szbthm0ztggol}l &sxd`he}g~ol) bd`he}g~ol') sbmtjgol}l &ztgtbmog sgig)go}htlecg`l}l ol bebiobs}g}h g zbsihmgcg}h ol b~heg}h le}g~!

obs}g ~b bzu}hs}~b}b') og~b &ztgsxs}~b) b}sxs}~b') ~thah &~b tla!eg}h ol g olm~bt bm zbshdho bzu}hs}~ho sgs}ha') zbsihmgcg&mgthe}og"gomgthe}og') g}o/ Dhpdhmobs}l h ztgaltho s}txe}xthohihaho} ol bzu}hs}~hogb} sgs}ha dgmh`qg sg}h ihob~g olbzu}hs}~b}b sh plshkol}g/ Sheb` bzu}hs}~ho sgs}ha sh s}thag mlkg btklogpgtl s~bg}h gomg~gmxliog snhtg }lel u}b }gh ml bzhtg!tll} ahyxpl~gsob g }gh ml sh s}txe}xtgtlog ol }leb~ olgo ml sb!bm~h}s}~x~ll} sb zb}thdl}l pl dhpdhmobs} ~b oh`pgol zbugtbelsagsil pl sg}h ihob~g ol bzu}hs}~b}b/ Bsob~ogb} ztgocgz ol

olcgboliogb} dhpdhmobsho sgs}ha szbthm eb` dgib bzu}hs}~hosgs}ha) gs}b }lel) bdhpdhmx~l pl thligplcg`l}l ol oh`pgog}h dhp!dhmobsog nxoecgg ztbgpihkx~l bm s}txe}xtog}h ~tseg zbahyxdhpdhmobsog}h g fxalog}h zb}thdg ebg zbs}b`l} ogp b~heb~l}lgs}btg`l) s mb mhohs/

^b zbs}b`og}h cg~gigplcgseg bebiobs}g) dhpdhmobs}l obsg xog!~htpliol sbmtjgol `lsob alognhs}gtlol) zthm sh) ~b ~exzobs}l olzthktox~l{h g go}htlecg`l ol sg}h snhtg bm jg~b}b} g lecg`l ~bbzu}hs}~b}b &hebobaseg) zbig}geg) bzu}hs}~ho) exi}xtho) bdtl!

pb~ho) ~bho) g}o/') eleb g ~b zb~tplobs}l g ahyxpl~gsobs}l ol sg}hjg~g sxu}hs}~l g ztgtbml ol b~ll ziloh}l/

G zbetl` kibdliol}l mgahopg`l ol sb~thahol}l dhpdhmobs}) oh`!pgol}l olcgboliol &mtjl~ol' mgahopg`l s xu}h bs}lox~l eixol!}l ebos}lo}l/ Ol olcgboliob og~b) sb~thahog}h mtjl~g `l bdhpdh!mx~ll} dhpdhmobs}l ol oh`pgog}h ktlylog zthex le}g~obs}g}h olog~og}h olcgboliog dhpdhmobsog sgs}hag/ Hngelsobs}l ol b~ghsgs}hag mhohs kb thnihe}gtl) oh slab elzlcg}h}b} ol mtjl~g}h mlkg plu}g}l} oh`pgog}h bsob~og bzu}hs}~hog ~thmobs}g olszthal~ol}thuol}l g olm~bthuol}l plelol &}/h/ ml sh bmtjg agtb} g mlsh kltlo}gtl sibdbml}l') ml sh szthg bzlsobs}l g s}tl~b}}xex gog~ol}l szbsbdobs} ml sh bdhpdhmg bzu}hs}~ho tlp~b`) eleb g dil!kbsbs}b`dl ol og~ob}b olshihogh &~b b~ll sagsil gmhliol}l nbtalol olcgboliogb} dhpdhmobsho sgs}ha ol sb~thahol}l mtjl~l bdhp!dhmx~l gazihaho}lcg`l ol zbugtbe ebochz} ol sb~thahol}l dhp!dhmobs} ~b bmobs ol fxalol}l dhpdhmobs}'/

Bsob~og}h hihaho}g ol olcgboliogb} dhpdhmobsho sgs}ha sh

bzhtl}g~og}h le}g~obs}g ol bzu}hs}~b}b ml `l bdhpdhmg s~b`l}l


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>/ Nbtag ol bdhpdhmx~l{h ahyxoltbmol dhpdhmobs}

Mbshkl ~b gs}btg`l}l ol ahyxoltbmog}h bmobsg) ahyxoltbmol}ldhpdhmobs} dhuh bsgkxtlol) bm zb~hqh gig zbaliex) gs}b~thahobnxoecgbogtl{h ol m~l abmhil0 abmhib} ol ebonige} g abmhib} olsbtldb}el/

>/


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Kil~l /4/ Abmhi ol sbtldb}el

Gleb nle}b} mhel chib ~thah sbtldb}el}l h bsob~ho hihaho}~b tlp~b`b} ol ahyxoltbmog}h bmobsg) abjobs}l ml sh gp~hmh abmhi

ol sbtldb}el pl bdhpdhmx~l{h ol ahyxoltbmol}l dhpdhmobs} shzb`l~g slab ol etl`b} ol


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=4

Abmhi ol sbtldb}el ol ahyxoltbmol}l dhpdhmobs} szbthmho sbabmhib} ol ebonige} tlpkihmx~l m~l hihaho}g0 /3/ Ahyxoltbmog dhpdhmobsog sgs}hag

Mb shkl) ztbchsb} ol gos}g}xcgboligplcg`l pl bdhpdhmx~l{h olahyxoltbmol dhpdhmobs} mbohsh h}gtg bsob~og dhpdhmobsog sgs!}hag0


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Eleb zbsihmgcl ol }bl) zbsih Zt~l}l s~h}sel ~bòl) mtjl~g}hkg ztbmbijg`l olzbtg}h ml `l higagogtll} gig pldtlol} ~bòl}leleb ihkg}gaob sthms}~b pl tlpthux~l{h ol szbtb~g}h zbahyx

sxd`he}g}h ol ahyxoltbmog}h bmobsg/Zt~l}l s~h}sel ~bòl xdhmg aobkxagol mhel ~bòg}h qh ztbmbi!

jl} ml gpdx~ox~ll} mbmhol olcgg}h!mtjl~g oh dgml} bmkb~btog plog~ol sbzs}~hol dhpdhmobs} g qh dgml} plkil~hog ~b alyhzslogb}etxk ol ol}zth~ltx~l{h g ~bbtxjx~l{h/ ^b gs}b ~thah) Zt~l}ls~h}sel ~bòl ol etl` kg olalig }tlmgcgboliog}h }hahig ol olcgb!oliol}l bmdtlol eleb ol`hngelsol dhpdhmobsol s}tl}hkg`l sb sthm!s}~l sb ebg olcgg}h mtjl~g bdhpdhmg`l olcgboliol g ahyxoltbmoldhpdhmobs}/ ]tlmgcgboliog}h }hahig ol olcgboliol}l bmdtlol

&ol ahyxoltbmob og~b zbsihmb~l}hiob bznlqluh ~b bmdtlodhol}lmgihal ol sb~thahog}h mtjl~g' dhuh olmbzbioh}l sb gmh`l}l plebihe}g~ol dhpdhmobs}/ Zbsihmob}b mbdg mbs}l ol polh{h dgmh`!qg Zt~l}l s~h}sel ~bòl zb~}btob zb}~tmg mhel ~bòl}l h ohztg!nl}ig~b sthms}~b ol zbig}geg}h ol sb~thahog}h mtjl~g/ Shzle)ztgpol~l{h}b ol ~bòl}l eleb plelol slal zb shdh oh `l tlpthugbmdtlodhol}l mgihal/ Zbetl` s}tl~b} bm zbtlp) sh zb`l~g g s}tl~bm ~bòl/ Eleb zbsihmgcl ol }bl) szthx~l{h}b ol gpdx~ox~l{h ol~bòl sb sthms}~l bm lmhe~l}ho sgs}ha pl ebihe}g~ol dhpdhmobs}

mbdg ol polh{h/ 4' B~b` sgs}ha bdhpdhmx~l mhel mtjl~g}h sh bd!~tpx~ll} ml oh ebtgs}l} sgil ztb}g~ mtxkg ihoeg ol lig`losl}l/Shzle) leb oheb`l mtjl~l ~b sgs}hab} olzlmoh mtxkl pha`l!ihoel)bs}lol}g}h pha`g! ihoeg kg pmtxjx~ll} sgig}h ztb}g~ lkthsbtb}&Ktgpbim)


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Zbetl` bd`he}g~og}h ohmbs}l}bcg ol Igkl}l ol oltbmog}h&oh`lsog ztbchmxtg) ohnihesgdgiobs} ol chigb} sgs}ha') kil~ol}lztggol pl ohhngelsobs} ol sgs}hab} ol ebihe}g~ol dhpdhmobs}

~b }bl ~thah dhl0 sxd`he}g~ob tlsxmx~l{h ol zbshdog pha`g ihoegol Igkl}l eleb ahyxoltbmol btklogplcg`l &Zb}haego)


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og}h bmobsg bm }bl ~thah pl plhmogeg olzbtg ml sh bdhpdhmg ahyx!oltbmho agt g dhpdhmobs} ~b tlaeg}h ol Igkl}l ol oltbmog}h/Zbsihmb~l}hiob) shtgbpog etgpg zthm gpdx~ox~l{h}b ol ^}btl}l

s~h}sel ~bòl `l alognhs}gtll chibsol}l ohabq ol Igkl}l ~b bdhp!dhmx~l{h}b ol ebihe}g~ol dhpdhmobs}/ G zbetl` oh`pgogb} bzu}ohxszhf &tlszlm ~b ') Igkl}l ol oltbmg}h dhuh s~h}il }bel ~bbtklogpgtl{h}b ol kibdliol}l zbig}gel plhmogcl ebo gos}g}x!cgboligplcg`l}l ol tlpigog ahflogpag pl ml sh bdhpdhmg ahyxol!tbmol dhpdhmobs}/

3' Sgs}hab} ol ebihe}g~ol dhpdhmobs} ~b tlaeg}h ol Bdhmg!oh}g}h olcgg

Bsob~l{h}b ol BBO zbsih ^}btl}l s~h}sel ~bòl mbohsh ob~e~lig}h} ol ztbchsb} ol gos}g}xcgboligplcg`l}l ol ahyxoltbmog!b} agt g dhpdhmobs}/ BBO dhuh zt~l}l btklogplcg`l bm kibdliogmgahopgg eb`l gp~hmx~luh le}g~obs}g pl ml bdhpdhmg shbznl}olahyxoltbmol dhpdhmobs} ~b oh`pgol olùgtbel sagsil/ Zbetl`khohtliol}l ztl~ol sxzthsg`l ol ~bòl}l g go}ht~hocg`l}l ~b ahyx!oltbmog}h bmobsg) mbexaho}g}h ol BBO) gs}b }lel) bdhpdhmg`lchib aobjhs}~b ol lecgg g zbchmxtg pl ml sh szthl} ebonige}g!}h g ml sh zbabkoh ~b zbmbdtx~l{h}b ol zbs}bhel}l sg}xlcg`lebkl ebonige}b} qh dgmh tlpthuho &Sgog uihab~g)


