1 :
:
. .
2 :
:
:
. .
.)( .
.1 : ebimA . .
.2 :airalubatecA
.ebimA : 1
721 ) ( m043
. )sedopoduesP( .
. : 2
. airalubatcA .
. gnilremaH .
. )1 . )2
3 :
. )1
)( )2 .
.
.3 :seponX )duaparC(
airalubatcA
mA :aenarretideM
airalubatcA
cA :atalunrC
airalubatcA aenarretidm
airalubatcA atalunrc
mA
mA
cA
mA
cA
cA
eponX )duaparC( : 3
nodruG )( : 0691
. ) (
. VU
.
nodruG .
4 :
.
. .
:
. . .
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.
. 4 .
:
semosomorhC .
03
VU
. : 4
.
m 04
5 :
.5 .
. : 5
. 5 . 5 4 3 2 1 )1
. 5 . )2 )3
. :
= 1
= 2
= 4 = 5
= 3
= 6
= 1
= 2
= 4 = 5
= 3
7 = 6
= 1
= 2
3=
4=
= 1
= 2
= 3
: 4
:
4
: 4
+4
: 4
:
: 6
:
6
:6
+6
: 6
6 :
: )1
. :
: . :
.esahpretnI . semosomorhC :
.esahporP . :
.esahpatM . :
.esahpanA :
.esahpolT .
. : )2 n2
. n2
: )3
esahporp aL a
ermortneC editamorhC
. euqitamorhca uaesuF serialop settolaC
esahpatm aL b
. elairotauq euqalp aL
esahpana'L c
.
.
esahpolt aL d
.
.
:
emosortnec eL . retsA seloirtneC2
7 :
.lairotauq tnemelgnart'L
. 6 .
: . : 1G . : S . . : 2G
: . : )P( . : )M( . : )A( . : )T(
. .
. .
. II .
) 8291( htiffirG
. : 6
.
= 1G
= S
= 2G
= P
= M
= A
= T
2G
1G
1G
1G 2G
S
S
P M
A
T
.htiffirG : 7
seL htiffirG kcirederF 8291 : seuqocomuenp
.)htoomS( S )( .)(
. .)hguor( R )(
8 :
:
: . . S . . R S . S
. . R ) ( S
. S
: R
. S htiffirG
S R S htiffirG S R . tnamrofsnart epicnirP : htiffirG
: htiffirG
.8 : yrevA a
.htiffirG : 7
: R S
htiffirG
S
S
R
S ) (
S R +
S
9 :
: b
. NRA ( NDA
R S NDA ).euqilcunobiryxosd edicA . S
NDA S R . NDA
. : c
NDA S NDA NDA S . S R
.R S
9 : egahpoirtcaB
). 4491 (yrevA , doeLcaM , yhtraCcM : 8
S R :
. S R = + S + R . S R = + S + R . S R = NRA + S + R . S R = NDA + S + R = R S NDA
. S
yrevA
S R S R S S
S R
S
R S
. : 9 esahC yehsreH derflA yrevA
. )2591 (ahtraM egahpoirtcaB
). (
NRA NDA . .
01 :
. )3( )2 (NDA )1 ( . )5( )4(
:
. . NDA . NDA NDA . . .
NDA . NDA .
:
esahC yehsreH yrevA htiffirG NDA
.
. : 9
2
1
3 4
5
NDA
=
=
=
=
=
=
11 :
01 . NDA
. NDA neglueF
NDA :.
. NDA VI 11 .NDA
+ lCaN+ (
)
NDA
NDA
neglueF
ffihcS
. NDA : 01
ffihcs neglueF NDA .NDA
. NDA NDA ffihcS
. NDA
. NDA : 11
NDA NDA :
. euqirohpsohp edicA . esobiryxosD : etoza esaB
enimyhT T(( eninauG G( ) enindA A(( .enisotyC )C(
21 :
: NDA .4OP3H .4O01H5C .A T C G
. NDA
. NDA 21 :ffagrahC
.
A )C + T( / )G + A( = 1 1 T/A = C/G = C T A . G C T
). G C T A( . G
. 31 KCIRC NOSTAW
.NDA : 21
.NDA 0591 ffagrahC niwrE NDA G ,C ,T ,A
.
