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Building Utilities 1Plumbing and Sanitary Systems
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Types of Plumbing Piping Materials
Cast iron pipeGalvanized iron/steel pipePlastic pipeBrass pipeCopper tubeLead pipe
Asbestos cement pipeGlass pipemagnesium pipe
Aluminum pipe
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Types of Flexible Plastic Pipes
PolyethylenePolybutylene
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Types of Rigid Plastic Pipes
PolyvinylchlorideChlorinated polyvinylPolypropylene
Acrilonitryle butadiene styrene
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Types of Galvanized Steel Pipes
Welded pipeSeamless pipe
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Varieties of Cast Iron Pipe
Standard pipeSingle hub pipeDouble hub pipeHubless pipe
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Locations of CleanoutChange in directionHighest horizontal distanceInside the building near the connectionbetween the building drain and building sewer Outside the building at the lower end of thebuilding drain and extended to gradeHorizontal drain serving sinks and urinals
Each run of piping more than 15m./50 ft.
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Locations of Floor Drain
Shower Bathroom floor GarageNear water closet
Laundry areaNear urinal
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Causes of Trap Seal Loss
siphonageback pressureevaporationcapillary attraction
wind effects
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Types of Valves
Gate valveCheck valveGlobe valve
Angle valve
Butterfly valveFoot ValveSafety valve
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Types of Traps
P-trapS-trap3/4 s-trapGrease trap
Bag trapCrown trapBell trap
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Types of Ventilation Systems
Unit ventCircuit vent
Yoke ventLoop ventRelief vent
Back ventBlind ventBranch vent
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Polyvinyl chloride
A strong, rigid and economical plasticpipe. It resists a wide range of acids and
bases but may be damaged by somesolvents and chlorinated carbons.
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Glass pipe
A type of pipe manufactured from lowexpansion borosilicate having low alkali
content; primarily used for the drainageof various corrosive liquids. It is verybrittle and should be used when some
measure of protection is providedagainst damage.
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Check valve
A valve that permits the flow of liquid ina pipe in one direction only and closes
automatically to prevent backflow.
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Floor drain
A fixture providing an opening in thefloor to drain water into the plumbing
system.
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cleanout
A pipe fitting with a removable plugwhich provides for inspection or
cleaning of the pipe run; also called anaccess eye or cleaning eye.
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Circuit vent
A branch vent which serves two or more traps and extends from infront of
the last fixture connection of ahorizontal branch to the stack.
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Vent pipe
A pipe attached to drainage pipes near one or more traps which leads to
outside air.
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Wye fitting
A fitting used to connect a branch pipeinto a straight run of piping at 45
degrees.
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trap
A fitting or device so constructed as toprevent the passage of foul air, gases
and some vermin without affecting theflow of sewage inside the pipe.
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Seal Measurement
The vertical distance between the topdip and crown weir of a pipe.
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Seepage pit / cesspool
A lined and covered excavation in theground which receives the discharge of
domestic sewage or other organicwastes from a drainage system.
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Septic tank
A watertight receptacle which receivesthe discharge of a plumbing system or
part thereof and is designed andconstructed so as to separate solidsfrom liquid, digest the organic matter
through a period of detention and allowthe effluent to discharge into a drainagesystem.
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Back vent
Also called an individual vent
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Blind vent
A vent which terminates on the upper side of the fixture and does not connect
to the main vent system. This issometimes done with the intent of cheating.
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Globe Valve
A valve in which the flow of fluid iscontrolled by a rotating drilled ball that
fits tightly against a resilient seat in thebody.
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Loop Vent
A type of ventilation system used onfixtures in a room away from partitions.
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Air Gap
The unobstructed vertical distancethrough the free atmosphere between
the outlet of a waste pipe and the floodlevel rim of the fixture or receptacle intowhich it is draining.
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Trap
A device or fitting which provides whenproperly vented, a liquid seal to prevent
the emission of sewer gases withoutmaterially affecting the flow of sewageor waste water through it.
