Учебник физика 11 класс

1. 11 tiina, 2014 MINISTERUL EDUCAIEI AL REPUBLICII MOLDOVA

2. ISBN 978-9975-67-945-9 Mihai Marinciuc, Spiridon Rusu. 2008, 2014 Traducere: Anatolie Homenco, 2008; Claudia erban, 2008, 2014 ntreprinderea Editorial-Poligrafic tiina. 2008, 2014 CZU 53 (075.3) M 26 Elaborat conform curriculumului disciplinar n vigoare i aprobat prin Ordinul ministrului educaiei (nr. 608 din 06 iunie 2014). Editat din sursele financiare ale Fondului Special pentru Manuale. Contribuia autorilor la elaborarea manualului: Mihai Marinciuc, Spiridon Rusu capitolele II, IV, V. Spiridon Rusu capitolele I, III. Comisia de evaluare: Valeriu Caner, academician, Academia de tiine a Moldovei; Eleodor Lupacu, doctor n fizic, confereniar, Universitatea Agrar de Stat din Moldova; Vladimir Gheu, profesor colar, grad didactic superior, Liceul Teoretic George Meniuc, Chiinu Recenzeni: Mihai leahtichi, doctor n psihologie i pedagogie, confereniar universitar, Universitatea Liber Internaional din Moldova; Alexei Colbneac, maestru n arte, profesor universitar, Academia de Muzic, Tea- tru i Arte Plastice; Tatiana Cartaleanu, doctor n filologie, confereniar universitar, Universitatea Pedagogic de Stat Ion Creang; Ion Geru, doctor habilitat n tiine fizico-matematice, profesor universitar, membru corespondent al AM; Simion Bncil, doctor n fizic, profesor universitar, Universitatea de Stat Alecu Rus- so, Bli Traducere din limba romn: Anatolie Homenco, Claudia erban Redactor: Valentina Rbalchina Lector: Claudia erban Corector: Tatiana Bolgar Redactor tehnic: Nina Duduciuc Machetare computerizat: Anatol Andrichi Copert: Eduard Toac Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naionale a Crii , : 11 ./ , ; trad. din lb. rom.: Anatolie Homenco, Claudia erban; Min. Educaiei al Rep. Moldova. Ch.: .E.P. tiina, 2014 (Tipogr. BALACRON.). 256 p. ISBN 978-9975-67-945-9 53(075.3) ntreprinderea Editorial-Poligrafic TIINA, str. Academiei, nr. 3; MD-2028, Chiinu, Republica Moldova; tel.: (+373 22) 73-96-16; fax: (+373 22) 73-96-27; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; www.stiinta.asm.md DIFUZARE: Republica Moldova: M Societatea de Distribuie a Crii PRO-NOI str. Alba-Iulia, nr. 75; MD-2051, Chiinu; tel.: (+373 22) 51-68-17, 71-96-74; fax: (+373 22) 58-02-68; e-mail: [email protected]; www.pronoi.md Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediii aparin ntreprinderii Editorial-Poligrafice tiina.

3. 1 I. - 1.1. . ......................................... 8 1.2. - . ................................................................................ 10 1.3. . ................................................................................................................ 14 1.4. , - ...................................................................... 16 1.5. - ......................................... 18 1.6. . .............................................................................. 22 1.7. .................................................................... 24 1.8. a. ................................................................................................. 27 . .... 29 . ........................................................................................................... 30 . ........................................................................................................... 32 . - , ... 33 . ................................................. 34 .......................................................................................................... 43 ................................................................................................. 45 II. 2.1. . ................................................................. 47 . ................................................ 48 2.2. ........................................................ 51 2.3. . ......................................... 55 1 , (*), , , .

