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Page 1: Tebhaga Movement

TEBHAGA MOVEMENTजे�स्सो�र और खुलना� के� मध्य बि�सोवां�� दशा� म�, के छ भा�गों� (अ� Batqladesh म�) एके sharecroppers 'आं�द�लना के� म�ध्यम सो� चल� गोंय� था�। यह भा# र�गोंपुर म� cgitation • एके sharecroppers हुई था# 1939 म� ल�बिकेना इनाम� सो� वां�ह म� और Dinajpu.r जिजेल� म��गों के� द�-बि)ह�ई के� लिलए sharecroppers द्वा�र� �ना�य� गोंय� था� अपुना# उपुजे के� बिहस्सो�। एके भा# बिकेसो�ना सोभा� के� ना�)�ओं अपुना� 70 पु�जे ज्ञा�पुना म� )�भा�गों� म��गों के� उल्ल�खु नाह0 बिकेय� था� भा1मिम र�जेस्वां आंय�गों के� 19,392 म� प्रस्)) द्वा�र� स्था�बिपु) एफ azl घर हके मिमनाट के8 के�लिशाशा ह9। (के� आंई सो9ना सोभा� के� ना�)�ओं, यद्यबिपु। सोदूर )�भा�गों� अवांधा�रणा� के8 शारुआं) अनालिच) क्रे� बि@ट ल� लिलय� ह9, एके ल�खुके झू1ठा� बिके भिभाड़ गोंए था� बिके हद सो� बिकेसो�ना सोभा� के� ज्ञा�पुना) )�भा�गों� के� लिलए म��गों बिनाबिह)। 3 )�भा�गों� अवांधा�रणा� वां�स्)वां म� लिसोफ�रिरशा� सो� उत्पुन्न भा1मिम र�जेस्वां आंय�गों के� (म� प्रके�लिशा) सोभा# bargadars घ�बिH) बिकेय� जे�ना� च�बिहए ना� केह� बिके "जे� म�चI 1940) बिकेर�य�द�र� ह� "और" उसो केरना� के� लिलए के�ना1ना# )Jर पुर फसोल के8 बिहस्सो�द�र# वां�बिनाल� सो� वांसो1ल# के� �जे�य ••• मक्त के8 एके बि)ह�ई ह�ना� च�बिहए.

यह ऊपुर सो� एके द्वा�र� जेम0द�र� पुर एके अमिधार�पुणा था� आंय�गों के� अध्यक्ष �ना� दिदय� था� के� रूपु म� जे� पुरद�शा#, केP बिH ��गों�ल के8 सोके� Igbo lems के� गोंहर�ई सो� अध्ययना म� एके। वांह अपुना# मटर च0दिटय� के� ज्ञा�ना • ��गों�ल म� सोमस्य�ओं के�

दिदखु�ई के� रूपु म�, बिकेसो�ना ना�)�ओं के� जे� के8 )लना� म� केम म� बिकेय� गोंय� ह9 मिमट्टीR के� ��ट�, ��ह)र पु)� केरना� के� लिलए म�ना� जे�)� ह9।)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना सो�) उद्दे�श्य� अथा�I) था�। :1. sharecroppers के� द�-बि)ह�ई बिहस्सो�द�र# मिमलना# च�बिहए उत्पु�दिद) केर�।2. �#पु# च�बिहए। के� �जे�य अपुना� खुद के� khamar म� खुड़# मके�ना म�लिलके के8।3. ब्य�जे के8 दर हम�र# पुरिरस्थिस्थाबि)य� म� नाह0 ह�ना� च�बिहए उन्न) के� रूपु म� दिदय� फसोल� म� सो� एके-आंठावां0 सो� अमिधाके ह9।4. के�ई ��दखुल# ह�ना� च�बिहए।5. Exactions के� सोभा# रूपु� के� के�ना1ना# रूपु सो� द�@ना#य ह�ना� च�बिहए।6. sharecroppers सो�था भा�गों के� लिलए नाह0 �ना�य� जे�ना� च�बिहए उनाके� प्र�प्तिX)य� के� बि�ना� बिनाम�Iणा।7. के�ई भा1मिम �#हड़ के� दफना�ना� के� लिलए अनामबि) दR जे�ना# च�बिहए।बिकेसो�ना सोभा� के� ना�)�ओं, एके ��र वां� पुर पुकेड़ लिलय� )�भा�गों� बिवांच�र, के� वांल द� के� लिलए आं�द�लना के� सो#मिम) नाह0 बिकेय� था�. आंय�गों के8 लिसोफ�रिरशा�, अथा�I)Y, बिकेर�य�द�र# और केम# बिकेर�ए के8, sharecroppers सो� सो���मिधा)। वां� यह जे�ना)� था�वां� sharecroppers अपुना� सो�था ल� गोंय� के� रूपु म� पु1र# )रह सो� पुरिरलिच), बिके आंय�गों के8 लिसोफ�रिरशा� के8 पु1र्ति)[ ह�गों�के8 ह�ल) म� हम�र� प्रशा�सोना#य पुरिरवां)Iना के� ��र� म� य�द नाह0 sharecroppers। इसो )रह के� गों9रके�ना1ना# रूपु म� उनाके8 अन्य

सोमस्य�ओं exactions, सो1दखु�र#, आंदिद पुर)# भा1मिम के8 खु�)#, जेरूर) )र�) हल बिकेय� जे� सोके� ।आंय�गों के8 लिसोफ�रिरशा�, म�चI म� प्रके�लिशा) ल� लिलय� बिनाम्नालिलखिखु) जे1ना म� 1940, बिकेसो�ना सोभा� के� ना�)�ओं के� अपुना�य�BPKS के� चJथा� वां�र्तिH[के सोम्म�लना म� एके प्रस्)�वां, • मटर च0दिटय� पुर �ल� एके के� लिलए खुद के� व्यवांस्थिस्था) केरना� के� लिलए उनाके8 म��गों के8 प्र�प्तिX) के� लिलए गों�भा#र सो�घHI: आंपु के�

लिलए वां� बिवांकेलिसो) उत्पु�दना के� द�-बि)ह�ई बिहस्सो� ह9, के� रूपु म� लिसोफ�रिरशा आंय�गों द्वा�र�। 1940-41, )�भा�गों� के8 केट�ई के� मJसोम म� आं�द�लना जे�बिहर ��गों�ल के� के छ भा�गों� म� भाड़के उठा`। ल�बिकेना ह9र) के8 ��)�सो, यह केम रह)� था�। भा�केपु� और उसोके� बिकेसो�ना सो�गोंठाना, BPKS, के� लिलए इसो )रह हम आं�द�लना के� व्यवांस्थिस्था) नाह0 था� अगोंल� केल�के�र सो�ल वां� शा�मिमल ह� गोंए था� क्य�बिके " पु#पुल्सो यद्ध, 1 94 1 म� जेमIना# के� खिखुल�फ सो�बिवांय) सो�घ के� सो�था ए और च�ह)� था� सो�म्रा�ज्यवां�दR सोरके�र के� सो�था टकेर�वां सो� �चना� के� लिलए भा�र) म� यद्ध के� प्रय�सो के� सो�था हस्)क्ष�पु केर सोके)� ह9। यह ह9 partv सो�बिवांय) के8 ब्य�जे म�ना� जे�)� ह9 बिके स्पष्ट सो�घ भा�र)#य बिकेसो�ना� के8 लिसोना�त्रा� के8 )लना� म� �हु) अमिधाके धा�hधाल# ह�ना� के� लिलए। (BPKS के� �च�वां म� यह )�भा�गों� बिके )केI दिदय� गोंय� ह9 आं�द�लना 1945 के8 वांजेह सो� केरना� के� लिलए 1941 सो� सो�गोंदिठा) नाह0 बिकेय� जे� सोके� ��ढ़, अके�ल और र�गों के� प्र�केP बि)के आंपुद�ओं। 9 ह�ल��बिकेpoNerful, इसो )रह अर�जेना9बि)के के�रके� शा�यद ह# ह� सोके)� था� के� रूपु म� ल��� सोमय के� लिलए ��हर ट1टना� सो� एके आंर्थिथा[के आं�द�लना बिवांचलिल) एके दशाके के� रूपु म� मफ्)। इसोके� अल�वां�, ��ढ़ द� म� ह# हुआं यह�� )के बिके जे� यद्ध) 1942 म� ��गों�ल म� 28 सो� ��हर जिजेल� एके के� सोम�X) केरना� के� लिलए आंय� था�, BPKS च0टR आं�द�लना हम� मटर म� जे�ना� के� लिलए नाह0 था�, पु�रिर) प्रस्)�वां सो� स्पष्ट ह� जे�)� ह9, जे� इसो )थ्य के� मई म� अपुना� नाJवां� वां�र्तिH[के सोम्म�लना, 1946 10 म� यह ह9

Page 2: Tebhaga Movement

भा�केपु� द्रव्यम�ना के� )� के�ई बिनाभिn) ना#बि) )के था�, क्य�बिके आं�द�लना। यह 1946, अगोंस्) म� बिकेय� गोंय� था� बिके भा�केपु� के� द्रRय Comnittee म��ई म� आंर�# ना� भा�गों लिलय� जे� एके �9ठाके आंय�जिजे) दत्त यह आंशाय के� एके प्रस्)�वां पु�रिर) बिकेय� बिके जे�रद�र " जेना सो�घHI • के8 प्र�प्तिX) के� लिलए • आंय�जिजे) बिकेय� जे�ना� च�बिहए र�ष्ट्री#य जेना)��बित्राके के� के�यIक्रेम के8 आंवांश्यके के�यI एके अनावां)q अमिधाबिनायम! पुर, बिकेसो�ना पुरिरHद के� रूपु म� क्रे��बि) "• 11 septenber म� )�भा�गों� आं�द�लना, 1946, 12 के� लिलए केrल दिदय� द� �मश्किश्केल, अगोंल� केट�ई सो#जेना म� शारू ह�ना� के8दूर मह#ना�। अगोंल� मह#ना�, सोभा� के� ना�)�ओं �ना�ना� शारू केर दिदय� tebhcga आं�द�लना के� लिलए )9य�र#। वां� ए�था�ना# अक्सोरवां� अपुना� सो�गोंठाना� के� लिलए बिकेय� था�, जेह�� जिजेल� �ना�ना� के� लिलए baithaks के� म�ध्यम सो� शा�मिमल उद्दे�श्य� के� प्रबि) जे�गोंरूके

