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PENGAJARAN TEKNOLOGI DAN PENAKSIRAN 1KPD 3016
NAMA : NOOR SUMAYAH BT ISMAILNO MATRIX : D20091035088PROGRAM : ISMP SAINS (AT16)TAJUK : SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLSNAMA PENSYARAH : DR RAZAK ABD SAMAD B. YAHYATARIKH HANTAR : 22 OCTOBER 2011KUMPULAN : AT 16A (KUMP2)
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TSP 3023 SCIENCE TEACHING METHODS Semester 1 - 2010/2011
TFP 3023 PHYSICS TEACHING METHODS Semester 1 - 2010/2011
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
SPS 1 OBSERVING
Fill up the table below.
No. Sense Observations Qualitative Quantitative
1 Sight Students in
classroom.
Many students in
classroom.
39 students in
classroom.
2 Hearing PCs speakers Sound from thespeakers is very loud.
There are 2 speakers
3 Smell Rose flowers in a
vase.
It has sweet smell. There are 12 roses in
the vase.
4 Taste Lemon juice It has sour taste A glass of lemon
juice
5 Touch Silk It is very soft 1 meter of silk
Sense Observing changes Qualitative Quantitative
6 Sight Clock The clocks moving
slowly.
The seconds needle
needs 60 seconds tocomplete 1 cycle.
7 Hearing Ambulances siren The sounds getting
louder as the ambulancecomes nearer.
123 dB at 30 meter
away.
8 Smell pungent smell Using nose to detect thesource of smell.
European odor units(ouE/M3)
9 Taste Chewing gum It becomes tasteless aswe chew the gum.
-
10 Touch Braille alphabet Touch and feel the
Braille alphabet to read.
-
Complete the table below with the words that best describe how we see, feel, smell, taste and
hear.
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A B
C
D
E
F
G H
I
J K L
M
N
O
U
Theincr
year
Q
R
SPS 2 CLASSIFYING
Study and classify the funny figures in the diagram in the next page according to their
characteristics. State the characteristics.
.
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A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,
N,O,P,Q,R
SHAPE NO
C,E,F,J,P,Q A,B,D,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,
TAIL NO TAILTAILNO TAIL
C,P,Q A,B,D,G,M,N,O,
H I K
E,F,J
EYENO EYE EYEEYEEYE NO NO EYENO EYE
P,Q
BLACK
C
WHITE
F,J E A,B,G,M,N,O,
D H,I,K,
BLACKWHITE BLACKWHITE R BLAWHITEP,
SPOT
P
NO
F,J
SHAPE
J
ROUN
F
H,I,K,LM,N,
SHAPE
B
ROUN
A,G
SHAPE ROUN
M,O N
SPOT NO
M O
1 TAIL 2 TAIL
A G
A,B,
2 EYE 3 EY
H,I,K, L
LEG
I H,K
NO LEG
ROUN
K
RECTA
H
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SPS 3 MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS
You wanted to tile your house. The size of each ceramic tile is ft x ft. The plan to your
house is as shown below. How many ceramic tiles do you need?
Length Width
=18+14+13+17+11 =20+6+19
=73 =45
The whole area of the house is
= 73x45
=3285
Length a length b length (ba)=9+12+16 =13+17+11 = 41-37
=37 =41 =4
The area where tiles are not included at right side of master bed room is
= length (b - a) x 19
= 4x19
=76
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Length (c - d)
=(18+14) 29
=32-29
=3
We assume the length c-dis same as e.
So, length (c - d) x 2 = 3x2 = 6
So, the rectangle area at the left side of living room is
= 25x6
=150
But the only area that we used to place the tiles at the left side of living room is
= (1/4) x 150
=37.5
Area which tiles are not included at the left side living room
=150- 37.5=112.5
The total area which needs tiles= (the whole house area)(area which tiles are not included)
= 3285 (76+112.5)
=3096.5
Area for one tile is (1/2) x (1/2) = (1/4)
Ceramic tiles that we need is
=3096.5 (1/4)=12386 ceramic tiles
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SPS 5 PREDICTING
We listen to the weather forecast everyday on TV.
a. What is a weather forecast?A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather condition.
Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of
the most significant weather variables. The significant weather variables being
forecast differ from place to place. In the Philippines, the weather parameters with
significant variation and therefore of interest to the users of the forecast are
cloudiness, rainfall and wind.
b. Describe how the meteorological department determine the weather forecast.In forecasting the weather, a Meteorologist must at least know something about the
existing weather condition over a large area before he can make a reliable forecast. The
accuracy of his forecast depends largely upon his knowledge of the prevailing weather
conditions over a very wide area. The forecast decision is based on various forecasting
tools. The basic tool of a weather forecaster is the WEATHER MAP. The weather map
depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and humidity
at the different levels of the atmosphere. There are two types of the basic weather map
namely, the surface map and the upper-air maps. There are five standard levels of the
upper-air maps that are constructed twice daily at twelve-hourly interval. The surface
maps are made four times daily at six-hourly intervals. On the surface maps, the
distribution patterns of rain or other forms of precipitation and cloudiness can also be
delineated.
1st Step: Observation Observation of different weather elements are made
simultaneously as follows:
Surface observations are made at least every three hoursover land and sea. Land-based weather stations around
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MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS: Plotted data on the cross-section, rainfall and 24-hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine the movement of wind waves,
rainfall distribution and the behavior of the atmospheric pressure.
Compare the current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72 hour weather maps level by
level to determine the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the
forecast area.
Examine the latest weather satellite picture, noting the cloud formations in relation to the
weather systems on the current weather maps.
Compare the latest weather satellite picture with the previous satellite pictures (up to 48
hours) noting the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the
country.
Examine the latest computer output of the numerical weather prediction model noting the 24-
hour, 48-hour and 72-hour objective forecast of the weather systems that may affect the
forecast area.
Analyze the latest radar reports and other minor forecasting tools.
5th Step: Formulation Of The Forecast
After the analysis of all available meteorological
information/data has been completed, the preparation of forecasts
follows. The first and one of the preliminary steps is the
determination as accurately as the data permit, of the location 24
hours hence of the different weather systems and the existing
weather over a particular region. In many cases a fairly satisfactory estimate of the direction
and rate of movement may be made by simply measuring the movement during the last 12 or
24 hours and then extrapolating, or extending, this movement into the future and hence what
weather will be experienced in different areas in the immediate future.
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SPS 6 COMMUNICATING
Below are ways that scientists use to communicate. For each, give an example.
Graph Table/Data Model Language Concept Map Verbal Chart Figure/Diagram Symbol Number Music Map
What is Graph ???
Two-dimensional drawing showing a relationship (usually between two set ofnumbers) by
means of a line, curve, a series ofbars, or other symbols. Typically, an independent variable
is represented on the horizontal line (X-axis) and an dependent variable on the vertical line
(Y-axis). The perpendicular axis intersect at a point called origin, and are calibrated in the
units of the quantities represented. Though a graph usually has four quadrants representing
the positive and negative values of the variables, usually only the north-east quadrant is
shown when the negative values do not exist or are of no interest. Often used interchangeably
with the term 'chart'.
What isModel???
In a general sense, a model is a representation of a phenomenon, an object, or idea (Gilbert,
2000). In science, a model is the outcome of representing an object, phenomenon or idea (the
target) with a more familiar one (the source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000). For example, one
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.html8/3/2019 SUAMAYAH-SPS KPD3016
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model of the structure of an atom (target) is the arrangement of planets orbiting the Sun
(source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000).
What is Concept Map???
A concept map is a graphical representation of the relationship among terms. Concept maps
provide a unique graphical view of how we can organize, connect, and synthesize
information.
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What is Chart???
A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols,
such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent
tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures.
What is Symbol???
Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention,
especially a material object used to represent something invisible. For instance inmathematics, the science that uses deductive reasoning to study the properties of abstract
entities such as numbers, space and functions and the relations between them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data8/3/2019 SUAMAYAH-SPS KPD3016
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What isMusic???
Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels (Brewer, 1995). It can prompt
memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. One of the benefits of music is that
it can be utilized to teach other subjects like math and science. Music is very effective
especially when one needs to memorize something. Often, when music is used learning a
certain concept or lesson is more easily understood by the student.
What is Table/Data???
The Data Table tool provides an easy way for you to query the database and save your
results. A data table will ensure that we are consistent in recording our data and will make it
easier to analyze your results once you have finished your experiment.
What isLanguage???
In particular we will be looking at the changing use of certain words within science since it is
our hypothesis that a change in the use of the word is indicative of a change in theory. Some
of these words will include: reality, order, space, movement, process, field, reason, thought,
knowledge, universal, random, discontinuous theory, insight and creativity
What is Verbal?
The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one
way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal
communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.
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ANSWER:
1) Space-time relationship is used to study motion of an object for a short time interval.
2) A ticker tape is inserted through a ticker timer and is attached to the trolley.
3) The ticker timer which is connected to a.c power supply is switched on and the trolley is
pulled down the plane.
4) As the object moves, the ticker tape timer works by making dots on paper tape at equal
time intervals.
5) The rate at which the ticker timer makes the dots is the frequency, f, which is frequency ofthe a.c. voltage connected to it.
The distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that
time interval.
- A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that timeinterval.
- A small distance between dots means the object was moving slow during that timeinterval.
- A constant distance between dots represents a constant velocity and therefore noacceleration.
- A changing distance between dots indicates a changing velocity and thus
an acceleration.
-Describe the motion represented by the ticker tapes below and determine their average speed
CALCULATION:
STEP 1: indicate time between any two dots, (T)T= 1/frequancy(f)
STEP 2: indicate total time on a ticker tape, (T)
T= (number of dots interval on the tape) x (time between two dots)
STEP 3: now calculate the average speed(V)
V= distance occupied by the spaces (s) divided by the total time (T)
TICKER TAPE A
Object was accelerating- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz
- Distances(s) = 20cm
- Number of dots interval on the tape = 12 dots
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STEP 1: T = 1/f
= 1/50 Hz=0.02 s
STEP2: T = 12 dots x 0.02 s
= 0.24 s
STEP 3: V = (0.2 m)/ (0.24 s)= 0.83 ms-1
TICKER TAPE BObject was decelerating
- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz
- Distances(s) = 41cm
- Number of dots interval on the tape = 14 dots
STEP 1: T = 1/f
= 1/50 Hz
=0.02 s
STEP2: T = 14 dots x 0.02 s= 0.28 s
STEP 3: V = (0.41 m)/ (0.28 s)= 1.46 ms-1
SPS 8 INTERPRETING DATA
The graph below is recorded at an airport in Montana in 1992. From the graph, describethe weather in Montana.
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1. On august Montana has the highest temperature which is 780C.2. The lowest maximum temperature is on December which is 280C.The highest
minimum temperature in Montana is on June which is 500C
3. The lowest minimum temperature is on December which is 90C.4. For the maximum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from January to
June at range 440C-76
0C .Then the temperature decrease from August to December at
range 780C-280C.
5. For the minimum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from February toJune at range 24
0C-50
0C and the temperature decrease from August to December at
range 480C-90C
SPS 9 CONTROLLING VARIABLES
You wanted to do an experiment using ticker timer. The purpose is to find the relationship
between velocity and mass and to determine the effect of mass towards acceleration (Referthe diagram of SPS 7).
ANSWER:
(a) Identify the variables in the systemMass of trolley
Frequency of ticker timer
Angle of inclination of the runwayInitial forces exerted to the trolley
Average speed of the trolley
Mass of the weight
(b)Decide the manipulated, responding and fixed variables.Fixed : Mass of trolley
Frequency of ticker timer
Angle of inclination of the runway
Initial forces exerted to the trolleyManipulated : Weight of hanging mass
Responding : Average speed of the trolley
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SPS 10 DEFINING OPERATIONALLY
Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities.
(1) solubility(2) growth(3)
diffraction index
ANSWER:
Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities
1) SolubilitySolubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to
dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in
the solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the used solvent as wellas on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific
solvent is measured as the saturation concentration where adding more solute does not
increase the concentration of the solution.
