ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း

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1/ yxryifvHknDvmcH

2/ yifvHk&Icif;(1947)

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8/ uRefawmfrarhEdkifaom q,fhudk;Zlvdkif

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10/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\pmayvuf&mrsm;

11/ tpfruvdrfajymwmudk; qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

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14/ twdwfrSt&dyfrsm;

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wuúodkvfae0if;


pdf

www.myanmarcupid.net

MATRIX





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pma&;olÄ Ä Ä


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And Rule)pepftwdkif;yif ppfNyD;acwfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm; aoG;cJGtkyfcsKyf&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuygonf/,if;tajctaewGif ]]1946-ckESpf yxr yifvHknDvmcH}} [kac:aom tpnf;ta0;jzpfvmcJhygonf/wdkif;&ifom; vlrsdK;pkrsm;teuf vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfaom &Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtay:

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tqdkyg yxryifvHknDvmcH tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&ef zdwfpmrsm;udk vJcsm;? rdkif;udkif?rdkif;aemif? oxHke,f&Sif paom apmfbGm;rsm;trnfjzifh jzefYcsDa0iSaomfvnf; pifppf olwdkYaemufrS BudK;udkifolrsm;um; ]]e,fjcm;a'otkyfcsyfa&;Xme}} Frontier Areas Administration rS e,fcsJUvufyg;apbk&ifcH\MoZmcHrsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm;jzpfonf/

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Ä Ä Ä


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vHk;0 ratmifjrifcJhygacs/Ä Ä Ä

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[lí NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ ]]pdefac:csuf}}udk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; &J0HhpGmyifvufcHum wu,fyif(24.2.1947)aeY yifvHknDvmcHü pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;pmcsKyfBuD;udk atmifjrifpGmvufrSwfa&;xdk;jyvdkufjcif;aMumifhomvQif (12.2.1947)aeY 'kwd,yifvHknDvmcHBuD;u yxryifvHknDvmcH (1946)udk arS;rSdefaysmufuG,foGm;atmif ordkif;t& vTrf;rdk;oGm;EdkifcJhjcif;omjzpfygownf;/

Ä Ä Ä







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xdkYaeYum; 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeYwnf;/Ä Ä Ä

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aeYwpfaeY jzpfaeonf/ taMumif;rlum; xdkaeYonf UNIONac: jynfaxmifpkyHkpHjzifh vGwfvyfaomArmEdkifiHawmfjzpfay:aponfh ordkif;0if yifvHknDnGwfa&;pmcsKyfBuD; vufrSwfa&;xdk;Mu&rnfhaeY yifjzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/

xdkaeY(12.2.1947)aeY eHeufcif;u yifvHkNrdKUuav;\&Icif;rSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh twdkif;aomwmvuFm&aw;wpfyk'fjzpfaom ]]&0defa'gif,OfysH}}ywfysdK;oD;csif;rS ]]ESif;aiGusH . . .avjyefavmif;vdkY}}csDtydk'fxJuvkd aiGESifhrIefrIefjzifh om,mMunfEl;zG,faumif;aevifhupm; uRefawmf\pdwfxJwGifrl yifvHknDnGwfa&;pmcsKyfBuD; atmifjrifpGm vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;onf htcsdefra&mufao;ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufauseyfjcif; rjzpfEdkifao;bJ obm0rdcifu txl;wvnfjc,frIef;ay;xm;onfh yifvHk&Icif;vSyrI t&omudkaumif;pGmrcHpm;EdkifbJ jzpfaeygonf/

apmapmydkif;u csDwHkcswHkESifh awGa0aeol vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmif(&Srf;apmbGm;ESifh ucsif'l0g)tcsdKYonf,refaeY(11.2.1947)naebufu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ &Sif;jycsufudk oabmwlvufcHcJhMuaomfvnf;aemufwpfaeY (12.2.1947)eHeuf wu,fwrf;pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;&csdefwGif vufrSwfxdk;Muyghrvm;[kpdk;&drfaerdygonf/

Ä Ä Ätxl;wpfvnf pDrHaqmifvkyfxm;aom pmcsKyfvufrSwfxkd;Murnfh r@yfBuD;twGif;odkY AdkvfcsKyf

acgif;aqmifaom uRefawmfwdkYjynfrrS Armudk,fpm;vS,fckESpfOD;pvHk;a&muf&Sdaecsdeftxd uRefawmfonfpdwfxJrSBudwfí pdk;&drfaeqJjzpfygonf/


xdkYjyif yifvHkpmcsKyfjzpfajrmuf&ef rnfolrS pdwful;,Oftdyfrufyif rrufMuaomtcsdefrSpíAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ]]jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf&Sifoefxufjrwfa&;? wdkif;&ifom;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;}}txl;BudK;pmwnfaqmifcJhyHkrsm;udkyg jyefvnfowd&jrifa,mufaerdygonf/

1942-ckESpfu om"uwpfckudkwifjyvdkygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ]]Adkvfrdk;BudK;}}ac: *syefAdkvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD;(&JabmfoHk;usdyftm; ppfynmoifMum;ay;cJhonfh ]]rDemrDuDuef}}tzJGUtBuD;tuJ)wdkYOD;pD;uGyfuJaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;(bDtdkifat)wyfrawmfESifh *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf wyfr[m(33)wdkYyl;wJGppfaMumfi;onf &efukefNrdKYawmfudk 1942-ckESpf rwfv 8&ufaeYu atmifjrifpGmodrf;ydkufEdkifcJaMumif;udk ,aeY vlBuD;ydkif;t&G,f yk*¾dKvfrsm;u rSwfrdMurnfxifygonf/

NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfrsm;onf &efukefNrdKYudk pGefYcGmaemufqkwfajy;cJhaomfvnf; cHppfoabmqufvufwdkuf&if; qkwfaeojzifh bDtdkifatwyfrsm; txufArmEdkifiHodkY qufvufcsDwuf&eftwGufppfonftiftm; rvHkravmufjzpfaeygonf/ xdkpOfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwGif tiftm; oHk;axmifcefYom&Sdojzifh aemufxyfppfonftiftm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;jznfhwif;&efvdkae&m oefpGrf;aomvli,frsm;tm; ]]bDtdkifat}}wyfrawmfodkY 0ifa&muftrIxrf;&eftwGuf ppfom;opfpkaqmif;&efpDpOfygonf/ &orQppfom;opfrsm;tm; &efukefrSmyif tjrefavhusifhoifMum;ay;NyD; txufArmEdkifiHodkY qufvufcsDwufwdkufcdkuf&ef&nf&G,fygonf/

,if;odkY ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;twGuf pnf;&Hk;vIHUaqmfcsufpmwrf;wpfapmifudk 1942-ckESpf rwfv31&ufaeYu AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifrlMurf;a&;NyD; &efukefta&SUydkif;? AdkvfcsKyfvrf;(a&ausmf)&Sd Armydkif t*Fvdyfowif;pm ]]e,l;bm;rm;}} owif;pmwdkufwGif apmifa& tajrmuftjrm;yHkESdyfí jzefYa0cJhygonf/

pmwrf;atmufwGif ]]AdkvfcsKyf AdkvfawZ? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf}} [k AdkvfcsKyf\ trnf0Sufudkazmfjyxm;ygonf/

,ifpmwrf;wGif tydk'f(10)ydk'fyg&Sd&m þaqmif;yg;ESifhwdkuf&dkufoufqdkifaom tydk'f(6)ESifh tydk'f(8)wdkYudkom xkwfEIwfazmfjyvkdygonf/

(6) ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf Armwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrIU&&SdatmifBudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufrnfjzpf\/ vGwfvyfa&;vdkvm;olwdkY wpnf;wvHk;wnf; &Sdatmifvkyfrnfjzpf\/

(7) ArmvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf &Srf;? csif;? ucsifpaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifhwpfaoG;wnf; wpfpdwfwnf;&Sd\/ Armwdkif;&ifom;tm;vHk; wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;&&Sdaprnfjzpf\/

pmwrf;\ aemufqHk;tydk'fwGif ]]xdkYaMumifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfodkY tvHk;t&if;ESif 0ifMuavmh}}[ktqHk;owfxm;ygonf/

pmwrf;ta&;tom;udkavhvmMunfhygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ 0goemtwdkif;? 0guwnfaqmufyHkESifh wdkwdkESifhvdk&if;udk wdusjywfom;pGma&;xm;yHkudk owdjyKrdrnfjzpfNyD; ol\ pdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh p&dkufudkay:vGifaprnfjzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif AdkvfcsKyf\ ]]jynfaxmifpkpdwf"gwf}}ESifh wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk t"dtiftm;tjzpf wnfaqmufvdkpdwfudkyg xdktcsdeftcg 1942-ckESpfuyif xif&Sm;apcJhygonf/

1942-ckESpf {NyDvqef;wGif jrpf0uRef;ay:a'oüjzpfyGm;cJhaom u&if-Arm y#dyu©ta&;tcif;ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmrnfhtEÅ&m,fudkjrifol AdkvfcsKyfonf ol\OD;aqmifvrf;nTefrIjzifh u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhem;vnfrI,lum Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk rjzpfrae&&SdatmifBudK;pm;cJhonf/


1943-45 ESpftwGif; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk vli,frsm;udk pnf&Hk;NyD; ArmhwyfrawmfwGif 0ifa&muftrIxrf;apcJhyHk? ppfNyD;acwf 1945 wGifvnf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJYorm;xHrS vGwfvyfa&;udk wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;tiftm;jzifh r& &atmif,lrnfudk tBudrfBudrfa<uaMumfcJhNyD; 1947-ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvqef; 2&ufaeYu t*FvefEdkifiHodkY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qdk&ef c&D;xGufcsdefrwdkifrD&ufydkif;rsm;txd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm; aexdkif&ma'otESHYtjym;odkY tyifyef;cHoGm;a&mufa[majympnf;&Hk;cJhyHkpaom twdwfrS t&dyfrsm;udk uRefawmfonf yifvHkNrdKY&Sd r@yfBuD;twGif; xdkifae&if; jyefajymif;pOf;pm;aerdygonf/

AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifuawmh ,refaeY (11.2.1947)aeY naeu vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;ajymjyNyD;csdefrSpí olwnfaqmuf&ef arQmfrSef;xm;onfh ]]jynfaxmifpkBuD;}} {uefrkcs taumiftxnfay:vmawmhrnf[k wpfxpfcs ,HkMunfxm;[efjzifh rsufESmxm;&Tifvef;aeyHk&ygonf/

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20/ OD;vSLrIef (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? zvef;)21/ OD;aomifZmckwf (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? wD;wdef)22/ OD;0rfudka[m (csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? [m;cg;)