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Shzle) ahyxoltbmol}l ztl~ol sxd`he}g~obs} ol zbig}geb!~bhog}hlig`losg `l gal bsob~l}l ~b Zb~hidl}l ol BBO) ~b i/ 8


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8:

ibkgel ol gmhbibueg) zbig}geg) hebobaseg) ~bhog) g}o/ lo}lkb!ogpag g zboxmg`l ob~l abjobs} ml sh pkbihal} ob~g}h e~lig}h}ogbmobsg zbahyx mtjl~g}h) gs}b }lel g ~b dhpdhobsol}l snhtl) }/h/

~tp bsob~l ol ztgpol~l{h}b ol ahyxpl~gsobs}l) plhmogeg}h go}h!thsg g ztgmbdg~eg/

Bs}lox~l ml sh ~gmg ~b gmogol mlig mtjl~g}h &og~og}h uhnb!~g' ~b h~tbzsegb} g zbugtbegb} ahyxoltbmho sgs}ha sh szbsbdogml `l bdhpdhml} zb}thdol}l plhmogel zbig}gel ~bi`l) eb`l ~b dhp!dhmobsol}l snhtl qh `l olmagoh e~lpgloltfgol}l ztgtbml olahyxoltbmogb} sgs}ha/


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Kil~l 6/

Ktgpbim) Lo}bo &l'0 Zbslahpogeb~l ~ltobs} go bd~hh~lioh sixdh/Pdbtoge s}tbeb~ob!polos}~hogf tlpztl~/ Agogs}ts}~b pl ob}tlo`h plmh~h Th!zxdigeh Sib~hog h) I`xdi`lol) zz/


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Ktgpbim) Lo}bo &d'0 ^ltobs} aligf mtl~ ~ be~gtx ob~hkl h~tbzsehkl~ltobs}ohkl bebi`l/ Go0 Lo}bo Etladhtkht &hm/') Sib~hosel Mtl~l) Mtxdlgo @l~obs}/ Nlexi}h}l pl mtxdhoh ~hmh) I`xdi`lol) zz/ >8;=/

Fln}hombto) Fhikl &3!


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Bm aholvgtl{h sb etgpg mb zth~hocg`l olebonige}g


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Kil~l 4/Bm aholvgtl{h sb etgpg mb zth~hocg`l ol

ebonige}g


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{h ol ahyxoltbmog}h agtb~og olzbtg gal ibkgho sihm) thliobs}lol }hthob} kg ztl~l} olahtl}l g olgob} ol zth~ho}g~ol}l lecg!`l zbthih~lo}og pl tlpthux~l{h}b ol ebonige}g}h g agtb}~bth!

{h}b) b}ebiex ~thah}b g she~hocgtl{h}b ol ztlul{h}b ebklzth~ho}g~ol}l lecg`l) ~sxuobs}) sh sixx~l &gleb ~thah}b h shel!eb ~ljob'/

Zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g b~mh h mhngogtlol eleb shtg`l bmzbig}geg lecgg g gos}txaho}g ethgtlog


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87

ml kb gpdhkol} zbh}beb} gig hselilcg`l}l ol olsgiogb} ebo!nige}/ Olxogcg}h g ztle}gltg}h ol b~ll ~ltg`lo}l kihmll}eleb ol s}txe}xtliol zth~hocg`l g gal`qg kb zthm~gm oh`pgob}b

ebochz}xliob ztheibzx~l{h sb tlp~b`b} g ktlmh{h}b ol agtb} }bl}xel oh kb tlpkihmx~lah g sh bktlogx~lah slab ol mgzibal}seb!~bhog}h ~ltg`lo}g/

Agtb}~bth{h}b ~b sg}h ohkb~g lszhe}g) dhp tlpigel mlig shztl~g bm s}tlol ol mtjl~ogcg g mgzibal}g) bm ~b`sel}l) bm fxal!og}ltog}h tldb}ogcg gig bm hagoho}og igcl) sh sztb~hmx~l zbmebazihesog xsib~g/ Slagb} dtb` zbsthmogcg) aobu}~b}b g tlp!mtlpig~l}l ztgtbml ol ebonige}og}h s}tlog &zbshdob ~bbtxjhogoh~ilmgog ktxzg' g plahox~l{h}b ol zbig}gegb} sb hebobaseg

}htho) ol eb` sg}h }gh ~gt}xhiob bzhtgtll}) ~bmg mb x~htx~l{hmhel g ztbchsb} g thpxi}l}g}h ol agtb~og}h olzbtg sh eltle}htg!pgtlog &pltlphog' sb ohmb~htig~bs}/ Gs}btg`l}l h dbkl}l sb sixlgol gp~bothmog olzbtg ol agtb}~bth{h) ebg) shzle) dhl zb}choh}gbm s}tlog}h) ~ol}thuog gig olm~bthuog) ol ebonige}b}/ Gal`qgkg zthm~gm gp~bothmog}h zthmgp~gcg pl ktlmh{h agt pl ~thah gigzb olsgiho ebonige}) elzlcg}h}b} ml sh zthm~gmg g) ~sxuobs})zth~hogtl hmho ebonige}) ~b sxu}gol) h zthmgp~gex~leg/

Zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g) eleb btklogpgtlob aobjhs}~ble}g~obs}g olahoh}g pl plx~x~l{h gig ebosbigmgtl{h ol agtb})kb bpolx~l zthagob} bm thligs}gel}l zltlmgkal) eb`l `l olkilsx!~luh ahyxoltbmol}l zbig}gel sb etgpho aholvaho} &~gmg cg}l}zbkbth bm zbtlohuogb} lahtgeloseg mtjl~ho sheth}lt FhotgEgsgovht' mb zbetg}geg gpog`losgtlo ztgs}lz) u}b ~b ol`alilahtel) dltl ml sh zthm~gmg olsgis}~b}b gig alsb~ol}l hselilcg`lol olsgis}~b) l ~b ohebg sixlg dltl ml sh bmg g zbmlihex g ml shztbol`ml} ebthog}h ol olsgis}~b}b zthm }bl ml gpdx~oh/

4/ Aholvgtl{h sb etgpg olsztb}g zth~hocg!`l}l ol ebonige}g

Zthm ~b`ol}l ol Digsegb} Gs}be ~b be}ba~tg


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abjhih ml olztl~l} ogu}b dgmh`qg &Hkgzh}' dhuh zbtlphol}ls}tlol) l Gptlhi `l plmtjl s~b`l}l sxzhtgbtobs} &hi!Slml}


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og~b ol mgzibal}seg ebo}le}!ktxzg b~ils}hog ml gpkb}~x~ll}mbkb~btg g ml ga kg zthmilkll} ol ebontbo}gtlog}h s}tlog)hmobs}l~ob oh sh ~eibzx~ll ~b }heb} ol }gh ebonige}g eleb u}b

dhuh zb}thdob pltlmg s}hzhob} ol b~heb}b s}tlml{h u}b }ghkb zthmgp~gex~ll/ Gs}btg`l}l zbsih }gh ohxszhsg) qh sh zb~}btx~l~b mtxkg bdils}g bm s~h}b}) ~eixx~l`qg kg g }gh ~b Mhabetl}selThzxdigel Ebokb) Xkloml g ol mtxkg ahs}l/ ]beax b~gh ihob~g olahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl plzboll tlpkb~btg ~b sagsil ol zb}thdl!}l ml sh pl`leoh elzlcg}h}b} pl tlob zthmxzthmx~l{h ol olsgihoebonige}) eb` sh olmh~ll qh `l tlpdxmg zbig}gel}l ~bi`l g ololcgboliog}h g ol ahyxoltbmog}h igmhtg) ebg zb}bl dg abjhih mlkg abdgigpgtll} mgzibal}seg}h g ~bhog}h thsxtsg pl ml olztl~l}

ztbahol ~b tlol}l nlpl5 gig chibsob ml sh szthg ebonige}b} gigml sh zth~hogtl ohkb~l}l zbol}labuol hselilcg`l/

=/ Ebochzcgsel h~bixcg`l ol zth~hocg`l}l olebonige}g

Zth~hocg`l}l ol olsgiho ebonige} ~hqh zbmbikb ~thah h ktgjlol igmhtg}h) mtjl~g}h) lig`losg}h g ahyxoltbmog}h btklogplcgg)abjhdg }biex mbikb) u}b ohebg abjhdg kb gpdtll olsgiogb}ebonige} eleb zbig}geg gos}txaho}/ ^b zbob~l}l sb~thaholgs}btg`l) zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g h ztbzlkgtlol eleb lszgtl!cg`l ol ahyxoltbmol sbtldb}el/ Zb~hidl}l ol BBO) ~b s~b`l}lzthladxil) sh nbexsgtl ol zth~hocg`l}l ol ~bòl) eleb ol hmol bmkil~og}h chig ol BBO bm oh`pgob}b nbtagtl{h/ Mhi pltlmg zl}zbpgcg`l}l ~b zhtgbmb} ol S}xmhol}l ~bòl g zth}zbs}l~el}l mhel~bòg}h) mxtg g ~ol}thuog}h g thkgboliog ebonige}g) dgih li}ht!ol}g~l &plahol' pl lahtgeloseb!sb~h}seb}b tg~lis}~b) zth~hocg!`l}l ol ebonige}g oh dgil ugtbeb ztle}gcgtlol mxtg g bm BBO)ol`~ljol}l g ihkg}gaol ahyxoltbmol btklogplcg`l zbs~h}hol olahyxoltbmogb} agt) dhpdhmobs} g tlp~b`/


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=/


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>8

=/4/ Zthago bm thlecg`l ebo zth~hocg`l

Gs}b }lel) zbs}bhuh tls}heb x~s}~b mhel }le~g ebonige}g)olsgiog ~ol}thuog g thkgboliog ~bòg ~b htl}l zbsih S}xmhol}l~bòl) abjhl ml dgml} polg}hiob olalihog gig ~b chibs} plzthogleb exi}xtl}l ol zth~hocg`l zthb~ilmx~luh olm mildbeb ~ebthoh!}g}h ztle}geg ol kbihag}h g sthmog sgig ml thlkgtll} ol ebo!nige}g) slab ~b sbkilsobs} sb og~og}h zbig}geg go}hthsg/ Shklh ~bpabjob ml sh szbthmg thliogb} }tbube ol thle}g~og}h agtb~!og bzhtlcgg g fxalog}ltog}h go}ht~hocgg sb zthm~gmhogb}}tbube ol zth~ho}g~ol lecg`l0 Ol ztgaht) loligpl bm s}tlol olEltohvg ebagsg`l}l pleixg mhel 4:: agig`ltmg mbiltg dhl zb}!