4. 2.4. a. ....................................................................................... 57 . ................................................................................................................... 59 2.5. . () a. ................................................................................... 68 . . .......................................................... 70 .* ..................................................................................................... 71 2.6. .* ........................................................................... 74 .* ....................................................................................... 76 . . ................................................................ 78 2.7. ............................................... 81 .......................................................................................................... 84 ................................................................................................. 86 III. . 3.1.* .......................................................... 88 3.2.* a. . ..................................................... 89 .* ..................................... 93 . . ............................................... 94 3.3.* a. ............................................................................................................................ 98 . ................................................................................................................... 100 . ............................................................................................................ 101 3.4.* . ..................................................................... 103 3.5.* ................................................. 107 3.6.* a. . ...................................................... 111 . . ................................................................. 114 . . ..................................................................................... 118 3.7.* . ................................ 122 3.8.* . ...................................................... 127 .* ....... 131 .......................................................................................................... 133

5. IV. 4.1. . . ................................................................................................................... 136 4.2. . ............................ 142 4.3. . a. ....................................................... 148 . . ........................................ 150 .* ................................................................................ 153 4.4. ................................................................ 157 4.5. ............................................................... 160 4.6. . a. .......................................................................... 166 . ........................................................ 167 .* ............................................................................................. 169 .* .................................................... 171 4.7. .................................................................................... 175 4.8.* .............. 179 .......................................................................................................... 185 ................................................................................................. 187 V. . 5.1. . a. . ................................................................ 189 . . ........................................................................................................... 190 5.2. a. . ....... 193 . . ........................................ 196 . ............................................................................................ 198 5.3.* . a.* . ................................................................. 205 .* . ................ 206 .* ..................................................................................................................... 207 5.4.* a.* ................. 209 .* ....................................................... 210 1*. ........................................................................................................................ 212

6. 2*. .... 214 5.5. a. ...................................................................................... 215 .* ............................................................... 216 .* .......................................................................... 218 . ..................... 218 .* .......................................................................................................... 220 5.6. a. ................................................................ 224 . . ............................................................................................. 225 . ............................................................. 227 . n-. ...................................................................... 228 . ........................................................................................................................... 230 5.7. a. . ............................................................................................................................ 232 .*. .......................................................................................... 233 . ................................................................................................. 235 5.8. a. ............................................................... 238 . . ...................................................... 241 .* .................................................................................................................................. 243 5.9. a. . . ............................................ 244 .* - ........................................................................................... 246 .......................................................................................................... 249 ................................................................................................. 251 ................................................................................................ 253

7. , . , , , , . :, , . - : - , , .

8. 8 I - 1.1 . ( makrs ), - , . - ( mikrs ), , ,. . - - , , .. , . ( , - , ) . , . , .. - . - (, , ..), . . , . : I

9. 9 , . : ; ..; , - , . , ; () , - .,, . . , , - . , , . . . . , V1, - (p1= 105 a, t1= = 0C), 1 2 V2, p2 t2. , , V1,p1 t1. , . . , - . , 1 1.1 1. , , . , 1 2 , - , . (. 1.1), . , - . . p2 p p1 V2 V1 V0 2 1 . 1.1

10. 10 I 1. ? - . 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. , ? . 6. ? - . 7. - . . 1.2 . , - . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , - (, , , .). , , - (,,,.). (,490430.., , 460370 . . .), , . : , , , . - . . ,, . , , , .

11. 11 , . , - . 1827 , , , - , . , , : , . , .(18791952) (18921987) , . - , . . , 1876 . (18521916) , - , . : , - . , - . . , , . , , , . - , , - e 1.2, s1, s2, ..., sn , s . 1905 (18791955), , - . , (18701942) 19061908 ., 19051906 . (18721917) - . , . 1.2 s s1 s2 sn

12. 12 I . . , - , : . . . .. 1/12 12 C, ...: 1 ... = 1 12 m0C = 1,66 1027 . , () m0 1/12 - m0C 12 C, () Mr. Mr = m0 m0C 1 12 = m0 1a... . (1.1) (1.1), Mr . . , , - 0,012 12 C, ( ). - () NA. . , , - M = 0,012 /, : NA = MC m0C = 12 ... 0,012 = 1 ... 103 = 103 1,66 1027 1 = 6,02 1023 1 . m0 : M = NA m0 = 1 ... 103 Mr 1 ... = 103 Mr . (1.2) v,. m, : v = m M v = N NA , (1.3) N . - (). : 1 = 103 .

