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Table of Content
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......VI
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......VIII
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......IX
Declaration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......X
Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........XI
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................XV
Chapter 1: Definitions of Assets Maintenance Management and Facilities Maintenance Management…....................................................................1
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....11.2 Background of the Research…………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.3 Justification of the Research……………………………………………………………………………………………….....5
1.4 Scope of the Research…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….61.5 Aim and Objectives of the Research……………………………………………………………………………………....61.6 Research Contributions to knowledge…………………………………………………………………………………...71.7 Research Methods Used………………………………………………………………………………………..................81.8 Synopsis of the Thesis................................................................................................................9
1.9 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........12
Chapter 2: Facilities Maintenance Management Principles and Practice ………………………….......................................................................................14
2.1 Overview of Facilities Maintenance Management Strategies........................................14
2.2 Review of Facilities Maintenance Management Strategies……………………………………………………..23
2.2.1 Procurement Strategies……………………………………………………………………………………………….......23
2.3 Maintenance Method…………………………………………………………………………………………………............26
2.3.1 Maintenance Classifications................................................................................................29
2.3.2 Maintenance Policy.............................................................................................................31
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2.3.3 Contributions of other Departments to the success of Maintenance Department.........35
2.3.4 Basic Principles of Planned Preventive Maintenance Systems........................................39
2.3.5 Maintenance Management..............................................................................................41
2.3.6 Building Adaptation.......................................................................................................44
2.4 Maintenance Budget…………………………………………………………………………………………………….......46
2.5 Project Quality Control……………………………………………………………………………………………….........47
2.6 Post Occupancy Evaluations…………………………………………………………………………………………………54
2.7 Sustainable Issues………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......54
2.7.1 Environmental Policy and Sustainability…………………………………………………………………......59
2.7.2 Environmental Sustainability ……………………………………………………………………….................59
2.7.3 Regeneration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..63 2.8 Influence of Culture on Project Execution…………………………………………………………………………....63
2.9 Facilities Maintenance Management.......................................................................................65
2.10 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..68
Chapter 3: Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………….......69
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………......................69
3.2 Research Philosophy…………………………………………………………..................................................70
3.3 Research Methods………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....73
3.4 Research Approach…………………………………………………………………………………………………............76
3.5 Research Strategies…………………………………………………………………………………….........................78
3.5.1 Research Philosophy Objectives……………………………………………………………………………….....78
3.5.2 How literature review contributes to Framework development.....................................81
3.5.3 How Semi-structured interviews contribute to Framework development ....................82
3.5.4 How Questionnaire contributes to Framework development………………………………………82
3.5.5 How Evaluation interviews contribute to Framework development…………………………….82
3.5.6 How the whole process lead to development of Framework………………………………….......82
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3.5.7 Mixed Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………………............83
3.6 Methodology and Data Collection Strategy…………………………………………………….......................84
3.7 Validity........................................................................................................................................86
3.8 Research Methods and Design……………………………………………………………………………………...........88
3.8.1 Defining Accurate Sample for the Study………………………………………...................................90
3.8.2 Sample Size………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........91
3.8.3 Sample Frame……………………………………………………………………………………………………...............92
3.8.4 Sample Elements ………………………………………………………………………………………………...............92
3.8.5 Data Collection Methods……………………………………………………………………………………..............92
3.9 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………......................92
Chapter 5: Interviews and Analysis.........................................................94
4.1 Sources of Data…………………………………………………………………………………………………………............94
4.2 Reliability and Validity.............................................................................................................95
4.2.1 Data Collection and Presentation (Semi-Structured Interviews-Qualitative)…...............95
4.2.2 Interviews Conducted for Directors of works and services departments.......................96
4.3 Contents Analysis of the semi-structured interviews (Qualitative).........................................102
4.3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................102
4.3.2 Justification for the use of Thematic Contents Analysis…………………………………...............103
4.3.3 Coding Method…………………………………………………………………………………………………...........103
4.3.4 Thematic Coding………………………………………………………………………………….........................108
4.4 Procurement Strategies...........................................................................................................108
4.5 Maintenance Control Toolkits.................................................................................................109
4.6 Annual Maintenance Budget………………………………………………………………………….......................110
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4.7 Post Occupancy Evaluations……………………………………………………………………………………............111
4.8 Quality Control of Projects and Improvements………………………………………………………............112
4.9 Sustainability Programmes on Facilities……………………………………………………………………….........112
4.10 Development of Framework.................................................................................................114
4.10.1 Thematic Framework....................................................................................................115
4.10.2 Contributions of the semi-structured Interviews to Framework development............115
4.11 Facilities Maintenance Management Stratégies-Explanations.............................................116
4.12 Summary...............................................................................................................................120
Chapter 5 : Questionnaire Survey for Technical Officers...........................121
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….121
5.2 Multiple Régressions (Analyses of Questionnaire)……………………………………………………………………122
5.2.1 Présentation of the Questionnaire Survey………………………………........................................123
5.2.2 Interpretation...................................................................................................................123
5.3 Summary.....................................................................................................................................133
Chapter 6: How Literature Review contributes to Development of Framework
.................................................................................................................134
7.1 Contributions of Strategies from Literature Review to the Framework Development..............134
6.2 Maintenance Method.................................................................................................................135