tbuhog ol bzhtlcgg}h ~b mh~hmhsh}}g}h ~b Dbsol) Sbalig`l) Txlo!ml) Flg}g) Hi Sli~lmbt) Eladbvl g ~b ~bòl}l ~b Zhtsgsegb}Plig~) mbmhel ebazltl}g~ob zbali dxvh} bm ;: agig`ltmg mbiltgdg dgi mb~biho ml sh gazihaho}gtluh zth~ho}g~ol s}tl}hkg`l ~b}gh sixlg/ Mbmhel }le~g pleixbcg g ltkxaho}g ~eixx~ll} ebo!}tl nle}gel loligpl) abjobs}g}h ebg }gh kg zbethox~ll} shgo}tgklo}og pl ethl}btg}h ol zbig}gel}l g }hbth}gltg}h ebg shplktgjhog sb shebklu hseligtleg}h fxalog}ltog) zbig}geg ghebobaseg }tbubcg ol olsgiho ebonige}/

Gal ohebiex ~ljog ebochz}xliog zl}belpg ~b tlp~b`b} olzbshbznl}ol g c~ts}l ztle}gel ol tlpthux~l{h ol ahyxoltbmhoebonige} u}b ~eixx~l zth~hocg`l ol ebonige}g/ Pl ~thah ol


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tlpthug`l slag zb shdh zb pl~tux~l{h}b ol S}xmhol}l ~b`ol/ Sh!tg`l ubelo}ob olsgiog ~ol}thuog g ahyxmtjl~og ~b`og dhl gog!cgtlog g ~bmhog) ol~bmob bebix ztlul{l pl h}ogeg g thigkgbpho

gmho}g}h}) ahyx mtxkg}h ohgmhbibueg elxpg/ B~gh ebonige}g hs!}b ethgtll alsg~og fxalog}ltog etgpg) l cg~gig}h oh dhl zb~hqhebil}htliol u}h}l }xex mgthe}og chig/ Pl~b`x~log}h s}tlog dhp tlpigel mtjl~og gig ohmtjl~og le}htg dhl hs}b dxo}b~og)b}zbtog ol zthkb~btg) oleiboh}g ml kb zthetul} zthegob} olbkob} g ~gsbeb zbs~h}hog ol olsgis}~b}b/ Ahyxoltbmob}b tleb!~bms}~b g kibdliob}b `l~ob agsih{h zboll ml zbmmtjx~ll} zbc!~ts}l lecg`l eleb bmkb~bt ol b~ll sg}xlcg`l/ B~l oh dhuh ogelmhsgadbigpgtlob zbabqob) b}ebiex ~b gp~bothmol}l sbtldb}el}l ~b

tlaeg}h ol Sb~h}b} pl dhpdhmobs} ol BBO) u}b plzbol ~b tlog}h


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Dx}tbs!Klig)Lkhoml pl agt0 zth~ho}g~ol mgzibal}g`l) agtb}~b!th{h g x~l{h ol agtb}) gpihphol zh} ahshcg zbsih Slag}b} olSb~h}b} pl dhpdhmobs}/


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>6

^b oh`pgol}l ol`gs}l nbtal) zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g bznl!ql lecg`l u}b h zthphahol zthm h~ho}xliobs}l ol ebonige}b}/ Sh!zle ~b ztle}gel}l ebonige}g}h sh mgolagog g abjl} ml kg olm!

agol} mxtg g ol`mbdtg}h olahtg ol zth~ho}g~og}h ztle}geg/ ]lel)olkilsbeb} ol tlol}l lecg`l zbsih gpdx~ox~l{h}b ol olsgis}~b}bg zth~hocg`l}l ol zbol}labuob ~tlql{h sh ohbzfbmog mbzbiohog!`l ol gs}l}l mhngogcg`l/

Gos}txaho}g}h pl }le~b thligpgtl{h dhl zb~}bthog bm khoh!tliogb} sheth}lt ol BBO) ~eixx~l`qg xzb}thdl ol0

Mgzibal}sel agsg`l ol khohtliogb} sheth}lt) ~gsbe zhtsboligig thkgboliog btklogplcgg/ ]le~l}l zth~ho}g~ol mgzibal}g`l dg

ebtgs}hil) szbthm zb}thdg}h0 ahteg pl ktlmh{h mb~htdl5

agsgg pl gpolbyl{h nle}g bm kil~og}h btklog ol BBO5

athjg pl tlob zthmxzthmx~l{h ebg ebtgs}l} szhcg`ligpg!tlog lkhocgg ol BBO ol }htg}btg`l}l ol ebonige}og}hthkgbog) eleb g polh{h}b ol thkgboliog}h btklogplcgg5

zth~ho}g~og ~bhog tlszbthmx~l{l ebg gig dg kb bm~tl}gih

lkthsbtb} gig dg kg thmxcgtlih }hopgg}h zbahyx zb}hocg!`liog}h ~ol}thuog gig ahyxmtjl~og ebonige}og s}tlog5

sbpml~l{h ol mhagig}ltgpgtlog pbog) zbshdob ol plhmog!eg}h ktlogcg/4


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cgtlog g olahoh}g ml kg s}l~l} ol tlszbilkl{h g lm fbc g zbs}b`l!ob tlszbibjg~g}h ~bbtxjhog sgig ol BBO/ G mbmhel Sb~h}b} pldhpdhmobs} dg dgi bob` u}b dg }thdlib ml kg b~ils}g }le~g}h

tlszbthmx~l{l ~b sixl`b} ol ohzbsthmho ~bbtxjho ebonige})Sb~h}b} pl dhpdhmobs} ol BBO zthmibjg hmgogcg}h ml dgml} s}l!~hog zbm mgthe}ol ebaloml ol khohtliogb} sheth}lt/44 ]le~g}htlszbthmx~l{l pl sztb~hmx~l{h ol agtb} dg dgih zbebtgsog ztg~gs}gosel}l zth~hocg`l g bm~tlql{h bm olsgis}~b) ob) gs}b }lel) gpl ml sh zb~tl}g zthetuhogb} zthego ol bkob} g ml sh szthg zb~!}btob}b zb`l~x~l{h ol pkbihahob olsgis}~b/ Pltlmg tlpigogztggog) ~eixx~l`qg `l g s}txe}xtol}l mgolagel ol ihos}~b}bol Sb~h}b} pl dhpdhmobs} ol BBO u}b kb thnihe}gtluh kibdli!

ogb} dlilos ol abq ol zbh}beb} ol ^}btl}l s~h}sel ~b`ol zb~h!qh}b mtjl~g gall olahtl ml dgml} thpht~gtlog ~b bmobs ol ohebi!ex ebochz}g bm Lkhoml}l/ B~l galuh }homhocg`l ml kb zb}ebzlzth~ho}g~ogb} elzlcg}h} ol BBO eleb kibdliol ebihe}g~oldhpdhmobsol btklogplcg`l/ Ol`~ljob h sheleb) mhel eb` dgibebonige} eb` ~eixx~l zbs}b`lol ihoel ol Sb~h}b} pl dhpdhmobs}ol BBO gig mxtg g digpbe sb`xpoge qh dgmh szbsbdho ml gpdhkohdgib ele~g zth~ho}g~og ahflogpag ol BBO/

Lkhoml}l pl agt) gs}b }lel) plkb~ltl zbgob~l}g~ho ebochz}zb~tplo sb zth~hocg`l ol zb~}btob zb`l~x~l{h ol ebonige}b}0zbs}ebonige}ob ktlmh{h agt) u}b dg bznl}gib aobkx tlpobbd!tlpog le}g~obs}g ebg sh ztb}hkll} bm mhagogtl{h) mhabdgigplcg!`l) tlpbtxjx~l{h g thgo}hktlcg`l) mb zbmmtuel pl nbtagtl{h olmhabetl}seg ~ilmh`leg s}txe}xtg ~b zbs}ebonige}ol}l mtjl~l/

8/ Zlobtlal}l zb S}xmhol}l ~b`ol0 ohxszhfml sh zth~hogtl

Ztgtbmob) sbs}b`dl}l ol s~h}b} oh bs}lol s}l}gol sb zxdigex!~l{h}b ol Lkhoml}l pl agt/ Mtjl~g) thkgboliog btklogplcgg gzbshdob ahyxoltbmog btklogplcgg eleb BBO ztbmbijg`l ml `ltlp~g~ll} ztle}gel}l ol zth~ho}g~ol mgzibal}g`l/ Khohtliogb}sheth}lt ol BBO }bklu kb nbtagtl ob~gb} Bmmhi pl zbig}gegztlul{l) mhixaob pl ml bdhpdhmg tlob zthmxzthmx~l{h pl abjog!}h ebonige}g) zbig}geg zthzbtleg pl BBO g ahyxoltbmol

44 Lkhoml pl agt) zltlktln ==/


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zth~ho}g~ol lecg`l) eleb g loligpl ol bzcgg}h pl lecg`l ~b }heb~!og}h ebonige}g/

^b`og}h) go}ht~hocgg}h g olxhog}h ihecgg bm ebonige}g}h ~b

Lokbil) Sbalig`l) Flg}g g zbtlohuol @xkbsil~g`l) zbshdob ~b`ol!}l ~b Dbsol g Fhtchkb~gol g khobcgmb} ~b Txloml ~b


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Zth~hocg`l}l) eleb bzhtl}g~ho ebochz}) shzle qh dgmh zb~}bth!

ol eleb thpxi}l} ol ohxszhfb} ol ahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl ~b bmobsol Txloml) zbshdob ol Ebahabtl}g~ol}l ebonhthocg`l pl khobcg!mb} ~b Txloml ~b 4::= kbmgol g ~b Ahyxoltbmol}l ebagsg`l plgo}ht~hocg`l g mtjl~ho sx~hthog}h}) ebg `l gmho}gngex~ll bmkb!~btobs}l ml sh szthg khobcgmb} eleb olètg}gog zbpgcgg plahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl ml kg ztgnl}g/4;

Abtl s~hsob ml sh pldhihjg mhel th}tbszhe}g~l}l ol ahyxol!tbmol}l plhmogcl pl Txloml oh kg szthg gmog}h ~bòg ~b Igdhtg!

