1. 1. ID T Ngha Gii thch 1 Abatement cost Chi ph kim sot; chi ph chng ( nhim) Chi ph lm gim s kh chu nh nhim hay tc ng. 2 Ability and earnings Nng lc v thu nhp Thc o v kh nng v trnh (hc vn) c tng quan cht ch vi nhau, lm tng kh nng l phn ln li tc c c tnh do gio dc trn thc t cng chnh l li tc do nng lc 3 Ability to pay Kh nng chi tr. 4 Ability to pay theory L thuyt v kh nng chi tr Mt l thuyt v cch nh thu theo gnh nng v thu nn c phn b theo kh nng chi tr; v mt h thng thu kiu lu tin, t l hay lu thoi, tu thuc vo thc o c s dng v dc gi nh ca th tho dng bin ca thu nhp. 5 Abnormal profits Li nhun d thng Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS 6 Abscissa Honh Gi tr trn trc honh (trc X) ca mt im trn th hai chiu. 7 Absenteeism Trn vic, s ngh lm khng c l do S ngh lm, mc d cc iu khon ca hp ng lao ng yu cu ngi lao ng phi i lm v hp ng vn cn gi tr. 8 Absentee landlord a ch (ch bt ng sn) cch bit Ngi ch s hu t hoc nh sng mt ni xa bt ng sn ca mnh, thu tin thu v qun l vic kinh doanh ca mnh thng qua trung gian hay ngi i din. 9 Absolute advantage Li th tuyt i. Xem Comparative Advantage. 10 Absolute cost advantage Li th nh ph tn tuyt i. Mt khi nim cp ti nhng li th ca cc hng thit lp, v th cc hng ny c th duy tr chi ph trung bnh thp hn so vi cc hng mi nhp ngnh khng ph thuc vo mc sn lng. (Xem Barriers to entry) 11 Absolute income hypothesis Gi thuyt thu nhp tuyt i. Gi thuyt ny cho rng cc chi ph cho tiu dng (C) l mt hm s ca thu nhp kh dng ca c nhn (Yd): C = C (Yd). 12 Absolute monopoly c quyn tuyt i. Xem Monopoly. 13 Absolute prices Gi tuyt i. Gi o bng tin ngc vi vi gi tng i. l gi ca cc hng ho, dch v c biu din trc tip di dng s lng ca n v tin t. Xem Price 14 Absolute scarcity Khan him tuyt i . Xem Scarcity 15 Absolute value Gi tr tuyt i. Gi tr ca mt bin b qua du ca n. 16 Absorption approach Phng php hp thu. Phng php phn tch tc ng ca s ph gi hoc gim t gi hi oi ca mt nc i vi cn cn thng mi. 17 Abstinence Nhn chi tiu. Mt thut ng miu t s cn thit gim bt tiu dng hin ti tch lu t bn. 18 Accelerated depreciation Khu hao nhanh, khu hao gia tc. Xem DEPRECIATION 19 Accelerating inflation Lm pht gia tc. S tng vt t l lm pht. Nu chnh ph c gi t l tht nghip di mc t l tht nghip t nhin th vic s dn ti lm pht gia tc. 20 Accelerator Gia s Xem Accelerator principle. 21 Accelerator coefficient H s gia tc. Mt bi s theo u t mi s tng ln khi c s thay i v sn lng. 22 Accelerator effect Hiu ng gia tc. 23 Accelerator principle Nguyn l gia tc. Nguyn l cho rng mc u t rng ph thuc vo mc thay i d kin v sn lng. 24 Acceptance chp nhn thanh ton. Hnh vi chp nhn mt hi phiu do c nhn hay c quan nhn hi phiu thc hin, bao gm k hi phiu v thng k trn mt hi phiu. 25 Accepting house Ngn hng nhn tr. Mt trong s cc NGN HNG THNG MI c tr s ti London, vi mc ch thu tin hoa hng ngn hng ny nhn tr cc hi phiu, ngha l chp nhn thanh ton chng khi o hn. 26 Accesion rate T l gia tng lao ng. S lng nhng ngi thu mi mi thng tnh theo t l phn trm tng s vic lm do B lao ng M thng k. 27 Accesions tax Thu qu tng. Thu nh vo qu tng v ti sn tha k. 28 Access/space trade - off model M hnh nh i khng gian hay m hnh tip cn. Mt m hnh l thuyt c s dng (ch yu) trong phn tch a im dn c cc vng th, gii thch cc hnh thi v tr do nh i gia kh nng tip cn ca mt a im ti trung tm ca vng v khng gian ca a im . 29 Accommodating monetary policy Chnh sch tin t iu tit. Xem VALIDATED INFLATION 30 Accommodation transactions Cc giao dch iu tit. Trong CN CN THANH TON, mt loi giao dch t bn do CC C QUAN TIN T p dng hoc iu hnh lm i trng li tnh trng tn dng hoc tnh trng n nn ny sinh trong cc GIAO DCH T NH. Page 1
2. 2. 31 Account Ti khon. 1.Mt ghi chp giao dch gia hai bn giao dch c th l hai b phn ca mt doanh nghip v l yu t c bn trong tt c cc h thng giao dch kinh doanh. 2.Cc giai on, thng l hai tun, theo nm kinh doanh ca S CHNG KHON LONDON c chia ra v qua cc giai on ny, vic thanh ton cc giao dch tr giao dch chng khon vin vng c tin hnh. 32 Accrued expenses Chi ph pht sinh (tnh trc). Thng mc trong ti khon ca mt cng ty c ghi nh mt khon n ca cc dch v s dng nhng cha c thanh ton. 33 Achieving Society, the. X hi thnh t. y l tiu ca mt cun sch do gio s David C. Mc. Clelland ca trng i hc Harvard (Princeton, NJ, 1962) xut bn, trong ng nh ngha khi nim ng c thnh t o ngh tng tng v mc ca cc tng mi m ng coi l nhn cch cn thit i vi cc CH DOANH NGHIP v v vy c ngha i vi S PHT TRIN KINH T. 34 Across-the-board tariff changes Thay i thu quan ng lot. Mt tnh hung khi tt c thu quan ca mt nc c tng hoc gim theo t l phn trm ngang bng. 35 Action lag tr ca hnh ng. Mc tr gia vic quyt nh mt chnh sch (c bit trong kinh t hc v m) v vic thc hin chnh sch . 36 Active balance D nghch. Trong l thuyt tin t, mt vi m hnh gi thit chia mt cung ng tin t thnh D NGHCH, l tin d tr c a vo quay vng trong cc thi k c xc nh bi cc khong thi gian gia cc k thanh ton, v NGHCH NHN RI l tin d tr khng c s dng thanh ton thng xuyn. 37 Activity analysis Phn tch hot ng. Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING. 38 Activity rate T l lao ng. Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE. 39 Adaptive expectation K vng thch nghi; k vng phng theo S hnh thnh k vng v gi tr tng lai ca mt bin s ch da trn cc gi tr trc ca bin lin quan. 40 Adding up problem Vn cng tng. Xem EULER'S THEREM 41 Additional worker hypothesis Gi thuyt cng nhn thm vo. Theo lp lun ny, thu nhp thc t ca gia nh gim trong thi k suy thoi theo chu k s gy ra HIU NG THU NHP. 42 Addition rule Quy tc cng. Mt quy tc xc nh O HM ca mt hm i vi mt bin s, trong hm ny bao gm php cng tuyn tnh ca 2 hm ring bit hoc nhiu hn tr ln ca cc bin. 43 Additive utility function Hm tho dng ph tr. Mt dng hm tho dng : U=Ua +Ub+Uc . Trong U l tho dng a,b,c ;a hng ho thay th trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc nhm hng ho ny khng th thay th cho nhau. 44 Address principle Nguyn l a ch. Trong nn kinh t K HOCH HO nh Lin X trc y, mi mc tiu chin lc u c mt t chc hoc "a ch" chu trch nhim thc hin mc tiu 45 Adjustable peg regime Ch iu chnh hn ch. 46 Adjustable peg system H thng neo t gi hi oi c th iu chnh. H thng ny c qu tin t quc t (IMF) a ra ti hi ngh Bretton Woods v cp n mt b T GI HI OI C NH hay c "neo" m v c bn l c nh nhng cho php iu chnh hoc thay i vi lng nh theo c 2 hng. 47 Adjustment cost Chi ph iu chnh sn xut. 48 Adjustment lag tr iu chnh. Thi gian cn thit mt bin, v d nh DUNG LNG VN, iu chnh theo nhng thay i trong cc yu t quyt nh ca n. (Xem PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT, CAPITAL STOCK ADJUSTMENT PRINCIPLE). 49 Adjustment process Qu trnh iu chnh Thut ng chung ch cc c ch iu chnh hot ng trong nn kinh t th gii nhm loi b nhng mt cn i trong thanh ton vi nc ngoi. Nhng c ch lin quan n BN V VNG, CH BN V HI OI, THA S NGOI THNG, T GI HI OI TH NI. 50 Administered prices Cc mc gi b qun ch. Cc mc gi c hnh thnh do quyt nh c thc ca c nhn hay hng no ch khng phi do cc yu t tc ng ca th trng. 51 Administrative lag tr do hnh chnh Mt trong nhng tr v thi gian nh hng n hiu lc ca mt CHNH SCH TIN T. l khong thi gian t lc cc c quan c thm quyn nhn thy cn c hnh ng n khi tin hnh thc s hnh ng . 52 Advalorem tax Thu theo gi tr. Mt loi thu da trn gi tr giao dch. thng l t l phn trm khi gi bn l, s, hay qu trnh sn xut, v l dng ph bin ca THU DOANH THU. Page 2