6.3 Maintenance Budget...................................................................................................................136
6.4 Post occupancy Evaluations.........................................................................................................137
6.5 Project Quality control................................................................................................................139
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6.6 Sustainable programme........................................................................................................141
6.7 Cultural Influence...................................................................................................................142
6.8 Summary................................................................................................................................143
Chapter 7 : How Semi-Structure Interviews and Questionnaire Survey contribute to Framework Development...................................................144
7.1 Contributions of Semi-structured Interviews to Framework Development...................144
7.2 Facilities Maintenance Management Strategies-Explained............................................144
7.3 How Questionnaire Survey contribute to the Framework Development.......................146
7.4 Summary..........................................................................................................................148
Chapter 8: Evaluation of the Framework and Conclusion............................................................................................149
8.1 Evaluation of Framework...........................................................................................149
8.2 Evaluation Interviews for Directors of works and services Department...................149
8.3 Evaluated Framework.................................................................................................150
8.4 Objective One-Literature Review...............................................................................152
8.5 Objective Two-Evaluation of HEIs works and services departments.........................152
8.6 Objective Three-Factors militating against effective facilities maintenance management of HEIs in Nigeria.............................................................................................................152
8.7 Objective Four-Development of Strategic Framework.............................................155
8.8 Objective Five-Evaluation of Framework...................................................................155
8.9 Research Validity-External and Internal Threats .......................................................155
8.9.1 Quantitative Validity……………………………………………………………………………............155
8.9.2 Qualitative Validity………………………………………………………………………………............157
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8.9.3 Theoretical Validity………………………………………………………………………………….......160
8.9.4 Generalability…………………………………………………………………………………………….....160
8. 10 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………..........161
8.11 Limitations and Future Research ............................................................................162
Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........164
Appendix 1: Letter of Consent…………………………………………………………………………………………………..164
Appendix 2: Research Participant Consent form…………………………………………………………………......165
Appendix 3: Project Information Sheet…………………………………………………………………………………….166
Appendix 4: Questions Semi-Structured Interviews……………………………………………………………......167
Appendix 5: Questionnaire-Survey Technical Officers………………………………………………………………169
Appendix 6: Evaluation Interviews Technical Officers……………………………………………………….........171
Appendix 7: Semi-Structured Interviews Respondents……………………………………………………………..172
Appendix 8: Notes for each Interview..........................................................................................173
References: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..............180
List of Figures
Chapter 1:
Figure 1.1 Defective Buildings……………………………………………………………………………………………............5
Figure 1.2 Research Methods...........................................................................................................9
Chapter 2:
Figure 2.1 Maintenance Control Toolkits.........................................................................................27
Figure 2.2 Facilities Performance Based Model................................................................................66
Figure 2.3 Research Model for Maintenance Management for HEIs................................................67
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Chapter 3:
Figure 3.1 Research Philosophies…………………………………………………………………..............................71
Figure 3.2 Research Philosophies-Mixed Method………………………………………………………………….....76
Figure 3.3 Research Methodology and Research Methods………………………………………………….......81
Chapter 4:
Figure 4.1 Relationship Diagrams for Variables............................................................................114
Chapter 5:
Figure 5.1 Numbers of Participants..............................................................................................124
Figure 5.2 Length of Service of the Respondents……………………………………………………………………….125
Figure 5.3 Participants Status in the Institution………………………………………………………………………….126
Figure 5.4 Effective Facilities Maintenance Management............................................................127
Figure 5.5 Effective Predictors.......................................................................................................131
Figure 5.6 Adequate supports to Facilities Maintenance Management-Independent Variables. 132
Chapter 6:
Figure 6.1 Procurement Strategies................................................................................................134
Figure 6.2 Maintenance Method..................................................................................................135
Figure 6.3 Maintenance Budget....................................................................................................136
Figure 6.4 Post Occupancy Evaluations.........................................................................................137
Figure 6.5 Projects Quality Control...............................................................................................138
Figure 6.6 Sustainable Programmes.............................................................................................140
Chapter 7:
Figure 7.1 Project Design and Costing..........................................................................................145
Figure 7.2 Project Executions.......................................................................................................146
Figure 7.3 Thematic Frameworks....................................................................................................147
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Chapter 8:
Figure 8.1 Evaluated Frameworks................................................................................................151
List of Tables
Table 4.1 Semi-Structure Interviews for Directors of Works and Services....................................96
Table 4.2 Thematic Coding...........................................................................................................105
Table 5.1 Number of Participants.................................................................................................124
Table 5.2 Length of Service...........................................................................................................125
Table 5.3 Participants Status........................................................................................................126
Table 5.4 Effective Facilities Maintenance Management.............................................................127
Table 5.5 Part Correlation Coefficients.........................................................................................130
Table 5.6 Effective Maintenance Management Predictors..........................................................131
Table 5.7 Adequate Support to Facilities Maintenance Management-Independent Variable (Predictor).....................................................................................................................................132
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Acknowledgements
I would like to use this medium to thank all those who have in any way or means contributed
to the success of this PhD study.
