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Jenis Pelabuhan
1. Ocean Ports
Pelabuhan yang terletak di pantai,
muara pasang surut atau muara sungai di
mana pelabuhan dapat dicapai
langsung oleh kapal-kapal laut.2. Inland waterway ports
port terletak di aliran sungai dan danau
Alamnya
Pelabuhan terbuka, kapal dapat
merapat langsung tanpa bantuan
pintu air,umumnya berupa pelabuhan
yang bersifat tradisional.
Pelabuhan tertutup, kapal masuk
harus melalui pintu air
Pelayanannya
Pelabuhan Umum, diselenggarakan
untuk kepentingan masyarakat yang
secara teknis dikelola oleh Badan
Usaha Pelabuhan (BUP).
Pelabuhan Khusus,dikelola untuk kepentingan sendiri guna menunjang
kegiatan tertentu, baik instansi
pemerintah, maupun badan usaha
swasta.
Lingkup Pelayaran
Pelabuhan Internasional Hub, utama primer yang
melayani nasional dan internasional dalan jumlah besar.
dan merupakan simpul dalam jaringan laut internasional.
Pelabuhan International, utama sekunder yang melayani
nasional maupun internasional dalam jumlah besar yang
juga menjadi simpul jaringan transportasi laut
internasional.
Pelabuhan Nasional, utama tersier yang melayani
nasional dan internasional dalam jumlah menengah.
Pelabuhan Regional,pelabuhan pengumpan primer ke
pelabuhan utama yang melayani secara nasional.
Pelabuhan Lokal, pelab uhan pengumpan sekunder yang
melayani lokal dalam jumlah kecil.
Perdagangan Luar Negeri
Pelabuhan Ekspor
Pelabuhan Impor
Kapal yang Diperbolehkan Singgah Pelabuhan Laut, Pelabuhan yang
boleh dikunjungi kapal negara-
negara sahabat.
Pelabuhan Pantai , pelabuhan yang
hanya boleh dikunjungi kapal
nasional.
Wilayah Pengawasan Bea Cukai
Custom port, adalah wilayah dalam
pengawasan bea cukai.
Free port. adalah wilayah pelabuhan
yang bebas diluar pengawasan bea
cukai.
Kegiatan Pelayarannya
Pelabuhan S amudra, contoh:
Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok. Pelabuhan Nusantara, contoh:
Pelabuhan Banjarmasin.
Pelabuhan Pelayaran Rakyat,
contoh: Pelabuhan Sunda Kelapa
Peranannya
Transito, pelabuhan yang
mengerjakan kegiatan transhipment
cargo, seperti Pelabuhan Singapura.
Ferry, pelabuhan yang mengerjakan
kegiatan penyebrangan,
seperti Pelabuhan Merak.
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Berth Structure
Berths, Fendering ,Jetties, Pier Caisso
The design wave height Hdes, which should be
chosen for the design may, depending on the
severity of the allowable risk, be as follows:Type of structure Hdes/Hs
Erosion protection 1.0 to 1.4
Rubble-mound breakwater 1.0 to 1.5
Concrete breakwater 1.6 to 1.8
Berth Structures 1.8 to 2.0
Structure with high safety requirements 2.0
The purpose of a berth structure is mainly to provide a
verticalfront where ships can berth safely. The berth fronts are
constructed according to one of the following two main
principles,
as illustrated in figure 3.4.1. A. :
Solid Berth Structure : The fill is
extended right out to the berth front
where the a vertical front wall is
constructed to resist the horizontal load
from the fill and a possible useful load.
Open Berth Structure : From the top of
a dredged or filled slope and out to the
berth front a load bearing slab is
constructed on columns or lamella walls.
In open structures all vertical loads are
transmitted via the columns or lamella
walls to rock, or to a load resistant sub
soil stratum.
The bearing of horizontal loads can take place at three
levels :
and bottom level
General consideration
General considerations should be taken before making a
quay
wall are whether the quay wall are built along shore line,
inland
or in deep water.
