GLOBALISATION AND A LABOUR AGENDA全球化和劳动议程• Major dimension of globalisation:defining the

concept全球化的主要方面：确定理念• Globalisation and polarisation全球化和多元化• Impact of globalisation on Workers’ Organisations• 全球化对工人组织的影响• The challenge:govern or fight globalisation• 挑战：管理还是反对全球化• The ILO agenda: Decent Work and the World

Commission on Globalisation 国际劳工组织的议程：体面劳动和全球化的社会影响

GLOBALISATION: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS全球化：历史发展

• Continuity or radical changes in: 持续性或根本性的变化：

– Technology 技术

– Evolution of means of transportation 运输方式的革命

– Political changes 政治变革

GLOBALISATION OF:• Trade 贸易的全球化• Production 生产的全球化

• Finance 金融的全球化

• Cultures 文化的全球化

• Politics 政治的全球化

GLOBALISATION OF TRADE贸易的全球化

• TNCs develop: 跨国公司促进发展了– World market 世界性的市场– Regional markets 地区性的市场

• Production still based in few industrialised countries: 生产还是集中在少数几个工业化国家– Fordism/Taylorism 福特主义 /泰勒主义– Standardisation of products 产品的标准化

GLOBALISATION OF PRODUCTION (1) 生产的全球化

• Transition to post-Fordism / Toyotism 向后福特和丰田主义过渡

• Decentralisation of production units / outsourcing• 生产车间的分散 /外包• Flexibility in production lines 生产线的灵活度• Reduction of workers 工人的被削减• New job profiles (skilled workers) 新的工作类型（技术工人）

• Diversification of products 产品的多样化– TNCs operating on a global scale – 跨国公司在全球运营

GLOBALISATION OF PRODUCTION (2) 生产的全球化

• More than 60,000 TNCs 超过 6万家跨国公司

• Fifty-one of the world‘s top 100 economies are corporations. 全球 100强中的 51家是跨国企业

• TNCs control 2/3 of all world trade and 80 % of foreign investment 跨国公司控制着全球贸易的2/3，掌握着 80%的外国投资

Source: Anfreff W., Le multinazionali globali - Trieste 2000Source: Anfreff W., Le multinazionali globali - Trieste 2000

Source: www.unctad.orgSource: www.unctad.org

GLOBALISATION OF PRODUCTION (3)

产生的全球化• TNCs employ only 3% of the total world labour force (2.5

billion workers) 跨国公司只雇佣全球劳动者的 3%（ 2亿 5千万的工人）

• The 200 largest TNCs employed slightly 1% of the total labour force and have a turnover equal to 28.3% of the world GNP

• 200家最大的跨国公司仅使用着全球 1%的劳动者，但却生产了世界国民生产总值的 28， 3%

Source: www.oneworld.net/guides/TNCs/Source: www.oneworld.net/guides/TNCs/

Source:www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/tncs/top200.htm

Source:www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/tncs/top200.htm

GLOBALISATION OF FINANCE (1) 金融的全球化

• Political decisions to liberalise capital’s circulation 资本自由流动的政治决策

• Creation of a global financial network• 全球金融网络的创建• Daily transactions: more than 2000 billion

US $ (1/4 of total world trade value)• 每天的交易：超过 2兆美圆（世界贸易总价值的 1/4） Source: www.wto.org (Annual Report of the

Director-General 2001)

Source: www.wto.org (Annual Report of the Director-General 2001)

GLOBALISATION OF FINANCE (2)金融的全球化

• Where does this money come from? 资金从哪里来？– Productivity (transition to post-Fordism)– 劳动生产率（向后福特主义的过渡）– Reduction of salaries and welfare削减工资和福利– Pension funds 养老金– Financial resources allocated for speculation 投机性的金融资本

– Low investments (saturated traditional markets)低投资（饱和的传统性的市场）

GLOBALISATION OF CULTURES 文化的全球化• Development of the media via satellites• 卫星技术支持下的传媒技术的发展• Global media concentration 全球传媒的集中• Advertising 广告• Less than 6000 world languages (95% of world population

speak around 100 languages). One person in 5 speaks English 世界上有不到 6000种语言（ 95%的人口使用大约 100种语言）。每 5个人就有 1个人会说英文

• One world language for business • 全世界使用一种商业用语

GLOBALISATION OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS政治体制的全球化• New geopolitical system • 新的地源政治体制

