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Page 1: To clarify the clinicopathological features between  KRAS  codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC

n KRAS   WTKRAS   MT (p.G13D)

KRAS   MT (others)

Gender Male 3,475 2,243 (64.5%) 222 (  6.4%) 1,010 (29.1%)Female 2,257 1,334 (59.1%) 198 (  8.8%)    725 (32.1%)

Age < 50    560    389 (69.5%) 42 (  7.5%)    129 (23.0%)50-59 1,258    798 (63.4%) 91 (  7.2%)    369 (29.3%)60-69 2,081 1,289 (61.9%) 140 (  6.7%)    652 (31.3%)70 =< 1,833 1,101 (60.1%) 147 (  8.0%)    585 (31.9%)

Primary tumor site

appendix      25        9 (36.0%)     2 (  8.0%)     14 (56.0%)right-sided colon 1,713    887 (51.8%) 169 (  9.9%)   657 (38.4%)left-sided colon 2,160 1,528 (70.7%) 102 (  4.7%)   530 (24.5%)rectum 1,817 1,142 (62.9%) 147 (  8.1%)   528 (29.1%)others*      17      11 (64.7%)     0 (  0.0%)       6 (35.3%)

Site of the sample obtained

Primary tumor 5,258 3,281 (62.4%) 385 (  7.3%) 1,592 (30.0%)Metastasis    474 296 (62.4%) 35 (  7.4%) 143 (30.2%)

liver    216 146 (67.6%) 13 (  6.0%) 57 (26.4%)lung      74 48 (64.9%) 7 (  9.5%) 19 (25.7%)lymph node      37 22 (59.5%) 2 (  5.4%) 13 (35.1%)local      45 29 (64.4%) 3 (  6.7%) 13 (28.9%)dissemination      70 34 (48.6%) 6 (  8.6%) 30 (42.9%)others*      32 17 (53.1%) 4 (12.5%) 11 (34.4%)

n KRAS   MT P value

Roth A.D. et al.  20109right

left

   516   783

   207 (40.1%)   274 (35.0%)

0.070

Abubaker J. et al. 200910right colon

left colon

     44   241

    18 (40.9%)    62 (25.7%)

0.0454

Bennani B. et al. 201011proximal colon

distal colon

rectum

     14            20     28

      4 (28.6%)      4 (20.0%)        10 (35.7%)

NS

Barault L. et al 200812proximal colon

distal colon

   244   331

    89 (36.5%)  109 (32.9%)

0.377

Tie J. et al 201013 right-sided colon

left-sided colon

rectum

   185   153   172

 70 (38%) 43 (28%) 54 (31%)

0.07

The present study

appendix

right-sided colon

left-sided colon

rectum

others

     251,7132,1601,817     17

    16 (64.0%)  826 (48.2%)  632 (29.3%)  675 (37.1%)       6 (35.3%)

<0.0001

Clinicopathological features in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with KRAS wild type versus codon 12 and codon 13 mutant: Results from a multicenter, cross-sectional study by the Japan Study Group of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer

Clinicopathological features in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with KRAS wild type versus codon 12 and codon 13 mutant: Results from a multicenter, cross-sectional study by the Japan Study Group of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer

Takayuki Yoshino,1 Toshiaki Watanabe,2 Kentaro Yamazaki,3 Hiroyuki Uetake,4 Megumi Ishiguro,4 Kenichi Sugihara,4 Yasuo Ohashi5Takayuki Yoshino,1 Toshiaki Watanabe,2 Kentaro Yamazaki,3 Hiroyuki Uetake,4 Megumi Ishiguro,4 Kenichi Sugihara,4 Yasuo Ohashi5

1National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan, 2Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 3Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan, 4Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan, 5Public Health Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan 

1National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan, 2Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 3Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan, 4Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan, 5Public Health Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan 

The KRAS mutation mainly located in the codon 12 and 13 indicates patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) lack of response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies. 

Many studies have reported that approximately 30-40% of CRC patients have KRAS mutations.1-3

We have previously reported the correlation between KRAS mutation rate and sample backgrounds;4 however, the clinicopathological features of KRAS mutant CRC have not been fully clarified. 

Recently, some analysis showed improved outcomes for association of KRAS p.G13D mutation in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab.5-6

This study aimed to clarify the clinicopathological features of KRAS mutant CRC in comparison with KRAS wild type in large-scale Japanese population. 

To clarify the clinicopathological features between KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC.

To examine whether the clinicopathological features of KRAS p.G13D mutation is more similar to those of KRAS wild type or other KRAS mutations.