3. 3. 53 Advance Tin ng trc. Mt khon vay hoc da vo lung tin xc nh hoc d kin. (Xem BANK LOAN). 54 Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) Thu doanh nghip ng trc. L mt khon ng trc THU DOANH NGHIP v c ghi vo ti khon bn n ca doanh nghip i vi loi thu ny. l mt phng tin c th thu thu doanh nghip sm hn. 55 Advance refunding Hon tr trc. K THUT QUN L CNG N mi c chnh ph lin bang, cc chnh quyn a phng v tiu bang ca M s dng. 56 Advanced countries Cc nc pht trin, cc nc i u. 57 Adverse balance Cn cn thm ht. THM HT CN CN THANH TON. 58 Adverse selection La chn tri ; La chn theo hng bt li. Vn gp phi trong nghnh bo him. 59 Advertising Qung co. Hot ng ca mt hng nhm thc y vic bn sn phm ca mnh, mc tiu chnh l tng s lng ngi tiu dng thch nhng sn phm ca hng hn nhng hng khc. 60 Advertising - sale ratio T l doanh s-qung co. T l chi ph qung co ca cc hng trn tng doanh thu bn hng. 61 AFL-CIO Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. 62 Age-earning profile Biu quan h thu nhp theo tui Mi quan h gia thu nhp v tui. Biu din qu trnh thu nhp theo tui n gin nht l mt ng nm ngang i t s 0 n tui ri trng hc, khong cch ca cc bc c quyt nh bi trnh hc vn. 63 Agency for International Development C quan pht trin quc t. Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION AGENCY 64 Agency shop Nghip on. Yu cu cng nhn tham gia tuyn dng khng phi gia nhp cng on nhng phi ng cng on ph. 65 Agglomeration economies Tnh kinh t nh kt khi. Cc khon tit kim chi ph trong mt hot ng kinh t do cc x nghip hay cc hot ng gn v tr ca nhau. 66 Aggregate concentration S tp trung gp. Biu chi tit v S LNG CA SN PHM QUC GIA RNG c th c mua mi mc gi chung. 67 Adverse supply shock C sc cung bt li. 68 Aggregate demand Cu gp; Tng cu 69 Aggregate demand curve ng cu gp; ng tng cu 70 Aggregate demand shedule Biu cu gp; Biu tng cu 71 Aggregate expenditure Chi tiu gp. L tng s chi tiu danh ngha cho hng ho v dch v trong mt nn kinh t. 72 Aggregate income Thu nhp gp; Tng thu nhp Xem INTERNATION INCOME 73 Aggregate output Sn lng gp. Xem INTERNATION INCOME 74 Aggregate production function Hm sn xut gp. Mi quan h gia lu lng sn lng trong ton nn kinh t (Y), tng lc lng lao ng (L) v tng lng vn (K), cc u vo tham gia trc tip vo sn xut. Hm ny c th c m rng bao hm c T AI v CNG NGH VI danh ngha l u vo. 75 Aggregate supply curve ng cung gp; ng tng cung. 76 Aggregation problem Vn v php gp. Vn xc nh hnh vi kinh t v m c th t d bo t hnh vi ca cc n v kinh t vi m ni bt. 77 Agrarian revolution Cch mng nng nghip. Tnh hung trong sn lng nng nghip tng ln r rt nh nhng thay i v t chc v k thut. 78 Agricultural earnings Cc khon thu t nng nghp. Khon thu t nng nghip thng kh nh lng, c bit trong nn nng nghip t tc hoc nhng ni thu nhp pc tr bng hin vt ngha l nng sn. 79 Agricultural exports Nng sn xut khu Cc sn phm nng nghip lm ra xut khu ch khng phi cho mc ch t cung t cp hay cho th trng trong nc 80 Agricultural lag tr ca nng nghip L thi gian gia sn xut nng nghip thc t v sn xut nng nghip tim nng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN. 81 Agricultural livies Thu nng nghip. Xem EC Agricultural levies. 82 Agricultural reform Ci cch nng nghip. Mt trong nhng hn ch i vi PHT TRIN KINH T l vic s dng cc bin php s khai, khng hiu qu trong nng nghip. Cc ngnh nng thn nhng nc km pht trin cung cp thc phm ngy ngy cng tng cho dn c thnh ph. Cc phng php c, th s th km hiu qu , cn k thut c gii ho hin i th khng thch hp. V vy mt dng ci cch l p dng loi cng ngh nng nghip thch hp. Page 3
4. 4. 83 Agricultural sector Khu vc nng nghip. Khu vc hoc mt b phn dn s tham gia vo ngh nng, cung cp lng thc, nguyn liu th nh bng, g cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. 84 Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service ASCS - Nha n nh v bo tn nng nghip. C quan qun l a phng ca CNG TY TN DNG HNG HO CA M 85 Agricultural subsidies Khon tr cp nng nghip. Khon tin tr cho nng dn vi mc ch khuyn khch sn xut lng thc thc phm v tr gip thu nhp ca nng dn. 86 Agricultural Wage Boards Cc hi ng tin cng trong nng nghip. Cc c quan do php lut quy nh mc lng ti thiu i vi nhng ngi lm nng nghip Anh, x Wales v Scotland cng mt cch chnh thc nh cc hi ng tin cng. 87 Aid Vin tr Xem FOREIGN AID. 88 Aitken estimator c lng s Aitken. Xem Generalized Least Squares. 89 Alienation S tha ho Thut ng c C.MC s dng miu t tnh trng tinh thn ca cng nhn trong mt x hi t bn. 90 Allais Maurice (1911) Nh kinh t hc ngi Php c nhn gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1988. Allais l mt k s, bng cch t hc v kinh t ch yu trong thi k c xm chim Php sut Chin tranh th gii th 2, khi ng t c tip cn vi cc n phm nc ngoi. Mc d vy, ng thnh cng trong vic t xy dng c nhng nn tng to ln v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH HIN I v KINH T HC PHC LI. ng c coi l ngi cha v ngi dn u tr tu ca trng phi bin hc Php, sn sinh ra nhiu nh kinh t hc ni ting nh Debreu. Mc cho xu hng thin v l thuyt mnh m, Allais vn cho rng cc m hnh l thuyt c xy dng tr li nhng cu hi thc tin v nn c kim nghim qua thc t. Thnh tch ca ng c nhn gii Nobel ch yu l thnh tu nghin cu s bn v kinh t hc v ng gp c bn ca ng l cc cng thc ton hc v i v cn bng th trng v tnh cht hiu qu ca cc th trng. Nghin cu ca ng v phn tch ng thi v m tin t v l thuyt ri ro cng rt ni bt. Mi n khi kim tra thc nghim v hc thuyt tho dng k vng ca VON NEUMANN-MORGENSTERN ng mi c ni ting, thc nghim c tiu l nghch l Allais. ng ch ra rng s la chn ca cc c nhn khi c yu cu sp xp mt cp d n ri ro u sp xp mt cch h thng v lp li (nh cc nghin cu khc la chn) mu thun vi d on ti a ho tho dng d kin. Cc cng trnh ca ng l Nghin cu v nguyn l Kinh t -1943 (sau cn c ti bn vi tiu X l Kinh t n thun-1952) v Kinh t v li nhun(1947). 91 Allen , Sir roy George Douglas(1906-1983) 1906-1983 ng dy trng kinh t London t nm 1928, lm vic b Ti Chnh Anh v nm 1944 c phong l gio s thng k hc ti trng i hc London. Cc n phm ch yu ca ng bao gm: Phn tch ton hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1938); Thng k hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1949); Kinh t hc thuc ton (1956); Hc thuyt kinh t v m - X l bng ton hc (1967). Nm 1934 ng c ng gp to ln cho hc thuyt ngi tiu dng khi ng cho xut bn mt bi bo cng vi J.R.HICKS, bng cch s dng cc ng bng quan, bi bo ch ra rng gii thch s dc xung di ca ng cu s l vic gi nh y rng hng ho c th c phn loi theo th t. 92 Allocate Phn b, n nh 93 Allocation funtion Chc nng phn b Mt b phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti vic chi phi cung cp hng ho v dch trong mt nn kinh t. 94 Allocative efficiency Hiu qu phn b. Vi sn xut ra t hp sn phm tt nht hay ti u cc sn phm bng cc kt hp hiu qa nht cc u vo. 95 Allowances and expences for corporation tax Khu tr v chi ph vi thu cng ty. Nhng chi ph cho php nht nh khi c khu tr t doanh thu ca cng ty l phn thu nhp b nh thu. 96 Allowances and expencess for income tax Khu tr v chi ph vi thu thu nhp. H thng thu thu nhp bao gm h thng cc khon khu tr v chi ph. Chng c tr t tng thu nhp xc nh chu thu. 97 Almon lag tr Almon. Mt kiu tr phn phi trong trng s cc gi tr lin tc ca bin s tr theo sau mt do mt a thc gy ra. 98 Alpha coeficient H s Alpha Xem CAPITAL ASSET PRINCING MODEL. Page 4
5. 5. 99 Alternative technology Cng ngh thay th. Thut ng dng ch kiu cng ngh c mt vi hoc tt c thuc tnh sau: s dng ti thiu ti nguyn khng ti to c, gy nhim thp nht i vi mi trng, t cp t tc theo vng hoc theo a phng khng c s bc lt hoc c lp cc c nhn. (Xem INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, APPROPIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP). 100 Altruism Lng v tha. S quan tm ti phc li ca ngi khc. 101 Amalgamation S hp nht. Xem MERGER. 102 America Depository Receipt ADR - Phiu gi tin M. Chng khon m mt ngn hng M thng pht hnh cho cc c dn M, da vo vic c quan NM GI CC C PHIU thng ca mt cng ty ngoi quc. Ngi gi ADR c quyn hng c tc ca cng ty ngoi quc. Bn thn ADR c th trao i c. u im ca vic lm ny l TH TRNG VN c m rng i vi cc cng ty khng phi ca M trong khi c th p ng c mong mun ca ngi M v mt loi c phiu "nng" trao i. (Mt ADR c th c ng trn gi c quyn vi nhiu chng khon thng). 103 America Federation of Labuor ALF - Lin on lao ng M. c thnh lp trong thi k t nm 1881 n 1886, lin on ny tp trung cc cng on ln M li vi nhau. 104 America selling price Gi bn kiu M. y l mt h thng trong thu quan ca M i vi mt s mt hng nhp khu c tnh trn c s gi tr ca mt hng thay th trong nc so vi gi tr ca hng nhp khu. (Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE). 105 American Stock Exchange S giao dch chng khon M (ASE hay AMEX). S GIAO DCH c t chc ln th hai M, tin hnh mua bn gn 1/10 tng s c phiu c mua bn M. S giao dch l c s vt cht cho cc giao dch CHNG KHON din ra. S giao dch chng khon M c t lu v bt u t khi nhng ngi mi gii gp nhau ngoi ph mua bn cc c phn chng khon. l ngun gc ca mt ci tn khc ca n :"S giao dch l ng". Tn hiu bng tay c dng thng bo cho nhn vin giao dch. n tn th k XX, S giao dch chng khon M mi chuyn vo phng.(Xem STOCK MARKET). 106 Amortization Chi tr tng k. Phng thc thanh ton n trn c s tr dn. Thnh thong chi tr tng k c s dng nh thut ng thay th cho khu hao. 107 Amplitude Bin Thut ng s dng trong mt CHU K KINH DOANH miu t khong cch gia im cc i v cc tiu ca bt k chu k no. 108 Amtorg C quan mu dch thng tr ca Lin X. C quan ngoi thng ca Lin X trc y. C c quan chi nhnh ti nhiu nc. 109 Analysis of variance ANOVA - Phn tch phng sai Phn chia bin ng tng th trong mt bin s ph thuc (vi bin ng tng th c nh ngha l tng ca bnh phng ca cc lch so vi trung bnh ca bin) thnh cc cu thnh c tnh cho bin ng ca cc bin s ring hay NHM BIn GII THCH v nhng bin khng c gii thch hay bin ng D/ 110 Anarchy Tnh trng v chnh ph. Hc thuyt cho rng cc s kin chnh tr v x hi ca cc c nhn khng nn b km hm bi bt c s can thip no ca chnh ph. l mt quan im cc oan hn quan im ch ngha t do, vn cn cho php s dng quyn lc c ti iu hnh cc hot ng m cc c nhn khng th t hon thnh mt cch c hiu qu c. 111 Allowance Phn tin tr cp. 113 Anchor argument Lun im v ci neo. Mt trong cc vn lin quan n bin ng t do ca T GI HI OI l lun im cho rng t gi hi oi t do s lm gim thm ht vi bn ngoi v v vy tc ot ca cc c quan tin t ci neo (chnh tr) nhm hn ch tin t m rng. i lp vi lun im ny l vic b chic neo tin t ca t gi hi oi c nh l mt vic tt v n ch cc tr nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch mi c bu bng cch khng cho h hon ton t do vi CHNH SCH TIN T. 114 Animal spirits Tinh thn by n; Tm l ha theo Mt cch k gii cho U T phn bc cc m hnh ton hc v chng t tc dng. Thay vo l phn tch u t bt ngun t thuc tnh lm theo ca cc ch doanh nghip. Cm thut ng ny c J.M.Keynes s dng ln u tin trong L THUYT TNG QUT V VIC LM, LI SUT V TIN (1936). Nhng t c Joan Robinson ph bin rng ri. 115 Analysis (stats) Phn tch. Risk analysis: phn tch ri ro. Scenario analysis:Phn tch kch bn. Sensitivity analysis: Phn tch nhy. Page 5