13. 13 , - (t = 0C, p = 760 . . = 1,013 105 ) . : VM = 22,42103 = 22,42 . (1.4) . : a) 1 3 ; ) , . e a) (1.3), m - V . , : N = V M NA . (H2O): M = (21 + 16)103 = 18103 . (H2O): = 103 3 . V = 1 3 =109 3 : N = 103 3 109 3 18103 6,021023 1 3,341019 . ) (1.2) : m0 = M NA = 18103 / 6,021023 1 31026 . , : V0 6 d3 , d: d 6V0 3 . , V0 - , = M VM . , V0 = VM NA = M NA

14. 14 I d 6M NA 3 ; d 3,851010 = 0,385 . 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? , ? 4. - ? 5. ? 6. () . 7. ? 8. ? ? 9. (C3H8). 10. (CH4). 11. 2 . - . 12. 200 3 , ? 13. 1 (C2H6) , ? - 1,36 /3 . 14. ,,- 1 . 15. 50 . - ? 16. 0,2 200 2 .,,. 830 /3 . 1.3 . , () (- ). , - . , , F., F.. F = F. + F. .

15. 15 . - ,, - r (. 1.3, ). , F. - r, F. , r. r , , F. F. .- , . - F = F. F. - (F. > |F.|), (F. < |F.|) (. 1.3, ). r = r0, |F.| = |F.| (F = 0), - . r < r0 . r = d, , - . r > r0 - , r = r |F| .r>r|F| . - r = r (c. 1.3, ), - , - 34 . , . . - , , , . r > rm, E = 0. , , , . . 1.3 F. F. F. F. F. F. a) ) ) A A A 2 1 F B B B d r0 r2 r1 B r r r r r E3 E1 E2 E E min F 2 1

17. 17 , - - - , - - . . 1.3, . , E1 |E min |. - , , . (. 1.4, ) , . - , - , . , ,., , . 1. ? 2. . , - . . 1.4 a) ))

18. 18 I 3. - ? . 4. - ? ? 1.5 , , - . . , , , , . , , , . , : () , - ; - , () - ; () , - , . , - . / , . . , , , . , N - m0 l. , (, ). , - v1 (. 1.5). F1x,- F'1x, .F'1x - : v1 v1 l x z y . 1.5

19. 19 F'1x = , (m0)1x t t- . , - , , m0v1x m0'1x, '1x = 1x = | 1x |. , - (m0)1x =m0'1x m01x =2m01x =2m0 |1x | , F'1x = . 2m01x t - F1x = F'1x(|F1x| = |F'1x|) . N1 . 1x, |F1x|, t, >> t: 1x = 2m0| 1x| . N1 N1 L , - . L = |1x|, , 2l, N1 = |1x| 2l , : 1x = 2m0 1x = . | 1x| m02 1x 2l l , - . . , - , 1x. ( ) , , , .. , , . - , N , : x = 1x + 2x + ... + Nx = (2 1x + 2 2x + ... + 2 Nx). m0 l (1.5) (1.5) - 2 x. , 2 1x + 2 2x + ... + 2 Nx = N = N2 x 2 1x + 2 2x + ... + 2 Nx N (1.5) :

20. 20 I x = N2 x m0 l . (1.6) , , x, y z , 2 x = 2 y = 2 z. 2 = 2 x + 2 y + 2 z, 2 = 32 x 2 x = 3 2 . , , , : = N . m0 l 3 2 (1.7) , p = F/S. (1.7) , S = l2 , : p = = = nm0 , 1 1 1 3 3 3 Nm0 Nm0 l3 V 2 2 2 (1.8) l3 = V , n= N V , - . T = 2 . , m02 2 = . . (1.8) : p = 2 3 n .. (1.9) . - . , : - , . , , , - , . . II. ,- . - , . , , . , . . . (18221888),

21. 21 1 V = 1 100 - . : a) ; ) . a) - (1.9) . = = . 3p0V3p0 2N2n (1.3) N = NA m M , : . = ; . 1 1023 . 3Mp0V 2mNA ) : . = N . = p0V; . 150 . 3 2 2 . , 700 , 3,01 1025 3 ? . , S , p = = , F N F1 S S F1 , - , N . . F1 - : F1t = (m0) = 2m0, : p = 700 a, n = 3,01 1025 3 , M=28 103 / : 7 105 a ? / : V = 1 , m = 100 , M = 4 103 , p0 = 105 : 103 3 , 101 a) . ?; ) E. ?

