Download ppt - Sanitation in Emergencies

International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

Sanitation in Emergencies

Module 2 – Session 1

1.Understand what is sanitation 理解何为卫生2.Understand how to select the right option for excreta

disposal 理解如何正确地处理排泄物处理方法3.Be familiar with different technical options for excreta disposal in emergencies 熟悉在应急状态下处理排泄物的不

同技术选择4.Be familiar with the Emergency Response Equipment

for sanitation 熟悉卫生应急响应设备5.Construct an emergency latrine!

建设应急厕所 !


Sanitation in Emergency 应急卫生

1.Excreta disposal 排泄物处理

2.Solid waste management

固体废弃物处理

3.Waste water management (drainage)

污水管理（排水系统）

4. Vector control


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What is dangerous about faeces? 粪便的危害

Primary sanitary barriers影响卫生情况的主要因素

Toilets 厕所Hand-washing (critical times) 洗手（关键时期）Water treatment and water handling 净水与水处理Food hygiene 食品卫生


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Pathogen Die Off Time in faeces 粪便中病原体死亡时间

Pathogen 病原Retention Time

保留时间

1M 1 分钟 2分钟 3M 3分钟 4M 4分钟5M 5分钟 6M 6分钟10M10分钟E coli大肠杆菌 + + - - - - -Salmonella沙门氏菌 + + - - - - -Shigella痢疾杆菌 + + - - - - -Vibrio Cholerae霍乱弧菌 + - - - - - -Enteric Viruses肠道病毒 + + - - - - -Hookworms钩虫 + + - - - - -Ascaris蛔虫 + + + + + + +


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How do we do excreta disposal in a emergency?应急过程中，如何处理排泄物？

Rapid assessment & planning design 快速评估 &计划设计

Implementation 执行 :

1st phase – Immediate action 第一阶段—快速行动

In-depth assessment & planning design 深入评估 & 计划设计

Implementation 执行 :

2nd phase – medium term action 第二阶段—中期行动

Monitoring 监督


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Sphere Standards and Indicators 全球标准和指标

SPHERE standard 1: access to and numbers of toilets 人道主义宪章标准 1 ：可用厕所数量

People have sufficient numbers of toilets, sufficiently close to their dwellings to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all

times of the day and night.厕所数量足够，并尽可能地接近人们的住处，以便于他们能够全天

候地安全、方便地使用厕所


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Sphere Standards and Indicators 全球标准和指标

SPHERE standard 2design and construction

人道主义宪章标准 2:设计和建设 People have access to toilets which are designed, constructed and maintained in such a way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to

use.

人们拥有便于使用的厕所，厕所的设计、建设和维护应该本着舒适、卫生、安全使用的原则


Austrian RC in Batagram (Pakistan) EQ Operation

Considerations and information they need for construction and design of

latrine to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to use?


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Considerations 选择标准Number of people using latrine and location of people 使用厕所的人数和居住地Communal or family 公共或家庭（厕所）Elderly/disabled population 老人 / 残疾人口Design life: - will population move? 设计使用期： - 应考虑人口是否有迁移Space 厕所的大小Comfort and community desires 厕所的舒适性和大众意愿Tradition of latrine use in community 考虑社区人们使用厕所的习惯Privacy 隐私问题 and security Use of water/reuse of faeces – availability of water? 水的使用 / 粪便的再利用 - 水的供应是否便利？Anal cleansing material (amount of water used) 便后清洁物品（用水的量）Menstruation 考虑女性月经周期Availability of local materials and tools 当地材料和工具的可利用性


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Considerations (cont.) 选择标准（续）Pit size 便池的尺寸

V = (NxSxD)/1000 + 0.5 m of free space x AN = number of users 使用人数 ; S = Sludge accumulation 污物累积量 (m3 立方米 /person人 /year 年 ); D= design life 设计使用期 (years 年） A= pit-base area 便池面积 (m2 平方

米 )Groundwater 地下水

Not all designs suitable for high groundwater 不是所有的设计都适合高水位的地下水Usually 99% of pathogens destroyed within 2m of unlined pit in unconsolidated soils if above water table

如果在水位以上， 2 米内疏松土质中的单个便池中， 99% 的病菌通常都会被消灭If in saturated zone then contamination spread is HORIZONTAL (usually) up to 15m在饱和区污染物的扩散通常可达到水平方向 15 米的地方

Soil conditions 土壤条件Soil stability 土壤的稳定性Influence if a pit or soak pit is possible to excavate 土壤可能影响粪池或浸泡池的挖掘Watch for effects throughout the seasons 在各个季节进行观察Infiltration rate 渗入率


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Considerations (cont.) 选择标准（续）

Siting 选址 Communal latrines good distance (30m) away from dwellings and down wind if possible 公共厕所最好是距离居住点 30 米，尽可能处于下风处 Family latrines near to dwelling (6m) 家用厕所接近居住点（ 5 米） Away from water sources (see groundwater) 远离饮用水源（视地下水情况而定） Avoid depressions, water courses that might run with water 避开洼地水道 , 可能会携带污水运行 DISCUSS with community 与社区讨论 Space for additional latrines 为额外厕所预留空间