6. 6. 116 Annecy Round Vng m phn Annecy. Vng th hai (1949) ca cuc m phn thng mi theo HIP C CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT). 117 Annual allowances Min thu hng nm. Xem CAPITAL ALLOWANCE. 118 Annual capital charge Chi ph vn hng nm. Mt k thut thm nh d n vn c s dng chit khu v cng nhn rng vic s dng vn i hi tr tin li i vi lng vn s dng v khu hao.119 Annuity Nin kim. Li ha tr mt khon no mi thi k trong mt s cc thi k m khon tr cho mi thi k l c nh. 120 Annuity market Th trng nin kim. 121 Anomaliess pay Tin tr cng bt thng. S ngt qung trong mi lin kt chnh thc gia mc lng ca cc nhm thng lng khc nhau nh p dng CHNH SCH THU NHP. 123 Anticipated inflation Lm pht c d tnh. Xem EXPECTED INFLATION. 124 Anti-trust Chng lng on. Mt cm thut ng ca M ch h thng php lut nhm kim sot s tng trng quyn lc i vi th trng ca cc hng. Cm thut ng ny khng ch lin quan ti chnh sch chng c quyn m c cc hot ng km hm ca cc hng ring l, cc nhm cng ty hp nht (Trt) v nhm cc cng ty cng tc (Catel). 125 Appreciation S tng gi tr. Tng v gi tr ca ti sn, i lp li l s mt gi tr. Mt ti sn c th tng gi tr bi v gi ca n (v do gi th trng ca n) tng do lm pht hay thay i v cu ti sn dn ti mc khan him. (Xem MONEY APPRECIATION). 126 Apprenticeship Hc vic. Xem GENERAL TRAINING. 127 Anti-export bias Thin lch / nh kin chng xut khu. 128 Appropriate products Cc sn phm thch hp. Ni chung c dng ch nhng sn phm thch hp cho s dng cc nc ang pht trin. 129 Appropriate technology Cng ngh thch hp. Vic ng dng mt cng ngh thch hp vi yu t sn c. (Xem ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY. INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP). 130 Appropriation account Ti khon phn phi li. Cc doanh nghip duy tr cc ti khon ny cho thy li nhun sau khi tr thu c phn phi hay s dng nh th no. (Xem ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES INCOME TAX, TAXABLE INCOME. 131 Approval voting B phiu tn thnh; b phiu ph chun. Mt dng ra quyt nh trong mi c nhn b phiu cho mt nhm phng n m ngi tn thnh. (Xem BORDA COUNT, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE. SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION). 132 Apriori Tin nghim. Mt cm thut ng miu t qu trnh suy lun phn on t gi thuyt ban u cho n kt lun. Phng php ny c th i lp vi cch tip cn da trn nhng c liu rt ra t thc t quan st. 133 Aquinas St Thomas (1225-1274) Mt hc gi ngi , ng l ngi c ng gp chnh vo t tng kinh t ca hn lm vin. Xt v kinh t hc, ng tha nhn phn ln hc thuyt ca Aristotle, bao gm khi nim v gi cng bng. ng cng phn bit GI C v GI TR, i tng ca rt nhi cch din gii khc nhau. tng v gi tr hay gi cng bng khng khc hn gi thng thng (cnh tranh) vn c mt mt hng v gi c a ra vt qu mc gi ny l s vi phm quy tc o c. Thng mi vn xu xa nhng c bo cha bi HNG HA CNG CNG. Tng t, ca ci ti sn v hnh ng ca chnh ph c bin h bi hng ho cng cng. Cho vay nng li b ch trch l khon thu cho vic s dng tin m khng c gi tr s dng. Nhng ng gp ch yu ca ng i vi lch s t tng kinh t c bao qut trong cun SUMMA THEOLOGICA ca ng. 134 Arbitrage Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch gi; bun chng khon Mt nghip v bao gm vic mua bn mt ti sn, v d mt hng ho hay tin t hai hay nhiu th trng, gia chng c s khc nhau hay chnh lch v gi. 135 Arbitration Trng ti S can thip ca mt bn th ba vo mt TRANH CHP V CNG NGHIP theo yu cu ca cc bn tranh ci v a ra nhng gi cho vic gii quyt tranh chp, sau s rng buc c hai bn (Xem CONCILI- ATION, FINAL OFFER ARBITRATION). 136 Arc elasticity of demand co gin hnh cung ca cu Xem ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 137 ARCH Kim nghim ARCH. ch phng sai ca sai s thay i iu kin t nhin gim, l mt trc nghim phn bit gia tng quan chui trong iu kin xo trn v hiu ng ny sinh t s bin i ca xo ng c gi l hiu ng ARCH. Page 6
7. 7. 138 ARCH effect Hiu ng ARCH. Xem ARCH. 139 Aristotle (384-322 BC)-Aristotle (384- 322 trc cng nguyn) Nh trit hc HY LP, cc cng trnh ca ng bao gm c cc vn kinh t v trong nhng bi vit ca ng c th thy nhng phn tch v sn xut, phn phi v trao i. Trong phn tch v trao i, ng phn bit gia gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i 140 Arithmetic mean Trung bnh s hc. Xem MEAN. 141 Arithmetic progression Cp s cng. Mt dy s hay nhng biu thc i s trong mi thn phn mang mt mi lin h cng thm i vi mi thnh phn ng trc v sau n. 142 Arrow.KennethJ (1921-). Nh kinh t hc ngi M ng gii Nobel v kinh t hc vi hun tc John Hicks nm 1972. ng c bit n nhiu nht do cng trnh v cc h thng CN BNG TNG QUT v trnh by v cc iu kin ton hc cn thit cho mt h thng nh vy c nghim c ngha v kinh t. ng cng c cng trnh tin phong v vic ra quyt nh trong nhng iu kin khng chc chn. Trong cun S LA CHN X HI V CC GI TR C NHN (1951), ng trnh by kinh t hc phc li vi mt tnh trng tin thoi lng nan, khi da trn c s nhng gi nh m bo s t ch ca ngi tiu dng cng thm s hp l, ng chng minh rng khng th xc nh c s xp hng x hi v cc phng n la chn tng ng vi s xp hng ca cc c nhn, v nh vy cng khng th a ra c CHC NNG PHC LI X HI . Chc nng ny lin quan mt cch tch cc ti la chn c nhn, x hi khng th quyt nh n mun g. Arrow cng c cng trong vic a vo hc thuyt tng trng gi thuyt hc qua hnh vi t cch l mt ngun tng nng sut. Cc n phm chnh ca ng l : Nghin cu trong l thuyt ton hc v d tr v sn xut (1958); S la chn x hi v cc gi tr c nhn (1951); Cc tiu lun v l thuyt chu ri ro (1970); Phn tch da trn tng hp (vi F.H.Hahn) (1971). 143 "A" shares C phiu "A".(C phiu hng li sau). Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL. 144 Asiab Development Bank Ngn hng pht trin chu . U ban kinh t chu v Vin ng ca Lin hp quc khuyn co thnh lp ngn hng ny khuyn khch tng trng kinh t v hp tc chu v Vin ng, thc y kinh t cc nc ang pht trin trong vng. Ngn hng pht trin chu c thnh lp nm 1966. Ngun vn ban u l nh ng gp ca cc nc trong khu vc vi s gip ca M, CHLB c, Anh v Canada. 145 Assessable Income or profit Thu nhp hoc li nhun chu thu. Xem TAXABLE INCOME, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR INCOME TAX. 146 Assessable profit Li nhun chu thu. Xem TAXABLE INCOME. 147 Asset Ti sn. Mt thc th c gi tr th trng hoc gi tr trao i, v l b phn cu thnh CA CI hay ti sn ca ch s hu. 148 Asset stripping Tc ot ti sn. Vic mt cng ty thn tnh bn nhng ti sn ca CNG TY NN NHN sau khi thu mua. iu ny c th thc hin c mc li nhun ng k khi ti sn b nh gi thp S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON. 149 Assignment problem Bi ton kt ni. Tn c t cho cu hi liu vic kt ni mt bin chnh sch, v d CHNH SCH TIN T mt cch duy nht t c mt mc tiu chnh sch, v d cn cn thanh ton quc t di cc ch v t gi HI OI c th c hay khng. Kt lun l khng th lm c nh vy. 150 Assisted areas Cc vng c h tr Cc vng trong nc m hot ng kinh t hot ng kinh t c h tr bi chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph. Xem DEPRESSED AREAS, REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT PREMIUM, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT GRANT. 152 Association of International Bond Dealers Hip hi nhng ngi bun bn tri khon quc t. C quan thnh lp nm 1969, thu thp v cho nim yt li nhun v bo gi th trng hin hnh vi cc loi pht hnh ca TRI KHON CHU U. 153 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Hip hi cc nc ng nam . Hip hi c cc B trng ngoi giao Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, Singapore v Thi Lan thnh lp nm 1967. Mc ch chung ca hip hi l thc y tng trng kinh t, tin b x hi v pht trin vn ho khu vc ng Nam . 154 Assurance Bo him xc nh Mt loi bo him lin quan n tnh hung trong bo him cho s kin khng th trnh khi. iu ny c th do hp ng lin quan ti vic tr mt khon xc nh vo mt ngy no hoc l v "ci cht" ca ngi c bo him. Page 7