बिकेसो�ना� और �9ठाके�। प्र�र�भा म� ल#@रलिशापु ज्य�द� के� भागों)�ना नाह0 बिकेय� के� रूपु म� भा# एके मजे�1) स्वांय�सो�वांके �ल जेट�ना� के� लिलए ध्य�ना सो�गोंठाना के� मजे�1) �ना�ना�। के छ नाह0 के� लिलए 13, उन्ह�ना� बिकेय� sharecroppers के8 सो�भा�वांना�ओं के� ��र� म� एके स्पष्ट बिवांच�र नाह0 • आं�द�लना, और �#जे#एम के� लिलए, सोमय उपुलब्ध था� च)थाI लघ बिवांमिधापु1वांIके एके �ड़� पु9म�ना� पुर आं�द�लना के� लिलए )9य�र केरना� के� लिलए। आं�द�लना के� पुहल� चरणा म� दिदसो��र म� शारू 1946, और एके शा�नाद�र सोफल)� था#। के� बिनादuशा�नासो�रपु�टv, एके म� एके बिवांशा�H क्ष�त्रा ह�)� sharecroppers जेल्दR सो� शार#र फसोल के� उनाके8 फसोल� के� लिलए और अपुना� स्वांय� पुर यह ढे�र जेम0द�र� के� �जे�य khamars। गोंबि) के� सो�र था� जेम0द�र� वां�बिनाल� के� र�केना� के� लिलए enanled जे� केरना� के� लिलए नाह0 हx। उनाम� सो� के छ पु�र�पुरिरके हलिथाय�र के� सो�था गों�@I खुड़� केरना� के� लिलए। चटगों��वां बि@वां#जेना म�, ~ ... 9 ~।! वांह�h! एके! £ 0.11 प्र .. पु1र� ल� लिलय� • के छ म�मल� म� पु�शा बिकेय�।सोदूर idpur जिजेल� म� 16 (Naw ���ग्ल�द�शा) ~ जे# ~ q_gr_,! एके अलगों )केना#के के� अपुना�य� मना� केरना� के� लिलए बिकेय� गोंय� था� जिजेसोम� फसोल के8 वांजेह सो� फसोल के8 बिहस्सो�द�र# .. के� लिलए जेम0द�र� के� लिलए जे� )के मजेदूर# के� लिलए NAS केरना� के� लिलए भागों)�ना बिकेय� जे�)� ह9 के�यI •। 17 11 जिजेल� म� sharecroppers म� के�मय�� जे�रना ह�ना� के� ��द उनाके� khamars म� फसोल� स्ट9के के�टR वां�बिनाल�। शा�यद ह# हम�र� बिवांपुक्ष# वांह�h सो� भा# था� एल�ना छ�ड़केर सोरके�र के8 ओर सो� जेम0द�र� य�, 144 केर�ड़ के� )ह) एके आंद�शा के� । पु#.सो#. के छ रिरपु�ट{ बिनाम्नालिलखिखु) 24 पुरगोंना� जिजेल� के� @�यम�@ ह��Iर म� घटना�ओं के8. जेम0द�र� �सो इसो बिवांके�सो पुर द�गों रह गोंए जे� यह अप्रत्य�लिशा) था� के� रूपु म� के� रूपु म� अच�नाके था�। वां� एके बिनाम�त्राणा था� वां� पुहल� बिकेय� था� के� रूपु म� sharecroppers, woul1 बिके, जे� द�ना� ह�गों�, उनाके� khamars पुर पु1र� बिनाम�Iणा ढे�र वां�बिनाल� sharecroppers पुर एके ��ह)र सोJद���जे# के8 स्थिस्थाबि) म��गों� के�। 19£ दूसोर� चरणा य�द रखु�:इसो सोफल)� सो� प्र�रिर), म� sharecroppers उनाके� सो9केड़� जे�गोंल के8 आंगों के8 )रह फ9 ल जे� themmovement म� शा�मिमल ह�ना� के� लिलए शारू बिकेय� 20 जेनावांर# 1947 के8 गोंबि) सो� एके के� लिलए जे# जिजेल� अपुना# प्रसो�र सोहजे)� के� एके )त्वां था�, और इसो )रह के� रूपु म�, यह चल� गोंय� ना�)Pत्वां के� बिनाय�त्राणा सो� ��हर ह9। जेम0द�र�, इसो �#च, एके प्रच�र के� सोह�र�यद्ध के� मध्य वांगोंI के� दिदल जे#)ना� के� लिलए। वां� �च�ए सो�ट इसो आं�द�लना बिहन्दू के� खिखुल�फ बिनादuलिशा) बिकेय� गोंय� ह9 बिके

अफवां�ह मस्थिस्लम बिकेसो�ना� द्वा�र� जेम0द�र�। आं�द�लना के� ���Iद केर द�गों� अपुना� वांगोंI के� ए�था�ना# उनाके8 भा1मिम सो� खु�)# के8 जे�)# था# जे� sharecroppers। जिजेसोके� �हु) दूर था� शाहर# मध्यम वांगोंI, ग्रा�म#णा ल� सो� भा# �द)र ह9, उन्ह�ना� केह�, इसो )रह के8 अनामबि) नाह0 केर सोके)� एके के छ भा# नाह0 ह9। के छ जेम0द�र� सोमय के� लिलए खु�ल�। के� ना�टके बिकेसो�ना� के� सो�था एके सोमझूJ)� केरना�। वां� केरना� के� लिलए वां�बिनाल� पु1छ� बिवांवां�द के� एके सोJह�दIपु1णाI सोम�धा�ना ल�बि�) केट�ई स्थाबिगों)।)� बिफर के�म पुर रखु� lathials के8 मदद वां� जे�रना सो�था भा1मिम के� पु1र� उत्पु�दना के�ट�। जेम्म1 otedarsआंर angpur इसो रणाना#बि) के� पु�लना बिकेय� ह9 केरना� के� लिलए रिरपु�टI केर रह� हx। 22केई स्था�ना� पुर बिकेसो�ना� ना� पुलिलसो के� सो�था भिभाड़ गोंए।दिदना�जेपुर जिजेल� म� Atwari म� वां� एके पुलिलसो जे�दIस्)#जे�रना केट�ई सो� उन्ह� र�केना� के8 के�लिशाशा के8 जे� सो�ना�:ह�था�पु�ई म�, च�र केल�के�र य� ��दूके (अमिधाके�र# के� अनासो�रसो�स्केरणा, आंईटR) के� वांल एके ह# था� छRना लिलय�। 23 म�Midnapare जिजेल� के� )�मलके उपुखु�@ के� के छ भा�गों�सोरके�र ना� 144 केर�ड़ के� प्रख्य�बिपु)। पु# सो#। सोशास्त्रा �ल� सो�ट ल�जे�स्सो�र के� के छ भा�गों� के� लिलए। 24बिकेसो�ना-पुलिलसो सो�घHI म� पुहल# ��र ह�ना� वां�ल# मJ)� पुर हुईजेनावांर# 4, 194 7, जे� Dinaj पुर के� च#ड़ irbandar म� 25 द�

Page 3: Tebhaga Movement

बिकेसो�ना� और एके पुलिलसो के��स्ट��ल के8 हत्य� के8। )भा# सो�ग्रा�म#णा दृश्य पुर बि�खुर� हुए हिंह[सो� के� सो�था अमिधाभा�रिर) बिकेय� गोंय� था�।जेनावांर# के� शारू म� इसो jotedar Nalitabari पुर एके sharecropper के� म�र @�ल�156Mymensing जिजेल� के� ह9। 26 �#जे#एम बिकेसो�ना पुर म�र� गोंय�January.'Z7 के� पुहल� सोX)�ह म� ह�वांड़� जिजेल� के� Jamiraइसो म�ड़ पुर बिकेसो�ना सोभा� के� ना�)�ओं बिवां)रिर)एके पुश्किस्)के� के8 प्रबि)य�� के� सो9केड़�, के� .आंर.! प्रके�र के� �र)ना ल�र Aier Kayda,सोदस्य� के� �#च आं�द�लना के� लिलए रणाना#बि) के8 रूपुर�खु�बिकेसो�ना सोमिमबि) के� । 28 �केल�ट पुर बिवांशा�H जे�र दिदय�एके स्वांय�सो�वांके �ल के� )त्के�ल गोंठाना के� रूपु म� भा# एकेहर सो�घ म� )�भा�गों� सोमिमबि)। इसो )रह के8 एके सो�ना� के� लिलए बिकेय� जे�एगों�प्रखु�@: एके बिवांशा�H के�यI के� सो�था छह सोम1ह�, प्रत्य�के म� आंइई@#। 29 म� सो� एकेसोम1ह पुलिलसो के8 गोंबि)बिवांमिधाय� पुर नाजेर रखुना� ह�गों� औरजेम्म1 otedars, �#जे#एम, उग्रावां�दR और सोक्षम शार#र के8 रचना�यवां�, एके लड़ दस्)� के� रूपु म� के�यI केर�गों�। प्रच�र सो�पु� गोंय� था��#जे#एम सोम1ह @�लना�। एके स्वांय�सो�वांके सो�ना� म� इसो )रह के� , एना एकेकेX)�ना, सो�घ )�भा�गों� सोमिमबि) के� )ह) के�म केर�गों�। असो�घ )�भा�गों� सोमिमबि) सोभा# ए�था�ना# पु#पुल्सो शा�मिमल केरना� के� लिलए बिकेय� गोंय� था�@ब्ल्य1एचओ, भाल� ह# उनाके� र�जेना#बि)के बिवांश्वा�सो� के8, सोमर्थिथा[))�लिलके� एके आं�द�लना @�यना। 30बिकेसो�ना सोभा� के� रूपु म� के�यI )�भा�गों� सोमिमबि) च�ह)� था�यह भा# एके पु#पुल्सो के�टI और "अवां9धा" के� रूपु म� बिनाम्नालिलखिखु) घ�बिH) केरना� के� लिलए:(1) jotedars पुर पुलिलसो लिशाबिवांर� • houses7 (2) जे�रनाjotedar1 के� बिह) म� पुलिलसो द्वा�र� धा�ना के8 जेब्)#के� मटर antry1 (4) के8 धाड़केना पुर आंग्ना�य�स्त्रा� के� (3) के� प्रय�गों केर�persons1 और 144 केर�ड़ रुपुए के� (5) एल�ना बिगोंरफ्)�र केर लिलय�। पु#। सो#। के�sharecroppers सो� केट�ई के� र�केना� के� । सोमिमबि)ल#@रलिशापु 144 सो#आंर के� उल्ल�घना केरना� के� लिलए बिकेसो�ना� enjoined। पु#.सो#.आं�द�लना पुर ल� जे�ना� के� लिलए। 31157पुरुH� और मबिहल�ओं के8 रलिच) स्वांय�सो�वां# �ल� उठा�ए गोंए था�केई स्था�ना� पुर। Narail उपु बिवांभा�जेना� के� के छ गों��वां� म�जे�स्सो�र के8, उद�हरणा के� लिलए, एके स्वांय�सो�वांके सो�ना� के� बिवांशा�H रूपु सो� रलिच)के� ��र� म� 300 मबिहल�ओं के� ना�)Pत्वां म� खु�)# के8 गोंई था#सोरल� Ekweano पुrल, एके Namasudra म#टर के8। इ)ना� शालिक्तशा�ल# था�इसो� प्रभा�वां# ढे�गों सो� पुलिलसो के� बिवांर�धा ह�)� ह9 बिके इसो �लहमल� म� केई ��र और पुलिलसो बिगोंरफ्)�र केरना� म� बिवांफल रह� ह9 इसोके8ना�)�। 32अमिधाबिनायम के� लिलए सो�सो� य1बिनायना� म� गोंदिठा) )�भा�गों� सोमिमबि)य�पु#पुल्सो अद�ल)� के� रूपु म�। इसो शार#र शा�मिमल च1�बिके सोभा#)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना के� सोमथाIके�, यह �हु) ह# शालिक्तशा�ल# था�और खुद पुर ग्रा�म प्रशा�सोना के8 जिजेम्म�द�र# ल� ल#।गों��वां म� जेम0द�र� 'बिनार्तिवां[वां�द ��ल��ल�जे#वांना ग्रा�म#णा के� के छ भा�गों� म� इना सोमिमबि)य� द्वा�र� �दल दिदय� गोंय� था�

Page 4: Tebhaga Movement

इ�ग्लx@ अल। र�जे शा�ह के� आंयक्त के� शाब्द� म� 33बि@वां#जेना यह "लगोंभागों एके सोम�ना��)र स्था�बिपु) केरना� के� लिलए एके प्रय�सो था�बिवांशा�H रूपु सो� Dinaj पुर और र�गोंपुर म� सोरके�र। • 34मके�ना म�लिलके पुर गों�ल# चल�ई जे� एके दिदना�जेपुर गों��वां म�उनाके8 फसोल के� सो�ग्राह ल�ना� वां�ल� sharecroppers,बिकेसो�ना स्वांय�सो�वांके� )र�) उसो� घ�र लिलय� उसो� पुकेड़ लिलय�)�भा�गों� सोमिमबि) के8 जे�ड़# के� ना�म के� सो�था "बिगोंरफ्)�र"उसोके8 ��दूके और उसोके� ��द के� लिलए अपुना� ल�गों� के� • एसो उसो� अद�ल) म� उत्पु�दिद)पुर#क्षणा। के�टI ना� उसो� रुपुय� के� जेम�Iना� लगों�य�। 200: ठा`के भागों)�ना केरना� के� लिलए केटJ)# मश्किश्केलउसोके8 सोरभिक्ष) रिरह�ई के� लिलए। 35 के� एके छ�ट� सो� पुलिलसो दल म� प्रवां�शा बिकेय�Narail उपुखु�@ के� Barandar गों��वां {जे�स्सो�र) के8 बिगोंरफ्)�र# के� लिलए158के छ बिकेसो�ना ना�)�ओं, वां� के� सो9केड़� सो� मिघर� लिलय�पु�र�पुरिरके हलिथाय�र� के� सो�था voluntePrs सोशास्त्रा। पुलिलसो पुड़�आंत्मसोमपुIणा केरना� के� लिलए। दुगों�Iपुर (जे�स्सो�र) म� 36 भा# एसो@#ओ था�एके ऐसो# ह# आंर�म म� घ�र लिलय�। Basirhat उपुखु�@ के� एसो@#ओ24 पुरगोंना� जिजेल� )�भा�गों� @र था� बिकेआं�द�लना के�ना1ना के� एके "सो�म�न्य ट1टना� के� ��र� म� य�द ह�गों� औरआंद�शा •। 37 ढे�के� बि@वां#जेना के� आंयक्त ना� केह���) के�फ8 हद )के ह9 बिके "म�ना� मख्य सोलिचवांसोरके�र के8 सो�भा�वांना� ह9, और केह� बिके "एके आंर्थिथा[के बिवांवां�द •पुलिलसो के� उपुय�गों केरना� म� केह� जे�)� ह9 बिके अगोंर गों�भा#र)� सो� शार्मिंम[द� ह�Bargadars के� खिखुल�फ �ल। •38 मख्य सोलिचवां खुद के�"सो�भा�बिवां) खु)रना�के • आं�द�लना के� रूपु म� ह�)# ह9।39BARGADAR बिवांधा�यके:शा�यद, सोहर�वांदv इना रिरपु�ट{ के� प्रके�शा म�22 जेनावांर# 1947 के� सोरके�र ना� ��गों�ल Bargadars प्रके�लिशा)अस्था�ई बिनायमना बिवांधा�यके bargadars म�नाना� • म��गोंproducP के8 TWE-बि)ह�ई बिहस्सो� के� लिलए। और सो#मिम) केरना� के� लिलएएके और लr@Y Iसो • ARBI टRआंर बिगोंरफ्)�र# eV के� आंईसो# tion के� Y पु�वांर। सोम�च�रBargadar बिवांधा�यके आं�द�लनाके�र# बिकेसो�ना� के� लिलए ह�था म� एके गों�ल# म�र दR था#।वां� अ� के8 धा�र्मिम[के)� के� ��र� म� हम�र� सो�द�ह नाह0 था� बिके उनाके�)�भा�गों� म��गों। उनाके� आं)�केवां�द सो� भा# �ढ़ गोंय� था�वां� जेल रह� ह9 और पुद के� नाकेसो�ना पुहुhच�ए "सो� पु)� चल� ह9 जे� खु�र ह9,Mymensing दुगों�Iपुर ��जे�र म� के�य�Iलय और ट�ल#ग्रा�फ ल�इना "26 जेनावांर#, 1947 सो� वां� पुर केब्जे� केर लिलय� अगोंल� दिदना पुर जिजेल�Susang जेम0द�र के8 cutchery और केम्यबिनास्ट इसो� �ना�य�159ल#@रलिशापु • 40 पु�टv के� 11local मख्य�लय "भा# �ढ़Rउसो जे#) म� सो�च रह# था#, आंत्म)ष्ट और के छ हद )के सोस्)उनाके� karee पुर था�। 41जेम0द�र� moce च�)�वांना# लिलय� और हर सो�भावां के�लिशाशा के8बिवांधा�नासोभा� म� इसोके� पु�रिर) ह�ना� के� ब्लrके केरना� के� म)ल� ह9। Bakargunge

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मके�ना म�लिलके एसो�लिसोएशाना अफवां�ह फ9 ल बिके बिवांधा�यके, अगोंर�#) "मध्यम वांगोंI के� लिलए अनाकेह# केदिठाना�ई के� के�रणा ह�गों�ल�गों। एना�दIवां�ना के� 4 2 जेम0द�र� एके हिंह[सोके आं�द�लना के� म�चनाप्रस्)�बिवां) सोरके�र के�ना1ना के� खिखुल�फ। 43 उनाके�दिदना�जेपुर सोमकेक्ष� भा�जेकेर बिवांधा�यके के� खिखुल�फ बिवांर�धासोरके�र के� इसो nflood ट�ल#ग्रा�म "। 44 )#ना एएमआंर ��ज़ा�रपुबित्राके� प्रके�शाना द्वा�र� जेम0द�र� के� अपुना# मJना सोमथाIना दिदय�प्रस्)�बिवां) के�ना1ना के� खिखुल�फ पुत्रा। सोभा# के� सो�था 45इसो द��वां, अ�बि)म पुरिरणा�म सोरके�र हट�य� था� बिकेबि�ल।इसो अवांसोर के� सोम�पुना के� सो�था, सोरके�र था#)�भा�गों� के� द��ना� के� लिलए �ल प्रय�गों केरना� के� अल�वां� के�ई बिवांकेल्पु के� सो�था छ�ड़आं�द�लना। फरवांर#, 1947 म� सोरके�र के� पुहल� सो� मक्तके� खिखुल�फ पुलिलसो • द्वा�र� "मजे�1) के�रIवां�ई शारू के8केम्यबिनास्ट�, 46 और )ह) @#एमएसो म� प्रत्य�य�जिजे) शालिक्तय���गों�ल बिवांशा�H पु# ~ ना�)�ओं अध्य�द�शा। इसो के� ��द, केईगों�भा#र बिकेसो�ना-पुलिलसो सो�घHI केरना� के� लिलए अग्राणा# हुईकेई स्था�ना� पुर बिकेसो�ना� के8 एके �ड़# सो�ख्य� के8 मJ) -खु�नापुर और Tummia (दिदना�जेपुर), Hahaipatha और Mangalbariट�पु# CJalpaiguri), Charura Beel CMalda) आंदिद मJ) Bojhena160के�फ8 प्रबि)र�धा के� बिकेसो�ना� • शालिक्त केमजे�रऔर सो�दरवांना म� छ�ड़केर, मस्)1ल म� म�जे Haga आं�द�लनाऐसो� चटगों��वां, ढे�के� और प्र�सो#@�सो# म� के� रूपु म� ��गों�ल के� के छ बिहस्सो�और भा# पुभिnम ��गों�ल और उत्तर ��गों�ल म� बिवांभा�जेना शारू बिकेय�केम# ह�ना�।म�चI म� 47, 1947 के8 एके )�जे� भाड़के उठाना� वांह�� गोंय� था�के छ अन्य भा�गों� म� फ9 ल जे� केलकेत्त� म� canmunal द�गों���गों�ल के8। य� नाम1ना� )�भा�गों� आं�द�लना केमजे�र ह� गोंई।ह�ल��बिके, क्ष�त्रा� म� बिकेसो�ना सोभा� मजे�1) था�, जेह��सो�गोंठाना, cQnmunal द�गों� ~ 48 प्रच�र प्रसो�र नाह0 बिकेय� था�और आं�द�लना के� लिलए आं�द�लना के छ स्था�ना� म� जे�र# रखु�,24 पुरगोंना� के8 बिवांशा�H रूपु सो� मिमदना�पुर के� )�मलके म�, Kakdwipऔर मई, 194,749 )के म�लद� जिजेल� के� charura Beel के� ��दजे� के छ भा# नाह0 ह9 इसोके� ��र� म� सोना� था�। यह था� )र�) क्य�बिकेअगोंस्) म� आंजे�दR सो� पुहल� 1947 भा�केपु� स्था�ना��)रिर) केर दिदय� था� इसोके�सोरके�र के� खिखुल�फ सो#धा� टकेर�वां के8 ओर सो� ना#बि)के��ग्रा�सो के� सो�था सोबिक्रेय और पु1णाI सोहय�गों के8 ह9 बिकेसोरके�र। जे1ना म� भा�केपु� के8 के� द्रRय सोमिमबि) के8 घ�Hणा� के8:"केम्यबिनास्ट पु�टv पु1र# )रह सो� र�ष्ट्री#य के� सो�था सोहय�गों केर�गों�भा�र)#य गोंणा)�त्रा के� बिनाम�Iणा पुर गोंवांI के�यI म� ल#@रलिशापुअनासो1लिच) जे�बि)@�म�क्रे� दिटके फ�उ�@�शाना पुर इसो प्रके�र भा�र)#य एके)� के� लिलए जिजेसो )रह फ़शाI। 1 1इसो ना#बि) के8 शा�खु� )�भा�गों� के� र�के रखु� था�

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आं�द�लना। ��के8 Bhowani पुर म�मल� के� ��र� म� सोभा# सो�द�ह� के� सो�ट केरना� के� लिलएसो�ना, ��गों�ल प्र��)#य सोमिमबि) के� )त्के�ल#ना सोलिचवांभा�केपु� के� स्पष्ट हम बिकेसो�ना� सो� अपु#ल केर)� हूं�, "घ�बिH)वां� बिपुछल� सो�ल बिकेय� था� के� रूपु म� 5 इसो सो�ल प्रत्यक्ष के�रIवां�ई शारू केरना� के� लिलए नाह0। "161)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना 'Xय�र बिकेय� �ड़� पु9म�ना� पुर बिकेसो�ना सो� एके था�हम�र# उम्रा के� आं�द�लना�। "यह रूपु म� केई के� रूपु म� 19 म� फ9 ल27 सो� ��हर जिजेल� {>च�र के8 अवांमिधा के� भा#)र ��गों�ल के8 52,6 ल�खु बिकेसो�ना� के� शा�मिमल मह#ना�,। 53 यह जे�ना�सो54 3.119 व्यलिक्तय� के8 बिगोंरफ्)�र#, और सोबिह) 76 के8 मJ))#ना सोशास्त्रा policemen.55 केई ��दूके छRना लिलय�पुलिलसो सो�।ट��ल Haga आं�द�लना केर सो�म�जिजेके <UNIP:जेबि)ना म9)#, Kumed सो�हूं, Gunadhar म9)# और स्था�ना#य अन्यKangsari हलदर, म�भिणाके ह�जेर� के� सो�था सोहय�गों म� आंय�जेके�,Rashbehari घ�H, Yatis रrय, अब्दुर रज्जा�के खु�ना - सोभा# भा�केपु�ना�)�ओं - qudhakhali पुर )�भा�गों� आं�द�लना के� आंय�जेना शारू बिकेय�Octeber सो�, 1946 ��रिरय) के� सोभा# भा�गों� म� baithaks आंय�जिजे)Budhakhali और ��द म�, ल�के meetins। इना baithaks म� 56और ना�)�ओं के8 �9ठाके� म� बिकेसो�ना� के� सोमझू�ना� के8 के�लिशाशा के8 बिकेसोभा# म��गों� वां� �सो के� लिलए लड़ रह� हx के� उपुय�गों केर�। एके म�ध्यम के� रूपुना�)�ओं और बिकेसो�ना� के� �#च सो�च�र के8baithaks अमिधाके प्रभा�वां# ल�)� हx, ल�बिकेना सो�वांIजेबिनाके �9ठाके�, जेह��बिकेसो�ना� दूर सो� उनाके� ना�)�ओं के� सोनाना� के� लिलए एके शार#र म� आंय�गों��वां� वां�बिनाल� के� �#च एके)� के8 भा�वांना� उत्पुन्न। वांह�h 57आंकेर्तिH[) बिकेय� ह9 जे� प्रमखु TBE मबिहल�ओं के� सो�था भा# जेल1सोग्रा�म#णा�। 1947 के� ��र� म� एके म�, 000 बिकेसो�ना� के� एके जेल1सो के� रूपु म� शारू केर दिदय�Frasergunge, और केवांर के� ��र� म� 4 0 बिकेल�म#टर सो� वां� पुर पुहु�च गोंय�58 Kakdwip एके सो�वांIजेबिनाके �9ठाके म� भा�गों ल�ना� के� लिलए।बिकेसो�ना� के� आं�द�लना के� ��र� म� अपुना� खुद के� गों#)� के8 रचना�वां� सो�ह # जे�बिके के� शारुआं)# घ�ट� म� गों�ना� ह�गों� जे�162गों��वां के� cuz इसो �ना� रह# ह9। यह�� )के बिके के छ पु�स्टर ह�ल��बिकेऔर handbills, गों�ना� Gimmie एके �हु) अमिधाके पुरिरच�लिल)प्रच�र के� प्रभा�वां# सो�धाना। ल�गों� के� �#च एके)� के� सोबिनाभिn) केरना� के� लिलएखुद के� sharecroppers वां� पुहल� शापुथा लिलय� था�)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना शारू केर दिदय�। वां� n ~ एके घ�ट (एके eartr रखु�,) हिंह[दू धा�र्मिम[के सोम�र�ह के� एके पुबिवांत्रा प्र)#के ह�ना� के� ना�)� रखु�उसो� छआं और वां� �जे�य म� सोहना� ह�गों� वां�द� बिकेय� था� बिकेमके�ना म�लिलके के� उनाके8 फसोल� दूर ल� जे�ना� के8 अनामबि) सो� आं�द�लना। 59इसोसो� पुहल� केट�ई दिदसो��र म� शारू हुआं। गों�जे� ना�)�ओं��ई Thaks बिकेसो�ना� के� सो�था ह9, आंम)Jर पुर र�) म�, और ट�पु# के� ऊपुर एकेके�यI य�जेना� प्रके�शा @�ल�गों�। बिकेसो�ना� म� बिगोंर पुड़�बिनाणाIय के� सो�था ल�इना सोहमबि) सो� इना baithaks पुर पुहु�च�

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60SUS। के�यIक्रेम के� अनासो�र।, बिकेसो�ना� के8 सो9केड़�,पु�र�पुरिरके हलिथाय�र� सो� ल9सो केरना� के� लिलए जेल1सो के� रूपु म� चल� गोंय�केट�ई फ8ल्ड्Yसो। मबिहल�ओं के� उनाके� पुरुH के� सो�थाझू�@1 , )#व्र केटर, मिमचI पु�उ@र के� सो�था। एके सोम1ह खुड़� था�61 गों�@I, केट�ई म� लगों� हुए हx, जे�बिके अन्य। ना�)�ओंवां� पुलिलसो द्वा�र� बिगोंरफ्)�र बिकेय� जे�ना� च�बिहए ऐसो� ना ह� बिके वां�बिनाल� के� पुना# के� द� दिदय�।बिकेसो�ना� म� पु1र# फसोल ल� जे�एगों� उनाके�यह। "एल.एना. khamars और बिफर उसो पुर नाजेर रखुना� के� लिलए।)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना, बिकेसो�ना के8 canmencement के� सो�थासोमिमबि) के� अल�वां� भा1मिम बिवां)रिर) केरना� के� लिलए खुद पुर ल� लिलय��ट�ईद�र# के� लिलए बिकेसो�ना�, इसो प्रके�र एके के� सोम�X) केरना� के� लिलए ल�ना�Chakdars, प्र��धाके, और naibs प्र�मिधाकेरणा। इना ��द )थ्य - अ� यJना बिकेसो�ना मबिहल�ओं के� फ�यद� उठा�ना� के8 बिहम्म) नाह0।163सोरके�र ना� इसो �#च सोवांuक्षणा और ��द��स्) बिकेए था�के�म केर)� हx, और sharecroppers �ड़� म� उसो म� सोबिक्रेय भा�गों लिलय�सो�ख्य� के� वांल उनाके� ना�म sharecrop- के� रूपु म� दजेI बिकेय� जे� सोके)� ह952pers।फ्रा�ना Budhakhali )�भा�गों� आं�द�लना दूसोर� सो� फ9 लऐसो� Gcbindarampur (�र�र ल1)) के� रूपु म� पुड़�सो# गों��वां� ~Fatikpur, Rajnagar आंदिद एके केम सोमय के� भा#)र। ना�)�ओंBudhakhali के� आंय�जेना केरना� के� लिलए इना गों��वां� के� दJर� केर�गों�बिकेसो�ना�। RishalaJ <shnipur, उसोके� सोमथाIके "{imity के� ��वांजे1द केरना� के� लिलएBudhakhali, )�भा�गों� �खु�र क्य�बिके म� पुकेड़� नाह0 गोंय� था�यह only'll sharecroppers था�।Budhakhali बिकेसो�ना� के� सो�था आंगों� आंय� जे� उनाके�tebnaga म��गों, प्र��धाके और ~ एके सोमझूJ)� केरना� के8 म��गों के8।वां� बिकेसो�ना� बिनाधा�Iरिर) ल� लिलय� ह9 बिके जे� पु�य�उनाके� khamars म� फसोल� ढे�र, वां� द�)� हुए के~। पु�उ�@! .. सोरके�र इसो �#च ट�@ 144 केर�ड़ के� anulga केर सोके)� हx। पु# सो#। म�के� दूसोर� मफ्) म� @�यम�@ ह��Iर उपुखु�@63 दिदसो��र, 1946 बिनाH�धा�ज्ञा� के� ��वांजे1द,sharecroppers सो�म1बिहके रूपु सो� के�ट� और खुड़#अपुना� स्वांय� के� khamars पुर पु1र� क्रे� Xसो। वां� )� के� पुत्रा लिलखु�जेम#ना म�लिलके�, उनाके� एके-बि)ह�ई बिहस्सो� ल�ना� के� लिलए उनाके� अनार�धाउत्पु�दना के� 64। chakdars, प्र��धाके� और सिंसो[गोंर! म�पुलिलसो के� सो�था सोबिक्रेय मिमल#भागों), ल1टपु�ट के� म�मल� के8 शारूआं) के8धा�ना। 65 उनाके8 ओर सो� बिकेसो�ना� के� �बिहष्के�र द्वा�र� जेवां��# के�रIवां�ईchakdar, प्र��धाके और सिंसो[गोंर और च�र �ड़� रय)जे�बिहर ह9 बिके आं�द�लना के� बिवांर�धा केरना� वां�ल� 66 पुरिरवां�र�। गों�भा#र के� सो�था था�164सो�म�जिजेके �बिहष्के�र बिके लिसोना�त्रा� बि�गों ryots नाह0 केर सोके� और भा#यह उनाके� अमिधाशा�H उत्पु�दना य� के�म केरना� के� लिलए मजेदूर� के� र�जेगों�र ह9