Ä Ä ÄuRefawmfhtaejzifh apmapmu pdk;&drfrdjcif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom Armudk,fpm;

vS,ftzJGU NAdwdefEdkifiHodkYoGm;í vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;ta&;qdkaecdkuf Armjynf&Sd awmifwef;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;XmerS rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm;? omoemjyKq&mta,mifaqmif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufyg;aprsm;u wdkif;&ifom;vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh pnf;&Hk;um aoG;cJGrIaMumifh &Srf;ESifh ucsifacgif;aqmiftcdsKYawGa0aeojzifh yifvHkpmcsKyfwu,fvufrSwfa&;xdk;Murnfh (12.2.1947)aeYwGif vufrSwfrxkd;bJaeMurnfudk pdk;&drfrdjcif;jzpfygonf/

odkY&mwGif (11.2.1947)aeYu AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif &Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;csufudk tm;vHk;oabmaygufvufcHvdkufMuojzifh NAdwdoQwdkY arQmfvifhovdkrjzpfbJ yifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;yJG xajrmuf atmifjrifoGm;cJhygonf/

wpfenf;tm;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyf\acgif;aqmifrIudk vufcHvsuf]],leD,H}} UNIONac: jynfaxmifpkyHkpHjzifh vGwfvyfaom or®wEdkifiHawmfopfudk wnfaxmifvdkufMuonfhoabmyifjzpfonf/

ESpfy&dapä'tm;jzifh(48)ESpfyifMumoGm;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; 1947-ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYu]]yifvHk&Icif;}}udk jyefvnfowd&jrifa,mifaerdygownf;/ /

aMu;rHk^12.2.1995Ä Ä Ä






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Downing Street)wGif pwifaqG;aEG;cJhonfudkvnf;aumif; csefvSyfxm;vdkufygu NyD;jynfhpHkrnfr[kwfacs/

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,if;odkY aqG;aEG;yJGwGif pwifta&;qdkaeqJrSmyif taESmifht,Suf? txpftaighwpfckay:vmawmhonf/

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Ä Ä ÄxkdtawmtwGif; *syefppfzuftmPmydkifwdkY\wm0efay;csuft& (aemifwGif Armemrnf

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Ä Ä Ä


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Ä Ä ÄwdkusKdNrdKYwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD; ]qlZluD;}onf ocifatmifqef;qdkoltm;pdwf0ifpmrdojzifh avhvmtuJ

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pwdkifopf(rwfv 1995)Ä Ä Ä





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ol\ar;cGef;rSm-

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Ä Ä ÄAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh ]]ocifatmifqef;}}ESifhwuG ppfBudKacwfe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;acgif;

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t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh AdkvfcsKyfa&;om;cJhaom ,if;pmwrf;\acgif;pOfrSm THE RESISTANCE

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Ä Ä ÄAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYtm; ppfynmavhusifhoifMum;ay;a&;udk

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Ä Ä Äxdktcsdefü ta&SYtm&SwGif ppfruftiftm;tBuD;qHk;jzpfaom *syefEdkifiHonf xdkif;EdkifiHESifh r[mrdwf

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pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;(arv-1995)Ä Ä Ä





1946-ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfNyD;acwfwyfrawmfudk OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkaoemywdcsKyf a&wyfAdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]armifhbufwif}\urf;vSrf;csufudk vufrcHbJ wdkif;jynfvHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&efudkom t"duOD;pm;ay;awmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/

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,if;tajctaewGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tBuHwpfck&vmonf/ ol\tBuHu ArmEdkifiHonfjAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufatmufuRefoabmufb0rSvGwfajrmufNyD; vHk;0vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifEdkifiHjzpfcsdefwefygNyD[k urÇmuodatmif a<u;aMumfwifjyvdkjcif;yifjzpfygonf/


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xdktcsdefu ola&G;cs,fxm;aom pmrlrsm;rSm-À a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,HnDvmcH obmywdrdefYcGef; (1946)/À ]zqyv} tzGJUcsKyf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU oHk;vywfñSdEdIif; tpnf;ta0;rS obmywdrdefYcGef;ESpfck/À rlvu *syefESifh yl;aygif;cJhNyD;umrS bmhaMumifh 1945-ckESpfwGif *syefudk jyefvnfawmfvSef&aMumif;

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pmtkyf\trnfudkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif a&G;cs,fcJhonfum; BURMA'S CHALLENGE

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þodkY ajymNyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf csufcsif;yif ol\udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådtusOf;udk t*FvdyfvdkrlMurf;a&;om;&m uRefawmfu t*FvdyfvufESdyfpufjzifh tacsm&dkufay;&ygonf/

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Ä Ä ÄAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrnfh (i,ftrnf ]armifxdefvif;})udk rauG;wdkif; ewfarmufNrdKYü

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a&S;OD;pGm ewfarmifNrdKY Armausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;NyD; qufvufí a&eHacsmif;NrdKY ]ae&Sife,f}ac: trsdK;om;ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUynmqnf;yl;cJh&m ][dkufpul;}ac: q,fwef;atmifNyD;aemuf &efukefwuúodkvfodkYoGm;í txufwef;ynm&yfrsm;qnf;yl;cJhonf/

wuúodkvfwGif bDat(0dZÆm)bJGUudk tvG,fwulyif qGwfcl;atmifjrifcJhonf/ bDatatmif&mübmom&yftwJGtm;jzifh t*Fvdyfpmay? rsufarSmufacwfordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;odyÜHynmbmomwJGudk,líatmifjrifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

wuúodkvfbJGU&NyD;aemuf bDt,fvfac: Oya'bJGU,l&ef acwåqufwufcJhygao;onf/ rlvuyifÓPfynmxufjrwfoljzpfí ynm&nfcRefqkrsm;? paumvm;&Spf(ynmoifqk)rsm;&&SdcJh&m t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxufwGif txl;wdk;wufBuD;yGm;Edkifrnfh tvm;tvmrsm;pGmaumif;oljzpfygaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;udktvGef0goemyg pdwf0ifpm;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHt0Sef;xl;cRefausmfMum;aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif jzpfvmjcif;wdkYu ol\ udk,fa&;udk,fwmtusdK;pD;yGm;wdk;wufatmifjrifrIudk t[kefYtwm;jzpfapcJhygonf/