8. 8. 155 Asset stocks and services flows D tr ti sn v lung dch v. 156 Asymmetric infornation Thng tin bt i xng; Thng tin khng tng xng. S khc nhau v thng tin m cc bn tham gia giao dch trn th trng c c. Xem INSIDER - OUTSIDER MODELS. 157 Asymptote ng tim cn. Gi tr m bin ph thuc ca mt hm tin n khi bin t do tr nn rt ln hoc rt nh. 158 Asymptotic distribution Phn phi tim cn. PHN PHI XC XUT m mt bin THNG K hng ti khi kch thc ca mu tin ti v cng. Khi nim rt hu ch trong nh gi cc c th ca chn mu trong kinh t lng. 159 Atomistic competition Cnh tranh c lp. Mt c cu th trng trong s lng cc hng rt ln, do mi hng cnh tranh mt cch c lp. (Xem PERFECT COMPETITION). 160 Attribute Thuc tnh. Mt nt c trng hay thuc tnh ca hng ho. Xem CHARACTERISICS THEORY. 161 Auctioneer Ngi bn u gi. Mt thut ng chung ch nhn vin bn u gi, ti nhng ngi mua tng lai u vi nhau bng cch t gi, vt u gi s thuc v ngi no t gi cao nht. 162 Auction markets Cc th trng u gi. Mt th trng c t chc ti gi c c iu chnh lin tc theo bin i ca cung v cu. Nt c trng c bn ca cc th trng u gi l cc hng mc hng ho c chun ho, mua bn v danh v s lng m bo hnh vi cnh tranh. 163 Auctions u gi. Mt kiu th trng trong ngi mua tim tng t gi cho hng ho ch khng phi n thun tr theo. 164 Augmented Dickey Fuller test ADF - Kim nh Dickey Fuller b sung. Kim nh ny l mt phin bn ca kim nh Dickey Fuller i vi mt n v gc khi tiu thc xo ng l tng quan theo chui sau khi xem xt s khc nhau trong qu trnh tnh khc (DSP). 165 Augmented Phillips curve ng Phillips b sung. Vic a bin gi c vo ng Phillips gc dch chuyn hc thuyt mt cc hiu qu t mt gii thch v tin cng bng tin thnh cch gii thch theo ngha thc t. 166 Austrian school Trng phi kinh t o. Tn trng phi ny c s dng ch cc nh kinh t hc t Menger, Wieser v Bohm-Bawerk tr i, h phn ln nghin cu Vin v theo mt kiu phn tch ring bit. 167 Autarky T cung t cp. Tnh trng trong mt nc t tch khi thng mi quc t bng nhng hn ch nh thu quan nhm t tc, thng do nguyn nhn lm vic hoc chnh tr. 168 Autarky economy Nn kinh t t cung t cp 169 Autocorrelation S t tng quan. Xem SERIAL CORRELATION. 170 Automatic stabilizers Cc bin php n nh t ng. Cc mi quan h lm gim bin ca bin ng chu k trong mt nn kinh t m khng cn hnh ng trc tip ca chnh ph. 171 Automation T ng ho. Trong khi c s dng theo nhiu cch, cm thut ng "t ng ho" ni chung c coi l ng ngha vi vic thay th lao ng bng qu trnh t ng. 172 Autonomous expenditure Khon chi tiu t nh. Cc khon chi tiu c coi l c lp vi mc thu nhp. 173 Induced expenditure Khon chi tiu ph thuc (vo mc thu nhp). 174 Autonomous consumption Tiu dng t nh. 175 Autonomous investment u t t nh. 176 Autonomous investment demand Nhu cu u t t nh. 177 Autonomous transactions Giao dch t nh Cm thut ng ny c dng trong hc thuyt v CN CN THANH TON xc nh nhng loi giao dch din ra t pht v l do li nhun t pha cc hng hoc tho dng c tng t pha cc c nhn . 178 Autonomous variables Cc bin t nh Xem EXOGENOUS VARIABLES. 179 Autoregression T hi quy. S HI QUY ca mt bin s trn gi tr hay cc gi tr tr ca n. Xem SERIAL CORRELATION AND ARIMA. 180 Availability effects Cc hiu ng ca s sn c. Cc tc ng ca nhng thay i v s lng tn dng c sn, ch khng phi tc ng thng qua gi, ngha l li sut. 181 Average S trung bnh. Xem MEAN. 182 Average cost Chi ph bnh qun. Chi ph trn mt n v sn lng trong bao gm chi ph ca tt c u vo (cc yu t sn xut). 183 Average cost pricing nh gi theo chi ph bnh qun. Quy tc nh gi cng nhn rng cc hng cng chi ph kh bin vo chi ph trung bnh trang tri tng chi ph trung bnh ca n. Page 8
9. 9. 184 Average expected income Thu nhp k vng bnh qun; Thu nhp bnh qun d kin. Xem PERMANENT INCOME. 185 Average fixed costs Chi ph c nh bnh qun. Chi ph c nh trn mi n v sn lng. 186 Average product Sn phm bnh qun. Tng sn lng c c t vic s dng mt tp hp u vo chia cho s lng ca bt c mt loi u vo no c dng. 187 Average productivity Nng sut bnh qun. Xem PRODUCTIVITY. 188 Average propensity to consume Khuynh hng tiu dng bnh qun. Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c chi cho tiu dng hng ho hoc dch v C, thay v u t I. 189 Average propensity to save Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun. Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c a vo tit kim S, tc khng c s dng cho mc ch tiu dng. Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun bng S/Y. Xem SAVING FUNCTION, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO SAVE. 190 Average rate of tax Sut thu bnh qun (sut thu thc t). c s dng khi ni v THU THU NHP C NHN nhng cng c th p dng vi cc loi thu khc. Thng c dng ch tng thu thu nhp di dng mt phn ca thu nhp. 191 Average revenue Doanh thu bnh qun. Doanh thu trn mt n v sn lng. 192 Average revenue product Sn phm doanh thu bnh qun. Sn phm doanh thu trung bnh ca mt u vo (yu t sn xut) nhn vi doanh thu bnh qun. 193 Average total cost Tng chi ph bnh qun Xem AVERAGE COST. 194 Average variable cost AVC-Chi ph kh bin bnh qun. CHI PH KH BN trn mt n v sn lng. 195 Averch-Johnson Effect Hiu ng Averch-Johnson. ch s phn ng ti a ho li nhun ca cc hng b kim sot, khi phi t c t l li tc xc nh v vn c ng lc la chn kt hp u vo nng v vn hn c th khng c s dng khi khng phi t t l li tc xc nh . 196 Axiom of completeness Tin v tnh y . Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE. 197 Axiom of continuity Tin v tnh lin tc. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE. 198 Axiom of convexity Tin v tnh li. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE. 199 Axiom of dominance Tin v tnh thch nhiu hn thch t. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE. 200 Axiom of Tin v s la chn. Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE. 201 Axiom of prefence Tin v s thch. Trong l thuyt CU CA NGI TIU DNG, cc c nhn c gi nh l tun th cc nguyn tc v hnh vi duy l v cc tin khc v hnh vi. 202 Backdoor fancing Cp tin qua ca sau. L tp qun theo c quan chnh ph M vay b Ti chnh M ch khng yu cu biu quyt ngn sch ca quc hi. 203 Back-haul rates Cc vn ti ngc. Cc ph hay vn chuyn thp hn i vi vn chuyn theo mt hng ny so vi hng khc. 204 Backstop technology Cng ngh chng cui. Mt cng ngh thay th tr nn kh thi v mt kinh t khi gi ca ti nguyn THIN NHIN KHNG TH TI TO tng n mt mc no do s khai thc tng dn. 205 Backward bending supply curve of labour ng cung lao ng cong v pha sau. Quan h gia cung lao ng, bt lun c xc nh bng cch no, v tin lng lao ng. 206 Backward intergration Lin hp thng ngun. Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION. 207 Backward linkage Lin kt thng ngun. Mi lin h gia mt nghnh hay mt hng vi nhng nh cung cp u vo ca h. 208 Backwash effects Hiu ng ngc. Hiu ng ngc xy ra khi tng trng kinh t mt vng ca mt nn kinh t c nhng tc ng ngc ti tng trng ca cc vng khc. 209 Bad Hng xu. Mt mt hng hay sn phm gy ra PHN THO DNG i vi ngi tiu dng. (Xem EXTERNALITY). 210 Bad money drive out good "ng tin xu ui ng tin tt". Xem GRESHAM'S LAW. 211 Bagehot, Walter (1826-1877). L bin tp vin v ng bin tp vin ca t The Economist t 1860-1877. ng l nh bnh lun c nh hng ln ng thi v tc phm ca ng hin vn c trch dn rng ri. Tc phm ni ting nht ca ng l Ph Lombard: Miu t v th trng tin t(1873). 212 Balanced budget Ngn sch cn i. Thu nhp hin ti ng bng chi tiu hin ti ca CHNH PH. 213 Balanced-budget multiplier S nhn ngn sch cn i. T s bin ng thu nhp ca thu nhp thc t so vi bin ng chi tiu chnh ph khi chi tiu ca chnh ph thu t thu thay i mt lng bng nhau. 214 Balanced economic development Pht trin kinh t cn i. Quan nim cho rng tt c cc thnh phn ca nn kinh t nn c pht trin mt cch ng thi t c mt dng pht trin cn i. Xem BALANCED GROWTH, BIG PUSH. Page 9