My profound thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Song Wu for his support. I also extend
my gratitude to my former supervisor Professor Chris Fortune who started the research with
me.
I am also grateful to my tutor on the programme Professor Vian Ahmed for her immense
contributions and encouragement, and later saw me through the research successfully. Also,
I thank my benefactors: Architect Tokunbo Fowode, Mr Oluyemi Olumide, Professor O. A.
Itiola, Mr Emmanuel Adeleye and Tertiary Education Training Fund for making my dreams
come true.
I also appreciate the immense contributions of the following seasoned Academics: Dr
Kaushal Keraminge, Professor Jason Underwood, Dr Bingunath Ngirige, Dr Kulatunga
Udayunga, Professor Ming Sun, and Mr Andrew Fleming for his personal painstaking
support, Professor Peter Barrett, Professor Amaratunga Dilathu, Professor Les Ruddock, and
Professor Charles Egbu.
I acknowledge the personal efforts and supports of the entire staff of the Post Graduate
school office (Room 719), especially, Mrs Moira Mort, Rachel Lilley and others. My gratitude
go to a few of my colleagues like: Dr. Paul Missa, Kofi Adroe, Maggie Hardman, Dr. Julius
Akortia, and others.
Finally, my gratitude go to my wife Oluwabunmilade Yetunde, my invaluable daughter-
Mariam Adetutu, other children like: Bukunola, Modinat, Mahmud, and Toluwanimi for their
tolerance and support. They allowed me to use substantial part of the time I needed to have
spent with them to pursue PhD. I dedicate this thesis to them.
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Declaration
The researcher declares that, the work presented in this thesis to the best of his knowledge
is original and his own work. Also, neither the thesis in its entirety nor any portion of it has
been submitted for application for another academic degree or qualification in another
University or Institution. Other sources of data or information used in the study have been
well acknowledged and referenced.
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Abbreviations
ABCD-Australian Building Codes Board
ACS-Automatic Climbing System
ADePT-Analytical Design Planning Technique
BSI-British Standard Institution
CABE-Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment
CBPP-Construction Best Practice Programme
CBM-Condition-Based Maintenance
CDM-Construction Design and Management Regulations
CEA-Cause Effect Analysis
CEM-College of Estate Management
CIOB-Chartered Institute of Building
CM-Condition Monitoring
CMMS-Computerised Maintenance Management Systems
Co2-Carbon
CPA-Critical Path Analysis
CPF-Construction Project Features
CPM-Critical Path Model
DESA-Department of Economic and Social Affairs
dB- Decibel
DEFRA-Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
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DOE-World Commission on Environment and Development
EBSCO-Economic Business Source Complete
EMAS-Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
EMS-Environmental Management System
EPA-Energy Performance Assessment
EPBD-Energy Performance of Buildings
EU-European Union
EWSC-Early Warning System Chart
FEMA-Federation of Environmental Agency
FM-Facilities Management
FMEA-Failures Modes and Effects Analysis
FPM-Facilities Performance Management
FTM-Fault Tree Methods
HEIs-Higher Education Institutions
HHSRS-Housing Health and Safety Rating System
HOQ-House of Quality
HSO-Health and Safety Offences
HVAC-Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning
ICT-Information Communication Technology
IDEFO-Integration Definition for Functional Modelling
IEQ-Indoor Environmental Quality
ISDR-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
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ISO-International Standard Organisation
IT-Information Technology
JIT-Just –in-time
KPI-Key Performance Indicator
LCA-Life Cycle Analysis
LCC-Life Cycle Costing
LCCM-Life Cycle Cost Management
LCCP-Life Cycle Cost Planning
MDP-Markov Decision Process
NCCARF-National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility
OEE-Overall Equipment Effectiveness
OLS-Ordinary Least Square
PAHO-Pan-American Health Organisation
PE-Public Engagement
PERT-Programme Evaluation and Review Technique
PPID-Project Production Information Documents
PPMM-Planned Preventive Maintenance Method
PPM-Planned Preventive Maintenance
PM-Preventive Maintenance
PMT-Project Management Tools
QFO-Quality Function Development
RCM-Reliability – Centred Maintenance
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RIBA-Royal Institution of British Architect
RICS-Royal Institution of Chartered Surveying
RMHS-Rocky Mountain High School
SBS-Sick Building Syndrome
SCS-Stock Condition Survey
SMS-Short Messages
TPM-Total Productive Maintenance
UAE-United Arab Emirate
UN-United Nations