BackgroundBackground

ObjectivesObjectives

MethodsMethods

Sample size: 5,000

Data collection:

Sample for KRAS test– Surgically resected specimen or biopsy from primary tumor or 

metastases

– Paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or thinly sliced tumor sections 

Patients and sample backgrounds– Gender, age – Primary tumor site – Type of sample (surgically resected / biopsy) – Date of the sample obtained– Site of the sample obtained (primary tumor / metastases) – Stage (l / ll / lll / IV / recurrence / unknown)– Duration of formalin fixation (<24h / 24-48h / 48h< / unknown)– Formalin concentration (10% / 20% / unknown)

Key eligibility criteriaHistologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinomaAdequate tumor samples

Send formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or thinly sliced tumor sections to commercial laboratories  ( 10µm 5 slices and 3µm 1 slice for HE staining )

Investigate KRAS point mutations in the codon 12 and 13 by following laboratories’ SOP

Hospitals

LaboratoriesData center

1. Sample registration

2. Enrollment confirmation

6. Result 

3. Sample

2’. Registration information

5. Result

4. KRAS test

Study profileStudy profileFrom Oct. 2009 to Mar. 2010Cut-off: Apr. 2010  Sample registration, n=5,887

  from 389 facilitiesExcluded,  n=97  Cancelation  14  Ineligible    1  Uncollected  82  

Undetectable samples,  n=58  Direct sequencing  56  Luminex    2  

KRAS test detectable, n=5,732   Direct sequencing         5,423   Luminex           309

  KRAS test, n=5,790   Direct sequencing         5,479   Luminex            311

ConclusionsConclusions

This study was funded by Comprehensive Support Project for Oncology Research (CSPOR) of Public Health Research Foundation. 

The research institutes are Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Teikyo University School, and National Cancer Center Hospital East.

We would like to thank the 389 sample providing hospitals.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

ReferencesReferences  1. Karapetis CS. et al. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1757-1765.  2. Amado RG. et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626-1634.  3. Van Cutsem E. et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1408-1417.  4. Yamazaki K. et al. ESMO 2010 Abst.595P  5. De Roock W. et al. JAMA. 2010;304:1812-1820.  6. Bando H., Yoshino T. et al. ASCO-GI 2011 #448  7. Ferreira C.G. et al. J Clin Oncol 2010;28,suppl:3614.  8. Andreyev HJN. et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:675-684.  9. Roth A.D. et al. J clin oncol 2010;28:466-474.10. Abubaker J. et al. J Pathology 2009;219:435-445.11. Bennani B. et al. Int J Biol Markers 2010;25:179-84.12. Barault L. et al. Int J Cancer 2008;122:2255-9.13. Tie J. et al. Int J Cancer. 2010 Jul 15. [online ahead of print]14. Andreyev HJN. Br J Cancer 2001;85:692-696.15. Winawer S.J. et al. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:901-906.16. Rashid A. et al. Gut. 1999;44:826-33.

As far as we know, this is one of the largest observational study of KRAS mutational status in CRC.

The frequency of KRAS mutation (37.6%) in Japanese CRC patients is similar to those reported in previous studies from other countries.

Independent factors correlated with KRAS mutation were gender, age, date of sample obtained and primary tumor site.

Clinicopathological features were similar between KRAS codon 12 and 13 mutant CRC patients.

KRAS p.G13D mutation was remarkably higher in female and right-sided colon; however, it was not influenced by age. Another possible finding was that this mutation may be higher in lung metastasis.

However, this study suggested that clinicopathological features were not similar between KRAS wild type, KRAS p.G13D and other mutations.

It suggests a possibility that KRAS p.G13D mutation might be a different tumor than other KRAS mutations, since some different trends were seen between those mutations. 

Presently, any KRAS mutation is regarded to be the same; however, this study suggests that it might be an aggregation from different tumors.

We found the independent factors correlated with KRAS mutation were gender, age, date of sample obtained and primary tumor site. It suggests that some correlations exist between KRAS mutation and gender or primary tumor site since these factors were consistent with previous reports 

Although there is no consistent trend regarding age in the previous reports, this large cohort showed significantly more frequent KRAS mutation as the age was higher.

Some reports showed “Adenomatous polyps increase with age”;15 while, another report showed “adenomatous polyps with KRAS mutation decreased with age”.16 Thus, it remains unknown why more frequent KRAS mutation occurred with age.

There is no clear reason why KRAS mutation rate was lower in older samples. Since the concordance rate was very high between primary and metastases in this study, although these were not obtained from the same patients, it would be better to obtain new specimen if possible.