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उनाके� lands.67 पुर सोरके�र के8 बिगोंरफ्)�र# के� लिलए वां�र�ट जे�र# बिकेय�सोभा# ना�)�ओं और पुलिलसो के� सो�ममियके दJर� बिकेय�के� खिखुल�फ ना�)�ओं और म#ना� बिकेसो�ना� के� बिगोंरफ्)�र केरना� Budhakhaliजिजेसो� जेम0द�र� आंर�पु� �ना� दिदय� था�। मद{ frcmखुबिफय� शा�खु� आंय� था� और पुलिलसो मखुबि�र� भा)q बिकेय� था�।ल�बिकेना पुलिलसो आं�द�लनाके�र# बिकेसो�ना� के� बिगोंरफ्)�र नाह0 बिकेय� जे� सोके� औरक्य�बिके सोख्) बिनागोंर�ना# के8 उनाके� ना�)�ओं tne द्वा�र� रखु�बिकेसो�ना� और पुलिलसो सो�वां� के� आं�द�लना पुर उनाके8 मबिहल�ओं।ग्राहणा के� )ह) के छ बिकेसो�ना� अन्य गों��वां� म� शारणा ल� ल#ना�म। 68Februarv-Marcn, 1947 म� एके पुलिलसो एलिशाय� म� स्था�बिपु) बिकेय� गोंय� था�Budhakhali Ukiler ट�पु#। बिकेसो�ना� के� एके सो�म�जिजेके आंय�जेना बिकेय� ........, ...._ __ _पुलिलसो एलिशाय� के� �बिहष्के�र, ल�बिकेना वां� यह नाह0 �ना�ए रखु सोके)� ह9लम्�� सोमय के� लिलए। पुलिलसो के8 भा1मिमके� म� म� 6 सो� 9 ल�बिकेना असो�)�Hबिकेसो�ना� के� जेम0द�र� 'उत्पु#ड़ना उकेसो�ना� smouldered।बिकेसो�ना� के� एके शार#र के� सो�था म� cutcheries raided'llहलिथाय�र। 23 फरवांर# के�, 1947 केई धा1मके� ) sharecroppersम9)# के� Gobindarampur (�र�र ल1)) cutchery हमल�70 वां�बिनाल� म� सो� )#ना घ�यल, हमल�वांर� पुर गों�ल# चल�ई @ब्ल्य1एचओ।neyt दिदना के छ 10-12,000 बिकेसो�ना� के छ 20-22 ��द बिकेय�chakdar, प्र��धाके सोबिह) जेम0द�र� 'पुरुH�, ~ सो� उनाके�cutcheries। वां� के� खिखुल�फ रसो#द� द�ना� के� लिलए मजे�1र ल� लिलय�फसोल के8 अपुना# एके-बि)ह�ई बिहस्सो� के� भागों)�ना और बिफरके� बिवांम�चना बिकेय�। दूसोर� cutcheries सो� र�) म� भा�गों गोंए165गों��वां� पुड़�सो# के� अपुहरणा केर लिलय� जे� रह� सो� �चना� के� लिलए।बिवांम�चना ईसो� पु1वांI )� खु� जे�ना� के� लिलए पुलिलसो के� सो�था सो�जिजेशाबिकेसो�ना� पुर उत्पु#ड़ना के� 71 �#जे#एम जे�दू।हरिरपुर-LoYALGUNGE:Budhakhali दुश्मना आं�द�लना, Gajen )9य�र# केर रह� था� जे�Budhakhali ना�)�ओं के� सो�था म�ल# के8 जे�ड़# के� आंय�जेना शारू केर दिदय�अपुना� ह# गों��वां के8 sharecroppers के� लिलए )�भा�गों� आं�द�लनाअक्ट1�र-नावां��र के� मह#ना� म�, 1946.72 उनाके8 बिवांमिधाबिके Budhakhali पुर पु#छ� के� रूपु म� प्रच�र के� ज्य�द� ह# था�।नावां��र-दिदसो��र के8 केट�ई के� मह#ना� म� औरदिदसोम्�र-जेनावांर# सो�सो� sharecroppers जे�रना खुड़# उनाके8अपुना� स्वांय� के� khamars म� फसोल� ल�बिकेना वां�बिनाल� के� के छ खुड़#के� रूपु म� पुहल� जेम0द�र� 'khamar पुर उत्पु�दना। 73 सो�म# य�द रखु�74 वां�पुसो अपुना� स्वांय� के� khamars के� _AT_CadburyUK उत्तर�द्धI के� बिनादuशानाजे� वां� क्य� केरना� म� के�मय�� रह�। अपुना� स्वांय� के� केमजे�र स्थिस्थाबि) के� द�खुकेर,के छ chakdars सोमिमबि) के� ना�)�ओं के� लिलए केरना� के� लिलए सो�द�शा भा�जे�सोमझूJ)�। 75 इना जेम0द�र� सोमझूद�र के� पु1र� केरना� के� अनार�धा बिकेय�sharecroppers के8 म��गों के8। इसो म�ड़ पुरसोरके�र ह�जेर� के8 cutchery म� एके पुलिलसो एलिशाय� के8 स्था�पुना�जेनावांर#-फरवांर# के� मह#ना� म�, प्रत्यक्ष )Jर पुर 1947 �ना�ए रखुना� के� लिलए

Page 9: Tebhaga Movement

के�ना1ना और क्ष�त्रा म� आंद�शा, ल�बिकेना वां�स्)बिवांके)� म� सो�वां� केरना� के� लिलएजेम0द�र� के� बिह)� के8। पुलिलसो के8 चपुटR के� लिलए 76, के छबिकेसो�ना� बिफर जेम0द�र� के� लिलए खुत्म केर दिदय�। Gajan म�ल#छ पु� म� चल� गोंय�।166Dwarik सो�म�), पुलिलसो के8 मदद सो�, )�Gajen म�ल#, Kshirode ��र�, अ)ल के� घर� के� ध्वांस्) केर दिदय�Santra दूसोर� and'll और वां�बिनाल� ��दखुल। Gajen म�ल# औरदूसोर� के� )� सो�म�) के� खिखुल�फ एके आंपुर�मिधाके मकेदम� द�यर बिकेय� ह9, औरकेटJ)# वां�बिनाल� के� सो�था शाब्द� म� आंना� के� लिलए मजे�1र बिकेय� गोंय� था�। 77 सोमर आंसो1,। सो#। Kakdwip था�ना� के8, म� एके मध्यस्था के� रूपु म� के�यI बिकेय�म�मल�। यह उनाके8 पुहल पुर बिकेय� गोंय� था� बिके sharecroppersवां� ल��� सोमय के� लिलए बिकेय� गोंय� था� भा1मिम पुर खु�)# केरना� के8 अनामबि) दRखु�)#। ल�बिकेना बिकेर�ए के� लिलए रसो#द द�ना� के� मद्दे�भागों)�ना बिकेय� अबिनाणाq) �ना� रह�। जेम0द�र� भा# abwabs केमऔर उनाके� sharecroppers के छ 10 सो� 20 पुलसो दिदय� (एके पु�ल�उनाके� प्रथा�गों) सो� अमिधाके अना�जे के� 10 ज्ञा�ना#) ह�ना� के� ना�)�78 शा�यर।जे1ना-जेल�ई म�, 1947 sharecroppers एके ह# tilledभा1मिम वां� बिपुछल� सो�ल बिकेय� था�। जेम0द�र�वां� के�मना� के� रूपु म� उनाके8 भा1मिम बिवां)रिर) नाह0 बिकेय� जे� सोके�। के छNAS ह�@I 144 केर�ड़ रु। पु#.सो#. , भा1मिम म� बिवांफल रह� ह9, जे� प्रख्य�बिपु)79 sharecroppers • आं�द�लना के� र�केना� के� लिलए। इसो दJर�नाभा�केपु� अपुना# ना#बि) �दल गोंय� था�। अ� यह Kakdwip sharecroppers पु1छ�उनाके� जेम0द�र� म� के ल उत्पु�दना ढे�र •! 80 5hamar • sharecroppers सो� इनाके�र केर दिदय�; वां� बिनाधा�Iरिर)धा�ना के� खु�) म� सोड़ना� के� �जे�य _AT_CadburyUK केरना� के� लिलए जे�ना� के� लिलएजेम0द�र� 'khamars। 81sharecroppers पु�च�य) सो�था अपुना# उपुजे जेम�(सोमद�य) के� प्रभा�र# • जेम0द�र� के� ��यपु�सो केरना� के� khamars22धा�ना ल1टपु�ट; जेम0द�र� अ� लिशाके�य) केरना� म� सोक्षम नाह0 ह�गों�)मना�167sharecroppers फसोल� दूर ल� गोंय� था� बिके उनाके�अपुना� घर�। वांह# सो�, जेम#ना म�लिलके� द�खिखुल केरना� पुर चल� गोंय�धा�ना sharecroppers के� खिखुल�फ म�मल� के� ल1ट। एके सो�ख्य�पुलिलसो के� लिशाबिवांर�, Rajnagar, Radhanagar, Frasergunge म� स्था�बिपु)Bijoybati और अन्य गों��वां� म�। के छ बिकेसो�ना� के� लिलए आंय� था�जेम#ना म�लिलके� के� सो�था शाब्द� म�, के छ सोमिमबि) के� के�यIके)�Iओं के� लिलए ल� लिलय� ह9, जे�बिकेपुलिलसो बिगोंरफ्)�र# सो� �चना� के� क्रेम म� दूर हrनाI सो� आंश्रय। के छजेम#ना म�लिलके� )� उनाके� घर� के� आंगों लगों� दR और म�मल� दजेIवां�बिनाल� के� खिखुल�फ सोदना जेल)�। 83 केभा# केभा# अपुना� मवां�लिशाय� के� सो�थादूर ल� लिलय� ह9 और ��च दिदय�। जे� एके र�) मके�ना म�लिलके के� आंदमिमय� म�एके दफ़�द�र (ग्रा�म#णा पुलिलसो) के� सो�था मिमल#भागों) केरना� के� प्रय�सो बिकेय�Loyalgunge म� सो�था�ल बिकेसो�ना के� पुशा च�र#, वां� ल� लिलय�

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एके लकेड़# के� लिलए दफ़�द�र ��धा� हx, जे� बिकेसो�ना� द्वा�र� केब्जे�पु1र# र�) के� लिलए खुलिलह�ना मशा#ना। सो�शा� जे�र# बिकेय� गोंय� था�84 ne'l (टR सो�ह केटJ)# म�फ8 म��गों# था#। एके ल��# jarigan(ल�के गों#)) इसो घटना� पुर �ना� था�।जेम0द�र� अ� सो� केमजे�र ह� गोंय� था�। बिवां)रणा जे�बिके1947-48 म� उत्पु�दना, वां� अपुना� अवां9धा केमexactions और 25 के� �र# पुर ब्य�जे के8 दर फ्रा�ना 5085 फ8सोदR। यह आं�लिशाके सोफल)� )�जे# सो� सो�ख्य� �ढ़केरआं�द�लना म� suppor.ters और प्रबि)भा�बिगोंय� के8।DAKS बिहना CHANDANP:जेबि)ना म9)#, जेगोंन्न�था म9)#, Loyalgunge के8 Gajen म�ल#और Sibrampur के8 म�खुना Ghorui म� chandanpiri के� लिलए आंय� था�1946 अक्ट1�र-नावां��र के� मह#ना� बिकेसो�ना के� सो�गोंदिठा) केरना� के� लिलए168वांह�h 86 आं�द�लना। प्रच�र के8 बिवांधा� के� रूपु म� एके ह# था�अन्य गों��वां� म�। 1946- म� फसोल केट�ई के� सोमय47, जेम0द�र� �सो स्वां#के�र केरना� सो� इनाके�र केर दिदय� क्य�बिके उनाके�इसो )�लिलके� ह9गों नाए म��गों�, 87 sharecroppers दूर के�ट� ल� लिलय�अपुना� स्वांय� के� khamars के� फसोल�। जेम0द�र� के8 शारूआं) के8के छ lootingr धा�ना के� म�मल� के� लिलए अपुना� घर� के� जेल� दिदय�बिकेसो�ना� फ्रा� म। सोमझूद�र पुलिलसो दूर ल�ना� के� लिलए मदद ल#Sharecroppers सो� फसोल� घर� •। 88सोमझूद�र sharecroppersबिनाम�त्राणा यह सोमझूद�र# जेम0द�र� के� सो�था सोमझूJ)� केरना� के� लिलए। 89 म�जेम0द�र� के� सो�था के छ बिवांवां�द� था� जेह�� के छ म�मल� म�,sharecroppers, ल9टर उपुय�गों दूर ल� जे�ना� के8 अनामबि) नाह0क्ष�त्रा म� सोड़ जे� रखुना� के8 फसोल�,। केट�ई के� दJर�ना 90एके 946-4 7 के� मJसोम, म�जे ह9गों नाए यह म��गों� के� एहसो�सो नाह0Chandanpiri।1947-48, sharecroppers के8 केट�ई के� मJसोम म�पु�च�य) khamars पुर उनाके8 फसोल� खुड़#। गों�ल�अमिधाके�र# इना k.hamars पुहच�ना केरना� के� लिलए जेम0द�र� के� आंग्राह बिकेय� औरकेटJ)# भा# के ल के� 56:44 के� अनापु�) के� स्वां#के�र केरना� के� लिलए उन्ह� के� आंग्राह बिकेय�उत्पु�दना, ��द मके�ना म�लिलके के� बिहस्सो� ह�ना� के� ना�)�। वां� ल� लिलय�नाम1ना� सोभा# अवां9धा exactions र�के के� लिलए केह�। 91बिकेसो�ना A'ri'ITlJDES:आं�द�लना म� भा�गों ल�ना� वां�ल� बिकेसो�ना� के� लिलए नाह0 था�सोम�ना बिह)� वां� बिवांभिभान्न श्र�भिणाय� के� था�, के� ��द सो�ऐसो� भा1मिमह#ना sharecroppers, लx@ ह�ल्डिंल्ड्[गों sharecroppers के� रूपु म�169ryots और भा1मिमह#ना मजेदूर�। के छ सो�म�न्य#केरणा मईइना अलगों-अलगों वांगों{ के� नाजेरिरए के� ��र� म� �ना�य� जे�)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना केरना� के� लिलए।इसो )रह के8 )�के) के� रूपु म� अन्य के�रणा� के� अल�वां� 1.सो�गोंठाना�, सो�रचना�त्मके contr.adiction, ना�)Pत्वां के8 गोंणावांत्त�,