UNDESA-United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UK-United Kingdom
USA-United States of America
USCB-United States Census Bureau
USGBC-United States Green Building Council
UNISDR-United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
VM-Value Methodology
WBTC-Works Bureau
WBS-Works Breakdown Structure
WHO-World Health Organisation
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A Theoretical Framework to Support Facilities Maintenance
Management of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) Facilities in
Nigeria
Abstract
The processes required in maintaining Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) buildings, and to
retain their services and facilities to an acceptable standard in Nigeria is being undermined
by insufficient maintenance budget and lack of strategic planning.
The aim of the study is to develop a new theoretical strategic framework to support Facilities
maintenance management of Higher Education Institutions facilities in Nigeria. The key
objectives of the study include: investigating the current theoretical approaches to facilities
maintenance management, evaluating works and services departments’ constraints in
relation to procurement strategies, maintenance methods, maintenance budgets, post
occupancy evaluations, project quality control, sustainable programme, and the influence of
culture on project execution. Others objectives include: developing a strategic framework to
support facilities maintenance management, and validating its effectiveness and the
efficiency. The scope of the study is focussed on the general maintenance of all building
elements; services provided in the selected twelve HEIs in south west of Nigeria.
The study adopted a mixed method research strategy by conducting series of semi-
structured interviews with the directors of works and services of the selected HEIs, and a
questionnaire survey of the 36 Technical Officers from the selected HEIs in Nigeria. The
qualitative and quantitative data collected were analysed by using thematic analyses and
multiple regressions respectively.
The findings of the thematic analyses of the interviews reveal that, there was a general
shortage of financial resources that allow keeping of backlogs of maintenance and repairs of
HEIs buildings across both the federal and state HEIs. The work identified that, the following
factors have caused majority of the backlogs of maintenance: low level of overall
maintenance budget, delays in releasing cash (maintenance funds), lack of the adoption and
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use of planned prevent maintenance method, a shortage of in-house technical staff, and the
absence of maintenance programmes and maintenance schedules.
In addition, the findings of the questionnaire survey identified the largest and the strongest
among the variables used (Predictor-Maintenance Budget), it determines the effectiveness
and efficiency of the framework to about 58%, and determines at which level, that the
smallest and less stronger variables can join together with the largest and strongest variable
to make the framework effective in the facilities maintenance management of HEIs facilities
in Nigeria. The findings further reveal that: majority of the HEIs works and services
departments do not have full complements of technical staff, so they outsource most of
their maintenance projects; most HEIs works and services departments do not have
maintenance budgets; where the budgets are in place, they do not adopt appropriate
techniques for data collection. In most HEIs sampled, the major defects are often caused by
long delays in releasing maintenance cash.
Other challenges include: use of inappropriate maintenance methods; lack of establishment
of a project control unit within the works and services department; inability to prepare and
use maintenance control toolkit; over reliance on complaints from the facilities users instead
of carrying out post occupancy evaluations; and lack of adequate programmes to maintain
the built environments under their management.
A framework was subsequently developed to address the challenges and shortcomings
discovered through interviews and the questionnaire survey. The key element of the
framework is based on the extensive literature review and is the further validated through a
series of interviews with senior technical officers from eight out of the twelve HEIs sampled.
The interviewees agreed that the framework is valid, adaptable, and will make facilities
maintenance management of HEIs facilities in Nigeria cost effective, efficient in running, and
ensures the achievement of project quality control and project deliveries in a timely fashion.
Key words: Backlog, budget, environment, sustainable, procurement, maintenance and
quality.
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