DiscussionsDiscussions

KRAS mutation rate in codon 12 and 13n Codon 12 Codon 13

Andreyev HJN. et al. 200114 3,439    900 (26.2%) 297 (8.6%)

Ferreira C.G. et al. 20107 3,129    933 (29.8%) 171 (5.5%)

Andreyev HJN. et al. 19988 2,721     755 (27.7%)* 146 (6.6%)

Roth A.D. et al. 20109 1,299    372 (28.6%) 102 (7.9%)

The present study 5,732 1,714 (29.9%) 441 (7.7%)

* 755/2,214

Gender n KRAS   MT P value

Ferreira C.G. et al. 20107MaleFemale

1,5661,563

   515 (32.9%)   589 (37.7%)

0.005

Andreyev HJN. et al. 19988MaleFemale

1,1871,009

   430 (36.2%)   399 (39.5%)

0.11

Roth A.D. et al. 20109MaleFemale

  749  550

   280 (37.4%)   201 (36.5%)

0.80

Abubaker J. et al. 200910MaleFemale

   135   150

     37 (27.4%)      43 (28.7%)

0.8132

Bennani B. et al. 201011MaleFemale

     31     31

       7 (22.6%)     11 (35.5%)

0.263

The present studyMaleFemale

3,4752,257

1,232 (35.5%)   923 (40.9%)

<0.0001

Age

Primary tumor site

KRAS p.G13D mutation was remarkably higher in female.

KRAS p.G13D mutation occurred at a constant rate regardless of age (P=0.5285); however, KRAS other mutations increased with age (P=0.0002). In contrast, KRAS wild type decreased with age (P=0.0001).

KRAS p.G13D mutation seemed remarkably higher in right-sided colon than left-sided colon. (right : 9.9%, left : 4.7%)

KRAS p.G13D mutation was tend to be higher in lung metastasis (9.5%) compared to other metastatic sites; however, this is uncertain because the sample size has varied through the metastatic sites. 

ResultsResultsSample Background

n

Gender Male 3,475 (60.6%)Female 2,257 (39.4%)

Age < 50    560 (  9.8%)

 Median:65  ( 12-92 )

50-59 1,258 (21.9%)60-69 2,081 (36.3%)70 =< 1,833 (32.0%)

Type of sample Surgically resected 5,364 (93.6%)Biopsy    368 (  6.4%)

Year Surgically resected

< 2006    748 (13.0%)2006    445 (  7.8%)2007    761 (13.3%)2008 1,255 (21.9%)2009 1,843 (32.2%)2010    312 (  5.4%)

Biopsy < 2009    110 (  1.9%)2009 =<    258 (  4.5%)

Stage I    166 (  2.9%)   II    814 (14.2%)III 1,765 (30.8%)IV 2,805 (48.9%)recurrence    152 (  2.7%)unknown      30 (  0.5%)

Primary tumor site appendix      25 (  0.4%)right-sided colon 1,713 (29.9%)left-sided colon 2,160 (37.7%)rectum 1,817 (31.7%)others      17 (  0.3%)

Site of the sample obtained

Primary tumor 5,258 (91.7%)Metastasis    474 (  8.2%)

liver    216 (45.6%)lung      74 (15.6%)lymph node      37 (  7.8%)local      45 (  9.5%)dissemination      70 (14.8%)others      32 (  6.8%)

ResultsResults

KRAS mutation rate

n %

Codon12 1,714

AGTCGTGATGCTGTTTGTothers

120158141074931623

7.00.947.56.228.89.50.1

Codon13 441

CGCGACGAGTGCothers

64201113

1.495.20.22.50.7

No. of sample

KRAS   WT KRAS   MT

n % 95%CI n % 95%CI

All 5,732 3,577 62.4 61.1-63.7 2,155  37.6 36.3-38.9

   Codon12   Codon13

1,714   441

 29.9   7.7

28.7-31.17.0-8.4

KRAS WT62.4%

(n=3,577)

KRAS MT37.6%

(n=2,155)

p.G13D7.3 %(n=420)

others30.3 %(n=1,735)

KRAS WT, KRAS MT

n KRAS   WT KRAS   MT P value

Gender Male 3,475 (60.6%) 2,243 (64.6%) 1,232 (35.5%)<0.0001

Female 2,257 (39.4%) 1,334 (59.1%)    923 (40.9%)

Age < 50    560 (  9.8%)    389 (69.5%)    171 (30.5%)

0.000750-59 1,258 (21.9%)    798 (63.4%)    460 (36.6%)