10. 10. 215 Balanced growth Tng trng cn i. Trong HC THUYT TNG TRNG, iu kin nng ng ca nn kinh t trong tt c cc bin thc t tng ln lin tc cng mt t l (c th bng 0, hay m). Xem STAEDY GROWTH. 216 Balance of payment Cn cn thanh ton. Cm thut ng ny c s dng vi hn mt ngha, hai cch din gii ph bin nht l: "Cn cn thanh ton th trng" v "Cn cn thanh ton k ton". 217 Balance of trade Cn cn thng mi. Thng ch cn cn mu dch "hu hnh", l bun bn hng ho trong mt giai on nht nh. Trn thc t cn cn mu dch ch l mt yu t, cc yu t khc l v hnh trong "Cn cn thanh ton vng lai" m n ch l mt phn ca ton b CN CN THANH TON ca mt nc. 218 Balance principle Nguyn l cn i. Mt phng php c bn ca k hoch X Vit l k ton s kp bng gi c hay vt cht.Mc ch ca cn i l m bo s ng b trong cc k hoch. Cc cn i ny t phc tp hn trong bng cn i LIN NGNH thc hin vai tr tng t trong lp k k hoch. V ngha ring xem MATERIALS BALANCE PRINCIPLE. 219 Balance sheet Bng cn i ti sn. Mt bng bo co ti sn ca mt thng nhn hoc mt cng ty vo mt ngy nht nh. 220 Bancor ng tin bancor (ng tin quc t). Mt ci tn c Keynes a ra ch tin t quc t m ng cho rng nn c to bi mt ngn hng quc t, c s dng thanh ton cc khon n quc t v mt phn to nn nng lc chuyn ho quc t nhng b phn i. 221 Balanced GDP GDP c cn i 223 Bandwagon effect Hiu ng on tu Hiu ng nh khi gi c hng ho gim v cu ca mt vi b phn hay cc c nhn trong cng ng tng, cc c nhn hoc b phn "bt chc" cch phn ng ny v cng tng cu ca h. 224 Bank Ngn hng Mt trung gian ti chnh huy ng qu gc v c bn thng qua nhng khon tin c th hon tr theo yu cu hay trong thi gian ngn v dng ng trc bng khu chi v cc khon vay v bng cc hi phiu chit khu, nn gi cc khon khc ch yu l tch ti sn ti chnh nh chng khon khng bun bn c. Mt chc nng quan trng ca ngn hng l duy tr h thng chuyn i tin bng cch chp nhn tin gi vo ti khon vng lai v iu hnh h thng chuyn qu bng chuyn sc, chuyn khon hay chuyn tin in t.Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CNTL, RETAIL BANKING, WHOLE SALE BANKING. 225 Bank advance Khon vay ngn hng. Mt cm thut ng chung dng cho bt k mt loi vay ngn hng no. Xem BANK LOAN. 226 Bank bill Hi phiu ngn hng. Theo truyn thng, trn th trng hi phiu London, mt HI PHIU c chp nhn bi mt NGN HNG NHN THANH TON, MT NGN HNG THANH TON B TR hay mt nhm cc ngn hng ca Anh hoc cc ngn hng Dominions hp thnh, thay mt khch hng m tn dng chp nhn. Xem ACCEPTANCE, DISCOUNT HOUSE. 227 Bank Charter Act o lut Ngn hng. Thng ch o lut ngn hng nm 1844 do chnh quyn ca hun tc Robert Peel thng qua. 228 Bank credit Tn dng ngn hng. Vic cho vay t h thng ngn hng bng bt k phng thc no:TIN CHO VAY CA NGN HNG, HI PHIU CHIT KHU hay chng khon mua. Xem MONEY MULTIPLIER, MONEY SUPPLY, "NEW VIEW". 229 Bank deposite Tin gi ngn hng. Theo ngi gin n, l cc khon tin gi trong ti khon ngn hng. Trong thc t chng n gin l nhng ghi chp v tnh trng n ca mt ngn hng i vi nhng ngi gi, v chng ny sinh t tnh cht ca ngn hng vi vai tr l TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH. 230 Bank for international Settlements Ngn hng thanh ton quc t. Mt nh ch ti chnh lin chnh ph thnh lp u tin vo nm 1930 h tr v iu phi vic chuyn khon thanh ton bi thng chin tranh th gii th nht gia cc ngn hng quc gia trung ng. Ngn hng ny cng tp hp v ph bin thng tin v cc ch kinh t v m v cc vn tin t quc t. 231 Banking panic Cn hong lon ngn hng. Mt tnh hung trong c s mt t tin ca mt hay nhiu ngn hng gy nn s " x" bt ng v lan rng ca cng chng ti cc ngn hng ni chung rt tin gi hoc vo nhng lc khi pht hnh lnh phiu t nhn l ph bin yu cu thanh ton cc hi phiu ny bng phng tin khc. 232 Banking school Trng phi ngn hng Mt tp hp cc kin lin quan n cuc tranh lun v quy tc iu tit pht hnh giy bc ca ngn hng Anh trong na u th k XIX. Page 10
11. 11. 233 Bank loan Khon vay ngn hng. ch bt c khon ng trc no ca ngn hng, nhung c s phn bit trong vic cho vay ca ngn hng gia iu kin MC THU CHI v iu kin cho vay. 234 Bank note Giy bc ca ngn hng. Mt dng tin t pht hnh bi mt ngn hng v v bn cht lm bng chng "c th thng lng" (ngha l c th chuyn i n gin bng cp pht) v tnh trng n ca ngn hng i vi mnh gi ca giy bc. Giy bc ca ngn hng c pht trin t HI PHIU, v v nguyn tc l hi phiu c th tr "trc tip" (theo yu cu) bng phng tin khc. 235 Bank of England Ngn hng Anh L ngn hng TRUNG NG ca Anh. Do thng nhn London xng nh mt ngn hng thng mi v c thnh lp theo o lut ca Quc hi nm 1694. 236 Bank of United State Ngn hng Hoa K. T nm 1791-1811 v t nm 1816-1836 mt s chc nng ngn hng trung ng M c ln lt do ngn hng th nht th hai thc hin. Trong mt thi gian khong 30 nm (n khi c o lut ngn hng quc gia nm 1864) hu nh khng c chc nng ngn hng trung ng M. Trn thc t, phi n lc c o lut d tr lin bang nm 1913 m mi c mt ngn hng trung ng thc s. 237 Bank rate T l chit khu chnh thc ca ngn hng ANH. Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL, MONETARY POLICY. 238 Bankruptcy S ph sn. Mt th tc php l trong ti sn ca con n khng tr c n b tch thu v li ch ca cc ch n ni chung. 239 Bargaining tariff Thu quan mc c; Thu quan thng lng. Thu c p t bi mt nc cng c v tr ca n trong m phn thng mi vi cc nc khc, khi cc nc ny s dng li ha chit khu thu t c s nhng b trong thng mi. 240 Bargaining theory of wages L thuyt thng lng v tin cng; L thuyt mc c v tin cng. Tin cng c c nh trong mt qu trnh thng lng tp th, mt s dn xp v mt c ch so vi qu trnh iu chnh cung cu chnh thng. L thuyt thng lng v tin cng ch nhng m hnh ca qu trnh thng lng p dng cho mi quan h ca s qun l ca cng on vt ra ngoi m hnh C QUYN SONG PHNG, trong kt qu cui cng ca thng lng vn cn m h, rt ra mt gii php r rng.Xem STRIKES, WAGE THEORY. 241 Bargaining unit n v thng lng; n v mc c. Mt n v i din cho quyn li ca ngi lao ng trong thng lng v qun l lao ng M. Cc n v ny c th l rt nh, l cc nhn vin c tuyn trong mt hng n l hay rt ln, tt c nhng ngi c tuyn dng trong mt ngnh trn khp t nc. Cc n v thng lng khc nhau v quy m v c cu. 242 Banks' cash-deposit ratio T s gia tin mt v tin gi ca ngn hng. 243 Barlow Report Bo co Barlow. Nhng kt qu phn tch ca mt u ban hong gia Anh v s phn b a l ca ngnh cng nghip Anh v c nh hng mnh m n s pht trin ca chnh sch khu vc hu cng nghip Chin tranh Anh. 244 Barometric price leadership S ch o theo k p gi c. Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP. 245 Barriers to entry Ro cn nhp ngnh Cc yu t y nhng ngi mi nhp ngnh vo mt mc gi khng thun li so vi cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh. Chng no cc hng thit lp t gi mt mc di im ti thiu ca chi ph trung bnh di hn ca hng tim tng hiu qu nht, cc hng thit lp c th t c mc siu li nhun v lu di m khng phi lo s v s gia nhp ngnh mi.246 Barter Hng i hng. Phng php trao i hng ho v dch v trc tip ly cc hng ho v dch v khc, khng s dng mt n v k ton hay phng tin trao i no c. 247 Barter agreements Hip nh trao i hng. Hip nh gia cc quc gia, thng gp kh khn v CN CN THANH TON, id vi vic trao i trc tip cc lng hng ho 248 Barter economy Nn kinh t hng i hng Nn kinh t m hng ho v dch v c thc hin thng qua vic I HNG, iu dn ti rt t chuyn mn ho hoc phn cng lc lng lao ng do yu cu ca s trng lp mun. 249 Base period Giai on gc. Mt thi im c dng tham kho khi so snh vi giai on sau. 250 Base rate Li sut gc. Sau khi bi b nhng hip nh v tin gi v tin vay nm 1971, CC NGN HNG THANH TON B TR CA ANH p dng tp qun xc nh v thng bo "li sut gc".Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL. 251 Basic activities Cc hot ng c bn. Xem ECONOMIC BASE. Page 11
12. 12. 252 Basic exports Hng xut khu c bn Tn gi ca cc hng xut khu s ch ca cc nc km pht trin. 253 Basic industries Nhng ngnh c bn. Xem ECONOMIC BASE. 254 Basic need philosophy Trit l nhu cu c bn. L chin lc pht trin c tho lun nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Khc vi cc l thuyt tch lu c in, n nhn mnh rng c mt s mc cn phi u tin. l (1) cung cp cc hng tiu dng c bn nh thc n, qun o v ch , (2) cc dch v cn thit nh nc, gio dc, y t, (3) quyn c vic lm vi thu nhp m bo cc nhu cu c bn, (4) c s h tng p ng cho nhu cu c bn v hng ho v dch v v (5) tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh. Chin lc ny hng vo sn xut. Trit l ny c c cc trit gia bo th v cc trit gia cp tin ng h. N cng vp phi cc ch trch l khng y v khng c g thc s l mi m. 255 Basic wage rates Mc tin cng c bn; mc lng c bn. Xem Wage Rate. 256 Basing-point system H thng im nh v c s. Mt cch nh gi trong nhng ngi bn hng khc nhau trong mt th trng thng nht rng mc gi i vi mt hng ho s c tnh bng tng gi c nh v mc ph vn chuyn c thng nht lin quan n khong cch gia ngi tiu dng v im gn nht trong mt s cc a im c tho thun gi l "cc im nh v c s". 257 Bayesian techniques K thut Bayes. Cc phng php phn tch thng k (bao gm C LNG v SUY LUN THNG K) trong thng tin trc y c kt hp vi s liu mu a ra nhng c tnh hay cc gi thuyt kim nghim. 258 Bearer bonds Tri khon khng ghi tn. Mt loi tri khon khng yu cu c chng th chuyn nhng v ngi gi c quyn s hu hp php. 259 Bears Ngi u c gi xung. Nhng c nhn tin rng gi chng khon hoc tri khon s gim v do bn nhng chng khon hy vng rng c th mua li mc gi thp hn. 260 Beggar-my neighbour policies Chnh sch lm ngho nc lng ging Nhng bin php kinh t m mt nc thc hin nhm ci thin tnh hnh trong nc, thng l gim tht nghip v c nhng tc ng bt li vi cc nn kinh t khc. 261 Behavioural equation Phng trnh v hnh vi Mt mi quan h ton hc trong mt m hnh kinh t hay kinh t lng, phn nh s phn ng ca mt c nhn hay mt tp hp cc c nhn i vi cc khuyn khch kinh t (v d HM TIU DNG). 