• Development of democratic principles• 民主原则的发展• Human rights and core labour standards as

universal values • 人权和核心劳工标准作为普遍价值

OTHER FACTORS OF GLOBALISATION (1)全球化的其他要素

• Neo-liberal policies/Washington consensus• 新自由政策 /华盛顿共识• Structural Adjustment Programmes (S.A.P.’s) and

the new policies of the IMF on Poverty Reduction (P.R.S.P.)结构调整计划和国际货币基金组织新的减贫政策

• Privatisation of public enterprises 公营企业的私有化

• Privatisation of welfare/social protection 福利和社会保障的私有化

OTHER FACTORS OF GLOBALISATION (2)全球化的其他要素

• Fiscal crises if national states 单国（政治）可能出现的税收危机

• Reduction of tariffs & trade barriers (GATT and WTO) 关税和贸易壁垒的减少（关贸总协定和世界贸易组织）

• Concentration of capital (mergers) 资本的集中（兼并）

• Development of new products (New Economy): services and information 新产品的开发（新经济）：服务和信息

• Digital divide 信息技术的差距

THE DIGITAL DIVIDE (3)信息差距• 60 billion web pages 6千亿的网页• Between 300-400 million of web-sites3千到 4千万的网址• 200 million users 2亿的使用者• 95% of users in the north hemisphere 95%的使用者集中在北半球

• 60% of users visit 4 major web-sites: AOL-Time Warner, Yahoo, MSF, Napster 60%的使用者主要浏览 4大主要网址

• 52% of web sites in English 52%的网址是英文的

GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (1)全球化

还是多元化• Foreign Direct Investments (FDI)

– 49 LDC receive 0.5% of FDI 外国直接投资—— 49个最不发达国家只接受了 0， 5%的外国直接投资

• Share in FDI inflows 外国直接投资的分配– Africa below 1% 非洲不到 1%

Source: UNCTAD “World Investment Report 2001” - Chp. 1. See: www.unctad.org

Source: UNCTAD “World Investment Report 2001” - Chp. 1. See: www.unctad.org

GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (2)全球化还是多元化？

• Income distribution 收入分配- 1/5 of world population controls 80% of world’s resources 世界 20%的人口掌握着世界财富的 80% - 20% of the world’s population consumes 86% of goods produced 世界 20%的人口消费着 86%的世界产品的- The richest 20% of the world’s population had at their

disposal 86% of the world GDP while the poorest 20%had access to a mere 1%世界最富有的 20%人口掌握世界GDP的 86%， 而最贫穷的人口可支配的约 1%

Source: Gallino, Globalizzazione e diseguaglianza - Bari 2000

Source: Gallino, Globalizzazione e diseguaglianza - Bari 2000

GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (3)全球化

还是多元化• Percentage in World Trade 世界贸易的比

例– Africa 1% 非洲 1%

While world trade has increased ten times since 1970 and more food is produced per person than ever before, the number of people going hungry in Africa has doubled

世界贸易比 1970 年增加了 10 倍，人均生产的食品高于任何历史时期，但非洲的饥民却增加了一倍

GLOBALISATION OR POLARISATION? (4) 全球化还是多元化

• More than 250 million children at work 2亿 5千万的儿童在工作

• 120 million working children have no access to school• 1亿 2千万的童工没有接受教育的机会• Number of “official” unemployed is of 160 million workers (500

million new jobs needed over the next decade) 官方统计的失业人口约 1亿 6千万左右（在下一个十年，总共约需要创造近 5亿个就业机会）

• 500 million workers are unable to keep their families above the $1 poverty line (of the 1.3 billion people living in poverty worldwide, more than 70% of them are women and girls.)

• 5亿工人无力维持他们家庭每天 1个美圆（贫困线）的生活水平（ 13亿人口生活在贫困线以下，其中 70% 以上是妇女和女孩）

Source: ILO World Employment Report 2001 (www.ilo.org) -

ICFTUConference of women trade union leaders, Rio di Janeiro, 18-21 May 1999

Source: ILO World Employment Report 2001 (www.ilo.org) -

ICFTUConference of women trade union leaders, Rio di Janeiro, 18-21 May 1999

Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Organisations (1)全球化对工人组织的影响

• Decrease of trade union density• 工会入会率的降低• From national agreements/negotiations to enterprise/individual

agreements• 从国家协议 / 谈判到企业 /个人协议• Abolition of check off systems 直接扣除会费制度的取消• Weak tripartite machinery 羸弱的三方机制• Increase of the informal sector (most of the workers employed in

the informal sector are women and children)• 非正规部门的增加（大多数在非正规部门工作的工人都是妇

女或儿童）• 非

Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Organisations (2)全球化对工人组织的影响

• Increase of atypical forms of labour (contract labour). These form are more common among women than among men (90% of homeworkers in EU are women)

• 非正规劳动力的增加（合同工）。这些形式越来越出现在女性工作者（在欧盟 90%的在家工作的工人是女性）

• Increase of EPZs (33 countries involved)• 出口加工区增加（涉及 33个国家）• Global attack against workers’ rights• 全球性的侵犯工人权利

Source: www.icftu.org/surveySource: www.icftu.org/survey

Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Rights (1) 全球化对工人权利的影响（ 1）

• over 300 strikes repressed by employers or the police, in nearly 90 countries

• 在近 90个国家，有超过 300 次罢工• about 8,500 arrested or detained• 8500人被监禁或羁押• 209 trade unionists killed or “disappeared” • 209 名工会工作者被杀害或失踪• over 100,000 harassed 10万被骚扰• 20,000 dismissed because of their trade union activities 2万由于从事工会工作被解雇

Source: ICFTU Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights 2001 (http://www.icftu.org/survey).