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आंदिद, एके क्ष�त्रा म� एके बिकेसो�ना आं�द�लना सोबिनाभिn) केर सोके)� हxइसोम� सो�सो� �ड़# भा�गों#द�र# क्ष�त्रा घना� ह9 अगोंरसोम�ना आंर्थिथा[के सो�था ल� बिकेसो�ना� के� एके वांगोंI के8 आं��दRKakdwip के� म�मल� म� ब्य�जे (घना� प्रभात्वांल� sharecroppers द्वा�र�) और आं�द�लना के� शा�मिमल बिकेय� गोंय� ह9 अगोंरअपुना� के�यIक्रेम म� ह9 coz के� सोरभिक्ष) केरना� के8 म��गों के8 म��गोंबिकेसो�ना� के� उसो वांगोंI के� लिलए अमिधाके)म आंर्थिथा[के ल�भा।सो�था सोम�ना बिह)� के� सो�था 2. ल� बिकेसो�ना�)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना के� सो�सो� सो�भा�बिवां) सो�ना� ~ महत्वांपु1णाI�ड़� पु9म�ना� पुर भा�गों ल�ना� के� अपुना� रुखु के� बिनाधा�Iरणा के�रकेसोदूर बिनावां�Iह सो�घHI केरना� के� लिलए उनाके8 उत्सोके)� था#।जेम0द�र� के� खिखुल�फ 3. बि�गों ryots 'अ)#) लिशाके�य)�आं�द�लना के� लिलए उनाके� सोमथाIना म� एके के�रके ल� ल�।एके दृमिष्टके�णा के� बिनाधा�Iरणा 4. �#जे#एम अ�शाद�य# के�रकेसोमथाIना के� सो�था# लगों रह� ह9 य� सो�मद�मियके भा�वांना� के8 भा�वांना� था#आं�द�लना के� पु�ठ्यक्रेम म� उत्पुन्न।एसो। आंर्थिथा[के प्र�रणा� के� बिनाधा�Iरणा ह9 coz के�रके ह9बिकेसो�ना� के� एके आं�द�लना म� भा�गों#द�र# •।इसोके� अल�वां� आंर्थिथा[के प्र�रणा�, के8 र�जेना#बि)के बिवांश्वा�सो सो� 6.के��ग्रा�सो म� य� म� एके )रह सो� य� �#जे#एम (जे9सो� बिवांश्वा�सो170सो#पु#आंई) के8 भा�गों#द�र# के� रवां9य� ह9 बिके बिनाधा�Iरिर) केर)� ह9 बिके एके के�रके ह9के� एके छ�ट� सो� वांगोंI के� आं�द�लना के� बिवांपुक्ष य�बिकेसो�ना�।7. बिनाष्क्रिष्क्रेय)� के� एके दृमिष्टके�णा के� लिलए खु�)� tnat के�रके�और गों9र-भा�गों#द�र# केर रह� हx: (के) के� हट�ना� सो�भा�वांना�हम ल� केP बिH के� एके वांगोंI के8 गों9र-भा�गों#द�र# ह�लिसोल)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना म� मजेदूर� के� एके म�मल� म� बिकेय� जे� रह� ह9Xवां�इ�ट: (�#) ईएमआंई म� आंत्मबिनाभाIर)� के� र�ज्य(के छ मध्य बिकेसो�ना� के� म�मल�) ~ (गों) सो� �चना� के� लिलए इच्छा�सो�घHI: और मके�ना म�लिलके और पुलिलसो के� (घ) HT।अ। मx ~ ए@ रवां9य� जे� बिनाधा�Iरिर) के�रके� (य�ना#मके�ना म�लिलके और भा�केपु� के� सो�था अच्छा� सो���धा �ना�ए रखुना� के�बिकेसो�ना� के� के छ खु�@ के� एके ह# सोमय म� ना�)�ओं) केर रह� हxओह, अवांसोरवां�द, सो� �चना� के� लिलए इच्छा� के8 पुहच�ना के8 और जे� रह� ह9जे9सो�।)�भा�गों� आं�द�लना, सो�सो� महत्वांपु1णाI घटना� म�Kakdwip क्ष�त्रा, बिकेसो�ना� के� के छ )त्के�ल के� लिलए ह�लिसोल केरना� के� अल�वां�ल�भा )9य�र जे� के छ दूरगों�म# पुरिरवां)Iना के� ��र� म� ल�य�अगोंल� अपुना� आं)�केवां�दR सो�घHI के� लिलए जेम#नाआं�द�लना: के� चरणा।सो�क्ष�पु म�, Kakdwip म� )�भा�गों� आं�द�लना द�खु� जे� सोके)� ह9बिकेसो�ना� के� �#च वांगोंI च�)ना� के8 usnerer के� रूपु म� औरबिवांशा�H रूपु सो� sharecroppers के� �#च। एके)� वां� ह�लिसोल के8सो# पुर एके प्रभा�वां# र�के लगों�: गोंधा� ~ ploitation और शा�र#रिरके शा�Hणा।

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उनाके� पुरिरवां)Iना केरना� के� लिलए दRना ना�)Pत्वां के� �#च सो�ज्ञा�ना�त्मके पुरिरवां)Iनाकेम्म# सो� ना�गोंरिरके के8 ह9 बिके केरना� के� लिलए। ल�भा171के� द�वां� के� म�ध्यम सो� र�जेना#बि)के म�न्य)� उनाके�र�इटYसो भा# आंर्थिथा[के सोधा�र म� पुरिरलभिक्ष) बिकेय� गोंय� था�sharecroppers के8 शा){। शा�यर ना�के�मय�� केर सोके)�गों�ल� (खुलिलह�ना) के� अपुना� ह# khamar के� सोपुना� और tnis उसो� �ना�य�एके)� के� महत्वां के� एहसो�सो और सो�गोंठाना के� लिलए के8 जेरूर) ह9।बिनाधाना के� प्र)#के शालिक्त hierarcny म� पुरिरवां)Iना,के� tne सोभा# शालिक्तशा�ल# kutcnery था� बिके लिसोफI प्र�त्सो�हना था�आं�द�लना म� अगोंल� चरणा के8 सोफल)� के� लिलए के8 जेरूर) ह9।

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Tebhaga movement

In the mid-twenties, some parts of Jessore and Khulna(now in Batqladesh) had gone through a sharecroppers' agitation.There was also a sharecrOppers• cgitation in Rangpurand Dinajpu.r districts in 1939. But in none of thesethe demand was made by the sharecroppers for twO-thirds ofthe share of their produce. 1 Even, the Kisan Sabha leadershad not mentioned tebhaga demand in their 70 page memorandumsubmitted in 19392 to the Land Revenue Commission, set up byF azl ul Haque min is try. (The Ki san Sabha leaders, though.have taken undue credit far initiating the tebhaga concept,by the extent that a writer had falsely clashed that theKisan Sabha's memorandum contained the demand for tebhaga). 3The tebhaga concept actually originated from the recommendationsof the Land Revenue Commission (published inMarch 1940) which stated that "all bargadars should be declaredto be tenants" and "that the share of the crop legallyrecoverable from them should be one-third instead of half ••• •4It was an imposition upon the landlords from above by aforeigner, who as the chairman of the Commission had madean in depth study of the agrarian pr Qb lems of Bengal. Hisknowledge of the peas ants• problems in Bengal appeared tohave been no less than that of the Kisan leaders who, assons of the soil, were supposed to know better. The tebhaga movement had seven objectives viz. :1. The sharecroppers must get two-thirds share of theproduce.2. The produce must bP. stacked in their own khamar insteadof the landlord's.3. The rate of interest should not be under any circumstancesexceed one-eighth of the crops given as advance.4. There should be no eviction.s. All forms of exactions should be legally punishable.6. The sharecroppers should not be made to part with theirprOduce without receipts.7. No land should be allowed to lie uncultivated.The Kisan Sabha leaders, once they caught on to the

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tebhaga idea, did not confine the movement to only the tworecommendations of the Commission, namely, tenancy and reductionof rent, relating to the sharecroppers. They knew itfull well, acquainted as they were with the sharecroppers,that the fulfilment of the Commission's recommendations wouldnot bring about any appreciable change in the condition ofthe sharecrOppers. Their other problems such as, illegalexactions, usury, cultivation of fallow land etc., neededto be immediately solved.The commission's recommendations were published in March,1940. In the following June, the Kisan Sabha leaders adopteda resolution in the fourth Annual conference of the BPKS, 152calling upon the peas ants •to organize themselves for asevere struggle for the realization of their deman:i fortwo-thirds share of the produce they grow, as recommendedby the Commission. •6In the harvesting season of 1940-41, the tebhaga move-7 ment erupted in some parts of Bengal. But surprisinglyenough, it was short-lived. The CPI and its peasant organization,the BPKS, did not organize any such movement forthe next five years because they had joined "the People'swar ,.a with the soviet Union against Germany in 1 94 1 and wantedto avoid confrontation with the imperialist governmentin India that might interfere with the war effort. It isobvious that the partv considered the interest of the SovietUnion to be much more vital than those of the Indian peasantry.(In defence of the BPKS it has been argued that the tebhagamovement could not be organized from 1941 to 1945 because ofthe natural calamities of floOds, famine and disease. 9 HoweverpoNerful, such apolitical factors could hardly havedeterred an economic movement from breaking out for as longas half a decade. Also, the floods occurred only in twodistricts out of 28 in Bengal in 1942.) Even when the warcame to an end, the BPKS did not go in for any peas ant movement,a fact which becomes evident from the resolution adoptedat its ninth annual conference in May, 1946. 10 This isbecause the CPI had till then no definite policy of mass