262 Behavioural expectations K vng da trn hnh vi. Mt quan im v s hnh thnh cc k vng da trn cc yu t tm l v x hi. 263 Behavioural theories of the firm Cc l thuyt da trn hnh vi v hng; l thuyt v hng da trn hnh vi. Mt nhm cc l thuyt coi hng nh mt lin minh ca cc phn nhm m mc ch ca chng vn d mu thun nhau. Xem XEFFICIENCY. 264 Base year Nm gc, nm c s. 265 Benefit-cost ratio T s chi ph-li ch. Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS. 266 Benefit-cost analysis Phn tch li ch chi ph. Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS. 267 Benefit principle Nguyn tc nh thu theo li ch. Mt l thuyt truyn thng v NH THU cho rng gnh nng v thu nn c phn b gia nhng ngi tr thu theo li ch m h nhn c t vic cung cp hng ho cng cng. 268 Benelux Economic Union Lin minh kinh t Benelux. Mt lin minh v hi quan ban u c thit lp do cng c vo nm 1932 gia chnh ph B,Luch Xm Bua v H Lan. T chc hin ti c thnh lp theo hip nh lin minh kinh t Benelux vo nm 1958. 269 Bentham,Jeremy 1748-1832 Mt nh khoa hc x hi ngi anh 270 Bergsonnian Social Walfare Funtion Hm phc li x hi Bergson HM PHC LI X HI Bergson l mt hm gi tr thc m bin s ca n bao gm cc i lng th hin cc mt khc nhau ca tnh trng x hi, thng l o tho dng ca mi c nhn hay mi h gia nh. 271 Bernoulli Hypothesis Gi thuyt Bernoulli. Daniel Bernoulli l mt nh ton hc th k XIX a ra mt li gii cho mt nghch l c ca ngi. Bi ton ny l mt trong s cc bi ton gii thch ti sao cc c nhn s khng tr mt khon cc ln chi tr chi xp nga ca mt ng xu. 272 Bertrand's duopoly Model M hnh lng quyn ca Bertrand. M hnh v mt th trng c hai hng do J.Bertrand a ra nm 1883. 273 Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE)-on s trng tuyn tnh p nht; (c lng tuyn tnh khng chch tt nht) ON S (C LNG S) ny c PHNG SAI nh nht trong tt c cc c lng TUYN TNH v cng khng chch (ngha l gi tr k vng ca n bng vi gi tr tham s thc). Xem GAUSS-MARKOV THEOREM, ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES. 274 Beta Ch s Beta Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c phiu cng vi s bin ng li tc ca ton b th trng chng khon. Page 12
13. 13. 275 Beveridge Report Bo co Beveridge. Bn bo co v chnh sch x hi ca Anh c nhan "Bo him x hi v cc dch v lin kt" do Hun tc William Beveridge chun b cho chnh quyn lin minh thi chin nm 1942. 276 Bias lch. Mc m gi tr k vng ca mt ON S (C LNG S) khc so vi gi tr tham s thc ca n. Xem (BEST LINEAR UNBIASED ESTIMATOR). 277 Bid u thu. Mt ngh tr m mt c nhn hay t chc a ra s hu hoc kim sot ti sn, cc u vo, hng ho hay dch v. 278 Bid-rent function Hm gi thu thu t. Mi quan h ch ra khon tin m mt gia nh hoc hng c th tr s dng mt mnh t nht nh vi cc khong khc nhau so vi trung tm ca mt vng th trong khi vn duy tr mc khng i THO DNG hay L NHUN. 279 Bifurcation Hypothesis Gi thuyt lng cc. Gi thuyt cho rng trong khi mc di do v chi ph TI CHNH NGOI HI l yu t quyt nh quan trng ti u t trong thi k bng n tng trng, cn thu nhp gi vai tr quan trng nht khi suy thoi. 280 Big bang V o ln ln. Mt cm thut ng ph bin dng miu t nhng thay i v cc quy ch London- trung tm ti chnh ca Anh vo thng 10/1986. 281 Big push C y mnh. mt ng gp vo cuc tranh lun din ra vo thp k 1950 v 1960 v vic tng trng cn i hay khng cn i l ph hp nht cho cc nc ang pht trin. 282 Bilateral assistance Tr gip song phng. S tr gip hay vin tr da trn mt tho thun trc tip gia hai nc; khc vi vin tr a phng n t mt nhm cc nc hay t mt t chc quc t. Xem FOREING AID, TIED AID. 283 Bilateral monopoly c quyn song phng. Th trng trong mt ngi mua n c i mt vi ngi bn n c.284 Bilateral trade Mu dch song phng Mu dch, thng l cc ch m phn chnh ph gia hai nc, bng cch mt nc xut khu mt lng hay gi tr hng ho nht nh sang cc nc i tc i ly mt lng hay gi tr hng nhp khu tho thun t nc i tc. 285 Bill Hi phiu. Cng c ngn hn di dng lnh tr yu cu ngi b k 286 Bill broker Ngi mi gii hi phiu. Ngi chuyn chp ni ngi mua v ngi bn hi phiu li vi nhau ly tin hoa hng. Xem DISCUONT HOUSE. 287 Bill of exchange Hi phiu i ngoi. Hi phiu c rt cp tin cho giao dch ngoi thng. 288 Bills only Ch c nghip v hi phiu. Ch thuyt thnh hnh M nhng nm 1950, cho rng khi tham gia vo CC NGHIP V TH TRNG M, H THNG D TR LIN BANG ch tin hnh cc nghip v mua bn hi phiu. iu ny da trn quan im rng bng cc tp trung vo th trng vn ngn hn, nhng nghip v ny s t c nh hng d tnh trc i vi kh nng chuyn hon ca ngn hng vi t xo trn nht i vi th trng ti chnh ni chung. ng thi nhng thay i din ra vi li sut ngn hn s nh hng n cc th trng khc thng qua phng tin "thng thng" ca cc iu chnh danh mc u t ca ngi nc ngoi nm gi. 289 Binary variable Bin nh phn. Mt bin s ch c th c 2 gi tr (v d 0 v 1), thng s dng xc nh nhng nh hng mang tnh nh tnh hay nh lng trong phn tch HI QUY. Xem DUMMY VARIABLE. 290 Biological interest rate Li sut sinh hc. Mt gi tr cho li sut trong thuyt tng trng, trong gia tt c ng TNG TRNG CN I, th TIU DNG theo u ngi co nht t c v duy tr c bng mt ng trn nng sut vn bin (bng T L LI NHUN trong CNH TRANH HON HO) bng t l tng trng khng i ca lc lng lao ng c xc nh bng cch ngoi sinh. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION. 291 Birth rate T sut sinh c nh ngha l s ngi sinh sng st trung bnh trn 1000 dn mi nm. 292 BIS Ngn hng thanh ton quc t Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS 293 Bivariate analysis Phn tch hai bin s Phn tch ch lin quan n hai bin s 294 Black market Ch en Bt c th trng bt hp php no c thnh lp trong mt hon cnh m thng c chnh ph c nh gi mc ti a hoc ti thiu. 295 Bliss point im cc mn; im hon ton tho mn Thng ch CN BNG TIU DNG trong ngi tiu dng hon ton tho mn i vi hng ho c tiu dng v im ny nm trong GII HN NGN SCH ca anh ta. 296 Block grant Tr cp c gi Ni chung l mt khon tr cp khng t cc ca chnh ph cp cho chnh quyn a phng 297 Blue chip C phn xanh Mt cm thut ng ch C PHN hng nht c t ri ro v mt vn. Page 13
14. 14. 298 Blue Book Sch xanh Mt ci tn quen thuc cho n phm ca Cc thng k trung ng bao gm ng ti nhng ti khon chi tiu v thu nhp quc dn hng nm ca Anh. 299 Blue-collar workers Cng nhn c xanh Ngi lao ng tham gia vo cng vic no m v bn cht l lao ng chn tay, v cng khc vi cng nhn c trng.(Xem MANUAL WORKERS) 300 BLUS residuals S d BLUS Cc s d khng chch, tuyn tnh, tt nht v vi mt ma trn hip phng sai v hng 301 Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen Von (1851-1914) Mt nh kinh t hc v chnh khch ngi o. ng l ngi c hoan nghnh nht trong trng phi o. ng b sung mt phn nh hc thuyt ca Menger v Wieser v gi tr v gi c, nhng ng pht trin ton din din bin kinh t trong cng trnh ca mnh v vn v tin li, t tc phm ny ng c ngi ta gi l "nh t sn C.Mc". Trong cng trnh ny ng ng thi xc nh lng hng ho, giai on sn xut, tin lng v tin li. S quan tm c tp trung ch yu vo vn v li. ng gii thch rng, li sut l s tng tc gia S A THCH THEO THI GIAN v HIU SUT U T VT CHT. ng a ra 2 l do: mi ngi mong mun c kh gi hn trong tng lai v h cng nh gi qu thp nhng nhu cu trong tng lai. C hai iu trn lm gim tho dng bin ca hng ho tng lai.Bohm-Bawerk gii thch hiu sut u t vt cht di dng tnh u vit ca phng php sn xut vng trn, v d bt c th dng cn cu hu hiu hn l bt trc tip bng tay. ng cho rng, S VNG VO l hiu qa nhng phi chu mc li tc gim dn. S vng vo c m rng n khi nng sut bin t s ko di cho php cui cng ca qu trnh sn xut bng li phi tr t c cc khon cho hng ho lng ca ngi lao ng ko di qu trnh sn xut. Khi nin s vnh vo l c tnh ca hc thuyt trng phi o v vn, chu rt nhiu tranh ci, v khng c thc o no r rng v n. 302 Bond Tri khon Mc d n c mt s ngha hp hn v chnh xc hn v mt php l, cm thut ng ny c dng chung hn v lng lo hn ch bt c chng khon li sut c nh (n) no, v d: chng khon VIN VNG hay TRI KHON CNG TY. 303 Bond market Th trng tri phiu Cm thut ng ny miu t bt c ni no hoc s giao dch no, trong bt k loi tri khon no c chuyn qua tay: v d r nht l S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON 304 Bonus issue C phiu thng ch c phiu pht hnh bi mt cng ty cho cc c ng hin ti khng phi dui dng mua vn mi m l VN HO d tr. 305 Book value Gi tr trn s sch Cm thut ng ny dng trong k ton. xc nh gi tr trn s sch ca mt c phiu, tt c tqi sn ca cng ty c cng li, tt c cng n v n c tr i, bao gm gi pht mi ca c phiu u i 306 Boom S bng n tng trng GIAI ON M RNG ca CHU K KINH DOANH. Cm thut ng ny ch p dng vi tc i hng i ln nhanh chng no so vi CHIU HNG TRNG K. 307 Borda Count Con tnh Borda Mt h thng v s LA CHN TP TH trong mi c tri xp hng tng v tr trong nhm.(Xem APPROVAL VOTING, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL DECISION RULE, SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION) 308 Boulwarism Ch ngha Boulware Qu trnh thng lng tp th v cc iu khon v iu kin tuyn dng thng l tho hip v nhng b. 309 Bounded rationality Tnh duy l b hn ch. Mt khi nim c H.A.SIMON a ra cho rng mc du cc c nhn c x theo l tr theo s sp t s thch cho d l hon chnh, nht qun v kn k, nhng kh nng thu nhp v x l thng tin ca h li b hn ch, ngha l n b gii hn bi kh nng tnh ton ca tr c con ngi. 310 Bourgeoisie Tng lp trng gi; Tng lp t sn Cm thut ng ny c s dng ch mt b phn ca x hi cng nghip thng th trong cuc cch mng Cng nghip nh ch hng v cc nh chuyn mn. 311 Box-Jenkins Phng php Box-Jenkins. Mt phng php d bo da trn m hnh CHUI THI GIAN ARIMA. 312 Brain drain (Hin tng) chy mu cht xm S di c ca nhng ngui lao ng c trnh v tay ngh t cc nc ngho sang cc nc giu hn. 313 Branch banking Nhip v ngn hng chi nhnh Vic cung cp cc dch v ngn hng thng qua mng li ngn hng chi nhnh s hu bi mt cng ty ngn hng. Page 14