22. 22 I m0 , , (1.2), NA = 6,02 1023 1 , m0 = / NA. t , - ,t.,N N = nS t. , , p = nSt 2m0 St = 2nm02 = 2nM2 NA , : = = = 500 . pNA 7 105 6,02 1023 2nM 2 3,01 1025 28 103 1. . ? 2. - . 3. . 4. 3 , 5 3 5 105 a? 5. 1 3 , 103 a, - 500 /. 6. 2 . ? 7. , 1026 3 , () = 600 /? 8.* 6,02 2 . , , 1 000 /, 1020 3 . 1.6 . , - . , - , , . , , , - . - - .,,, .. . , , .1 > .2. , . , ,

23. 23 , . , - . , .. .1 = .2. , . - . , , , . , . 1848 , (18241907) , ( ). , , - . . . , , . . . . , - , . , - 0 , - 0 = 1,013 105 . - ; , , 100 . 100 , . . 1.8, , 273,15 . - , , F , C , K - 212100373 320273 4592730 . 1.6

24. 24 I t ( ) = 273, = t ( ) + 273. (1.10) , , . o F. 32 F, 212 F. 180 . , - 180/100 = 9/5 . 0 32 F, : t(C) = 5 9 (TF 32), TF = 9 5 t(C) + 32. (1.11) 1.6 , . 1. - . - ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. , . ? 6. ? - ? 7. 95 F. ? 1.7 - , - , , . (18441906) , - : . = = kT, m02 2 3 2 (1.12) k = 1,38 1023 K , . , (1.12) , , . - , .

25. 25 , (1.12) (1.9), - : p = nkT. (1.13) , . (1.13) , , ( p0 = = 1,013 105 t = 0 C T = 273 K), - . . , - ( , ), . , () n= N V , (1.13) : pV = NkT. (1.14) (1.3): N= NA = NA . m M (1.15) (1.15) (1.14), : pV = NAkT = NAkT. m M R = NA k = 6,023 1023 1,38 1023 = 8,31 K 1 K . , . 1,8, , , . , pV = RT = RT. m M (1.16) - . (1.12) , - . - - () . (1.12), : T = 2 = 3kT m0 . m0 = M NA , kNA = R, : T = 3RT M . (1.17) .

26. 26 I , , : . , 300 (1.17) 483 /, 1368 /. 1 , - p = 105 a, - T = 2 000 /. (1.8) : n = 3p m02 T . m0 = M/NA (MHe = 4103 /, NA = 6,021023 1 ), : n = 3pNA M02 T ; n = 1,131025 3 . 2 27 . , 40 % , 50 . - ? (1.16) ( ) : p1V = RT1, p2V = RT2. m1 m2 M M , : = . p1 T1m1 p2 T2m2 t = T, T2 = T1 T. , . . = =1 , m m2m1m2 m1 m1m1 : t1 = 27 C, m m1 = 0,4, t = 50 C : 300 K, 50 K p1 p2 ? : p = 105 a, = 2 000 / n ?

27. 27 = . 1 m m1 1 m1 m2 , : = = = 2. p1 300T1 p2 (1 0,4)(300 50)m 1 (T1 T) m1 1. - ? 2. ? . 3. ? 4. ( ). 5. ,- 4,14 1020 . 6. 0C 493 /. - ? 7. , 5105 a, - 600 /. 1.8 . p, V, t , : (t = const); (p =const) (V = const). . - - , 1.7. - (- )1, 2. 3, - - . 4, - 1 3 7 2 5 4 6 . 1.7

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Учебник физика 11 класс