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Horizontal Pipe
Any pipe or fitting which makes anangle of less than 45degrees with the
horizontal.
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Half Bath
A bathroom containing a water closetand a lavatory.
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Roughing-in
The installation of all parts of theplumbing system which can be
completed prior to the installation of fixtures.
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Floor Mounted Fixture
Refers to a plumbing fixture that restson the floor.
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Flushometer
A device which discharges apredetermined quantity of water to
fixtures for flushing purposes.
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Hose bibb
A faucet to which a hose may beattached.
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Area Drain
A receptacle for wastes which areultimately discharged into the sanitary
drainage system.
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Riser
A water supply pipe that extends onefull storey or more to convey water to
fixture branches or to a group of fixtures.
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Soil Stack
A vertical line of piping that extends oneor more floors and receives the
discharge of water closets, urinals andsimilar fixtures.
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Vent Pipe
The pipe installed to ventilate a buildingdrainage system and to prevent trap
siphonage.(siphonage also syphonage - 2 accepted spellings)
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Stack Vent
A vent which also serves as a drain.The extension of a soil or waste stackabove the highest horizontal drainconnection to the stack.
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Building Supply Pipe
The pipe from the water main or other source of water supply to the water
distributing system of the building.
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Vent Stack
A vertical pipe installed in order toprovide circulation of air to and from the
drainage system.
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Drain Pipe
A pipe that only conveys liquid waste,free from fecal matter.
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Siphonage/Syphonage
A suction created by the flow of liquid inpipes.
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Stack
A general term for any vertical line of soil, waste and vent pipe extending
through one or more storeys.
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Backflow
The flow of water in pipes in a reversedirection from the which is normally
intended.
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Battery of fixtures
Any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which discharge into a
common horizontal waste or soilbranch.
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Branch
Any part of the piping system other thanthe main riser or stack.
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Clean-out
A fitting with a removable plate or plugthat is placed in plumbing drainage pipe
lines in to afford access to the pipes for the purpose of cleaning their interior.
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Developed Length
The length of pipe measured along thecenter line of the pipe and fittings.
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Crown Weir
The highest part of the inside portion of the bottom surface at the crown of a
trap.
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Fixture Drain
The drain from the trap of a fixture tothe junction of that drain with any other
drain pipe.
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Durham’s System
A term sometimes used to describe asoil or waste pipe system which is
constructed of threaded pipe, tubing or other rigid construction, using recesseddrainage fittings.
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Invert
The lowest portion of the inside surfaceof any horizontal pipe.
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Indirect Waste Pipe
A waste pipe that does not connectdirectly with the drainage system but
conveys liquid waste by discharging intoa plumbing fixture or receptacle.
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Sewer
An artificial conduit, usuallyunderground, for carrying off waste
water and refuse.
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Alkalinity
Cased by bicarbonates, carbonates or hydroxide components
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E.Coli
Bacteria in water
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Foamability
Caused by detergent
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Flocculation
Coagulation, alum is added
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Ferrous Bicarbonate
Iron in water
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Hardness
Caused by calcium and magnesiumdeposits
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Zeolite
Water softening
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Black Water
Water plus human waste from toiletsand urinals
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Grey Water
Waste water from laundry area,lavatory, sink, shower and bathtub.
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Color/ Discoloration
Caused by iron and manganese
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Filtration
Mode of turbidity correction
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Hydro-pneumatic System
Indirect water distribution system
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50-75 gpd
Water supply requirement for singlefamily
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4
WSFU value for bathtub, public use
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3/8”
Minimum fixture supply size for lavatory
S
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Synonymous terms
Toilet - water closetIndividual vent - back ventBuilding sewer -Building drain -Clean-out -
P-trap -Floor set - floor mountedGate Valve - full way valveHub - bellLavatory - wash basin
Vent stack - main ventCommon vent - unit ventSoil or waste vent -Slop sink - service sink?