Download pdf - RFiD Technology - Aidc

Presented by:Presented by:

SIRIM Training Services Sdn. Bhd. ▲ Phone : 03 – 5544 6228 ▲ Fax : 03 – 5544 5969 ▲ Email ID : [email protected] ▲ skype ID : shamzah

EXIT SHOW

Dr Dr SaharudinSaharudin HamzahHamzah

Senior Researcher / Senior ConsultantSenior Researcher / Senior Consultant

SIRIM BerhadSIRIM Berhad. .

SIRIM Training Services Sdn. Bhd. Phone : 03 – 5544 6228 ▲ Fax : 03 – 5544 5969 ▲ Email ID : [email protected] ▲ skype ID : shamzah

EXIT SHOW

OVERVIEW OF

AIDC


EXIT SHOW

AIDC

TECHNOLOGIES

Introduction (Automatic Identification Data Capture)

BarBarCodeCode

BiometricBiometric

FingerFingerPrintPrint

VoiceVoice

RetinaRetina


EXIT SHOW

AutoAuto--IDID

RFiDRFiDSmartSmartCardsCards

OCROCRRetinaRetina

.?.?

AIDC is everywhere☼ Retail☼ Manufacturing☼ Distribution☼ Healthcare☼ Financial☼ Military


is the impact of the AIDC technologies?Business

- Industry sectors- Commerce sectors- Service sectors

IT- Network infrastructure

WHAT

WHERE

WHY

HOW

WHEN


EXIT SHOW

- Network infrastructure- Database structure and storage- Data processing- Data communication

Track & Trace of products (traceability)

Business Effectiveness & Profitability

Increased demand on IT related products (PC & peripherals)

WHAT

WHERE

WHY

HOW

WHEN


the technologies are used- Tracking and traceability- Escort information- Product and item identification- Transaction and services support- Access control- Sortation


EXIT SHOW

- Sortation- Automation support

The AIDC technologies are used in the areas thatrequires automation or semi-auto in handling the products or services.

WHAT

WHERE

WHY

HOW

WHEN


using AIDC (the benefits)- Accuracy

effectiveness of data captured

- Speed and immediacy of datadata transfer to information management system


EXIT SHOW

system

- Economicsfast return of investmentcustomers satisfaction & confidence

- Versatility convenient

WHAT

WHERE

WHY

HOW

WHEN


Identifying opportunities for applying the technologies- Efficient solution- Management of information- Capacity to handle goods- Throughput - Inventory space- Personnel


EXIT SHOW

- Personnel- Reliability- Security- Transportation- Sortation

Analysis of data-handling processes is a significant key to identifying appropriate applications and to establishing the requirements that have to be fulfilled in realising an effective AIDC approach

WHAT

WHERE

WHY

HOW

WHEN


should you use the technologies?- Basic principles and technologies of AIDC

to acquire data for use in computer based processing- The scope and opportunities for applying AIDC

to gather data for use in computer based processing- Identify, through process assessment, opportunities within your company

consideration for improvement by applying new technology- Identify needs for open systems development and numbering, including attention to EAN.UCC numbering system and support standards for data carriers


EXIT SHOW

carrierslegally protection

- Identify relevant standards that are necessary or can assist in defining effective solutions

is it relevant to the applications- Develop or acquire expertise with in your company to prioritize opportunities and determine feasibility and economic justification for using AIDC

understanding of the process requirements and technology- Select suppliers

capabilities to handle your requirements- Develop or acquire expertise to apply and use AIDC systems

effective integration into existing system

Astep-by-stepguideto gettingstartedusingAIDC


BarBarCodeCode

BiometricBiometric

FingerFingerPrintPrint

VoiceVoice

RetinaRetina


EXIT SHOW

AutoAuto--IDID

RFiDRFiDSmartSmartCardsCards

OCROCRRetinaRetina

.?.?

AIDC is everywhere☼ Retail☼ Manufacturing☼ Distribution☼ Healthcare☼ Financial☼ Military

Local

Server

(PC)

Central

Database

StandaloneStandaloneLANLANWANWAN

Typical AIDC System

Scanner


EXIT SHOW

• Normally is a PC• Store database for a specific

regions

• Able to TX/RX information to/from central database

• Communication media:

• Cable• Wireless

• Support multiple scanners• RFiD

• Smartcard• Magnetic Card

• Barcode• Etc

• High performance PC

• Centralized Database• Able to TX/RX information to/from central database

• Communication media:

• Cable• Wireless

• Standalone/Network system• Embedded system

• Industrial PC• uController based hardware

• Control other devices such as;

• LCD• Keypad• Communication devices• etc

• Temporarily store small database

Barcode

• The oldest (past 20 yrs) and be the best known and most successful to date of the AIDC technology. The most common examples in use today are: UPC/EAN, Code 128, Code 39, Code 93, and Interleaved 2 of 5.