(rSwfcsuf/ /ol\ i,femrnf odkYr[kwf Zmwmemrnfu paeom;jzpfí armifxdefvif;[k ay;cJhaomfvnf; ol\ tpfudkvwf udkatmifoef;trnfESifh um&efvdkufatmif ]atmifqef;}[k ajymif;cJh&mrSaeYeHrudkufaom ]atmifqef;}[líom awmufavQmuftwnfjzpfcJhygonf/

jrefrmjyefol)wuúokdvfausmif;om;b0wGif udkatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;xk\ tcGifhta&;ESifh &ydkifcGifhrsm;

&&Sda&;twGuf tvGefjyif;xefwuf<upGmta&;qdkcJhojzifh ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif wuúodkvftmPmydkifwdkYuolYtm; ausmif;rS xkwfy,fypf&ef Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;cHcJh&\/ xdkYjyif wuúodkvfü oHk;ESpfwdwd ynmqufoifhcGifh ydwfyifonfh trdefYwpf&yfxkwfjyefcJh&m ,if;trdefYonfyifvQif 1936-ckESpfwuúodkvfoydwfESifhwuG wpfEdkifiHvHk;ul;pufysHUyGm;cJhaom ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;jzpfay:&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfcJhygonf/

,if;wuúodkvfoydwfta&;awmfyHkaMumifh udkatmifqef;tzdkY qufvufynmoifMum;&mü tcsdefwpfESpfwdwd tv[óukefqHk;cJh&ygonf/

&efukefwuúokdvfwGif&SdpOf udkatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;ü tvGefwuf<upGmyg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/ txl;tm;jzifh wuúokdvfor*¾\tmabmfr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf;aumif;?&efukefwuúokdvfor*¾\ 'kwd,OuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/

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1938-ck ESpfqef;u &efukefwuúodkvftufOya'(UNIVERSITY OF RANFOON ACT)jyifqifa&;aumfrwD (AMENDMENT COMMITTEE)wpf&yfudk tpdk;&uzJGUpnf;cJh&m udkatmifqef;onf,if;aumfrwDü wuúokdvfausmif;om;u udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfyg0if&ef a&G;cs,fwm0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf/,if;aumfrwD\ aqmif&GufrIaMumifh txdkuftavsmufwdk;wufaom ]wuúodkvfOya'}wpf&yfjzpfay:vmNyD; (xdkacwf) Oya'jyKvTwfawmfutwnfjyKay;cJhygonf/


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1938-ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif udkatmifqef;onf wufvufp bDt,fvf Oya'bJGYoifwef;udkqufvufrwufawmhbJ vHk;0xGufvdkufNyD; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tcsdefjynfhEdkifiHa&;vkyf&ef qHk;jzwfvsuf xdktcsdefu twuf<uqHk; trsdK;om;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefqHk;EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfaom ]wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;} (ocifygwD)odkY0ifvdkufygonf/

,if;odkY ygwD0ifvdkufcsdefrSpí ocifatmifqef;onf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhav&m 1940jynfhESpf Mo*kwfvtxdyifjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefwGif tpdk;&u olYtm;zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwfjcif;cH&ygonf/ odkYaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufwdkufyJG0ifEdkif&ef tzrf;rcHbJ udk,fa,mifazsmufum ]ajrvQdK;}oGm;cJhavonf/

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ocifatmifqef;onf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m awmifolv,form;tpnf;t&Hk;\ tvkyftrIaqmifwpfOD;tjzpfvnf; wm0ef,lcJhao;onf/ xdkYjyif 1939-40ckESpftwGif;u ArmhvGwfvyfa&;r&&atmifpkaygif;wdkufyJG0if&ef pdwftm;xufoefol tiftm;pkrsm;? ygwDrsm;pkpnf;vsuf FREEDOM BLOCac:]ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPfBuD;}udk a'gufwmbarmfESifhtwl yl;aygi;zJGUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf/

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olonf wdkusdKNrdKYwGif oHk;vceYfaeNyD;aemuf 1941-ckESpfqef;wGif ArmEdkifiHodkYvQdKY0SufpGmjyef0ifvmcJhygonf/ &nf&G,fcsufum; *syefwdkYua&;qJGay;aom pDrHcsufudk ArmEdkifiHrS EdkifiHa&;&Jabmfrsm;xHwifjyaqG;aEG;&efyifjzpfonf/ ocifatmifqef;onf &efukefwGifMumMumraebJ ppfynmvQdKY0SufpGmavhusifhoifMum;rnfh Armvli,fwpfpktm; wdwfwqdwfac:,lí wdkusdKNrdKYodkY jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;jyefygonf/ ,if;odkY ppfynmvQdKU0SufpGmavhusifhoifMum;NyD;aemuf xkdvli,frsm;uyif acgif;aqmifí Armjynf&SdNAdwdoQwdkYtm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&efjzpfavonf/

Ä Ä ÄppfynmvQdKY0SufpGm avhusifhoifMum;NyD;aemuf ocifatmifqef;onf 1941-ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; *syefacwf vGwfvyfa&;ESpfywfvnfaeYwGif *syeftpdk;&u(First Class

Order of Sacred Treasure)ac: bJGYxl;*kPfxl;wpfck xyfrHcsD;jr§ifhjyefygonf/ odkY&mwGif vGwfvyfa&;ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;wpfckwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ,ck&&SdaomvGwfvyfa&;onf ]twkta,mif}omjzpfaMumif; *syefqefYusifa&;rdefYcGef;wpf&yf bGif;bGif;BuD;ajymMum;vdkufojzifh ,if;rdefYcGef;onf wdkusdKNrdKY xdyfwef;tpdk;&&yfuGufwdkifatmifyif *,uf&dkufoGm;cJhaMumif; owif;rsm;ay:xGufvmcJhygonf/

