Zaman Kegemilangan Islam -Abbasiyah

Latarbelakang Pemerintahan Islam

Terdiri dari 3 zaman yang besar – Khalifah ArRashidun (Kurun 7 Masehi), Ummayad Dynasty (Kurun 7/8 Masehi) dan Abbasiyah Dynasty (Kurun 8 dan 9 Masehi).

Pemerintahan bermula dari golongan politik yang berbeza.

Pusat pemerintahan juga berbeza – Kota Madinah, Damascus dan Baghdad.

Salah silah Keturunan Pemerintahan

Qusay

Abdul Manaf

Abd Al-Syam Hasyim

Abu Al-As

Al-Hakkam Affan

Marwan Uthman

Harb

Abu Suffian

Muawiyah

Yazid

Umaiyah Abdul Mutalib

Abu Talib

Ali

Abdullah Al-Abbas Hamzah

Muhammad (SAW)

Abdullah

Ali

Khalifah Mahsyur di Zaman Abbasiyah

Khalifah Abu Jaafar Al-Mansur (754 – 775 M)

Khalifah Harun Al-Rasyid (786 – 809 M)

Khalifah Al-Makmun (809 – 813M)

Perkembangan Intelek Berkembang pesat di zaman Pemerintahan

Al-Makmun Kemajuan berterusan dari Pemerintahan

sebelumnya Pemerintah berilmu dan faham dalam ilmu

Islam, bahasa, sastera Menggalakkan usaha-usaha penyelidikan Mengasaskan Pusat Intelek “Darul Hikmah” Pembinaan kilang kertas giatkan usaha

penulisan Memberi hadiah istimewa sebagai insentif Negara Aman

Tokoh-tokoh Islam Pakar Penterjemah Bahasa – Yahya Al-

Batiq, Yuhanna Ibn Musawaih, Hunain Ibn Ishak.

Pakar Perubatan dan falsafah- Al-Kindi Pakar perubatan – Yuhanna Ibn Musawaih,

Hunain Ibn Ishak Pakar matematik dan astronomi – Al-

Asturlabi, Al-Khawarizmi, Al-Battani Pakar Sains – Jabir Hayyah Al-Fazi (Kitab Al-

Tajmin, Al-Zibad, Al-Sharqi)

Pakar Matematiks dan Sains Muhamad ibn Musa Al-

Khawarizmi Pengasas Ilmu Algebra berdasarkan

Kitab yang ditulisnya, Kitab Al-Jabr wal-Muqabala.

Terma Algorithm juga di ambil dari nama Al-Khawarizmi.

Memperkenalkan sistem number Arab dan juga sistem number Hindu-Arab.

Pakar Geography dalam menentukan keluasan sebenar Laut Mediterranean.

Algebra dan Algorithm

Algebra “His systematic and logical approach to

solving linear and quadratic equations gave shape to the discipline of algebra”

Algorithm an algorithm is a sequence of finite

instructions, often used for calculation and data processing.

                      where a ≠ 0. (If a = 0, the equation becomes a linear equation.)

Pakar Sains

Abū Alī al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (Ibnu Al-Haytham) Pengasas Ilmu Optik dalam buku yang

dikarangnya “Book of Optic”. “The most important development of the

scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory

of light.”

Pakar Perubatan Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd

Allāh ibn Sīnā Balkhi‘ (Ibnu Sina) Kurun ke-9 Masehi, Baghdad mempunyai

800 doktors. “great discoveries in the understanding of

anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between measles and smallpox was discovered during this time.”

Pengarang buku , The Canon of Medicine

and The Book of Healing menjadi satu Ensaiklopedia Perubatan semasa.

Pakar Astronomi Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-

Battānī Memperdalami ilmu peredaran Bumi. “One of his

best-known achievements in astronomy was the determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds.”

He also calculated the values for the precession of the equinoxes (54.5" per year, or 1° in 66 years) and the inclination of Earth's axis (23° 35').

Memperkenalkan konsep Trigonometry, tan a = sin a / cos a.

Pakar Kimia Abu Musa Jābir ibn Hayyān

Pengasas Ilmu Kimia “A number of chemical processes

such as distillation techniques and the production of alcohol were developed in the Muslim world and then spread to Europe.”

Motto, "is that you should perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experiments will never attain the least degree of mastery."[

Kegunaan Kimia Made improvement of many manufacturing processes, such

as making steel and other metals, preventing rust, engraving gold, dyeing and waterproofing cloth, tanning leather, and the chemical analysis of pigments and other substances.

developed the use of manganese dioxide in glassmaking, to counteract the green tinge produced by iron — a process that is still used today.

He noted that boiling wine released a flammable vapor, thus paving the way for the discovery of ethanol (alcohol) by Al-Kindi and Al-Razi.

invented a kind of paper that resisted fire, and an ink that could be read at night.

He invented an additive which, when applied to an iron surface, inhabited rust and when applied to a textile, would make it water repellent.

Akhir Kata

Cendikiawan Islam lebih terkehadapan dari yang lain

Khazanah Islam amat banyak Buat yang terbaik untuk kegunaan

orang ramai.