Source: ICFTU Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights 2001 (http://www.icftu.org/survey).

Impact of Globalisation on Workers’ Rights (2) 全球化对工人权利的影响（ 2）• 20 million bounded labourers worldwide • 世界上有 2千万的强迫劳动者• 700.000 women and children victims of cross-border

human trafficking each year• 每年有 70万的妇女儿童被跨境拐卖• worldwide women are paid anything between 10-50% less

than men for doing similar job or different job of equal value

• 从事类似工作或同等价值工作的妇女的收入比男性低 10-50%

Source:PSI Women - N.14- January 2002 (www.world-psi.org)

ICFTU:www.icftu.org/survey

Source:PSI Women - N.14- January 2002 (www.world-psi.org)

ICFTU:www.icftu.org/survey

THE CHALLENGE:GOVERN OR FIGHT GLOBALISATION?(1)挑战：管理还是反对全球化？（ 1）

• Organising / Global unions • 组建 /国际工会组织• Extension of the European Works Councils (Global

representation of workers/framework agreements)• 拓展欧洲工会理事会（在国际层面代表工人的利

益和框架协议）• Codes of Conduct and Corporate Social

Responsibility (CSR)• 行为准则和企业社会责任

THE CHALLENGE:GOVERN OR FIGHT GLOBALISATION?(2)挑战：管理还是反对全球化？（ 2）• 挑战：

• Trade union networking and global solidarity • 工会网络工作和世界团结• Globalisation of workers’ rights: ILO Declaration on

Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work• 工人权利的全球化：国际劳工组织关于工作场所中的基本权利和原则宣言

• TU nat./inter. policies: links / coherent international framework/governance/co-ordination of economic, trade, and social policies

• 工会的国家和国际政策：联系 /协调国际框架 /管理 /协调经济、贸易和社会政策

THE CHALLENGE:GOVERN OR FIGHT GLOBALISATION?(3)挑战：管理还是反对全球化？（ 3）

• Trade unions and Decent Work • 工会和体面的劳动• Social dimension of globalisation and the role of

the ILO in the world agenda (G8 and relationships with IMF/WB/WTO

• 全球化的社会影响和国际劳工组织在世界议程中的作用（ 8国集团以及与国际货币基金组织/世界银行 /世界贸易组织之间的关系）

THE ILO AGENDA国际劳工组织的议程

• Decent Work agenda 体面劳动的议程

• World Commission on the Social dimension of globalisation

• 全球化社会影响世界委员会

THE DECENT WORK AGENDA:

体面劳动的议程：• Decent Work and the role of the ILO to enhance:体面劳动和国际劳工组织的作用要加强：– Workers’ rights 工人权利– Employment 就业– Social protection 社会保护– Social Dialogue 社会对话

WORKERS’RIGHTS 工人的权利

• Ratification and implementation of core labour standards (eight core conventions)

• 批准和执行核心劳工标准（ 8个核心公约）• Ratification and implementation of international

labour standards• 批准和执行国际劳工标准• Participation to the ILS supervisory system and to

the follow-up of the Declaration• 参与国际劳工标准的监督机制和宣言的后续活动

EMPLOYMENT 就业• Employment policies

• 就业政策- Equal opportunities and treatments

—机会和待遇平等• Development of SME

• 中小企业的发展

SOCIAL PROTECTION社会保护• Development of social security systems• 社会保障体制的发展• Pension and retirement schemes 养老金和退休体制

• Other welfare benefits 其他福利• Safety nets for the informal sector 非正规部门的

安全网络• O.S.H. and the Environment 职业安全卫生和环

境

SOCIAL DIALOGUE社会对话• Development of tripartism 发展三方性• Strengthening workers’ and employers’

organisations 加强工人和雇主组织• Strengthening tripartite machinery • 增强三方机制• Strengthening negotiations between social

partners at national/enterprise/national level• 增进社会伙伴在国家、企业和国家层面上的对

话

World Commission on the Social dimension of globalisation 全球化的社会影响世界委员会

• National governance 国家管理

• Global governance : fair rules/better international policies/more accountable institutions/mobilizing action for change

• 全球管理：公平的规则 / 更佳的国际政策/ 更可信的机构 /动员以促进变化

PROGRAMME FOR WORKERS’ ACTIVITIES OF

THE ILO TURIN CENTRE

(ACTRAV-Turin)actrav@itcilo.org

THANK YOU!