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movement. It was in August, 1946 that the CPI central Comnittee 15 3held at Bombay a meeting which was attended by R.B. Dutt,it passed a resolution to the effect that vigorous "massstruggles • should be organized •for the realization of theessential task of the programme of National DemocraticRevolution "• 11 AS a follow- up act! on, the Kisan Councilgave the call for tebhaga movement in septenber, 1946, 12to be launched in the next harvesting season, barely twomonths away.The next month, the leaders of the Sabha started makingpreparations for the tebhcga movement. They frequented thosedistricts where they had their organizations, to make thepeasants conscious of the objectives involved through baithaksand meetings. Initially the leadership did not pay muchattention to raising a strong volunteer force as also tostrengthening the organization. 13 For one thing, they didnot have a clear idea about the potentiality of the sharecroppers•movement, and for another, the time available wastoo short to methodically prepare for a large-scale movement.14The first phase of the movement started in December,1946, and was a resounding success. AS instructed by theparty, the sharecroppers of a particular area would in abody harvest their crops quickly and stack it at their ownkhamars instead of at the landlords •. Speed was of essenceif the landlords were not to be enanled to prevent them. 15 154some of them were to stand guard with traditional weapons.In Chittagong division, the ~...9~.!E! took 1!£.11 ay .. the entireproduce in some cases •.16 In Far idpur district (naw inBangladesh) the ~g~q_gr_,! adopted a different techniquewhich was to refuse to .. harvest the share of the crop dueto the landlords unless wages are paid to them for thework•. 17 In 11 districts the sharecroppers managed tostacK the crops at their khamars after having forciblyreaped them. There was hardly any opposition either fromthe landlords or from the Government, excepting the promulgation

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of an order under 144 Cr. P.C. following some reportsof incidents in Diamond Harbour in 24 Parganas district. 18The landlords were simply taken aback at this developmentwhich was as sudden as it was unexpected. They had thoughtthat the sharecroppers woul1, as they had done earlier,stack the entire produce at their khamars, which would givethem a better bargaining position on the sharecroppers•demands. 19TI£ SECOND PHASE:Stimulated by this success, the sharecroppers in theirhundreds began joining themmovement which spread like wildfireto 1 g districts by January 1947. 20 The speed of itsspread had an element of spontaneity, and as such, it wentout of the control of the leadership. 21 155The landlords, meanwhile, resorted to a propagandawar to win over the middle class. They set afloat therumour that this movement was directed against the Hindulandlords by the Muslim peasants. The movement would ruinthose of their class who had their lands cultivated bysharecroppers. The urban middle class, whose lot was farworse than the rural poor, they said, could not allow sucha thing. some landlords played for time. Pretending tomake a compromise with the peasants. they asked them todefer harvesting pending an amicable settlement of the dispute.Then with the help of hired lathials they forciblyharvested the entire produce of the land. The j otedars ofR angpur are reported to have followed this tactic. 22At several places, the peasants clashed with the police.At Atwari in Dinajpur district they overpowered a policeforce which tried to prevent them from forcible harvesting:in the melee, four or five muskets (according to the officialversion, it was only one) were snatched away. 23 Insome parts of Tamluk subdivision of Midnapare district theGovernment promulgated 144 cr. P. c. armed forces were sentto some parts of Jessore. 24The first deaths in peasant-police clashes occurred on4 January, 194 7, when at Chir irbandar of Dinaj pur 25 twopeasants and one police constable were killed. From then

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on the rural scene was surcharged with scattered violence.Early in January a jotedar killed a sharecropper at Nalitabari 156of Mymensing district. 26 Another peasant was killed atJamira of Howrah district in the first week of January.'Z7At this juncture the Kisan Sabha leaders distributedhundreds of copies of a booklet, Kr !shaker Lar aier Kayda,outlining the strategy for the movement among the membersof the Kisan Samiti. 28 The booklet laid special stress onthe immediate formation of a volunteer force as also aTebhaga committee in every Union. Such a force would bedivi:ied into six groups, each with a specific task. 29 onegroup would keep watch on the activities of the police andj otedars, another, composed of militant and able-bodiedyouth, would act as a fighting squad. Propaganda was assignedto yet another group. Such a volunteer force, led by acaptain, would work under the Union Tebhaga Committee. AUnion Tebhaga Committee was to comprise all those peoplewho, irrespective of their political beliefs, supported theteb hag a movement. 30The Kisan Sabha wanted the Tebhaga COmmittee to act asa people's court and also to declare the following as "illegal":(1) Police camps at jotedars • houses7 (2) forcibleseizure of paddy by the police in the interest of jotedar1(3) use of firearms upon the peas antry1 (4) beating ofarrested persons1 and (5) promulgation of 144 cr. p. c. toprevent harvesting by the sharecroppers. The Samitileadership enjoined the peasantry to violate 144 cr. P.c.to carry on the movement. 31 157Volunteer forces composed of men and women were raisedat many places. In some villages of Narail subdivisionsof Jessore, for example, a volunteer force composed exclusivelyof about 300 women was farmed under the leadershipof Sarala Bala Paul, a Namasudra woman. So powerful wasthis force that it would resist effectively the policeattacks several times and the police failed to arrest itsleader. 32Tebhaga Committees were formed in most Unions to act

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as people's courts. Since this body comprised all thesupporters of the tebhaga movement, it was very powerfuland took upon itself the responsibility of village administration.The landlords' indisputable sway over villagelife was replaced by these committees in some parts of rurala eng al. 33 In the words of the COmmissioner of Raj shah idivision it was virtually "an attempt to set up a parallelgovernment especially in Dinaj pur and Rangpur. • 34In a Dinajpur village, when the landlord fired uponthe sharecroppers who were collecting their harvest, thepeasant volunteers immediately surrounded him, got him"arrested" in the name of the Tebhaga Committee along withhis gun and then produced him to their People • s Court fortrial. The court fined him Rs. 200: he had to pay the fineto secure his release. 35 When a small police party enteredBarandar village of Narail subdivision {Jessore) to arrest 158some peasant leaders, they were surrounded by hundreds ofvoluntePrs armed with traditional weapons. The police hadto surrender. 36 In Durgapur (Jessore) even the SDO wassurrounded in a similar ease. The SDO of Basirhat subdivisionof the 24 Parganas district feared that the tebhagamovement would bring about a "general breakdown of law andorder•. 37 The Commissioner of Dacca Division, as stated bythe Chief secretary, considered that "the matter is largelyan economic dispute •, and that "the government is likely tobe seriously embarrassed if the police are called in to useforce against the bargadars. •38 The Chief secretary himselfcharacterized the movement as "potentially dangerous •.39BARGADAR BILL:Probably in light of these reports, the SuhrawardyGovernment on 22 January, 1947 published the Bengal BargadarsTemporary Regulation Bill conceding the bargadars • demandfor twe-thirds share of the producP. and for restricting the1 and lords • arbi tr ar y power of ev ic tion. The news of theBargadar Bill was a shot in the arm for the agitating peasants.They no longer had any doubt about the righteousness of their

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tebhaga demands. Their militancy was also heightened by thenews, which they showed by "burning and damaging the postoffice and the telegraph line" at Durgapur Bazar of Mymensingdistrict on 26 January, 1947. The next day they capturedthe cutchery of Susang zamindars and made it the Communist 15940 party's 11local headquarters "• The leadership also grewcomplacent and somewhat lethargic, thinking that victorywas at their door. 41The landlords were moce alert and tried every possiblemeans to block its passage in the ASsembly. The BakargungeLandlord Association spread the canard that the Bill, ifpassed, "would cause untold hardship to the middle classpeople. n4 2 The landlords of BurdWan staged a violent agitationagainst the proposed Government legislation. 43 TheirDinajpur counterparts protested against the Bill by sendinga nflood telegrams" to the Government. 44 The Amr ita BazarPatrika lent its tacit support to the landlords by publishingletters against the proposed legislation. 45 With allthis pressure, the end result was that the Government shelvedthe Bill.With the closing of this avenue, the Government wasleft with no option but to use force to suppress the tebhagamovement. From the first half of February, 1947 the Governmentstarted taking "strong action by the police• againstthe Communists, 46 and delegated powers to the DMs under theBengal Special P~ers Ordinance. Following this, severalserious peasant-police clashes occurred, leading to thedeath of a large number of peasants at several places -Khanpur and Tummia (Dinajpur), Hahaipatha and MangalbariHat CJalpaiguri), Charura Beel CMalda) etc. The death toll 160weakened the peasants • power of resistance considerably,and except in the Sundarbans, the teb haga movement in mastparts of Bengal such as in Chittagong, Dacca and Presidencydivisions and also in west Bengal and north Bengal beganto wane.47 In March, 1947 there was a fresh flare-up of

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canmunal riot in Calcutta which spread to some other partsof Bengal. These further weakened the tebhaga movement.However, in areas where the Kisan Sabha had strongorganization, cQnmunal riot did not spread~ 48 the propagandaand agitation for the movement continued in some places,specially in Tamluk of Midnapore, Kakdwip of 24 Parganasand charura Beel of Malda district till May, 194749 afterwhich nothing was heard of it. This was because immediatelybefore independence in August, 1947 the CPI had shifted itspolicy from one of direct confrontation against the Governmentto that of active and full cooperation with the congressGovernment. In June the Central Committee of cPI declared:"The communist Party will fully cooperate with the nationalleadership in the proud task of building the Indian Republicscon democratic foundation thus paving the way to Indian unity. 11The offshoot of this policy was to put a stop to the tebhagamovement. To set all doubts about the matter at rest BhowaniSen, the then secretary of the Bengal Provincial Committeeof the CPI categorically declared,"We appeal to the peasants5 not to launch direct action this year as they did last year." 161The tebhaga movement was "one of the main massive peasantmovements of our age." It spread to as many as 19districts {out of 27 >52 of Bengal, within the span of fourmonths, involving 6 million peasants. 53 It led to the54 arrest of 3,119 persons, and the death of 76 includingthree armed policemen.55 Several muskets were snatched awayfrom the police.TEB HAGA MOVEMENT IN KAI<UNIP:Jatin Maity, Kumed Sahu, Gunadhar Maity and other localorganizers in cooperation with Kangsari Halder, Manik Hazra,Rashbehari Ghosh, Yatis Roy, Abdur Razzak Khan -- all CPIleaders -- began organizing the tebhaga movement at qudhakhalifrom Octeber, 1946. They held baithaks in all parts ofBudhakhali and later, public meetins. 56 In these baithaksand meetings the leaders tried to convince the peasants thatall the demands they were fighting for were just. As a medium