Ä Ä ÄAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1943-ckESpfrSpí *syefqefYusifa&;vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfajrmufatmif BudK;pm;cJh&m

1944-ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif ]zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzJGUcsKyf}udk vQdKY0SufpGmzJGYpnf;EdkifcJhygonf/ AkdvfcsKyftaejzifh 1943-ckESpfukefydkif;avmufwGif r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkXmecsKyfESifh vQdKY0SufpGmqufoG,frdNyD;aemuf 1945-ckESpf rwfv 27&ufaeYwGif zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;tm; twdtvif;wdkufcdkufonfh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;BuD;udk OD;aqmifcJhygonf/

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NAdwdoQa&wyfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;(r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk aoemywdcsKyf) avmh'farmifhbufwif u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; ]b&Da*;'D;,m *sife&,f}ac: AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mxl;jzifh ppfNyD;acwf wyfrawmfudk OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef urf;vSrf;ygaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfu vufrcHbJ ol\vufaxmufwpfOD; (Adkvfvufsm)tm; a&G;cs,faxmufcHay;vdkufonf/ oludk,fwdkifurl wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf qufvufBudK;yrf;vIyf&Sm;&efwyfrSxGufvdkufonf/

1945-ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzJGUcsKyf\OuúXjzpfvmNyD; 1946-ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGifusif;yaom jynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHBuD;(a&Twd*HknDvmcH)üvnf;EdkifiHtESHtjym;rS vlxkudk,fpm;vS,fwpfaxmifhoHk;&mausmfwdkYu xyfrHí zqyvtzJGUcsKyfOuúXtjzpf xyfrHtwnfjyKa&G;cs,fwifajr§mufcJhMuonf/

1945ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif NAdwdoQbk&ifcHu ol\ trIaqmifaumifpD(0efBuD;tzJGY)wGifyg0if&ef yk*¾dKvf(11)OD;trnfwifoGif;&efurf;vSrf;cJhaomfvnf; bk&ifcHuowfrSwfaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;udkrauseyfojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf vufoifhrcHcJhacs/

okdU&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OuúXjzpfaom zqyvtzJGUcsKyftm; jynfolwpf&yfvHk;u wpfcJeufaxmufcHtm;ay;aeMuojzifht*Fvef&Sd NAdwdoQtpdk;&udk,fwdkifu ygvDrefvTwfawmfwGif zqyvtzJGUcsKyftm; vlxk\t<uGif;rJhaxmufcHrIudk twdtvif;0efcH&onfhjyif Armjynfbk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpDwGif;odkY zqyvtzJGUcsKyftaejzifh0ifa&mufvmyg&ef tjrJwap]wHcg;zGifhxm;vsuf}yif&SdygaMumif; aMunmcJh&ygownf;/ /

pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;(Zefe0g&Dv-1996)Ä Ä Ä





]]aysmufaomol &SmvQifawGUaoaomol MumvQifarh}}þum; ArmvlrsdK;wdkYajymaeus qdk&dk;pum;yifjzpfonf/a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefuefaom qdk&dk;pum;vnf;jzpfyg\/txl;ojzifh tcsdefumvMumjrifhvmaomf aoaomoltm;wjznf;jznf;arhavsmhum aemufqHk;

vHk;vHk;owdr&awmhaom tajctaejzpfvmwwfonf/þodkYvQif a,bk,stm;jzifhrSefuefaom qdk&dk;pum;ESifhywfoufí cRif;csufawmh&Sdaeygonf/,if;cRif;csufum; vGefcJhaom(48)ESpf 1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv(19)&uf paeaeYu jzpfyGm;cJhaom

Armhordkif;wGif tvGeft&kyfqdk; tusnf;wefNyD; rnfodkYrS azsmufzsufypfí r&EdkifonfhtpGef;txif;? trnf;uGufBuD; (odkYr[kwf) EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD; jzpf&mrS trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG taygif;ygtmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; twHk;t½kH;ESifh a&wdrfepf usqHk;cJhjcif;onf tcsdefumvrnfrQyifMumjrifhapumrl arhaysmufír&Edkifonfh cRif;csufjzpfonf[k qdkcsifygownf;/

txl;ojzifh (19-7-47)aeYu jzpf&yfESifhwuG ,if;jzpf&yfrwdkifrD wpfvtwGif;;u jzpf&yfrsm;udkteD;uyfod&SdcJh&ol uRefawmftzdkY rarhEdkif½kHru jyif;pGm emusnf;aMuuGJjcif;? ,lBuHKr&jzpfjcif;? ajzrq,fEdkifatmif ylaqG;0rf;enf;jcif; paom pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI'Pfudk ESpfpOf Zlvdkifv eD;uyfvmwdkif; tvl;tvJcHpm;


&wwfygonf/bmaMumifh þodkYqdk&aMumif;udkvnf; ,ck qufvufazmfjyvwåHUaom taMumif;jycsufrsm;u

tajzay;Edkifvdrfhrnf xifygonf/Ä Ä Ä

1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifvqef;wGif ]bDtdkat} ac: NAdwdoQppfwyfyifr vufeufcJ,rf; odkavSmifa&;wyfrS b&if;*ef;? awmfrD*ef;? pwif;*ef;paom armif;jyefvufeufrsm;ESifhwuG cJ,rf;usnfqeftajrmuftjrm;udk ypönf;xkwf yHkpHwkrsm;jzifh romrmolwpfpku xkwf,loGm;aMumif;udk Special Branch ac: &JwyfzGJUXmecsKyf\ ]owif;wyfzGJU}u owif;&ojzifh jynfxJa&;0efBuD;rSwpfqifh tpdk;&tzGJUxH owif;ydkY tpD&ifcHcJhygonf/

xdktcsdefu jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;onf EdkifiHjcm;c&D;xGufaeí v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;0efBuD;aysmfbG,fOD;jru acwåjynfxJa&;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,laeygonf/

azmfjyyg vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; vdrfvnfxkwfoGm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí tpdk;&tzGJUu vdktyfovdkaqmif&Guf&ef acwåjynfxJa&;0efBuD;tm; wm0efay;vdkufygonf/