`l) flbsb} g ebilzsb} ~b Sbalig`l) ~b Mhabetl}sel ThzxdigelEbokb) ~b Xkloml) zbahyx Gptlhi!Fhpdbilf) zbahyx Zlihs}gol!Gptlhi) ~b Gtle) ~b _hhog`l) ~b Zlegs}lo) ~b L~klogs}lo g ~baobkx mtxkg sixlg &Plt}alo 4::8'/ L ahyxoltbmogb} eboshopxs eb`dhuh pl pl~tux~l{h ol mbikl}l ~bòl ~b Sxmlo sb SZIA"L) ~b `x!jho Sxmlo oh xszhl ml sh zth~hmh ~b ogu}b zb~hqh bm sildg olzbtgml sh pl~tug ~b`x~l{h}b ~b Sxmlo g khobcgmob}b olsgis}~b ~bMltnxt/

^b sheb` sixl`) ohxszhfb} ml sh szthg g ztheg}h pl lecg`l ologhmho olgo oh `l bsildg`l ohbzfbmobs}l pl kibdliho olkilsbe olzth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g eleb g ml dgil ngkxtgtlol/ Olahs}b}bl) }gh `l zbm~ihebl }heb~ol}l g}obs} pl ktlmh{h ol ahyxoltbmhoeboshopxs eb` qh dgmh ~b ztgibk ol sgs}hag}h pl zth~hocg`l ol ebo!nige}g) s}tl}hkgg g lecgg/

Mbmhel BBO ztbmbijx~l ml dgmh hshocg`liho mhi bm eb` dgibkibdliho g thkgboliho ztgs}lz ol zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}g)olzbtg}h ml sh thligpgtll} ohebg bm zthzbtleg}h ol Dx}tbs!Klig

g ml sh gob~gtll} mtxkg) h ~b }he/ Zbm ~bms}~b ol Ebng Lolo)BBO olztl~g kbihag zbmbdtx~l{l ~b s~b`l}l btklogplcg`l g tl!db}l sb chi ml sh olalil} ohebg bm dgtbetl}seg}h pls}bg g ml sh

4>Dx}tbs!Klig)Mbml}be ol Lkhoml}l pl agt) zltlktln 46/4;Ahyxoltbmol lelmhag`l pl agt)Mhsh} kbmgog zbsih khobcgmb} ~bTxloml0 ktlmh{h eboshopxs pl bmkb~btobs}l pl plu}g}l) Gp~hu}l` olEbahabtl}g~ol}l ebonhthocg`l pl khobcgmb} ~b Txloml) plhmogegbtklogpgtlol bm ~ilmg}h ol Txloml g Elolml) Bdhmgoh}g olcgg) [x`bte)4> alt}) 4::=/f}}z0""{{{/gzlclmhaw/btk"zmns"


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~b~hmh ahyxthsbtsel) ahyxlkhocgsel sbtldb}el ~b xsixkl}l pl zth!~hocg`l/46 Slagb} Lolo kb zthphmh ~bms}~b}b ol le}g~obs}g}h plzth~hocg`l ol ebonige}g) ol ztgaht) igob lokljgtl`qg sh ~b xs!

zhuho mbikbtbho olzbt ml szthg ele~b dgib gpdx~ox~l{h ol ol!sgis}~b zbahyx Ogkhtg`l g Elahtxo) zthm g zbsih 4::4 kbmgol) zbu}b g kb zbmltg ol Elahtxo) Zbixbs}tb~b} Dlelsg) }htg}btg`l db!kl}l sb oln}l) pl eb`l }gh sh szbthl/ BBO) g zbetl` sg}h s~bg oh!mbs}l}bcg) h ahyxoltbmol btklogplcg`l/ ]ll abjh ml ztbmbijg mlgktl mxtg g zb`lel g zbmbdtb btklogpgtlol xibkl ~b zth~ho}g~og!}h le}g~obs}g bm sg}h ~gmb~g &FlazsbolomAliboh 4::4'/

>/ Zth~ho}g~ob tlszbthmx~l{h

Mbebiex s bmg mbdtb) zth~ho}g~ol}l mgzibal}g`l xszhuob qhkg plzth hseligtleg}h }homhocgg g qh kg ~tl}g s}tlog}h ol zl}b}ol ebos}txe}g~ob) ebildbtl}g~ob tlpthux~l{h ol og~og}h zbig!}geg tlpigeg sb oholsgiog sthms}~l/ ^b dtb`og sixlg) zth~ho!}g~ol}l mgzibal}g`l h zthphahol ol ohebiex og~bl gs}b~thahob&BBO) thkgboliog btklogplcgg g mtjl~g' sb tlpigog s}hzhog olebbtmgolcg`l/ Shzle) agtb} eb` h ebosbigmgtlo sb mgzibal}g`l)abjhdg qh }thdl ml dgmh sbx~lo sb ztgahol ol ahteg) u}b polg

mhel zth~ho}g~ol}l mgzibal}g`l abjh ml dgmh ebadgogtlol sbzth~ho}g~ob tlszbthmx~l{h ol ~bhog sgig/

Gal m~l sixlg ol zth~ho}g~ol lecg`l ebg xszhuob `l ebadgog!tll zth~ho}g~ol}l mgzibal}sel lecg`l ol BBO g mtxkg ahyxol!tbmog le}htg sb tlszbthmx~l{h ol zth~ho}g~ol}l ~bhol agsg`lSgog uihab~g/ B~gh sixlg `l zb}~tmx~ll} mhngogcg`l}l plle}g~obs}g}h pl zth~hocg`l ol ebonige}g dgmh`qg }gh dhl gogcg!tlog ~b gshex~l{h ol hselilcg`l ol olsgis}~l/ M~h ~gs}gosegzth~ho}g~og tlszbthmx~l{l sh AGOXTCL ~b Cho}tlioblntg!elosel}l Thzxdigel g XOZTHMHZ ~b Alehmbog`l/ Ogh `l bktlog!x~lah olul}l mgsexsg`l ~b b~ll kil~l slab ol AGOXTCL) dgmh`!qg bs}l}beb} bm olul}l eogkl kb bdtldb}x~l zb}heib}b olebonige}b} ~b Alehmbog`l5 gogcgtl{h}b) ~bmh{h}b g pl~tux~l!{h}b ol XOZTHMHZ5 g ztggog}h g zbsihmgcg}h ol zbs}!XO!ZTHMHZ!h}ogegb} ebonige}) u}b gpdx~ol ~b 4::


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agtb} ~b Alehmbog`l dhuh dbiob zb}~tmho m~h kbmgog zbsih ohol!mh`ogb} etl` ol agsg`l}l5 olsgis}~b}b gpdx~ol zbahyx agig}lo}olktxzl) ~b shoel zb~tplol sb Ebsb~b) g alehmboseg}h ~ilmgog sgig/

Fhotge Sbeliseg) zbiseg mgzibal} g igmht ol XOZTHMHZ bm


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AGOXTCL oh tlszbthmg slab ~bbtxjhog ixyh sb sgog uihab!~g ~b Cho}tlioblntgelosel}l Thzxdigel pl ml ~tul} abog}btgokol ols}log}h zlsg~ob/ Agsg`l}l dhuh thil}g~ob lkthsg~ol ~b

szthx~l{h}b g olalix~l{h}b ol plelog}h zb dhpdhmobs}l olpha`l}l) pl}bl dhuh zb}thdob ethgtl{h ol s}ldgiol l}absnhtlpl ml sh b}~btg agtb~ogb} ztbchs/ Sb~h}b} pl dhpdhmobs}) sb zbs!ihmb~l}hiog Ki/ ^GG thpbixcgg) zbs}b`lob kb ztbmbijx~luh aloml!}b} ol AGOXTCL ~b sihmol}l kbmgol) pl ml sh ~eixg g bol u}bmhohs h ugtbeb zbpol}b eleb plmlg pl ktlmh{h agt) ~eixx~l`qgzbabu ztg gpdbtg) mhabdgigplcg`l) tlpbtxjx~l{h g zthtlszbth!mx~l{h g zbmmtjx~l{h ol zbig}gel}l agsg`l pl ml sh pl~tugabog}btgokb} g ml sh bftldtg gazihaho}lcg`l}l ol Dlokxg!mbkb!

~btg}h/ Chibsol}l tlael ol b~ll gseixg}hiob alil bzhtlcg`lbs}lol ebopgs}ho}ol0 bmthmdl}l pl dhpdhmobs}l ol olshihogh}b gahyxoltbmogb} zhtsboli g ol }b` olgo zth~hogtl{h ol ebonige!}b}/ AGOXTCL h lethmg}gtlol sb ethgtl{h ol eigal pl ebos!}txe}g~ho zbig}geg mg`libk ~b tlaeg}h ol CLT/ ^b s~bg}hzbsihmb~l}hiog gp~hu}lg) khohtliogb} sheth}lt kg zb}~tmg dtb`!og}h zth~ho}g~og lecgg u}b kg zthphmh AGOXTCL) ahyx ebg gs}tl}hueg}h tlszbthmx~l{l bebix pha`l}l g kil~ob} ktlm) pl ml shszthl} gpdx~ox~l{l}l ol olsgis}~b) ml sh zth~hogtll} hselilcgg)

ml sh tlpbtxjll} ohztg`l}hiseg}h ktxzg) ml sh bohszbsbdg btxj`h!}b g ztgaltob) ml sh bdhpdhmg dhpdhmobs} pl olshihogh}b mbmhelolcgboliol}l ltag`l dhuh s xu}h }tlosnbtagtlol szbthmagtb~ogb} mbkb~bt/3: Khohtliogb} sheth}lt) gs}b }lel) sleluh ml`l gonbtagtl ~ilml}l ol CLT mhel zbol}labuob}b tlszbthmx~l!{h ol AGOXTCL qh g pl~gsg bm zbs}hzhogb} olzthmbe ol ~ilml}l~b gazihaho}gtl{h}b ol agtb~og}h mbkb~btg/3< AGOXTCL hxszhuho sixl` ol zth~hocg`l ol ebonige}g) eb` sh zb}zgtluh olihsob zth~ho}g~ob tlszbthmx~l{h ol sgig ol BBO sb ugtbe alo!

ml}/ Abjhdg eleb thpxi}l} ol el}ls}tbnliog}h ebonige}g ebg kb

3:]th} gp~hu}l` ol khohtliogb} sheth}lt pl Agsg`l}l ol Bdhmgoh}g}holcgg ~b Cho}tlioblntgelosel}l Thzxdigel) sbkilsob sb Thpbixcg`l}l


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bzetxjx~ll} CLT g nle}b} mhel s~h}seg}h }hueg g et~l~g ebo!nige}g ztg~ihex~ll} zb~hqh go}ht~hocg`l g ~ogalogh ol ahmgx!ag}h b}ebiex thil}g~ob }g~eg}h xszhsg) b~b` sixl` dhuh ~b kbih!

al ahtl zth~gmho g bm ztle}gltg}h g bm }hbth}gltg}h/Qh pldhihjgah mhel ogh) qh kb chogah gogcg`liogb} sbbm~h}ho

thkgboliho bmkb~bt ol zb}hocg`liogb} ebonige} ~b CLT5 ohkb~l!}l etl`ol }tlosnbtalcg`l ~b zbsgiol BBO!b~ils}hol agsg`l) hes!zigcg}ol}l zb~tplobs} ol khohtliogb} sheth}lt zbahyx ~bi`l}l olBBO ml `l zbmmtjg agsg`l}l g ~ilmgol}l ~bi`l ml kg gazihaho}g!tl s~bg}h mbijobs}g szbthm agtb~og}h mbkb~btg/