15. 15. 314 Brand loyalty S trung thnh vi nhn hiu S trung thnh v tm l i vi s kt hp biu tng ca mt sn phm c nhn hiu. 315 Break-even analysis Phn tch im ho vn Chi ph sn xut mt hng ho c th chia thnh hai phn chnh: CHI PH C NH v CHI PH KH BIN. t quan im ca ngi k ton v chi ph, s lng doanh thu ti im ho vn l s lng m bo rng tt c chi ph c nh v kh bin u c trang tri mc gi bn c th. 316 Break-even level of income Mc ho vn ca thu nhp Mt im ti chi tiu cho tiu dng ng bng thu nhp nh c minh ho ti im m HM TIU DNG ct ng 45 trong M HNH THU NHP CHI TIU. (Xem CONSUMPTION FUNCTION) 317 Bretton Woods Khu du lch New Hampshire M, ti y Hi ngh ti chnh ca Lin hp quc c t chc vo nm 1944 tho lun vn thanh ton quc t sau chin tranh. 318 Bretton Woods system H thng Bretton Woods. Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. 319 Brooker Ngi mi gii. mt ngha hp l ngi trung gian chp ni ngi bn v ngi mua vi nhau, hoc ngi hot ng nh mt i in cho ngi ny hay cho ngi kia, tin hnh mt giao dch mua bn v nhn tin th lao hoa hng hay mi gii. Tuy nhin, my s trng phi khi nim ny ch ngi mua hoc ngi bn gc, d cch dng ny xut pht t giai on ban u ca ngi mi gii thc s. 320 Brokerage Hoa hng mi gii. Mt khon tin c yu cu bi mt ngi mi gii v thc hin vic mua bn thay mt mt khch hng. 321 Brookings model M hnh Brookings M hnh ny c s dng phn tch cu trc ca CHU K KINH DOANH v cho nh gi CHNH SCH TIN T, TI CHNH v TNG TRNG KINH T. M hnh nh du mt bc quan trng trong vic thng nht nhiu thnh phn khc nhau ca nn kinh t thnh mt quy m ln nhng qun l c, y l mt ct mc trong vic pht trin cc m hnh kinh t lng. 322 Brussels, Treaty of Hip c Brussels Mt hip c h tr ln nhau gia Anh, php v cc nc Benelux k nm 1948. Hip c c xem nh mt bc tin trong nh hng hi nhp ca chu U i trc Hip nh Roma (1957) v s khi u ca CNG NG KINH T CHU U (EEC), ngy nay l cng ng CHU U (EC). 323 Brussels, Treaty of Hip c Brussels (c bit n nh hip c B sung) Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 324 Brussels conference Hi ngh Brussels. Hi ngh tin t quc t c t chc Brussel nm 1920 di s bo tr ca cc nc ng minh, nu ln vn n nh ngoi hi. Xem GENEVA CONFERENCE. 325 Brussels Tariff Nomenclature Biu thu quan theo Hip nh Brussels S phn loi tiu chun hng ho, c chp nhn bi a s cc nc trn th gii, v nhng mc ch v thu quan. 326 Buchanan, James M. (1919-) Nh kinh t hc ngi M t gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1986 v nhng ng gp ca ng i vi l thuyt ra quyt nh chnh tr v S LA CHN CNG CNG. Trong khi l thuyt kinh t truyn thng c th l gia cch thc NHNG NGI TIU DNG v cc nh sn xut ra quyt nh v mua hng ho v CC YU T SN XUT,l thuyt ny li khng cp ti vic a ra quyt nh kinh t trong KHU VC CNG CNG. B nh hng bi M HNH TRAO I T NGUYN CA WICKSELL, Buchanan coi din bin chnh tr nh mt phng tin hp tc t c nhng li th c i c li. ng thi v kt qu ca qu trnh ny s ph thuc vo "lut chi", do Buchanan nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s la chn nhng quy tc t chc ny: Kt qu c th ca cc chnh sch u c th on c v c nh trc bi chnh cc quy tc trn. Buchanan c hn 20 cun sch v 300 bi bo c xut bn. 327 Budget Ngn sch. Mt ngn sch c 3 b phn l B PHN PHN B, B PHN PHN PHI v B PHN T N NH. Chng c kt thnh mt ngn sch v nhng l do v phng din qun l. Mi b phn i hi c phng php qun l ring ca n. 328 Budget deficit Thm ht ngn sch. Chi tiu hin ti vt thu nhp hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu khng trang tri chi tiu ca chnh ph. 329 Budget line ng ngn sch Mt ng trong Khng gian hng ho ch ra nhng t hp m ngi tiu dng c th mua c mc thu nhp nht nh. Page 15
16. 16. 330 Budget surplus Thng d ngn sch. Thu nhp hin ti vt chi tiu hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu vt chi tiu ca chnh ph. 331 Budgetary control Kim sot ngn sch Mt h thng qua kim tra c tin hnh i vi cc ngun thu v chi cho cc mc tiu c nh ra trong ngn sch. Mc ch l khm ph xem kt qu chch hng mc tiu mc no c nhng hnh ng vo thi gian thch hp nhm a cc lung ph hp vi mc tiu mong mun. 332 Budget shares T phn ngn sch. 333 Buffer stocks Kho m, d tr bnh n Cc lng hng ho c d tr khc phc bin ng gi c i vi cc mt hng c bn. 334 Building society Ngn hng pht trin gia c Mt nh ch ti cnh chp nhn cc qu di dng "c phn" v tin gi cho ch s hu vay li hu nh ton b mua nh hoc cn h. 335 Built-in stabililizers Cc chnh sch, cng c n nh ni to. Xem AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS 336 Bullion Thoi Kim loi qu nh vng hoc bc c gi vi s lng ln di dng thi hay thanh. Thoi vng c dng giao dch tin t gia cc quc t gia cc ngn hng v chnh ph. 337 Bulls Ngi u c gi ln. Cc c nhn tin rng chng khon hoc tri khon s tng gi v do mua chng v hy vng c th bn vi gi cao hn sau . Ngi u c gi xung gi l NGI BN KHNG. 338 Bureaucracy, economic theory of L thuyt kinh t v h thng cng chc. M hnh ny gi nh rng cc c quan nh nc s c x nh nhng tc nhn ti a ho ngn sch. Ngn sch ln hn cho php cc cng chc tho mn thch ca mnh v lng, chc tc, bo m vic lm v nhng li ch phi tin t nh quyn lc, danh ting v c hi phn b cc hp ng. 339 Bureaux Vn phng Trong HC THUYT KINH T V S QUAN LIU, nhng t chc phi li nhun c ti tr, t nht mt phn t tr cp nh k v cung ng mt tng sn lng i ly mt ngn sch ch khng phi nhng n v sn phm theo gi. 340 Business cycle Chu k kinh doanh. Xem TRADE CYCLE. 341 Business performance Kt qu kinh doanh. Mc ti mt nghnh t c kt qu hay mc tiu m cc hng thnh vin theo ui. Xem STRUCTURE - CONDUCT - PERFORMANCE - FRAMEWORK). 342 Business risk Ri ro kinh doanh Xem CORPORATE RISK. 343 Buyer concertration S tp trung ngi mua. ch mc m tng giao dch trn mt th trng b thng tr bi mt vi ngi mua ln nht. 344 Buyers' market Th trng ca ngi mua. Mt th trng c c trng l d cung, trong ngi bn v vy phi gp kh khn khi bn tt c sn phm ca h theo gi d kin. 345 Caculus Gii tch. Mt php tnh ca nghnh ton hc lin quan n vic tnh ton cc o hm hay tch phn. 346 Call money Khon vay khng k hn. Cc khon tin m cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU vay t cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr v ngn hng khc London v chng c s dng gi cc danh mc u t ti sn. Rt nhiu khon tin gi ca cc ng tin Chu u cng dng ny. 347 Call option Hp ng mua trc. Mt hp ng cho php la chn mua c phiu vo mt ngy trong tng lai gii hn c nh trc. Xem PUT OPTION, OPTION. 348 Cambridge Equation Phng trnh Cambridge Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY. 349 Cambridge school of Economics Trng phi kinh t hc Cambridge Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc b nh hng ca nhng bi vit v mi lin h vi A.MARSHALL. 350 Cambridge theory of Money L thuyt tin t ca trng phi Cambridge. Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY. 351 CAP Xem COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. 352 Capacity model M hnh cng nng. M hnh gii thch s t l u t c quan h mt thit vi m hnh GIA TC v c bit vi m hnh IU CHNH LNG VN. 353 Capacity untilization Mc s dng cng nng L t l sn lng thc t so vi sn lng tin nng. Xem EXCESS CAPACITY. 354 Capital T bn/ vn. 1)Mt t dng ch mt yu t sn xut do h thng kinh t to ra. 2)Mt t cng c s dng lm thut ng ch cc ti sn TI CHNH. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL, CAPITAL CONTROVERSY, FINANCE. 355 Capital account Ti khon vn. Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT. 356 Capital accumulation Tch l vn. Qu trnh tch lu vn qua u t rng dng. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION 357 Capital allowances Cc khon min thu cho vn. Min thu i vi thu cng ty lin quan n chi tiu cho vn ca hng. Page 16