0efBuD;OD;jrvnf; jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xmeu wdkuf½dkufuGyfuJaom (aemufydkif; jynfaxmifpk ppf&JwyfUMP jzpfvmonf/) aomif;usef;rI ESdrfeif;a&;wyfrS wyfpdwfwpfpdwfudk vufeyfcJ,rf;tjynfhtpHk(armif;jyefaoewfrsm;tygt0if)ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\½kH;cef; jyifbufwGif vHkNcHKa&;wm0efrsm;csxm;vdkufonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ oabmxm;udk odxm;ol 0efBuD;OD;jronf vufeufudkifwyfpdwf vHkNcHKa&;tapmifhcsxm;jcif;udk AdkvfcsKyftm; vHk;0todray;cJhacs/ xdkYjyif uRefawmfudkvnf; ESpfa,mufcsif;awGUí½kH;cef;jyifbufü vHkNcHKa&;wyfpdwfcsxm;aMumif;udk AdkvfcsKyftm;rajym&ef arwåm&yfcHcJhygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; tvdkufodpGmESifhyif OD;jrtm; uwday;NyD; AdkvfcsKyftm; rajymbJ aevdkufygonf/

odkY&mwGif uHqdk;csifawmh wpfaeY AdkvfcsKyfESifhuRefawmfwdkY ½kH;bufvmNyD; Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;bufwHcg;aygufrS ½kH;cef;odkYt0ifwGif rvSrf;rurf;&Sd b@ma&;0efBuD;XmebufodkY csdK;auGUonfhaxmifhem;üarmif;jyefaoewfudkif &JabmfoHk;av;OD;udk AdkvfcsKyfuvSrf;jrifoGm;ygonf/

csufcsif; bmrSrajymbJ AdkvfcsKyfonf ½kH;cef;wGif;odkY a&mufawmhrS uRefawmftm; ESpfa,mufcsif;ac:ar;ygonf/

]]a[haumif? igh½kH;cef;a&SUu vufeufudkif &JabmfawGu bmvkyfwmvJ}}]]jynfxJa&;0efBuD;u vdktyfw,fxifvdkY vHkNcHKa&;tapmifhcsxm;wmyg}}uRefawmfu &Sif;jyonfudk AdkvfcsKyfonf oabmus[efrwlyg/]]rvdkygbl;uGm/ ighudk b,folurSvnf; vkyfBuHrSmr[kwfygbl;/ iguvnf; rpdk;&drfygbl;/ igh½kH;cef;

a&SUrSm vufeufudkif&JabmfawG csxm;wmudk igrjrifcsifbl;/ 'Dawmh rif;udk,fwdkif ckcsufcsif; jynfxJa&;0efBuD;OD;jrqD oGm;NyD; igu ñTefMum;w,fvdkYajym/ igh½kH;cef;a&SUu vufeufudkif &JabmfawGukd csufcsif;jyef½kyfcdkif;vdkuf/ uJ... rif; tckyJ oGm;ajymayawmh}}

AdkvfcsKyfu wdusjywfom;pGmajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf;jynfxJa&;0efBuD;XmeodkY tjrefoGm;a&mufí 0efBuD; aysmfbG,fOD;jrtm; AdkvfcsKyfu trdefYay;vdkufyHkudk ajymjyvdkufygonf/

0efBuD;OD;jronf tvGefpdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;yHk&ygonf/]]cufawmhwmyJuGm? igwkdYu vHkNcHKa&;twGuf vdktyfw,fxifvdkY vufeufudkifwyfpdwfcsxm;

wmudk AdkvfcsKyfu jrifoGm;wmqdk;wmyJ/ 'gayr,fh b,fwwfEdkifyghrvJ? olYtrdefYudkvnf; wdkYuremcHvdkY


rjzpfbl;? igawmh pdwfraumif;ygbl;uGm}}þodkY NiD;jiL;&if;ESifhyif 0efBuD;OD;jronf oufqdkif&modkY w,fvDzkef;qufí AdkvfcsKyf½kH;cef;ta&SUrS

vufeufudkif vHkNcHKa&;wyfpdwfudk csufcsif; ½kyfodrf;&ef trdefYay;vdkuf&ygawmhonf/Ä Ä Ä

xdkaeY naebuf ½kH;rStdrfodkY tjyefwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf pum;rsm;rsm;rajymbJ wpfpHkwpfckudk pOf;pm;ae[efjzifh Nidrfae&if;rS ½kwfw&uf aumufcgiifcg uRefawmfhtm; ar;cGef;xkwfygonf/

]]a[h wdkYtdrfrSmaewJh&JabmfawGrSm vufeuf&Sdovm;}}]]r&Sdygbl;/ AdkvfcsKyf olwdkYu jynfolY&JabmfawGqdkawmh w&m;0if vufeufudkifwyfzGJU0if r[kwfwJh

twGuf vufeufr&SdMuygbl;}}uRefawmfu trSeftwdkif;ajymvdkufygonf/ onfawmhrS AdkvfcsKyfonf ol\pdwfxJ jzpfay:cHpm;rd

yHkudk ajymygonf/]]igudk,fwdkifuawmh ao&rSmvnf; raMumufbl;/ b,folurSvnf; ighudk vkyfBuHr,frxifbl;/