;/ Etg}geg}h pl zth~hocg`l}l ol ebonige}gEbochz}b} ol zth~hocg`l ol ebonige}g g le}g~obs}g}h ebg

zb}zlyll} zbm }b` mbaho oh sh dhp etg}geg/ Zth~hocg`l}l ol ebo!nige}g) eleb u}b h bzgulol bm Dx}tbs!Klig) dhuh etg}gex~lolbm ohebg eleb zthaobkx bdhaol/ Ol~gs}gol) ~b ladgcgbpog}h }ht!agog ol Lkhoml}l) ebochz}b} kb bznlql chigb} cgeixs ol ebo!nige}b}/ Mxtg sh zbihagpgtl mhel sildb }hazgtlog olzbtg plzth~hocg`l ol ebonige}g abjh slab ml kb pldl~l} zbh}beb} ololsgiol}l nlpl ol hmho ebonige}/ Xu}h hmolu) abidl}l pl s}tl!}hkg`l g go}htolcgboliobs} h ol zb}hk/

S}hmalo &


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mhabetl}g`l}l g elzg}ligpab} ol sibdbmol }tkb~g`l) eb` sh s}thagml ga bdhpdhmg ol ixyh}b zbmbdtb xhs}~b ~b zbig}gegb} g heb!obasegb} sgs}ha) abjh ~sxuobs} ml kb ~ibug ebonige}b} ebkl

tls}heg}h zbig}geg zlt}gg kihmll} ~b eboexthocg`l}l ztb}g~!oge pl ebo}tbil ol thsxtsg}h g abq}l) eleb u}b hebobaseg}hthnbtag kg eloligpgtll} s}ltg}h olgog ol mgs}tgdxgtl{h olzbmmtuel g bsob~ol dhpdhmobs} &Ctl{nbtm


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kg}h xsib~g pl xszhf pl }le~g}h olzbtg h b}sxs}~b}b ol s}tlog}hebg sh bdgmx~ll} ml kg bsildol} zth~ho}g~og}h olzbtg zthex bm!thmdl pl ~bhol zbabu/

Plt}alo &4::;0


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tl) `l ab}g~gtll ahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl ml sh lokljgtl ~b tlpah!ol ~b bmobs ol zb}thdl}l pl exi}xtl ol lecg`l g zth~hocg`lolsztb}g exi}xtl}l ol thlecg`l/ @lsob) ahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl

}thdl ml gpbmg mbik zl} ~b bmobs ol abdgigpgtl{h ol zbig}gel}l~bi`l) sbdgtl`qg g loligpgtl`qg zbml}bcg pl ebonige}b} g ~bszbs!}l~x~l`qg ob~g obtag ebg qh `l ~bml} zth~ho}g~ol}l lecg`l/ Oghzbol~ah ml xgah bm ohxszhsg}h g ml bhex~lah xszhsg/ Zth~ho!cg`l}l) pl sh}l m~bsagsihobs} g ebazihesobs} eb`l kg bzetxjx~lle}xhiog}h xzb}thdg) ztbmbijx~l ml kg ztg~ihex~l sg}h ebg slel!l} fxalobs}l ml kb gpdhkoh fbtbtb} ol ~b`ol}l g ml ztgahog ethl!}g~og g zbaliex ztgoxmog olgog ol lmthsgtl{h ol ebonige}b}/


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dhl sb `lsog h}ogeg zthmpolcg/&^loeb~sel) 4::;0


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Kil~l 3/ Zth~hocg`l g tlpthux~l{h ol ebonige}b} ~b thzxdigel Alehmbog`l

6;

kbmgol sb Xs}l~ogb} plebo dhuh bmixhob Thzxdigel Alehmbog`lml zths}loh ml zlt}gcgzgtl ~b sb`xpog}h btklog ol ~ils}l g ga kbxegol aloml}b} ol sg}h sb`xpog nxoecgbohtg/ Ol }b` olgo) Aleh!

mbog`l s}lol hmgos}~hol thzxdigel ol dg~ul @xkbsil~g`l eb`l ebo!s}g}xgtluh mtjl~l g gpihph bm nhmhtlcg`l}l ol agtho olgo/ ]bldhuh mbzbiog}hiob zb}~tmhob sb zb}zgux~l{h}b ol szbkbmdl}l plagtob zb~ihex~l{h ol hmgogcg}h ol @xkbsib~hosel}l oltbmol lt!ag`l &@OL' bm }htg}btg`l}l ol Alehmbog`l/ Ol 6 lztgi


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Bm mtxkl s}tlol) sh bhex~luh mhel ~b ob~bzbs}l~hob}b sibdbm!ob ktlyloseb bzu}hs}~b chibsob qh ztbnxoecgbogtll} mhabetl}!seg}h gos}g}xcgg) zlpltol}l hebobag`l g ~b~hmx~l{h}b ol zbig!

}gegb} zixtligpla/ Bmobsob) ahyx mtxkb}b sh bhex~luh aobkxzbdtp tlp~b` ol hebobag`l}l/ Ob) ol slagb} zbh}be ol }tlopgcg!`l}l) Alehmbog`l sh sbbg sb olm~bthuog zbig}geg g hebobasegztg}gsbcg/ Szbthm ohebg heszht}seg ztbchog) b~gh ztg}gsbcg) oh!hngelsol}l ztg~l}gplcg`l g hebobaseb}b zths}txe}xtgtl{h ~bkbiha ztbcho} kg olalig`l hebobaseg}h zhtnbtalosg) u}b bm mtx!kl s}tlol thpxi}gtluh sb alsb~og b}zxu}l{l) shtgbpob olalix~l!{h ol jg~b}ogb} s}lomltm g tlzgmho zbtls} ol sgtbalu}g`l}l/]blh hmho bm zbelpl}hig}h mhel ~b zbtlohuol}l SNT@) Alehmbog`l

dhuh hmol bm ol`ohtlp~ghog}h thzxdigeg/ ^b }gh xsib~g) sb bsl!abs}b`x~l{h}b sg}xlcg`l}l mbzbiog}hiob sh ~ibug/ Dhuh plkxdhozbtlohuogb} hmgos}~ho hebobaseg zlplt) l gs}b~thahob pha`l}lsh sbbg g sb mbzbiog}hiog hebobaseg ztbdihag zthmgp~gelog bmm~b`ob}b hadltkb! hmob}b bm s}tlol ol Ktcg`l pltlmg ztbdihab} sbgah}b) l mtxkb}b olah}ol}b zthex zb}thdl}l ml sh zbg}x~ll} th!pbixcgg}h ol BO pl hebobaseg sloecgg szthal Sb`xpol Thzxdigel@xkbsil~g`l &ST@'/ Bm }gh ztggog sbcgb!hebobaseg}h xsib~g ~bAlehmbog`l sh zb~hqh mbdg~ll ohkl}g~ho }thom ol tlp~b`/

^b b~b` ebo}hes} }thdl ml sh zb}hocgtl nle}b} mhel ~b Thzxd!igel Alehmbog`l g h}ogeg}h zthagsg dhl szhcgngog/ Gahob) ~bThzxdigel Alehmbog`l) zbetl` alehmboseb}b) jg~hh g olshihoghbm mtxkl h}ogel ztgzlmobs}/ ]le~l}l sbs}b`dl) eleb g ~b zbkbih!agb} mhi bm mtjl~g}h ~b thkgbob}) h thpxi}l} ol zthshidg}h ololshihogh}b ~b agol}b}b) zthmgp~gelog bm ~bhog) zbig}geg ghebobaseg ztggog/


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]ldhil dt/< Olcgboliol}l ztgzlmobs} ol olshihogh}b ~b Th!zxdigel Alehmbog`l

OLCGBOLIOL ZTGZLMOBS]

Zbzgsolkbmgol

Alehmbo!cg

Lidlocg ]xtcg Tbag Stdg ^ilsg

Dt/ ;67>=6


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Loligpl}l ol ]ldhil}l38 o ~bmg mb pleixbe mhel dtb`b} olAlehmbocg}h sh olalix~l/ ]bl polg mhel ztbcho}xliob}b olal!ix~l{h ol alehmboseb}b olshihogh ~b gpagol}g}h mhchogg xeljx!

~l ol abuoh ohkl}g~ol mhabktlnsel }homhocg`l ol ebo}goxgtlob!}b olalix~l{h ol alehmbosel}l zbzxilcg`l/ &Szbthm zbml}bcg}hbm zbzgsb} ~b =6jg}hig) u}b zth}s}l~x~l >6)=7( bm ~exzob}b olshihogh) ~b 8)76(/ ^b < kbmgol Alehmbocg}h xhs}~x~ll} sb ;


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Eboeth}ob) zth~ho}g~ol}l agsg`l ol XOZTBNBT ~b Thzxdig!el Alehmbog`l galuh zbpg}g~ol xibkl) g }bl0

zt~b) ~b ztl~hc ol plx~x~l{h}b ol agtb} g dhpdhmobs}l ~b

Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l5 g~}btb) s}ldgigpgtleg hnhe}g ~tp sbs}b`dl}l ~b thkgbob}/^sxuobs}) sihmh`qg kg gp~hu}lg}h ol khohtliogb} sheth}lt

bebix zth~ho}g~ol}l agsg`l ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) zbs}hzhobsh zbahs}x~l olkilsx~l{h}b ol plktgjhobs}l bm abjobs}l pl olm!~bthuol lkthsg`l &eleb ztgaltol ktgjl) bm obha~tg


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ebgu}b qh nxoecgbogtll} zbm chibsho l~}btg}h} ol Agtb~og}hsgig ol BO/

Eboeth}ob) ~b Dbsol g Fhtchkb~gol sh ~bszbs}l~g XOZTB!