• Typical data content capacity varies from 8 to 30 characters with some barcodes restricted to numerals only, and others using full alpha-numericinformation.

• Linear barcodes are used in many applications where the use of a simple


EXIT SHOW

• Linear barcodes are used in many applications where the use of a simple numeric or alpha-numeric code can provide the key to a database of "products".

• The most obvious limitation is the amount of data that can be stored in a linear barcode.

Barcode StructureQuite Zone• Non-printed zones immediately before and after the

barcode. • Quiet zone be at least 10 times the narrow bar width

(< 10 x, barcode become unreadable)

Start/Stop characterA pattern of bars and spaces that provides the scanner with start and stop reading instructions

Data (Message)The bar patterns which are represented as data by numbers or letters are placed from the left. ("0", "1", & "2“ represent the data "012".


EXIT SHOW

Check DigitA digit included within a barcode whose value is used to perform a mathematical check that ensures the accuracy of the read. It is placed immediately after the barcode data

Label LengthLength of label including left and right quiet zones. A read cannot be made if the quiet zones are not large enough

Label HeightThe height must be at least 2 mm (0.08") for a single line option and at least 5 mm (0.20") for a raster option

Specification Standard of Bar Code Barcodes consist of bars and spaces of different width. The standard ratio is:NB:WB = NS:WS = 1:2.5

Modulo – 10 (ECC)

Country Code Manufacturer Code Item Code Check Digit

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 5 6 0 5

2 digits 5 digits 5 digits 1 digit

MAL CADBURY CHOCOLATE x

The check digit is calculated by a modulo 10 algorithm from all the other digits in the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) and its applicable to GTIN-13, GTIN-8, GTIN-12 and Interleaved Two-of-Five (ITF) or GTIN-14 barcode.

The type of barcode used by the supplier must be registered with GS1 Malaysia and before


EXIT SHOW

Modulo-10 (error check character) calculation. Assume the barcode data is 1 01234 51356 01. 2 + 4 + 6 = 122. 12 * 3 = 363. 1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 1 + 3 + 5 = 194. 36 + 19 = 555. 55 + X = 60 (the nearest equal or higher multiple of 10)Therefore X = 5 (checksum)

The type of barcode used by the supplier must be registered with GS1 Malaysia and before ordering film masters or barcode stickers, the suppliers must check the check digit number.

Barcode Implementation

1. Get a GS1 Company Prefix

2. Assign Numbers

3. Select a Bar Code Printing Method

4. Select a 'Primary' Scanning Environment

5. Select a Bar Code

6. Pick a Bar Code Size


EXIT SHOW

6. Pick a Bar Code Size

7. Format the Bar Code Text

8. Pick a Bar Code Colour

9. Pick the Bar Code Placement

10. Build a Bar Code Quality Plan

Barcode Encoding

ASCIICHARACTER

WIDTHENCODING

BARCODEENCODING

0 0000 100100100100

1 0001 100100100110

2 0010 100100110100

3 0011 100100110110

4 0100 100110100100

5 0101 100110100110

6 0110 100110110100

RulesRules0 � Narrow Bar

Wide Space

= 100

1 � Wide Bar


EXIT SHOW

6 0110 100110110100

7 0111 100110110110

8 1000 110100100100

9 1001 110100100110

Start - 110

Stop - 1001

1 � Wide Bar

Narrow Space

= 110

RESULT =

Advantages & Disadvantages

SpeedA bar code label of twelve characters can be read in approximately the time it takes a keyboard operator to make two keystrokes

AccuracyBarcode systems approach one error in every 3,000,000 characters, and with laser technology, they approach one error in 70 million entries.

Data IntegrityKeyboard Entry 10,000OCR Scanning 300Barcode scanning (Code 39) 1

DuplicateA bar code label can be easily duplicated

Line-of-sight

Cannot work in harsh environment• Oily,• Moisture,• Dirty, • Corrosive,• Vibration, • etc


EXIT SHOW

Barcode scanning (Code 39) 1

Ease of ImplementationOperators of bar code scanners can learn to use the equipment effectively in less than 15 minutes. System costs are lower than other means of data entry because of the existence of interfacing hardware and software. Barcode labels can cost less than a penny apiece, are easily read by thousands of commonly available devices, and can be printed universally.

Cost EffectivenessBarcode systems create value not only by saving time, but also by preventing costly errors.

2D Barcode• A new growth area in the world of barcode is

the two-dimensional versions.

• Examples of the three types of 2D barcodes include PDF417, Code 49 Code 16K (stacked), Code One, MaxiCode, Data Matrix, Aztec Code, QR Code (matrix), and Super Code (packet).