Ksp = [A] [B]
Ksp = Solubility product
A = Anion
B = Cation
2) Growth(human growth)
From infancy to adulthood, human growth and development is a fascinating process. Studies
regarding the various stages of physical and mental growth have led to important scientific
discoveries. Understanding the stages of growth plays a helpful role in parenting, medical
treatment in everyday lifeThe graph shows that the height of a human
increase with time. From the day of born until 4
years old, the human height grows rapidly. From 4to 10 years, the growth kept increasing but slower
than the stage mentioned before. Then kept
increasing in slower mode for the next stage (10-14
years). During teenage years, the growth increase
rapidly again (14-16 years). The increase in height
increase from 16 to 18 years old but less rapid. In
average, the human growth barely increase after 18
years
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3) Diffraction IndexIn optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of
the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum
relative to that in the considered medium. This can be written mathematically as:
n = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in medium.
For example, the refractive index ofwater is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times faster
in vacuum than it does in water. (See typical values of materials here).
As light moves from a medium, such as air, water, or glass, into another it may change its
propagation direction in proportion to the change in refractive index. This refraction is
governed by Snell's law, and is illustrated in the figure to the right. Refractive index of
materials varies with the wavelength of light. This is called dispersion and results in a
slightly different refractive index for each color.
SPS 11 CONSTRUCTING HYPOTHESES
A boy goes to school by bicycle and has to travel down a steep road every time. The boy
realises that the speed of the bicycle down the steep road will depends on:
(a) the steepness of the road(b)the mass of bicycle and himself
Draw two hypotheses and then describe a way to test both hypotheses
ANSWER:
1) The steepness of the road- as the steepness increase, the speed of the bicycle also increase
Way to describe hypothesis :
Manipulative variable: height of the rampControlling variable: time takenFixed variable: mass of the trolley
Procedures:1) Set up the ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table.
2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley.
3) Switch on the power supply and release the trolley.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_medium8/3/2019 SUAMAYAH-SPS KPD3016
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4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape.
5) Calculate the speed of the trolley.
6) Repeat the experiment with different height of the ramp.
2) The mass of bicycle and himself- as the mass increase, the speed of the bicycle decrease
Manipulative variable: mass of the trolley
Controlling variable: time takenFixed variable: height of the ramp
Procedures:
1) set up the ramp with a height of 0.1m above thetable.2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley.
3) Switch on the power supply and release the trolley.
4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape.5) Calculate the speed of the trolley.
6) Repeat the experiment with different mass of trolley by placing the mass on the
trolley.
SPS 12 EXPERIMENTING
Refer to SPS7 and design an experiment to determine the acceleration of a trolley movingdown the inclined plane.
ANSWER:
TICKER-TIMER EXPERIMENT
Hypothesis:The larger the angle of incline, the higher the velocity just before reaching the end of the
runway
Aim:to determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down different angle of inclined plane.
Variables:
Manipulated: Angle of incline
Responding: Average acceleration
Constant: Length of runway
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Apparatus/Materials:
Trolley, protractor, wooden blocks, cellophane tape, ticker-timer, ticker tape, power supply,
friction-compensated runwayProcedures:
1. The apparatus is set up as per the diagram, and inclined angle of the plane is measured
using a protaractor. An initial angle of 5o is used.
2. The ticker-timer is started up and at the same time the trolley is released to slide down theplane.
3. Label and cut every 10th dot on the tape and indicate the distances.
4. Draw a horizontal line, as a time axis and a vertical axis as a velocity axis on a piece of
paper. Glue your tapes, vertically so the bottom of each tape touches this axis. Every 10dots represents 0.2 second.
4. Calculate the average velocity for the first 10th dot and for the last 10th dot.
5. Calculate the average acceleration.
6. The procedure is repeated by changing the angle of incline to 10o, 15
o, 20
o, 25
o.
Results:
Angle of incline (o) Average velocity
first 10th dot (ms-1)Average velocity last
10th dot (ms-1)Average accleration
(ms-2)
5
10
15
20
25
Analysis:
Plot the graph of acceleration of the trolley against the angle of incline.