NBT) ~b Ft~l}sel sh ~bszbs}l~g XOETB g ~b Alehmbog`l sh ~bs!zbs}l~g agsg`l XOZTHMHZ &Xog}hmOl}gbosZth~ho}g~hMhzibwaho}'/Gahob) ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l XOZTHMHZ h ~bszbs}l~hol

eleb mgs}goe}g~ho bzhtl}g~ho ho}g}h} ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`lsb Thpbixcg`l 763) bm 3< alt} 4'/Sbkilsob sb aloml}b} ol XOZTHMHZ) bmobsob og~b}b ol ztg!mbohs pl bmtjx~l{h ol agtb} g s}ldgiobs}l ~b Alehmbog`l) bmagsg`l}l sh dltl ml sh ~bmg sah}el pl tlpigog}h lszhe}g ol~ol}thuol}l g olm~bthuol}l sbs}b`dl ol mtjl~l}l/ B~gh plmlg~eixx~ll} zth~ho}g~ob tlszbthmx~l{h) mbdtg xsixkg) ahteg plktlmh{h ol mb~htdl}l) tlob zthmxzthmx~l{h) abog}btgok g gp~hs!}x~l{h) eleb g bzthmhihog sbcg`liog ztbhe}g/=>Gs}b }lel) agsg`l!}l ~eixg g sihmh{h ol zbelpl}hig pl abjog olcgboliog etgpg)

xpxtzlcg`l ol ~bszbs}l~hog}h mhabetl}seg gos}g}xcgg gig mtxkgoh~bhog olm~bthuog g ~ol}thuog ztg}gsbcg/ Zbetl` }bl) zbeljlgo}hths g pl gos}g}xcgboliog}h thnbtag) zbmbdtx~l{h ol zbig!cgsegb} g sxmsegb} sgs}ha) sihmh{h ol b~heb~g}h ztl~l) thnbt!ag}h ~b gpdbtogb} sgs}ha g sbcg`liogb} g hebobasegb} tlp~b`/ Sbmtxkg pdbtb~g) XOZTHMHZ zth}s}l~x~luh shbznl}ol bzhtlcg`lol zth~ho}g~ol mgzibal}g`l plsob~lol ol axi}gnxoecgboliols}tl}hkg`l/ B~l sh mbijg ol ztgs}lzb} mhel ztle}gol}l ztgahol

=> Cb Thp/


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ol tlol}l zth~ho}g~ol lecg`l oh abjh ml sh sztb~hmh sb gpbigtloggos}txaho}g/ &Sbeliseg) 4::80>4'/

Eleb thpxi}l} ol ztbchog}h ~b tlaeg}h ol Sb~h}b} pl dhpdhm!

obs} pl s}ldgigpgtleg}h hihaho}g zb ebonige}b} ~b zbtlohuol@xkbsil~g`l) agsg`l}l h thmxcgtlol ~b bmobs ol ~bhol}l ebazboho!}l ol ;8: ~b`ogcg) mbmhel dtb`b} ol old|xmx~leg}h ahs}l holaliho bm


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{h) alsletg) dhklicg) xogu}x~l{h g}o/ Ahyx}bl) ol etl`b} g Aleh!mbog`l zlmol zbm ztg}gsbe ol lexaxigtlog}h g ohthuhog}h thkgb!oliog ebonige}g ~b zbtlohuol @xkbsil~g`l) dhp ~bbzu}b ml gal

~gs}gosel abjobs} ml sh s~t}g ebo sbzs}~hob}b bzu}hs}~b g ml kgthmgngogtl sbzs}~hog}h ztbdihag/ &^loeb~sel) 4::40~g) mbagolo}ol dhuh zth}zbs}l~el}l mhel Alehmbog`l qh abjh mlbzs}bg dhp bkihm ol thkgboliog}h sixx~l{l/ Dgmh`qg) ~b ahyx~th!ah og sh sixg`l ohebiex sg}xlcgg ebg kg zb}~tmg`l sbaoh~l{l}l/&^loeb~sel) 4::40


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Gig) zle) zb}zthmshml}hib} ol gs}l}l zlt}g`l) Ahomxf ]l!g) sah}l mhel ebonige}b} bm 4::< kbmgol h dbtdl pl~ils}) l oh dbtdl pl bs}~ltx~l{h ol lidloseg}h ztl~l/

Sztb}g~ob ol ohkb~b}b }~tmh{h) khohtliogb} sheth}lt olMXG) Kpga Bs}thog) &ollioge ol Kil~ogb} u}ld olzltl~bhol}l BOL' sah}l mhel ebonige}b} ~b 4::< kb!mgol oh dgi lkthsg`l bm Ebsb~b }xex ~bs}logh olLidlo!cg}h zbtlmg og~og}h plktbphog hihaho}ltog ztl~l/ ]b` hthpxi}l} ol hmol mbikbkbmguol zbig}gel ebo Lidlocg!}h ~b Alehmbog`l/ Pl sthql) }b` pl~tug sb Bftgmsegb}tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt g dhuh szthhol ktlylosel ~bòl/ Mbmh!el) gp`l~l}l ol mtxk ebalomlo} ol BOL) Nlpig ^higx) h

sbshal sztb}g~ol/ ]b` gp`l~x~l mhel ~b 4::< kbmgol dgihab}g~gtlog sb dbtdl}l pl }htg}btg`l}l ~b ThzxdigelAlehmbog`l) ob sb }he ol ~thah}b g zbm ztg}gsbe ol ah!yxoltbmol}l plhmogcl kb sahogih }b` ztbhe}/

Lidlocg}h kb plzboll ebonige}b} g olsgis}~b}b kbebtgs}hl pl ml zb}geol} mg`libk pl etlògb} zbig}gegs}l}xs ol Ebsb~b/

Mhel ebonige}b} dhuh gos}locl ol ebo}tbigtlo flbs) sbchi ml sh pldtpl ztbchsb} ol nhmhtligplcg`l ol mtjl~l}l/

Gig) zle) olsgis}~b}b dhuh khohtgtlob bm ztbdihag}h ~b~tsel sb ztlul{l}l pl b~heb~g}h ztl~l g ztl~l}l ol ali!cgos}~l}l) bmobsob) dbtdl pl b~heb~g ztl~l/ Zbzthcgpob)el` Lidlocg}h ebg kb bd`lsox~ll} ebonige}b} ztggog}hsh aobkx hmobs}l~og/ Hmolu Xs}l~b} sh ibcgtl eleb ztgg!ol/ Mtxkzl}) mbikbkbmguol}l thzthsgtlobs} ol Lidlocg}hbm s}tlol ol Alehmbocg}h/ Mbmhel) zle) }th}zl} bdhsztl~h!obs}l ml xl} ol lidloseg `lpge ~b ~gsbeb}b bdtlpb~logh)ebh kg mgsetgagogtl Lidlocg}h/

Szbthm mtxkg }biex~l{l) ~b 4::< kbmgol ~b Alehmbog`l shsixg ahyxh}ogeg ebonige} / Abjhdg b~l }biex~l{hpl ohebkb qh p~xg zltlmbesliob) dgmh`qg ~b nh~txltg 4::=0

zt~l nlpl0 ~ihkx~l{h ~b ahs}l}l &shil}l' bchoh}g elebol`s}ldgiog5

~}btl nlpl0 ~ihkx~l{h ~b shil}l sb oltxuhol dhpdhmobsolsbs}b`dl5

}th}l nlpl0 ~ihkx~l{h ~b shil}l sb zbsibjhol dhpdhmobs!ol sbs}b`dl5

Sheb`l bm b~gh nlpg sh bm~g~luh sb bmthmhol mgolagel) ~bzthm~gmhog}h uhs} zbmnlpg sb zilogtlog ahteg g le}g~obs}g0

Zt~l}l zbmnlpl &gonbtagtl{h g zbmkb}b~el' bznlqluh0

sztb~hmx~l{h ol elazl{l sb ahmgxaseb gonbtagtl{h5 zb~tpx~l{h sb oh~ilmgog}h btklogplcgg5

>= Zilob} pl ~tlql{h ol dhpdhmobsog}h sgig ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l ~bzbtlohuog}h etgpog thkgbog dhuh xs~bho bm s}tlol ol îlml}l olThzxdigel Alehmbog`l ol thmb~ol shmogcl bmtjlol ol :=/


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le}g~obs}g}h pl ktlmh{h ol mb~htdl zbahyx zbigcg`l}l g ahs!ob}b olshihogh) eleb g plibjdl}l pl plhmogeb thul~l{h ol oh!ebg ztbdihag) sb u}b ktlylog}h zb~}btob dg `l mbdgih mb~htdl}lebo gos}g}xcgg}h ol sgs}hab}/ Ztgmbohs ebo gs}b}b mlmh g Ztbhe!}b} Tldb}l ol zbigcg`l}l ~b plhmogcl}l) zthex nbtagtlog}hktxzg pl sb~h}x~l{h ol ktlylog}h ~b ebg s~bh le}g~ob xhs}~bgall g ztgzlmogcg}h ol zbigcg`l}l/ Gs}b }lel) sb chi bdhpdhmx~l!{h ol 4=!lsb~ob ztgsxs}~b ol zbigcg`l}l) sh olah}ol zb}thdl}lbm thebos}txecg`l ol kbiha mhi bm zbigcgseg}h bd`he}g) tlpxtol!

}g ~b ~bhog}h mh`s}~l ~b etgpog}h thkgbog/ Bm }ll ztggol bu}h!}hog}h bd`he}g ol zbigcgseg}h s}logcg mb mhohs sh thebos}txgtl!og g s}l~hog ~b nxoecg`l) sb u}b ~b kbihal ahtel sh zbmbdthogxsib~g}h pl tldb}l ol zbigcg`l}l ~b }gh thkgbog/

Gs}b }lel) ^ilml}l zthphmh g le}g~obs}g pl ~tlql{h ol tlshih!og}h igcl) bm ebg mhi bm og~ dhl sahs}hog ~b shah`s}~l) l bs}lol!}g}h dhl sahs}hog ~b ebihe}g~og cho}tg ~b Exalob~b g ~b Sebz!`h/

]tbubcg}h pl sahs}x~l{h g gsftlol ol ~ol}thuob tlshihog}h

igcl ~b ebihe}g~og}h cho}tg chibsob sh bdhpdhmx~ll bm Dxvh}b}ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l/

Mbzbiog}hiob) ol igcl}l u}b ohall} bsob~ol zbexqogol) lsh ~tl}gih ~b s~bg}h thebos}txgtlog mbab~g) zthex Agogs}hts!}~b}b pl }txm g sbcg`liol zbig}gel) ~b ebo}goxg}h}) ga sh bdhpdh!mx~l g gszil}x~l hmobetl}ol zltgol zbabu) sb eb`l u}b mbshkldhl bznl}hog zb~hqh bm 38: shah`s}~l/

S}l~b} ol ^ilml}l ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l ~b ~tsel sb ~ol}!thuob tlshihog}h igcl dhuh ml kb zbmmtug og~ob ~tlql{h ~b

sbzs}~hog}h mbab~g) dhp tlpigel ol }hueb}gg}h) zthztheg}h sbebg u}b qh sh sbbx~l g ol ~thah}b ebh u}b qh dgmh zb}thdob/


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/>;6exqg/ ^b b~ll nlpl)


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Eleb zbmmtuel ol gazihaho}lcg`l}l ol Bftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho

mbkb~bt g slogtl{h ol zbsihmgcg}h bm etgpl}l ~b 4::< kbmgol)^ilml}l ol Thzxdigel G}lig`l mbmhig sthms}~l ~b ~gsgol bm


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> xs~bg bmixel ml ngolosgtl Ztbktlal plktlmh{h ol mb~htdl ~b Alehmbog`l) ~eixx~l`qg xzb}thdl ol nbo!mb~g bm Ahflogpab} pl dtpl thlecg`l/