• 2D barcodes have a major advantage over linear barcodes, they can store vast amounts of


EXIT SHOW

linear barcodes, they can store vast amounts of data in a very small space.

• For example; symbols can store as much as 7000 numeric only or 4200 alpha-numeric characters.

• The disadvantage of the 2D barcodes is that a special scanner is needed such as a vision based scanner or a rastering laser scanner to read the data.

Example: PDF417

Data is encoded in both

the horizontal and

vertical dimensions. A

special barcode

generation software is

needed to generate the

2D barcode.

Magnetic Card• The first magnetic stripe cards were used in the early 1960s on transit tickets

and in the 1970s for bank cards. Since then the use of magnetic stripes continues to grow.

• Credit cards were first issued in 1951, but it wasn't until the establishment of standards in 1970 that the magnetic stripe became a factor in the use of the cards. The uses for magnetic stripe technology have grown considerably.

• Credit card sized plastic card, a thin paper ticket or an airline boarding card

• Today with an infra-structure that encompasses every store in the high street giving them an ability to read the information on the magnetic stripe, the


EXIT SHOW

giving them an ability to read the information on the magnetic stripe, the technology is everywhere.

• The limitations is, the amount of information that can be stored.

• Magnetic stripe technology provides the ideal solution to many aspects of our life. It is very inexpensive and readily adaptable to many functions. The standardization of high co-activity for the financial markets has provided the industry with a new lease on life. This coupled with the advent of the security techniques now available means that many applications can expect to be using magnetic stripe technology for the next ten to twenty years.

Magnetic Card

3 tracks for magnetic cards

Track 1 holds the cardholder’s name, account

Track 2 is most commonly used – ATM, and credit card

Track 3 for data read and written data on it

Data in magnetic stripes is in digital format

Bit DensityCharacter encoding(including Parity bit)

Information Content(inc. control character)


EXIT SHOW

Track 1

Track 2

Track 3

210 bits/inch

75 bits/inch

210 bits/inch

7 bits/char

5 bit/char

5 bit/char

79 alpha numeric char



• It doesn't work in a distance, thus requiring close contact to the reader

• Data can be damaged by stray magnetic fields

• Since it's not in human readable form can be a

• Data can be modified or rewritten• High data capacity in relation to bar

codes• Add security since it is not in

human readable form• Immune to contamination with dirt,

water, oil, moisture, etc• No moving components, physically

robust

Advantages & Disadvantages


EXIT SHOW

readable form can be a disadvantage in some applications

robust• Well established standards – ISO

7811• No consumables required for

writing or rewriting

Definition:

OCR is the process of using computer systems to translate images of typewritten text into machine-editable text, converts

texts in image form into its digital equivalent

For example, OCR Enables you to scan a book or a magazine article; feed the text in the scanned image into an electronic file;

and edit the file using a word processor.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)


EXIT SHOW

and edit the file using a word processor.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)• OCR was first used in 1960s• Special fonts were developed – readable by both people & machine.• The advantages: high density of information and the possibility of reading data

visually.• OCR is used in production, service, bank (cheque) and administrative.• The disadvantages: high price of readers


EXIT SHOW

OCR - Procedures

1. Learning - (from an image file and corresponding text file or learning interactively

2. Extraction and isolation of individual characters from an image

3. Determination of the properties of the extracted characters 4. Comparison of the properties of the learned and extracted

characters 5. Additional operations on extracted characters if no good

match is found


EXIT SHOW

match is found

OCR - Common Problems

OCR is commonly accurate when the text is sharply printed. The accuracy ranging from 90 – 99%.

OCR typically fails to recognize the text when;

• The characters are broken or not properly printed,.

• Pages with complex formatting, smudges, and unusual fonts

• Mixing character sets


EXIT SHOW

• Mixing character sets

• The character sets of certain languages

• Spelling mistakes • Low resolutions or the original physical documents are

stained• Mathematic symbols• Boxes

Advantages & Disadvantages of OCR

• Image processing gives users immediate access to a copy of an original document.

• Image processing eliminates the cost of time spent searching for lost documents.

• OCR generally reduces cost and

• No OCR product is perfect. Non-English text, mathematical or chemical symbols, and other special characters often unsuccessfully translated

• Good OCR software packages, and good hardware, such as scanners, can be very expensive.


EXIT SHOW

• OCR generally reduces cost and error-prone manual data entry.

• Image processing eliminates the need for physical storage

scanners, can be very expensive.

• Expanding an application's dictionary to include specialized terms can become difficult, time consuming, slower production time, higher costs, and the need for more staff

Smart Card – Definition

What is smart card ?

� A plastic card with an embedded

microprocessor chip

What is the essence of a smart card ?

� Authentication


EXIT SHOW

� Authentication

� Data storage

� Validation

� Self-lock mechanism

Smart Card• First patent was filed in France in 1974 and the first cards were used in France in 1982.