'gayr,fhuGm tdrfrSm&SdwJhuav;awG twGufawmh igpdk;&drfovdkjzpfrdw,f/ 'Dawmh vdkvdkr,fr,fayghuGm/oufqdkif&mudk 'DaeYyJ rif;udk,fwdkifoGm;NyD; igucdkif;w,fvdkYajym/ oifhawmfr,fh vufeuf enf;enf;yg;yg;xkwf,lNyD; tdrfu &JabmfawGudk ay;xm;vdkuf 'gyJ}}

þodkYtrdefYay;ojzifh uRefawmfvnf; tdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg oufqdkif&mESifh qufoG,f tpDtpOfvkyfNyD; awmfrD*ef;wpfvuf? pwif;*ef;wpfvuf? ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESpfvufwdkYudk usnfqHrsm;ESifhwuG xkwf,lum wm0gvdef;vrf; AdkvfcsKyftdrfwGif aeaom &Jabmfrsm;tm; ay;xm;vdkufygonf/

Ä Ä ÄEdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD; jzpfyGm;cJhonfrSm 1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv(19)&uf paeaeYjzpfygonf/AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJY0if0efBuD;rsm;(uufbdeuf) tpnf;ta0;usif;y

aecdkuf rormol vlowform;tzGJUu 0ifa&mufvkyfBuH ypfcwfjcif; jzpfonf/trSefawmh ,if;0efBuD;tpnf;ta0;onf Zlvdkif(19)&uf paeaeYwGif usif;y&ef r[kwfyJ/ ]]Zlvdkif

(16)&uf Ak'¨[l;aeY}} wGifvkyf&rnfjzpfonf/þae&mwGif tpdk;&tzGJY0if 0efBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;taMumif; tenf;i,f &Sif;jy&efvdkayvdrfhrnf/1946-ck? pufwifbmv (26)&ufaeYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tpdk;&tzGJYtmPmudk vufcH&,lNyD;csdef

rSpí 0efBuD;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;udk tywfpOf paeaeY eHeuf(10)em&D usif;yaeMujzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu*VKefOD;apmonf bk&ifcHu wdkuf½dkufcefYtyfxm;aom 0efBuD;wpfOD;jzpfae&m olonfvnf; tywfpOfpaeaeYwdkif;usif;yaom 0efBuD;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;odkY wuf&onf/ odkY&mwGif 1947-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(27) &ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkY oabmwlcsKyfqdkaom ]]atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf}}udk *VKefOD;apmESifh ocifApdefwdkY oabmrwlbJ uefYuGufMuojzifh Armjynf jyefa&mufvmaomtcgOD;apmESifh ocifApdefwdkYonf tpdk;&tzGJU0if 0efBuD;tjzpfrS EIwfxGufoGm;Mu&onf/

xdkYaMumifh olwdkYESpfOD;onf aemufydkif; AdkvfcsKyfOD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzJGUtpnf;ta0;rsm;odkY rwufMu&awmhacs/

NAdwdefEdkifiHrS jyefvmNyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tywfpOf 0efBuD;tzJGU(uufbdewf)tpnf;ta0;udk paeaeYrvkyfawmhbJ Ak'[l;aeYusif;y&ef ajymif;a&TUowfrSwfvdkufonf/

,if;taMumif;udk *VKefOD;apmurod/ 0efBuD;tzJGUtpnf;ta0;onf paeaeY(10)em&Dusif;yNrJusif;yaeonf[k xifrSwfaeonf/


1947-ckESpf Zlvdkifv\ wwd,ajrmuftpnf;ta0;udk Zlvdkifv(16)&uf Ak'[l;aeYwGif usif;y&efowfrSwfxm;NyD;jzpf&Hkru tpnf;ta0;zdwfpmrsm;udk 0efBuD;toD;oD;xHjzefYa0xm;NyD;jzpfonf/

odkYaomf Zlvdkif(16)&uf Ak'[l;aeYwGif wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf\ qyfaumfrwDwpfckjzpfaomzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef BudKwifowfrSwfxm;NyD;jzpfaeonf/ tpnf;ta0;ESpfckwdkufaeaMumif;udk uRefawmfu AdkvfcsKyfxHowif;ydkYwifjyaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu

]]vTwfawmfaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;u ta&;BuD;w,f vlBuD;awGvnf;ygaew,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;udk'Dwdkif;yJxm;? uwfbdeuftpnf;ta0;udkawmh paeaeYajymif;vkyfvdkuf? 0efBuD;awGqDvnf;zdwfpmopf&dkufNyD;ay;vdkuf}}

[ktrdefYay;vdkuf&m ]]rarhEdkifaom Zlvdkuf 19 &ufaeY}}wGiftpdk;&tzJGUtpnf;ta0;usif;yjzpfoGm;um EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD;vnf; jzpfyGm;cJh&ygawmhonf/

Ä Ä ÄþonfwdkYum; 1947-ckESpf Zlvdkufvqef;u trSefwu,fjzpfcJhaomjzpf&yfrsm;jzpf&m aeUv,f

ydkif; jyefvnfoHk;oyfMunfhaomtcg tvGef0rf;enf;,lBuHK;r&jzpfp&maumif;avmufatmifuHMur®m\vSnfhpm;rI odkYr[kwf tvSnfhtajymif;rsm;udk awGU&ygonf/

yxrtcsuftaejzifh tu,fíom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ol\&Hk;cef;a&SUrS vufeufudkifvHkNcHKa&;wyfpdwfudk &kyfodrf;&ef trdefYray;cJhvQif/