Ahmg`lcg`l}l) ol Agsg`l}l ol BDSH ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog!`l>; h ztbsihmhol zthex le}g~obs}g}h zthphahog bm s}tlol ol Bt!klogplcg`l}l ~b olsbel ol xztl~x~l{h ol ebonige}b} ~b Thzxdig!el Alehmbog`l g oh`pgob pl~tux~l{h/ Sh}b }bl h ~b sbkilsobs} sboh`pgog}h bzu}g chig g olhil ~tp ebg sh plsob~l zbs}bh{h}b olb~ll Btklogplcg`l) g sbkilsob bmthmdg}h sbmtjlog ~b aloml}b} olAgsg`l}l ol BDSH ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l/

B}}xel) agsg`l}l ol BDSH ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) ~b sbk!ilsobs} sb oh`pgog}h plmbijhog`l zthm~gmhog ~b aloml}b}) ml old!|xmx~l g gp~hs}x~l pl tlp~b`b} ol ols}log}h ol sh~htol}l ktlogclol pha`l}l) eleb g ~b slal}l mtjl~l) ol slagb} zbh}be ol ols}l!og}h mgthe}ob zb~tplog sb ebonige}b}) ol 46 nh~txltg 4::< kbmg!ol gpmlmh sbbzu}hogh ~b ebh `l gpohsx~l plktgjhobs}l ol agsg`l}l

~b ~tsel sb zbsihmog}h ols}log zb mbijgol}l ol sh~htol}l ktlog!cl sb ST@) zb}bob ~b mhib} sb Ebsb~b/ Sb mtxkg pdbtb~g) ol~hmh!ob}b sbbzu}hogh gazigcg}ob xzl}x~l ol m~l eixog abaho}g/Zt~gb}) h mhel agsg`l}l ol BDSH ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l `l

>> Bmixel}l h xs~bhol ~b be}ba~tg 4::< kbmgol>; BDSH ~b s~bg}h bngcg`liog ebo}le}g ~b bmobs ol ThzxdigelAlehmbog`l `l xzb}thdx~l thnhthocl}l Zbtlohuol @xkbsib~hoselThzxdigel Alehmbog`l/ Gahob) Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l pl zbiobztl~ol

ihoel ol BDSH h ztgahol zbm oh`pgob}b ztg~thahob gah) Zbtlohuol@xkbsib~hosel Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) ~b be}ba~tg


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Alehmbog`l sb Sb`xpol Thzxdigel @xkbsil~g`l) elmh u}b zbshdobsh zb}hocgtl Ebsb~b/

^}btl}l) h bsxml ol le}g}h ol olsgis}~b}b/

]th}l}l) zb~ge pl zthego ol olsgis}~b}b g xzb}thdl}l olahteg}h ebg abjl} ml kb pkbihal} olsgis}~b}b ~b ktlogogb}thkgbo/

Gs}b }lel) bm kbihab polh{h dhuh nle}b} u}b ol slagb}zbh}be ol ols}log}h ol alehmbosel}l sh~htol ktlogcl h h~gmho!}ob g le}g~ob}b xhs}~b ol ~gsbegb} ebahslt ol olcgboliog}halicgos}~l ztg BDSH) Ales ^lo Mht U}xi/ Zb zbsh}l}l olThzxdigel Alehmbog`l &4 alt} 4::< kbmgol') }b` ebos}l}gtl mhelahyxoltbmol}l plhmogcl }thdl ml zbabkoh ol Thzxdigel Alehmb!og`l sb chi ml sh szthg zbol}labuol}l hselilcg`l ol olsgis}~b!}b/ Gomgel}bt pl }bl h shtgbpobs}l ol sbs}b`dl}l ~b thkgbob} olshib}b ]loxuh~cg ol alehmboseb!ebsb~sel}l ktlogcl) l ebg szb!thm ohkb sh ztggol pl shtgbpob oltxux~l{h ol }htg}btg`liogb}go}hktg}h} g sx~hthog}h} ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) u}b) sheleb)h ohztgnl}ig~b pl BDSH/ Gahob) sh}b }bl sh ebsg sb bsob~og}holhil ol Btklogplcg`l}l) l }bl h zbg}x~l{h ol sx~hthog}h}b} ggo}hktg}h}b} ol sheb`l pha`l/ Bm }gh ztggog) }b` kg bsxmx~l zth!phahog}h le}g~obs}g bm s}tlol ol hes}thags}g ebg) sheleb) gall}pl chi ml `l oltxul} s}ldgiobs}l g ahyxh}ogeg}h bmobsg ~bAlehmbog`l/ B}}xel) ohkb~l}l zbtlel h mgthe}ob xzl}hol mb sg}hpha`g!ihoeg ol BDSH ml g zbabkol} ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l ~bsagtx~l{h}b ol sbs}b`dg}h/ Ob) sheleb mhel lzhib} h g mb ahyxol!tbmol}l plhmogcl }ll }thdl plhmob ~b sbtldb}el sb olmihjog!}h btklog ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l }thdl ml mh`s}~x~l zbhnhe!}g~ob pl ml sh szthg ugth{h}b ol olsgis}~b}b/

B}}xel) ols}lzb} ol ~gsbegb} ebahslt ol olcgboliog}h ali!cgos}~l ztg BDSH gazigcg}ob zbsbx~l ohebiex eixog abaho!}g/

Ohkb~gb} ols}lz zth}s}l~x~l pole pl ~eixx~l{h}b ol gos}g}x!cg`l}l ^gsbe Ebahslt ol olcgboliog}h alicgos}~l ztg BDSH)eleb gos}txaho} pl zth~hocg`l ol ebonige}g}h ~b thkgbob} olBDSH) bmobsob ktlogob}b zbmtl`h sb Sb`xpol Thzxdigel @xkbs!il~g`l) ~b mhib} sb Ebsb~b/

^eixx~l{h}b `l zb}~tmx~l shtgbpobs}l ol ols}log}h ~b Thzxd!igel Alehmbog`l/


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g Agsg`l}l xzl}x~l ol sbbm~h!}ho bmkb~bt ol b~ll ztb~belcg`l bm s}tlol ol dhpdhmobsog}h sgigol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) eb` ohal ml dgmh zthexahtho g zb abj!obs} ~b ebbtmgolcg`l sb ENBT/

^b ahyx~thah) ebonige}b} ~b Alehmbog`l hseligtluh/ Sbbkihm ol xsibjox~l{h}b ol sg}xlcg`l}l ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l)~b shmgu}h}b ol Zbs}b`logb} sb~h} ~b ^ghol) ol > alt} 4::< kbmg!ol sh bmtjl Szhcg`liol shsg`l) zbs~h}hol ol sh~htol}l ktlogcl olThzxdigel Alehmbog`l/ Ol b~ll shsg`l heszigcg}ob h olkilshobmhel0alehmbosel}l ^ilml ~ibjgil olzbtg pl mgzibal}sebthul~l{h ol etgpl}l xu}h bm slagb} zbh}be/ Zbtlmg }bl)}ll zthphil ugtbeg zbig}geg ebosxi}lcgg sb thih~lo}og}hahyxoltbmog nle}btg g mbdgil zbmmtuel bm sg}hsbshmg g ahyx!oltbmog btklogplcgg/

Bm tldb}l}l ol Szhcg`liol}l shsg`l ol Zbs}b`logb} sb~h} olBDSH ztbgpihkbl ohebiex eixog zbig}geg bmixeg ebg mgthe!}ob sh zbs~h}hog ol sbs}b`dl}l ~b Alehmbog`l ~b }b` etg}gho zht!

gbm/ Ol ztgaht) Zbs}b`logb} sb~h} hmobkilsob kg bsxmg olzlmg}hol alehmbosel}l }htg}btg`l/ Gs}b }lel) hmobkilsob gptlpg chibs!ol zbmmtuel ol zbig}gel}l g le}g~obs}g}h ol alehmboseg}h ~ils!}g ~b sztl~x~l{h}b sb sbs}b`dg}h zb gocgmho}g}h ol sh~htol}lktlogcl) sb chi ml sh sbx~l }htg}btg`liogb} go}hktg}h} gs}ldgiobs}l ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l/ Gahob) zbshdho lecho} hs}l~ho ol zb}thdl}l bm bdhpdhmx~l{h ol hngelsol plu}g}l ol ktl!ogol}l igog`l bm Ebsb~sel}l etgpl sb zbabu ol ahyxoltbmol}lplhmogcl/

Zbmhmole~b) agsg`l}l ol BDSH ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) ~bsbkilsobs} sb oh`pgog}h olmihjobs}g zthm~gmhog sb alomlmb}) bmZbs}b`logb} sb~h} ol BDSH mbdg~l gokhthocgg ml `l pkbihagsbtldb}el}l sb cg~giog}h g ~bhog}h ~ils}g ~b Thzxdigel Alehmb!og`l/ Ob) pltlmg gs}l chi) ~b gs}b ~thah) }ll }thdl ml dgmh ~bzbs}b`log ebo}le}g g sb mtxkg cg~giog g ~bhog ahyxoltbmog btkl!ogplcgg/

>6 ^b ]loxuh~cg ol 8 alt} 4::< kbmgol dhl xdghog }tb`cl ~b`ogcg olLtag`l ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l/


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7 Gs!

}b }lel) pkbihahol h agsg`l}l ol BDSH;:

) sb plmlg ~b ktlogob}bzbmtl`h/ Gahob) Agsg`l}l zthphal zbig}geg gogcg`l}g~g sb chiml kb bmtjg mg`libkb} pl eb` u}b sah}l mhel dgi eixho pl thul~l!{h ol ztbdihag}h/ Ol ztgaht) ~b }heb} ol zt~l}l h}~t}gol bm4::< kbmgol) agsg`l}l kb old|xmx~l g etgpogb} thkgbo/ ]bl kb ztl!~g ~b sbtldb}el g ebbtmgolcg`l sb bs}lol}g}h ahyxoltbmog btkl!ogplcgg) g }bl0 Old|xmx~lel}l agsg`l ol H~tbzsel xog`l&HXOA') ^gsbegb} ebahshtg`l} pl dhklicg ztg BO &XOFCT') el!eb g ihob~g ol mgzibal}seg}h agsgg ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l/

Gs}b }lel) agsg`l}l ol BDSH kb gogcgtl g zbmmtjx~l tlp~b`b} olahyxh}ogegb} mg`libk) pl ztlul{l ebg kg zthmgp~gelih }hopgg}h~b pha`l}l/ Hmob bm }le~g}h ihkg}gaog ztlul{l ol Lidlocg}h ~bThzxdigel Alehmbog`l sh bmohsx~l ol nbtagtl{h}b ol xog~htpg!}h} ~b ]h}b~b/

^b b~b` ebo}hes} poll`ob h ml sh pldhihjg mhel BDSH bm zbh!}beb} ol ebonige}b} zbs}b`lob kb zbmmtjx~l ztbchsb} ol plzb!ox~l{h}b ol ahyxh}ogegb} mg`libk ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l)

>7 Ladlslmbtb} Tbdht} Ntb~ge h g zt~gb} gahox~lo uhn olOld|xmx~lel}l agsg`l ol BDSH ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l ~b be}ba~tg