• The smart card provided the mechanism to move that verification off line, reducing the cost without sacrificing any of the security.

• Smart cards are credit card-sized plastic cards that contain relatively large amounts of information in an imbedded micro-chip.

• There are two types of smart card: Memory card - used to store information. Microprocessor card or true "smart" card where a microprocessor is embedded in the card along with memory.

• Secure environment.


EXIT SHOW

• The smart card comes in two flavors - the contact version and the contactless version. Both types of card have the microprocessor embedded in the card.

• The advantage of the contactless system is there are no contacts to wear out, no chance of an electric shock coming through the contacts and destroying the integrated circuit, and the knowledge that the components are completely embedded in the plastic with no external connections. The disadvantage to this is that the card and reader are more sophisticated and hence are more expensive.

• The biggest disadvantage today with smart cards is the cost to create a smart card system. The biggest advantage is of course the amount of data that can be stored and the security that can be built into the card.

Memory Card

Memory cards have no sophisticated processing power and cannot manage files dynamically. In all memory cards you read and write to a fixed address on the card. There are three primary types of memory cards:

1) Straight • Store data and have no data processing capabilities. • Lowest cost per bit for user memory – like a floppy disks• Easily duplicated and cannot be tracked by on-card identifiers.

2) Protected


EXIT SHOW

2) Protected• Have built-in logic to control the access to the memory of the card. • Referred to as Intelligent Memory cards - write protect some or all of the memory array. • Not easily duplicated but can possibly be impersonated by hackers.

3) Stored Value• Is designed for the specific purpose of storing value - disposable or rechargeable. • Permanent security measures at the point of manufacture (password keys/hard-coded)• Memory arrays on these devices are set-up as decrements or counters – application

such as a telephone card.

Smart Card - Block

ContactSECURMicroprocessorMicroprocessor

Data and / or Program StorageData and / or Program Storage

SECUR


EXIT SHOW

ITY

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor

OperatingSystem

OperatingSystem

ITYContactless

Antenna

Smart Card - Physical


EXIT SHOW

Smart Card


EXIT SHOW

Smart Card


EXIT SHOW

Smart Card – Memory Structure

Manufacturer code(Serial number)

Data Block(read/write area)

Security Block


EXIT SHOW

Security Block- key A or B

Smart Card - BenefitsSmart card contain unique features that bring many benefits to both

consumers and issuing organizations.Security

• Chip is tamper-resistant, physical protection* It is hard to open a smart card and access data in it* It is not impossible, but is much harder than tempering workstations or PC

• Information stored on the card can be PIN code and/or read-write protected• Capable of performing encryption• Each smart card has its own, unique serial number

Intelligence• Capable of processing, not just storing information


EXIT SHOW

• Capable of processing, not just storing information• Smart cards can communicate with computing devices through a smart card reader• Information and applications on smart card can be updated without having to issue

new cards• Flexible Open Platform – support different types of applications

Convenience• Smart cards provide a potable• A user can carry a smart card, physically separating it from the outside world• Insert/swipe smart card to the reader for payment• No counting and balancing cash receipts, it directly to the bank

Biometrics

What is a biometrics ?Biometrics is the authentication of a person identity by verifying his unique physiological or behavioral characteristic.

Why biometrics ?- Card can be stolen, lost, duplicated and left at home- Password or Pins No can be forgotten and shared- Biometrics can authenticate you as you

15% 3% FingerSignature Scan

Facial Scan


EXIT SHOW

50%12%

10%

15%

2%

6%

10%

Finger

Hand ScanRetina Scan

Iris Scan

Voice Scan

45%

20%

Biometrics – Fingerprint In Brief

Fingerprint Sensor


EXIT SHOW

Information to beEXTRACTED


EXIT SHOW

Summary of AIDCBarcode OCR Voice Biometric Smart Card RFiD

Data (bytes) 1-100 1-100 - - 16-64 k 16-64 k

Data Density Low Low High High Very High Very High

Readability Good Good Expensive Expensive Good Good

Readability by people

Limited Simple Simple Difficult Impossible Impossible

Dirt/Damp Very High Very High - - Possible No Influence

Cover Total Failure Total Failure Total Failure Total Failure Total Failure No Influence


EXIT SHOW

Direction or Position

Low Low - - Unidirectional No Influence

Degradation Limited Limited - - Contacts No Influence

Purchase Cost Very Low Medium Very High Very High Low Medium

Operating Cost Low Low - - Medium -

Modification Slight Slight Possible Impossible Impossible Impossible

Speed Low ~4s Low ~3s Very Low >5sVery Low >5-10s

Low ~4msVery Fast <

3ms

Read Distance 0-50 cm <1 cm 0-50 cm Direct Contact *Direct Contact 0-5 m