60-69 2,081 (36.3%) 1,289 (61.9%)    792 (38.1%)

70 =< 1,833 (32.0%) 1,101 (60.1%)    732 (39.9%)

Year Surgically resected

< 2006    748 (13.0%)    497 (66.4%)    251 (33.6%)

0.02852006    445 (  7.8%)    282 (63.4%)    163 (36.6%)

2007 =< 4,171 (72.8%) 2,561 (61.4%) 1,610 (38.6%)

Biopsy < 2009    110 (  1.9%)      79 (71.8%)      31 (28.2%)0.0524

2009 =<    258 (  4.5%)    158 (61.2%)    100 (38.8%)

Primary tumor site

appendix      25 (  0.4%)        9 (36.0%)      16 (64.0%)

<0.0001

right-sided colon 1,713 (29.9%)    887 (51.8%)    826 (48.2%)

left-sided colon 2,160 (37.7%) 1,528 (70.7%)    632 (29.3%)

rectum 1,817 (31.7%) 1,142 (62.9%)    675 (37.1%)

others*      17 (  0.3%)      11 (64.7%)        6 (35.3%)

* not included in the logistic regression 

Logistic regression: WT vs. MT

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 1.210 1.082 - 1.354

Age 50 – 59  vs. < 50 1.308 1.053 - 1.624

60 – 69 vs. < 50 1.365 1.113 - 1.674

70 =< vs. < 50 1.399 1.137 - 1.720

Year Surgically resected (2006)

vs.Surgically resected 

(<2006)1.150 0.896 - 1.474

Surgically resected (2007=<)

vs.Surgically resected 

(<2006)1.188 1.005 - 1.403

Biopsy(<2009)

vs.Surgically resected 

(<2006)1.003 0.751 - 1.341

Biopsy(2009=<) vs. Biopsy (<2009) 1.482 0.907 - 2.423

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 2.272 1.972 - 2.625

right-sided colon vs. rectum 1.570 1.379 - 1.789

[Odds ratio of biopsy  ( 2009=< ) against surgery specimen  ( <2006 ) is estimated as (1.003×1.482)=1.486]

There were the significant difference of the frequency of KRAS mutation

Female (40.9%) and male (35.5%) (Odds-ratio 1.210)As the age was higher, more frequent KRAS mutation (Odds-ratio 1.308-1.399)Date of the sample obtained  : after 2007 (38.6 % ), 2006 (36.6 % ), before 2005 (33.6 % ) (Odds-ratio 1.118)  Right-sided colon (48.2%) and left-sided colon (29.3%) (Odd ratio 2.272)

KRAS MT(codon 12), KRAS MT(codon 13)

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 0.823 0.665 - 1.018

Age 50-59 vs. <50 1.243 0.820 - 1.885

60-69 vs. <50 1.422 0.959 - 2.108

70=< vs. <50 1.252 0.844 - 1.857

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 0.806 0.619 - 1.050

right-sided colon vs. appendix 0.473 0.106 - 2.114

right-sided colon vs. rectum 1.081 0.841 - 1.389

Clinicopathological features of KRAS codon 13 mutation were similar to those of KRAS codon 12 mutation

Logistic regression: MT(codon 12) vs. MT(codon 13)

KRAS WT, KRAS MT(p.G13D), KRAS MT(others)

* not included in the logistic regression 

KRAS WT vs. KRAS MT(p.G13D)  KRAS MT(p.G13D) vs. KRAS MT(others)

Odds-ratio 95%CI P value Odds-ratio 95%CI P value

1.500 1.224 - 1.838 <0.0001 0.805 0.650 - 0.997 0.04650.667 0.544 - 0.817 1.243 1.003 - 1.5391.098 0.785 - 1.536 0.3549 1.383 0.960 - 1.994 0.19921.038 0.813 - 1.327 1.024 0.790 - 1.3271.127 0.910 - 1.396 0.831 0.663 - 1.0400.826 0.668 - 1.022 1.059 0.846 - 1.3240.527 0.114 - 2.448 <0.0001 0.588 0.133 - 2.598 0.05580.490 0.397 - 0.604 1.105 0.889 - 1.3742.325 1.842 - 2.934 0.729 0.571 - 0.9320.871 0.704 - 1.077 1.231 0.983 - 1.542- - - - - -