17. 17. 358 Capital asset Ti sn vn. Mt ti sn khng c mua bn nh mt phn ca cng vic kinh doanh hng ngy. V d: nh xng, my mc, t ai hoc chng khon. 359 Capital asset pricing model M hnh nh gi Ti sn vn. M hnh ra i vo nhng nm 1960 v a ra mt dng c th ca khi nim chung v s nh i gia ri ro v li tc. 360 Capital budgeting Phn b vn ngn sch. Qu trnh phn b vn c th u t cho cc vn d n. 361 Capital charges Cc ph tn cho vn Cc chi ph m cc cng ty v c nhn a vo ti khon ca h tr li vn vay, khu hao ti sn v tr n vay. Xem ANNUAL CAPITAL CHARGE. 362 Capital coefficients Cc h s vn. Xem CAPITAL - OUTPUT RATIO 363 Capital Consumption Allowance Khon khu tr cho s dng t bn. Mc chnh lch gia tng sn phm quc dn (GNP) v sn phm quc dn rng trong khun kh hch ton thu nhp quc dn M. Xem NATION IMCOME 364 Capital Controversy Tranh ci v yu t vn. Mt cuc tranh lun gia trng phi Cambridge (c trung tm ti trng i hc Cambridge, Anh ) v trng phi tn c in ca vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT), Cambridge v tnh xc ng ca cc quan im tn c in v kinh t hc. 365 Capital deepening Tng cng vn. Qu trnh tch lu vn vi tc nhanh hn so vi mc tng trng ca lc lng lao ng. Xem CAPITAL WIDENING. 366 Capital equipment Thit b sn xut, thit b vn. Xem CAPITAL 367 Capital expenditure Chi tiu cho vn. Chi tiu cho t liu sn xut ca cc hng, chnh ph, cc c quan chnh ph hay h gia nh, nhm mc ch thay th vn khu hao hay to vn mi. Xem CAPITAL INVESTMENT. 368 Capital information (capital formation?) S hnh thnh vn. Lng b sung vo DUNG LNG VN sau khi khu hao. Xem INVESMENT. 369 Capital gain Khon li vn. Chnh lc gia gi mua mt ti sn v gi bn li vo mt ngy no m chnh lch ny l dng. 370 Capital gains tax Thu li vn. Thu nh vo s tng thm ca ti sn 371 Capital gearing T trng vn vay Xem GEARING. 372 Capital goods T liu sn xut, hng t liu sn xut. Xem CAPITAL. 373 Capital intensity Cng vn. T s vn so vi lao ng c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut. Xem PRODUCTION FUNCTION. 374 Capital - intensive (ngnh) da nhiu vo vn; s dng nhiu vn. Mt k thut sn xut A c coi l s dng nhiu vn hn so vi k thut tng ng B nu t s vn so vi CC YU T SN XUT khc ca A ln hn B. 375 Capital - intensive economy Nn kinh t da nhiu vo vn. Mt nn kinh t trong a s cc k thut sn xut l s dng NHIU VN.(Xem CAPITAL INTENSITY) 376 Capital-intensive sector Ngnh bao hm nhiu vn Mt ngnh kinh t trong cc k thut sn xut ch yu BAO HM NHIU VN (Xem CAPITAL INTENSITY, CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECHNIQUES, APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY). 377 Capital-intensive techniques Cc k thut da nhiu vo vn Mt phng php sn xut c t trng VN cao hn bt c yu t sn xut no khc. (Xem CAPITAL, FACTORS OF PRODUC-TION). 378 Capital, marginal efficiency of Vn, hiu qu bin ca Xem MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITAL 379 Capitalism Ch ngha t bn Mt h thng chnh tr, x hi v kinh t, trong phn ln l ti sn bao gm ti sn vn c s hu v kim sot bi cc c nhn.(Xem MARKET ECONOMY, MIXED MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE ENTERPRISE). 380 Capitalization T bn ho, vn ha Tng s v c cu VN c phiu ca mt cng ty 381 Capitalization issue C phiu khng mt tin Xem BONUS ISSUE 382 Capitalization rates T l vn ho Mt khi nim lin quan n t trng ca mi loi c phiu hay vn n trong mt cng ty so vi tng VN C PHN trn th trng ca n. 383 Capitalized value Gi tr c vn ho Tr gi c nh cho mt ti sn theo mc li nhun hin ti v li sut th trng hin hnh. 384 Capital-labour ratio T s vn/ lao ng T s m LAO NG v VN c kt hp trong qu trnh sn xut.(Xem INVESTMENT). 385 Capital loss Khon l vn Xem CAPITAL GAIN 386 Capital market Th trng vn L th trng, hay ng hn l mt nhm cc th trng lin quan ti nhau, trong , vn dng ti chnh (tin t) c em cho vay, vay hoc "huy ng" vi cc iu kin khc nhau v trong thi hn khc nhau.(Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES). 387 Capital movements Cc lung di chuyn vn Cc lung vn quc t c th c c nhn hay chnh ph tin hnh Page 17
18. 18. 388 Capital-output ratio T s vn-sn lng T l ca lng vn trn sn lng m vn to ra. (Xem INCREMENTAL CAPITAL- OUTPUT RATIO). 389 Capital rationing nh mc vn c dng xc nh mt tnh hung, trong s hn hp ngn sch v lng tin sn c cho u t v cc d n trn mc rng buc th trng thng thng c quyt nh bi mi lin h gia chi ph vn v li tc d kin. 390 Capital requirements Cc yu cu v vn Vic c tnh cc yu cu v vn l cn thit xc nh T S VN GIA TNG SN LNG, tc l mi lin h gia u t v tng thu nhp nh u t . 391 Capital- reversing Thay i k thut sn xut Vic p dng mt phng php sn xut khi gi tr ca lng vn lin quan v t sut li nhun cng tng ln. 392 Capital services Cc dch v vn Lung dch v qua thi gian bt ngun t dung lng vn thit b (Xem CAPITAL). 393 Capital stock Dung lng vn Tng s T LIU SN XUT trong mt nn kinh t.(Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY) 394 Capital Stock Adjustment Principle Nguyn l iu chnh dung lng vn Mt l thuyt cho rng mc U T RNG l mt phn chnh lch gia DUNG LNG VN mong mun v dung lng vn thc t, n phn nh kh nng iu chnh khng hon ho ti mt mc ti u trong bt c khong thi gian c hn no . (Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE). 395 Capital structure Cu trc vn Thnh phn VN ca mt cng ty (Xem COST OF CAPITAL) 396 Captital tax Thu vn Xem WEALTH TAX 397 Capital theoretic approach Phng php l thuyt qui v vn Mt cch tip cn kinh t hc xem tt c cc ngun lc nh VN , ngha l gi tr hin ti rng ca lung thu nhp tng lai ca chng. 398 Capital theory L thuyt v vn Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY 399 Capital transfer tax Thu chuyn giao vn Thu nh vo vic chuyn giao TI SN p dng Anh t nm 1974 thay th THU BT NG SN v c t tn li l thu tha k nm 1986.Thu chuyn giao vn bao gm thu qu tng cho sut i v thu tha k. 400 Capital turnover criterion Tiu chun quay vng vn Mt tiu chun u t c xut t lu s dng CC NC ANG PHT TRIN. xut ny cho rng cc d n c la chn ph hp vi T S VN GIA TNG - SN LNG ca chng v nhng d n c t s thp nht s c u tin. 401 Capital widening u t chiu rng (m rng vn) Qu trnh tch lu VN tng cng vi tc gia tng LC LNG LAO NG T S VN- LAO NG khng i (Xem CAPITAL DEEPENING) 402 Capitation tax Thu thn Xem POOL TAX. 403 Capture theory L thuyt nm gi. L thuyt v iu tit do Geogre Stigler a ra. V c bn, mt ngnh b iu tit c th thu li t s iu tit bng cch "nm gi" c quan iu tit c lin quan. 404 Captive buyer Ngi / Ngn hng b buc phi mua mt s chng khon va pht hnh. (Nh nc quy nh). 405 Carbon tax Thu Carbon Thu nh vo cc nhin liu ho thch nhm gim lng thi CO2 gim s nng ln ca ton cu. Xem EXTERNALITIES, INTERNALIZATION.406 Cardinalism Trng phi im ho; trng phi chia . Trng phi cho rng THO DNG c th o lng c bng cc n v s m. Xem CARDINAL UNTILITY. 407 Cardinal utility tho dng im ho; tho dng, khong cch gia cc mc tho dng. C th phn bit hai ngha ca cm thut ng ny.1)t c s dng hn l tho dng gn vi mt nhm hng ho c th o c mt cch tuyt i bng n v nh 'util' (mt thut ng c Jevons dng trong thuyt kinh t chnh tr ca ng nm 1871). 2)c s dng rng ri hn, lin quan ch n khong cch gia cc mc tho dng. 408 Cartel Cartel Tho thun chnh thc gia cc hng trong mt th trng c quyn nhm kt hp cc th tc c thng nht v cc bin nh gi c v sn lng. Xem OLIGOPOLY. 409 Cartel sanctions S trng pht ca Cartel Cc hnh pht p t bi cc thnh vin ca Cartel nhm t c s kt dnh vi mc tiu chung ca c nhm. 410 Cash Tin mt. Theo ngha chung nht, thut ng ch tin bao gm TIN MT v TIN GI NGN HNG. 411 Cash balance approach Cch tip cn tn qu. (S d tin mt). Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY. Page 18
19. 19. 412 Cash crops Nng sn thng mi; Hoa mu hng ho/ hoa mu thng mi. Cm thut ng ny ch cc loi hoa mu c nng dn trng bn trn th trng ch khng phi tiu dng trc tip CHO CC MC CH T CUNG T CP. 413 Cash drainage Tht thot / ht tin mt. 414 Cash flow Lung tin, ngn lu, dng kim lu. Tng thu nhp gi li v khon khu hao cn li ca mt hng. 415 Cash flow statement Bn bo co lung tin / ngn lu. 416 Cash limit Hn mc chi tiu, hn mc tin mt. Mt dng kim sot CHI TIU CNG CNG thc hin Anh. 417 Cash ratio T sut tin mt. T s m cc ngn hng duy tr gia s tin mt v tng s tin gi ca chng, v thnh thong c gi l t l d tr tin mt. 418 Casual employment Cng vic tm thi. Tnh trng c vic lm tm thi m khng c gi lm u dn hay hp ng lng. 419 Categorical Tr cp chn lc. Xem GRANT 420 Causality Phng php nhn qu. Mt khi nim ny sinh t vic xem xt cc gi nh ni bt ca m hnh kinh t lng c lng t s hiu chui thi gian m1