Safety and accessibility (Lighting, Location, Distance, Screening, Design - separate M/W/Children - )

安全和近便（照明，位置，距离，筛选，设计 - 男 / 女 / 儿童分离） Operation and maintenance 运行和维护 Construction of hand washing facilities 洗手设施的建设Time constraints 时间限制Financial constraints 财力制约Human Resources 人力资源


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Technical options 技术选择

Immediate action 快速行动

1st phase Acute emergency第一部分紧急阶段•Open defecation fields 露天排便地点•Shallow trench latrines 浅槽厕所•Deep trench latrine 深槽厕所•Shallow family latrines浅槽家庭厕所•Bucket latrine桶厕•Packet latrine包式厕所•Chemical toilets化学厕所Control free defecation控制随便排泄Communal facilities 公用设施Community consultation 社区咨询

Medium term action 中期行动

2nd phase stabilized emergency第二部分稳定阶段•Simple pit latrine简易坑式厕所•VIP latrine 専用厕所•Pour-flush latrines 冲水厕所•EcoSan (Ecological Sanitation) 生态厕所•Borehole latrine 钻孔厕所•Septic tanks 化粪池Family facilities 家庭设施Community participation社区参与

disaster

4-6 weeks 星期 1-6 months 月


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Latrine components – basics 厕所组件 - 基础•Privacy and dignity

隐私和尊严•Roof is essential in areas with high rainfall

在多雨区，顶盖特别重要•Door / spiral-shaped entrance

门 /旋转式入口•< 1 m2 is recommended 建议小于 1 平方米•Frame: timber, PVC pipe,

框架：木材， pvc管•Fitted with plastic sheeting, local materials

配有塑料薄膜，就地取材•User’s involvement in design

使用者参与设计

Superstructure上部构造 •Support weight of a person

能支持一个人的体重•Easy to clean 便于清洁•Prefabricated or manufactured locally

预制或本地制造•Concrete, wood, ferrocement or plastic

混凝土，木头，钢丝网水泥或塑料

Slab 厚板

Pit 厕坑

•1 m across and 3 m deep (minimum 0.9 m diameter)

1 米宽， 3 米深（最小直径 0.9 米）•Best shape: circular 最佳形状：圆形•The top 0.5 m of a pit should be always lined (but depend of soil)

距顶部 0.5 米的厕坑常加内护层（但取决于土壤）•Different pit lining material: locally available

不同厕坑内护层材料：采用当地具有的材料


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Communal or Family? 公共或家庭（设施）

Family facilities: 家庭设施

Usually designed and built by the users (with or without designs, tools and materials provided by others).

They may be used by several families. The latrine belongs to the family / ies.

通常由使用者设计和建造（可能由他人协助进行设计，提供工具和材料）。

厕所可以由几个家庭共用。厕所归属一家或者几家

Communal facilities: 公共设施

Managed by the community as a shared resource (market, school, etc.).

The facility belong to the community.

作为共享资源由社区进行管理（市场，学校等）

设施归公共所有。


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Sanitation Ladder 卫生梯


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Open Defecation fields 露天排便场所

WHEREVER POSSIBLE AVOID DEFECATION FIELDS AND INSTALL TRENCH LATRINES AS FIRST OPTION

无论何处尽可能要避免在露天场所排便，壕沟厕所应作为首选


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Shallow trench latrine 浅槽厕所


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Deep trench latrine 深槽厕所


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Pit latrine and VIP 专用坑式厕所


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Pour-Flush latrine 冲水厕所


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Exercise – latrine design 练习 - 厕所的设计

In your group think about the positive and negative aspects of this design (10 min)

在小组里，思考这个设计的优点和缺点（ 10 分钟）

Source: OXFAM. Photographer: Saira Raza


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Which one would you use? 你会使用哪个？


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Operation and Maintenance 操作和维护

Cleaning: Supervision + Equipment + Training 清洁：监督 + 设备 +培训Communal latrines: Need for employing some members to clean and maintain

公共厕所：需要雇佣一些人员进行清洁和维护Ownership: Involving population in design, siting, construction, maintenance, etc.

所有权：在设计、选址、建设、维护等方面要涉及到人口。

Family latrines 家庭厕所Cleaning materials: cleaning kit (disinfectants, mops, rags, buckets, gloves, etc)

清洁用品：清洁工具（消毒剂、拖把、抹布、水桶、手套等）


Handwashing Facilities 洗手设备

Providing handwashing facilities is easier said than done, especially in a large area.

提供洗手设备说起来容易，做起来难，特别是在大面积地方Work with your team to chose the right technology (jug, tippy tap, etc) and establish a system of keeping water available

和你的团队一起选择正确的技术（罐、尖水龙头等）并建立一个能确保水源供应的系统。


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Standard-size squatting plate (1200 mm x 800 mm) 标准尺寸的蹲板（ 1200毫米 x800毫米）

Emergency Response Equipment for Sanitation 卫生应急响应设备


Rapid Latrine 快速简易厕所


SanPlat Mould Box 厕所踏板模具箱http://www.sanplat.com