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of communication between the leaders and the peasants thebaithaks were more effective,, but the public meetings, wherethe peasants came in a body to hear their leaders from distantvillages generated a sense of unity among them. 57 There werealso processions with tbe women leading, which attracted thevillagers. In 1947 about 1, 000 peasants started in a processionfrom Frasergunge, and covering about 4 0 kilometres they reached58 Kakdwip to attend a public meeting.The peasants composed their own songs about the movementwhich they would sing in the early hours of the morning# while 162making a round of the village. Even though some postersand handbills were circulated, the songs became a much moreeffective means of propaganda. To ensure unity amongstthemselves the sharecroppers had taken oath before theystarted the tebhaga movement. They placed a ghat (an eartr~npot being a sacred symbol of Hindu religious ceremony),touched it and promised that they would rather die in themovement than allow the landlord to take away their crops. 59Before harvesting began in December. the leaders baldbai thaks with the peasants, usually at night, and drew up anelaborate programme of action. The peasants had to fall inline with the decisions arrived at these baithaks by consen-60sus. According to the programme., hundreds of peasants,armed with traditional weapons, went in procession to theharvesting fields. The womenfolk accompanied their menfolkwith brooms, sharp cutters, chilly powder. One group stood61 guard, while the others engaged in harvesting. The leadersgave them company lest they should be arrested by the police.The peasants would take the entire harvested crop in theirO'."ln khamars and then keep watch on it.With the canmencement of the tebhaga movement, the KisanSamiti took it upon itself to distribute lands among thepeasants for sharecropping, thus bringing to an end theauthority of the chakdars, manager, and naibs. These latter ---- - now dared not exploit the peasant women sexually. The 163government meanwhile had undertaken survey and settlement

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work, and the sharecroppers took active part in it in largenumbers so that their names might be recorded as sharecrop-52pers.Fran Budhakhali the tebhaga movement spread to otherneighbouring villages such as Gcbindarampur (Berar lot)~Fatikpur, Rajnagar etc. within a short time. The leadersof Budhakhali would visit these villages to organize thepeasants. RishalaJ<shnipur, in spite of its pro"{imity toBudhakhali, was not caught up in the tebhaga fever becauseit had only a few sharecroppers.When the Budhakhali peasants came forward with theirtebnaga demands, the manager and~ sought to make a compromise.When they found that the peasants were determinedto stack the crops at their khamars, they stopped giving~.£!.. The Government meanwhile pr anulga ted 144 cr. P. c. inthe Diamond Harbour subdivision in the second half of63 December, 1946. The prohibitory orders notwithstanding,the sharecroppers harvested collectively and stacked theentire craps at their own khamars. They then wrote to thelandowners, requesting them to take their one-third share64 of the produce. The chakdars, managers and naib!, inactive collusion with the police, instituted cases of lootingpaddy. 65 The peasants on their part retaliated by boycottingthe chakdar, manager and naib and the four big ryot66 families who obviously opposed the movement. So severe was 164the social ostracism that those big ryots could not evensell their surplus produce or employ labourers to workon their lands.67 The Government issued warrants to arrestall the leaders and the police made occasional visits toBudhakhali to arrest the leaders and those peasants againstwhom the landlords had made allegations. The men frcm theIntelligence Branch came and recruited police informers.But the police could not arrest the agitating peasants andtheir leaders because of the strict vigil kept by tnepeasants and their women on the movement of the police.Some peasants took shelter in other villages under assumednames. 68

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In Februarv-Marcn, 1947 a police camp was set up atBudhakhali Ukiler hat. The peasants organized a social ........,...._ __ _boycott of the police camp, but they could not sustain itfor long. 6 9 But resentment at the role of the police inabetting the landlords' oppression of the peasants smouldered.The peasants raided a few cutcheries in a body witharms. On 23 February, 1947 several thousand sharecroppersattacked the Gobindarampur (Berar lot) cutchery of Maity70 who fired upon the raiders, injuring three of them. Theneyt day some 10-12,000 peasants carried off some 20-22landlords' men including chakdar, manager, ~ from theircutcheries. They were compelled to give receipts againstthe payment of their one-third share of the crop and thenreleased. The others fled at night from the cutcheries in 165neighbouring villages to avoid being kidnapped. Thereleased men then conspired with the police to let loose71 another spell of Oppression upon the peasants.HARIPUR-LoYALGUNGE:When Budhakhali was preparing foe the movement, GajenMali along with the Budhakhali leaders started organizingthe tebhaga movement for the sharecroppers of his own villagein the months of October-November, 1946.72 Their methodof propaganda was much the same as that followed at Budhakhali.In the harvesting months of November-December andDecember-January most sharecroppers forcibly stacked theircrops at their own khamars but some of them stacked theproduce at the landlords' khamar as before. 73 The Sami tidirected the latter to bring it back to their own khamars, 74which they managed to do. Seeing their own weak position,some chakdars sent feelers to the leaders of the Samiti forcompromise. 75 These landlords were requested to meet saneof the demands of the sharecroppers. At this juncture theGovernment set up a police camp at the cutchery of Hazrain the month of January-February, 1947. ostensibly to maintainlaw and order in the area but in reality to serve theinterests of the landlords. 76 For fear of the police, somepeasants then switched over to the landlords. Gajan Maliwent into hiding.

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166Dwarik Samanta, with the help of the police, thendemolished the houses of Gajen Mali, Kshirode Bera, Atulsantra and a few others and evicted them. Gajen Mali andthe others then filed a criminal suit against samanta, andhe was compelled to come to terms with them. 77 samar aasu,the o. c. of Kakdwip thana, acted as an intermediary in thematter. It was on his initiative that the sharecropperswere allowed to cultivate the lands they had so long beencultivating. But the issue of granting receipt for the rentpaid remained undecided. The landlords also reduced abwabsand gave their sharecroppers some 10 to 20 palas (one palabeing 10 seers) of grains in excess of their customary78 share.In June-July, 1947 the sharecroppers tilled the samelands as they had done the previous year. The landlordscould not distribute their lands as they wished. some ofthem had 144 Cr. P.C. promulgated in the lands, which failed79 to prevent the sharecroppers • movement. Meanwhile thecPI had changed its policy. It now asked the Kakdwip sharecroppersto stack the total produce at their landlords •80 5hamar!• The sharecroppers refused; they were determinedto let the paddy rot in the field rather than bring it tothe landlords' khamars. 81The sharecroppers deposited their produce with panchayat(community) khamars22 to bypass the landlords• charge ofpaddy looting; the landlords would not now be able to complain I167that the sharecroppers had taken away the crops to theirown houses. All the same, the landowners went on filingpaddy looting cases against the sharecroppers. A numberof police camps were set up at Rajnagar, Radhanagar, Frasergunge,Bijoybati and other villages. some peasants came toterms with the landowners, while some Samiti activists tookshelter away from horne in order to evade police arrest. somelandowners then set fire to their houses and filed cases ofhouse-burning against them. 83 sometimes their cattle weretaken away and sold. When one night the landlord's men in

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collusion with a dafadar (village police) made an attempt tosteal a santhal peasant's cattle at Loyalgunge, they werecaptured by the peasants who tied the dafadar to a woodenthreshing machine for the whole night. He was released the84 ne'l(t morning after he had apologized. A long jarigan(folk-song) was composed on this incident.The landlords had by now been weakened. While distributingthe produce in 1947-48, they reduced their illegalexactions and the rate of interest on bari fran 50 to 2585 per cent. This partial success rapidly swelled the numberof suppor.ters and participants in the movement.DAKS HIN CHANDANP IR I:Jatin Maity, Jagannath Maity, Gajen Mali of Loyalgungeand Makhan Ghorui of Sibrampur came to chandanpiri in themonth of October-November, 1946 to organize the peasant 16886 movement there. The mode of propaganda was the same asin the other villages. At the time of harvesting in 1946-47, since the landlords simply refused to concede theirteb hag a demands, 87 the sharecroppers took away the harvestedcrops to their own khamars. The landlords institutedcases of paddy lootingr some burnt their own houses toframe the peasants. sane took police help to take away thecrops from the sharecroppers • houses. 88sane sharecroppersthought it prudent to compromise with the landlords. 89 Insome cases, where the landlords had some disputes with thesharecroppers, the latter were not allowed to take away thecrops, which lay rotting in the field. 90 During the harvestingseason of 1 946-4 7, the teb hag a demands were not realizedin Chandanpiri.In the harvesting season of 1947-48, the sharecroppersstacked their crops at the panchayat khamars. The CircleOfficer urged the landlords to recognize these k.hamars andhe also urged them to accept the ratio of 56:44 of the totalproduce, the latter being the landlord's share. They werefurther asked to stop all illegal exactions. 91PEASANT A'ri'ITlJDES:The peasants participating in the movement did not have

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identical interests, since they belonged to various categoriessuch as landless sharecroppers, land-holding sharecroppers 169ryots and landless labourers. certain generalizations maybe made regarding the attitudes of these different sectionsto the tebhaga movement.1. Apart from other considerations such as strength oforganizations, structural contr.adiction, quality of leadership,etc., a peasant movement in an area can ensure thelargest participation in it if the area is overwhelminglypopulated by a class of poor peasants with identical economicinterest (as in the case of Kakdwip dominated overwhelminglyby the poor sharecroppers) and if the movement incorporatesin its programme the main demands seeking to securethe maximum economic benefits to that class of peasants.2. The poor peasants with identical interests were themost potential force of the tebhaga movement~ the importantfactor determining their attitude of large-scale participationwas their eagerness to struggle far subsistence.3. The big ryots' past grievances against the landlordswere a factor in their support for the movement.4. Another contributory factor determining an attitudeof support was the sense of fellow-feeling or cOmmunity sentimentgenerated in the course of the agitation.s. Economic motivation is the main factor determiningthe peasants • participation in a movement.6. Apart from economic motivation, political belief ofone kind or another (e.g. belief in the Congress or in the 170CPI) is a factor that determines that attitude of participationor opposition to the movement of a small section ofpeasants.7. The factors tnat account for an attitude of passivityand non-involvement are: (a) the remove possibility ofany gain, the non-involvement of a section of poor agriculturallabourers in the tebhaga movement being a case inpoint: (b) a state of self-sufficiency in the status quo(the case of some middle peasants)~ (c) the desire to avoidconflict: and (d) fear of the landlord and police.

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a. The factors which determine the mi~ed attitude (i.e.maintaining good relations with the landlord and the CPIleaders at the same time) of some section of peasants arefear, opportunism, the desire to avoid being identified andthe like.The tebhaga movement, the most significant event inKakdwip area, besides securing for the peasants some immediatebenefits brought about some far-reaching changes which preparedthe ground for their militant struggle in the nextphase of the: movement.In sum, the Tebhaga movement in Kakdwip can be seenas the usnerer of class consciousness among peasants andparticularly among the sharecroppers. The unity they achievedput an effective stop on c:ass e~ploitation and physical abuse.The cognitive change among the oppressed lead to their transformationfrom mere serf to that of the citizen. The gain 171in political recognition through the assertion of theirrights was also reflected in the improvement of the economicconditions of the sharecroppers. The share cropper coulddream of his own khamar of gola (barn) and tnis made himrealize the importance of unity and need for organization.The change in the power hierarcny, symbolized by the demiseof tne all-powerful kutcnery was just the impetus that wasneeded for the success of the next phase in the movement.