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;= Ol 8 `xig 4::< kbmgol ~b Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l s}lzx~l ~b sgil zthegool bkob}/ Sb ohkb sh pldtlox~ll} btxjhog}h mh`s}~l ol }htg}btg`l}l olmtjl~l}l) ob gs}b }lel) zb}zgsogcg}h sh bd~tpx~ll} ml oh kb ebtgs}l}zthegob} ol bkob} pl plphal{h ol ob~g }htg}btgg g ml oh ~tul} ob~gtlpahs}x~l{l g ~ebzx~l{l) ml kb plztl} ktlmh{h}b nbt}gngelcgsegbd`he}g g elolig) eleb g ~bbtxjx~l{h}b/;8 BDSH zb}~tmx~l pl zh} h}ogeg alehmboseg shil) ebg lidloseg}h~bbtxjhog ktxzg kg gsgs}gih) sb }homhocg`l ~le~b}b bmohsx~l{h olh}ogeb gs}h{h ml sh ztbugtg ol chil}l }h}b~sel bdils}/

;> ^gmg zbugtbeb ~b Ob~l Alehmbog`l) 4; `xig 4::< kbmgol) s}t/4) BDSHkb zb}~tmg h}ogeb}b gs}h{h ol Alehmbocg}h/


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`l zbeljll mhel sh b}~btl hmol ob~l s}tlogcl ~b abmlig}h}g}h olog~ob}b lokljgtl{h/ Aholvgtl{h}b ol ebonige}b} eb` sh alog!nhs}gtl zthex olgpahogol}l zbig}geb!~bhol mgahopg`l sh zbel!

jl eleb aobkx hngelsho/ ^hqh ohal og}x aliex sbaoh~l{h mhel ~bgmogol ~bhog}h agsgg qh abjl} ml dgml} lokljgtlog ~b nxoecg`lol gpolbyl{h ol zbig}geg thuhog`l/ ^b sixl`b} OL]B galuhgpktlmho s}l~ ml thlkgtl nihesgdgiob) sb zltlihiol ztgahol olzbig}geg ztg}gsbe) g sb xzb}thdl ol sgil pl szhcgngog agsggsb bktlogho aloml} ol }tlh{h/ ^bhmob) pltlmg zbxszhuob fltab!ogpgtl{h ol s}tl}hkg`l}l) OL]B bmtjx~luh zhtaloho}ho ebo!}le}) eleb sb alehmbosel}l s}tlol) }lel g sb hes}thags}g}h/63

^sxuobs}) }ll }homhocg`l sh ~bbx~l ~b xsib~g ol shtgbpol dhp!dhmobsol mhs}ldgigplcg`l zthmgp~gelol bm ~bbtxjhog}h ebonige!}g ~b thkgbob}) bzhtlcgboliol}l zth~hocg`l ~b nbtal ol zth~ho!}g~ob tlszbthmx~l{h kg bs}~ltg hnhe}g}h ~b bm~tlql{h}b ol fb!tgpbo}liob}b zthih~l{h ol ebonige}g}h ebo Alehmbog`l mbmhel}ll xibkl ~b etgpl}l bm 4::< kbmgol `l bmgktl zth~ho}g~ol}l mgz!ibal}g`l) l zb}bl g tlszbthmx~l{h}b ol sgig}h ol OL]B g ol HX/Bm mtxkl s}tlol) s}txe}xtol}l &mbikbtbol' zth~hocg`l bs}lol b}!~bthob ztlul{h g pl Alehmbog`l g pl thkgbob}/ ]bl zbugtbeb ab!jh ml sh mhngogtl ~b gos}txaho}g}h ol Zle}b} pl s}ldgiobs})Ztbchsb} pl s}ldgigplcg`l g lsbcg`lcg`l) Mbkb~btb} pl s}ldgigpl!cg`l g lsbcg`lcg`l g ELTMS ztbktlal &zth}fbmob NLTH'/

Agsgg}h) Eboebtmg`l g Ztbesgal thligpgtlog bm s}tlol olHX zth}s}l~x~ll} mhi bm dtpgb} g bzhtlcgboliho bmkb~bt ol HXol etgpl}l ~b Alehmbog`l/ ^b b~b` ebo}hes}) Sbixosel}l lkhoml plPlzlmogb} Dlielo xu}h zb~hqh kg bzhtlcgboligpgtl ahteg}h ggos}txaho}g}h pl zth~hocg`l zthex0

pl`leol}gb} ztbchs ol S}ldgigplcg`l g lsbcg`lcg`l5

pl`leol}gb} zbig}geg mg`libk ~b snhtl}l ol Pl!hmogel}l olm~bthuol g dhpdhmobsol zbig}gel5

zltilaho}ltol}l sbtldb}el5

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63 Ladlslmbt ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l ~b OL]B) Txjgo Olob0Alehmbog`l ~b OL]B) Sebz`h) 4::3) s}t/6


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/ Bftgmsegb} mbkb~bt0 kil~og }beg g

gazihaho}lcg`l

Altgol Ag}th~sel

Bftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt 6= sh zbeljl eleb kil~ho xsib~eleb ml sh gpihph bm ~bbtxjhogb} ebonige}) g ~bhmob polhuhhmgos}~hol abjobs} pl zths}lobe ol olsgis}~b}b/

Gahob) dltl{l}l ol lidlosel}l h}ogel plhmogcl) ebg dhllt}gexigtlog zthex og~og}h zbig}geg thzthpho}g) zt~gob dhl

stbhog ~b Ztgpthosegb} mbkb~bt l zbmbcol gs}g}h dhl zth}bhogg ~b Bftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt/ B}}xel) g kil~ol}l chi olBftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt dhuh ml sh gpihph ~b zthsth} ol~hqh szbaol}g}h dltl{l ol Lidlocg}h ~b Alehmbog`l) ob) ztg }bl)sheleb }thdluh ml sh sbx~l xog}ltogb} eltle}ht ol mtjl~l}l/Bftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt kil~ob kg zthegol ohztg`l}his}~l!}l) bmobsob `l b}ntil xzb}thdl}l ol olsgis}~b}b pl zbs}gkox~l{hol zbig}geg chig g kb zb}~tmx~l sx~hthog}h}b} g }htg}btg`liog!b} go}hktg}h} ol Thzxdigel Alehmbog`l) eleb g xog}ltogb} eltle!}ht ol mtjl~l}l/ Gahob) mbkb~btb} zbm~ihex~l mhel axi}gh}og!egb} eltle}ht ol alehmboseb}b bzu}hs}~b abtl ml sh sbx~l g mlsh bmtlpg ~b `l~ogb} jg~b}) zthex ob~gb} ztgs}lz ebo tlp~b` olmhcho}tligpgtlol ~ils}) ohmgsetgagolcg`l g ztl~gol pls}lzh!obs}) szhcg`liog zltilaho}ltog ztbchmxtg) eleb g zthex bdtlpb~!og sgs}hag/Ol }b` olgo Tlaeb~ogb} mbkb~bt zthm~gmx~luh thmh!ngogtl{h ol alehmbosegb} zbig}geg bdtlphc) sh sb chi ml shgpihph ~b zthsth} ol axi}gexi}xtog}h g axi}gh}ogeg}h zb}thdgol alehmboseb}b bzu}hs}~b g ol }b` olgo ml sh zbs}gkoh zb~gsbes}hzho ol go}hktgtlobs}/

]beax pl}bl) ~b Bftgmsegb} tlaeb~ho mbkb~bt sh mhngogtlogbsob~og}h ztgocgzg ol ebg sh }hahig mbexaho}b}) g }bl0

Zt~b) chibsob g dhpxsib~ob b}ntil{h ol xzb}thdl}l ol olsgi!s}~b eleb sthms}~b pl bs}~ltx~l{h ol zbig}geg chig/

6=


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0 6'

^sxuobs}) loligpl}l zbeljx~l mhel ztl~gol}l pls}lzhobs} sh

zbeljl eleb kbiha zthmgp~ge ztg ohkb~l}l gazihaho}lcg`l/ Gah!ob) szbthm zbelpl}hig ol Lkhocg`l}l pl mtjl~og sixjdhogcg Leb~b 4::< kbmgol) ~b mtjl~ol}l lmagogs}tlcg`l sh ~tldb}gih sg}hLidlocg sb zb~gsbeg bdtlpb~og e~ligngelcgg) xhs}~b}b ol Li!dlocg}h dg sh pkbihagib slab pl hmho ztbcho}/ &L}lolsb~)4::30


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Thm/dt/

Olcgboliobs}Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/

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OLCGBOLIOL S]TXE]XTL OL ZBMBNGCHTG]H ZB KBMGOG

4::< 4::4 4::3 4::= 4::8 4::>Thm/dt/

Olcgboliobs}Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/ Dt/ Ztbc/

< Alehmbocg :> 6>)3: )>: 6; ;7) )87 6 ;=)=3

4 Lidlocg== 3)47 = 6)6<


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0;'Zb ztbahol}l ol ~ils}l) ~b l~kxs} 4::>!}l kbmgol) ob~l}l ~ilmg!ol ebligcg`l) zthm~bmhol bm ^ATB!MZAOH g MZL xs~bg s}tl}h!kg`l pl ztl~gol pls}lzhobs}) g`lu}b chi h0 tlp~g~l{h g

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:

igplcg`l) ahs}b elmh zbhmgohcb} sh zbmkb}~x~l pl ohkb~l}l zbol}l!abuol go}hktlcg`l ~b bzu}hs}~b}b) ahs}b elmh sh nbtagtll}~thmobsog}h etg}htgxag g bzu}hs}~hog obtag ol bzu}hs}~hob

bmohsx~l{h ol gmog}h ktlylog) abjhah ml pleixgah mhel ol Th!zxdigel Alehmbog`l g ohmbs}lsx~l bdtlpb~logh sb ~gs}goseg axi!}gexi}xtog sbmtjgog/ ^b~hmx~l{h}b ol axi}gexi}xtog sbmtjgogh olgo zthex eb` xhogcg}h g s}xmho}g}h abjl} ml `l plzbpoll}exi}xtl}l g zbshdobs}l ol gmho}g}h}b} ol mtxkgb}) eleb zbpg}g!~ho gshebt ~b olmagox~l{h}b ol h}ogeg}h zthmtlsxmg) ebg ~hqhzth}s}l~x~ll} bsob~ho zthmxsib~ pl zbs}bh{h ol ahyxh}ogeg }ho!pgg/ Zb}thdob h ~b~hmx~l{h g ol sbmtjgog g ztbktlag zthex ebg)el` xhogcg}h g s}xmho}g}h) dg sh tlp~g~lib x~s}~b}b ol plhmog!

el ztgzlmobs} g ib`liobs} ebo mtjl~l}l) eleb hmho bm bsob~og}hzthmxsib~g pl plhmogeb jg~hh{h/ &C~h}lob~l) 4::>0=)(! ^ilsg0 :)=6(


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