A choice of quay wall structure is strongly affected
by some boundary condition, such as:
since it
has more or less 50% geotechnical problem.
forces
(bollard, fenders)
loads, ice loads
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Persyaratan Fasilitas:
Dimensi : Kedalaman Air (sepanjang dermaga,
kanal masuk & kolam pelabuhan); panjang
pelabuhan, lebar apron
Beban : muatan bergerak pada apron ; peralatan
cargo handling;beban bangunan ; gayamerapat/berlabuh ; gaya bollard
Utilitas : power supply CHE ; lighting ; telephone ;
water & bunker oil pipelines ; fire fighting equipment.
Lokasi : Lokasi Optimal
Site Condition:
Topography ;
so il conditions ;
seismicity ;
water level & wa
climatic condition
corrosivity.
Physical Condition:
BASIC DESIGN DATA
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL
HYDROGRAPHIC
TOPOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS DESIGN PARAMETER
TIDE
CURRENT
WIND
WAVE
Geological and Geotechnical
Geologist: the age of rocks may give important
indication with respect to joints and fissures
Rocks exposed in coastal cliffs will give indication of
resistance against wave attack
Geologic description of the area: major or minor faults
-> seismicity must be studied.
Volcanic activity, which has taken place in the region,
within last 2000 years should be considered in the site
selection
The Main Purpose: To locate suitable materials within a
reasonable distance from the port
To obtain the first impression of the
foundation condition
Topographic
Location Control
- General
- Visual Methods
- Radio-positioning Methods
- Electro-Optical, Infra-red and Laser Systems
Wave
Waves are the major factor in determining the
geometry and
composition of the beachs and significantly influence the
planning and design of habours, waterways, shore
protection
measures, coastal structures, and other coastal works.
Waves provide an important energy source for forming
beaches, sorting bottom sediments on the shoreface;
transporting bottom materials on shore, offshore, and
along
shore; and for causing many of the forces to which coastal
structures are subjected.
An adequate understanding of the mechanics of wave
motion is
essensial in the planning and design of coastal works.
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Bathymetry
1. General
2. Echo Sounder
- General
- Calibration
- Transmission Frequencies- Beam Width
3. Side-Scan Sonar
4. Direct Measurement
5. Spacing and Direction of Sounding Profiles
6. Wire Sweep
7. Reduction of Soundings
Pengetahuan mengenai arus ombak sangat penting
karena:
Ship access manoeuvres to a harbour
Dimensioning of nautical access channels and harbour
entrance
Erosion and sedimentation of the sea-bottom, and
beach erosion
Working condition at s ea during the building of a newport
Bottom erosion at the breakwater front, during
construction and after completion
Scour around marine structures
Laying of communication cables, power ca bles and
pipelines on and into the sea-bottom
Yachting
etc
Type of Meassuring Eqp.
mechanical current mete rs anchored to the bottom
(screw system mounted in a fish shaped swimming
device)
magnetic devices
indirect systems measuring the velocity of suspended
material (generally double head ultrasonic systems)
floating devices coupled with aero -photography ( very
unreliable).
Etc
Topography
1. Location Control- General
- Visual Methods
- Radio-positioning Methods
- Electro-Optical, Infra-red and Laser Systems
Meteorology and Climatology
1. General
2. Wind
- General
- Wind Sensors
- Exposure and Level of Measurements
- Presentation and Use of Wind Data
- Alternative Wind Information
Oceanographic and Hydraulic1. Current Meter Observations
- General
- Direct Reading Current Meters
- Recording Current Meters
2. Float Tracking
- General
3. Sediment Transport
- General
4. Sediment Transport in Current
- General
- Measuring Suspended Sediment Load
5. Sediment Transport with Waves
- Movement due to wave-generated currents
- Littoral Drift
- Rip Currents
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SITE CONDITION
1. TOPOGRAPHY
Contour choice of construction : (sea ward, land
ward or between)
2. SOIL CONDITIONa. Calculate Earth Pressure
Bearing Capacity
Stability of structures
b. Analysis if subsidence of files or structures may occur
c. Assess the method and cost of dredging, excavation
and pile driving.