1.008 0.699 - 1.453 0.9673 0.988 0.672 - 1.454 0.95140.992 0.688 - 1.431 1.012 0.688 - 1.4891.332 0.749 - 2.371 0.5733 0.940 0.510 - 1.734 0.85200.803 0.361 - 1.785 1.531 0.639 - 3.6661.293 0.303 - 5.520 0.634 0.143 - 2.8191.136 0.345 - 3.746 0.953 0.270 - 3.3590.662 0.276 - 1.587 0.824 0.341 - 1.9920.497 0.166 - 1.483 1.507 0.478 - 4.756

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 0.710 0.576 - 0.876

Age 50 – 59  vs. < 50 0.919 0.620 - 1.361

60 – 69 vs. < 50 0.980 0.676 - 1.421

70 =< vs. < 50 0.837 0.577 - 1.214

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 0.365 0.281 - 0.475

right-sided colon vs. rectum 0.727 0.569 - 0.930

reference odds-ratio    95% CI

Gender Female vs. Male 0.799 0.643 - 0.955

Age 50 – 59  vs. < 50 1.338 0.875 - 2.046

60 – 69 vs. < 50 1.549 1.037 - 2.313

70 =< vs. < 50 1.288 0.862 - 1.924

Primary tumor site

right-sided colon vs. left-sided colon 0.750 0.570 - 0.986

right-sided colon vs. rectum 1.104 0.855 - 1.425

Logistic regression: WT vs. MT(p.G13D)

Gender Age

Primary tumor site Site of the sample obtained

n KRAS   MT P value

Roth A.D. et al. 20109=< 6060 <

   644   655

   227 (35.2%)   254 (38.8%)

0.21

Abubaker J. et al. 200910=< 5050 <

     87   198

     29 (33.3%)     51 (25.8%)

0.1940

Bennani B. et al. 201011=< 4041-6060 <

   16   30   16

       5 (31.3%)     13 (43.3%)       0 (  0.0%)

NS

Barault L. et al. 200812=< 6566-7475 =<

  149  160  267

     54 (36.2%)     55 (34.4%)     89 (33.3%)

0.836

The present study

< 5050-5960-6970 =<

   5601,2582,0811,833

   171 (30.5%)   460 (36.6%)   792 (38.1%)   732 (39.9%)

0.0007

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

female(n=2,257)

male(n=3,475)

59.1%

64.5%

8.8%

6.4%

32.1%

29.1%

*Cochran-Armitage trend test 

70=<(n=1,833)

60-69(n=2,081)

50-59(n=1,258)

<50(n=560)

60.1%

61.9%

63.4%

69.5%

8.0%

6.7%

7.2%

7.5%

31.9%

31.3%

29.3%

23.0%

P=0.0001* P=0.5285* P=0.0002*

62.9%

70.7%

51.8%

36.0%

8.1%

4.7%

9.9%

8.0%

29.1%

24.5%

38.4%

56.0%

rectum(n=1,817)

left-sided colon

(n=2,160)

right-sided colon

(n=1,713)

appendix(n=25)

48.6%

64.4%

59.5%

64.9%

67.6%

62.4%

62.4%

8.6%

6.7%

5.4%

9.5%

6.0%

7.4%

7.3%

42.9%

28.9%

35.1%

25.7%

26.4%

30.2%

30.3%

dissemination(n=70)

local(n=45)

lymph node(n=37)

lung(n=74)

liver(n=216)

Metastasis(n=474)

Primary tumor(n=5,258)

ASCO GI 2011 #407ASCO GI 2011 #407

Clinicopathological features: WT vs. MT

* not included in the logistic regression 

n KRAS   MT (codon 12)

KRAS   MT (codon 13) P value

Gender Male 3,475 996 (28.7%) 236 (  6.8%) 0.0820

Female 2,257 718 (31.8%) 205 (  9.1%)

Age < 50    560 129 (23.0%)   42 (  7.5%) 0.3496

50-59 1,258 363 (28.9%)   97 (  7.7%)

60-69 2,081 643 (30.9%) 149 (  7.2%)

70 =< 1,833 579 (31.6%) 153 (  8.3%)

Primary tumor site

appendix      25   14 (56.0%)     2 (  8.0%) 0.1710

right-sided colon 1,713 650 (37.9%) 176 (10.3%)

left-sided colon 2,160 519 (24.0%) 113 (  5.2%)

rectum 1,817 525 (28.9%) 150 (  8.3%)

others*      17     6 (35.3%)     0 (  0.0%)

Clinicopathological features: MT(codon 12) vs. MT(codon 13)

Clinicopathological features: WT, MT(p.G13D), MT(others)

Logistic regression: MT(p.G13D) vs. MT(others)

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

KRAS WT KRAS MT(p.G13D) KRAS MT(others)

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