%
T+C/G+A C / G T / A T C G A
30.1 10.1 50.1 4.92 8.91 9.91 9.03
30.1 20.1 40.1 3.82 0.12 4.12 3.92
79.0 59.0 89.0 3.92 5.12 5.02 8.82
NDA ffagrahC
) ++ ( editolcuN NDA
. NDA )T( enimyhT
C
NH C
C
HC N H
O
O
3HC
)C( enisotyC
C
N C
HC
HC N H
O
2HN
)A( enindA
CH
N C
C
C
N
2HN
N
N H
HC
)G( eninauG
C
NH C
C
C
N
N
N H
HC
N2H
O O -
-O
O 2HC O P
H
O
H H
H
H
HO
1
3 2
4
5
31 :
ecilh elbuoD NDA kcirC nostaW
'5 '3
NDA .3 ' 5 ' '5 '3: . NDA .
.
. NDA V .41 . 41
. .
.NDA kcirC nostaW : 31
NDA 3591 nostaW kcirC .
. NDA
mn 43,0
mn 2
A T
G
C
A
C
G
A
C
C
T
G
G
G C
C G
T A
G
A
T A
C G
C
T
G
G C
G C
T
A
G
C
3
5
3
5
editolcun
eninaug G eninda
A
enisotyc C
esobiryxosd enimyht T
4OP3H
nosiaiL
engordyh
41 :
mn03 . stnemalifolcun seL
NDA . senotsih seL : semosolcuN
.41 . : NDA
. NDA . .
. .
. NDA .
) + NDA ( .
. NDA IV .51 .NDA
.NDA : 41
.NDA
: .
: .
= 2
NDA = 1
= 3
NDA= 1
= 6
= 5
= 4
. NDA : 51
NDA .
.) ( NDA .M C I: . )1 NDA )2 ) ... ( )3
).1G,S,2G,M( . NDA )4
51 :
: )1 : 8 = I
. = 2G ./ = S = 1G . = M . 01 = C = I+M
: NDA )2
S q NDA 1G . 2G q2 . q2 q
q q2 NDA NDA q2 NDA
. q
7 6 5 3 . 2 2G . 1 S . 4 1G )3 7 6 5 3( M
.)
: )4
NDA NDA .
. NDA q
q2 NDA . q NDA
NDA 61
q2
21
01
q
4
2
0
52 02 51 01 5 0
)h(
)au( NDA
1G
2G
1G
S S
M
C
I
61 :
.NDA . 61 .lhatS nosleseM
.7591 lhatS nosleseM : 61
: lhatS nosleseM NDA
NDA ). 1 ( NDA N41 . N51
.0G : )2 ( NDA
0G NDA N41
2G 1G noitagufirtneC . .3G
:
427,1 = d
717,1 = d
2/1 + NDA 2/1 NDA %001
717,1 = d
017,1 = d
? ?
0G
1G
2G
3G
0G
)N41(
84 NDA NDA
NDA %001
:
A
DN
)N41(
)N51(
84 NDA
NDA41
N
NDA51
N
NDA
NDA
017,1 = d
NDA %001
427,1 = d
NDA %001
1 2
71 :
: )1
NDA )427.1( NDA ( 717.1= )NDA(d : 1G . NDA ))017.1
. DNA % 05 NDA %05: 2G . DNA % 57 NDA %52: 3G
NDA 1G NDA . N51 N41
NDA 2G NDA . N41
lhatS nosleseM )2 : . NDA
lhatS nosleseM )1 71 )2
.lhatS nosleseM NDA .NDA : 71
. NDA :
NDA NDA NDA
NDA
NDA
NDA
evisrepsid eirohT
evitavresnoc - imes eirohT
evitavresnoc eirohT
001 % :0G
001 % :1G
05 % :2G 05 % +
52 % :3G 57 %+
NDA
81 :
81 . rolyaT
.NDA NDA )1
.
. )2.
.
NDA )3 . NDA
. .fitavresnoc imeS.
. rolyaT : 81
H ailavelleB rolyaT rolyaT ) ( 8 .
) ( rolyaT
: .
3
. )1 . )2 . NDA )3
rolyaT
NDA NDA
91 :
91 . NDA
.NDA :81
. S . NDA
. NDA
: S
:
NDA
NDA
C
T
G
T
T
C
C
A
T
A
G
T G
A
T
C
A
G
C
A
A
G
T
G
A
T
C
A C
T
A
G
NDA
NDA
:
NDA
NDA
+
: NDA
C
T
G
T
T
C
C
A
T
A
G
A
G
C
A
A
G
T
G
A
T
C
NDA
C
T
G
T
T
C
C
A
T
A
G
A
G
C
A
A
G
T
G
A
T
C
C
T
G
T
T
C
C
A
T
A
G
A
G
C
A
A
G
T
G
A
T
C
02 :
NDA . NDA
:
). (
NDA C T A
.NDA ) ( G
) ( NDA
. ) (
:
NDA NDA NDA .
. : NDA .
Recommended