3. SEISMICITY
- Horizontal acceleration
4. WATER LEVEL & WAVE CONDITION
- Variation in water level determine the effective
weight of soil and the
hydrostatic
pressure difference on wall with low or nopermeability
- Long period of wave
5. CLIMATIC CONDITION
- Data wind speeds and direction wind loads on
mooring vessel, buildings,
cranes etc.
- Climate the arrangement of storm water run off
Curing of concrete in extreme
high/low temp.
BERTH & TERMINAL DESIGN IN GENERAL
lay out & design of structures, foundations & pavement.
or combination of supported deck & land area
immediately adjacent to the ship along their entire length.
(Connected to berthing, mooring & CH).
-ships
manifold. * Need 1 loading platform. * Need berthing &
mooring platform.
no. of haches along the ship. * Permanent conueying
systems. * Finger piers & offshore installations land.
only one loading platform (Ramp).
TRAFFIC FORECASTING
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The essence of port traffic foresting :
through ?
frequency of call will result
in ?The most useful control statistic to each terminal :
-round time
ranes or ramps
Trend of Traffic:
The fact that over the last few years a particular
class of traffic has been increasing does not in itself
mean that the trend will continue. Trends can reverse
themselves very quickly.
In developing countries, the reasons of traffic increase willbe one of the following:
a) Traffic is directly dependent on the GNP;
b) Traffic in a specific commodity or product has been
deliberately developed or run down (e.g. national self-
sufficiency in a major foodstuff; development of a
new industry or of mines);
c) A gradual shift in regional centers of production or
consumption is occurring;
d) A gradual shift in transport technology or routing is
occurring (from break-bulk shipment to containers;
from maritime to overland transport, etc.).
FORECASTING PROCEDURE
1. Analyze past traffic
1.1. Define route, etc.
1.2. Choose cargo classification
1.3. Tabulate
1.4. Calculate trends and analyze their causes
1.5. Extract seasonal effects
2. Review market influences on traffic
and technological trends
2.1. Survey shippers opinions
(public and private)
2.2. Survey shipping co mpanies plans
3. Estimate systematic traffic growth rates
3.1. GNP- linked cargoes
3.2. Special cargoes
3.3. Regional/hinterland trends
4. Investigate expected traffic-influencing
events
4.1. Industry plans4.2. Agriculture plans
4.3. Transport links/transit policies
5. Combine all information into alternative
growth and technology scenarios
5.1. Identify principal scenario themes
5.2. Combine all data for each theme
5.3. Remove numerical inconsistencies
5.4. Write scenarios
6. For each scenario, tabulate annual
forecast in each traffic class
6.1 Tonnages (weight tons)
6.2 Numbers/sizes of ships
6.3 Seasonal effects
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Y = A + BX
Traffic Forecasting (Peramalan Lalu Lintas) Pelabuhan
merupakan bagian dasar dan utama dalam perencanaan
suatu pelabuhan
Peramalan Lalu Lintas Pelabuhan meliputi:
Type dan tonase komoditi yang melalui
pelabuhan
Jenis pengemasan komoditi Type kapal yang keluar masuk pelabuhan
The requires of traffic forecasting, are:
a. The reguler collection of a small number of essential
traffic statistics to serve as a control
b. Giving a port manager (e.g.) the head of the permanent
planning unit, where this exists) the responsibility for
reactiving the planing process when predetermined
deviations from forecast are reached
The most useful control statistics available from the ship
and shift
records which should kept are:
1. The total tonnage handled
2. The average ship turn-round time
3. The average tonnage loaded and discharged per ship
4. The volume of special traffic handled at a multi purpose
terminal
5. The percentage of ships with a specified type of
equipment6. The average ship length
7. The maximum draught on arrival and maximum ship
length