Zlvdkif 19 &ufaeYusawmh vlowform;tzJGU AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtm;vkyfBuH&efvmaomtcg vHkNcHKa&;wyfpdwfESifhwdkufyJGjzpf&Hkom&Sdrnf/ vkyfBuHrIBuD;awmhrjzpfEdkif/

wdkufyJGjzpfvQifvnf; vHkNcHKa&;wyfpdwfu vltiftm;? vufeuftiftm;ydkaumif;ojzifh vlowform;tzJGUtm; wpfa,mufrusefokwfoifajcrIef;ypfEdkifrnfrSm aocsmonf/

Ä Ä Ätu,fíom wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf zJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;aumfrwDu Zlvdkif(16)&ufaeY

wGif tpnf;ta0;usif;y&efcsdef;rxm;cJhvQif 0efBuD;tzJGU(uufbdeuf)tpnf;ta0;udk cgwdkif;tywfpOfusif;yaeus Ak'¨[l;aeY (Zlvdkif 16)wGif usif;yjzpfrnf/ Ak'[l;aeYwdkif;usif;yaom 0efBuD;tzJGU tpnf;ta0;taMumif; rodol *VKefOD;apmonf ol\ vlowform;tzJGUtm; Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeYwGifvTwfrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfvQif 0efBuD;tpnf;ta0;r&Sdí vkyfBuHrIBuD;jzpfyGm;rnfr[kwfacs/

Ä Ä Ätu,fíom vlowform;tzJGUonf AdkvfcsKyftm; twGif;0ef&Hk;wGifrvkyfBuHbJ AdkvfcsKyf\aetdrf

(A[ef;wm0gvdrf; ,ck AdkvfcsKyfjywdkufwnf&Sd&m)wGif vma&mufvkyfBuHygu olwdkYonf AdkvfcsKyf&Sd&mtdrftay:xyfodkYyif wufEdkifrnfr[kwf/ AdkvfcsKyf\trdefYjzifh uRefawmfudk,fwdkif vufeufwyfqifay;xm;aom tdrf&Sd &Jabmfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufyGJjzpfrnf/ ,if;odkY wdkufyGJjzpfvQif tdrfrS jynfoYl&Jabmfrsm;onfbD'Dat wyfrawmfESifh zufppfawmfvSefa&; wyfom;&Jabmfrsm;jzpfí vufeufudkifwG,frI uRrf;usifonfhjyif wdkufyGJtawGYtBuHKvnf; &SdaomaMumifh vlowftzGJUtm; tvG,fwulyif wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufypfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif vlowftzGJYonf AdkvfcsKyftdrfodkYrvmbJ vufeufudkif tapmifhr&Sdaom twGif;0ef½kH;odkYoGm;a&mufvkyfBuHcJhonf/

xdkYaMumifhvnf; vkyfBuHrIBuD; jzpfajrmufcJh&onf/AdkvfcsKyfcrsm zcifwdkY\ BuD;rm;aom arwåmt[kefaMumifh vlrr,f&ifaoG;i,frsm;twGuf pdk;&drf


ruif;jzpfum ]]vdkvdkr,fr,fayghuGm}}qdkNyD; uRefawmfhtm; tdrfrS&Jabmfrsm;tm; vufeufwyfqifcdkif;cJhonf/ olYudk,foltwGufawmh vHk;0rpdk;&drfbJ ]]igu ao&rSmvnf;raMumufbl;/ b,folrSvnf; ighudkvkyfBuHrSmr[kwfygbl;}}[k ajymcJh&Smonf/ odkYaomf wu,fusawmh olxifovdkrjzpfcJh/ olcspfjrwfEdk;aom&ifaoG;i,frsm; bmrSrjzpfbJ oludk,fwdkifom (19.7.1947)aeYu r&IrvS ]]a&wdrfepf}}usqHk;cJh&&Smonf/

uHw&m;u AdkvfcsKyfESifhwuG uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;udk 'Pfcwfvdkufovdk ysuf&,fjyKvSnfhpm;vdkufjcif;ayvm;/

Ak'&Sifawmfbk&m;\ tqHk;trt& uH? uH\tusdK;udk,HkMunf&rnf[k nTefjyxm;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfodkYrS rarhEdkifaom Zlvdkif 19 &uf paeaeYu jzpf&yftaMumif; jyefajymowd&rdwdkif;

]]owå0grSeforQ uHpDrH zefwD;&mom vdkufem emcHaeMu&onfygoum;}}[laom t*Fkwå&edu,f tbdPSokwfawmfvm w&m;awmfoabmtwdkif; qifjcifESvHk;oGif;í

oHa0*ÓPfyGm;rsm;Mu&efom &Sdygawmhownf;/pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;(Zlvdkifv 1995)





]]ae&l;}}qdkonfrSm vGwfvyfaom tdEd,EdkifiHBuD;\ yxrqHk;0efBuD;csKyf ]]*s0g[mvfvm-ae&l;}}JAWAHALALNEHRUyifjzpfygonf/

tdEd,jynfBuD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUvufatmifrS vGwfvyfa&;twGuf txl;cJ,Of;yifyrf;pGm BudK;pm;cJh&onf/ ordkif;wpfavQmuf uG,fvGefol acgif;aqmifBuD; r[wår*EDESifhwef;wl xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJholurÇmod EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;vnf;jzpfonf/

tdEd,vGwfvyfa&;ordkif;aMumif;ajymvQif *EDBuD;ESifhae&l;wdkYrygvQif rjzpf/ olwdkUESpfOD;ESifh tdEd,vGwfvyfa&;cJGjcm;r&atmifyifta&;ygvSaom yk*d¾KvfBuD;ESpfOD;yifwnf;/

olwdkYESpfOD;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ausmif;om; udkatmifqef;b0uyif txl;av;pm;MunfndKcJhonf/ olwdkY\EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkvnf; rjywfavhvmojzifh ]]yPÖpf-ae&l;}}ac: ]]yPÖpf*s0g[mvmvfae&k;}}\ t*Fvdyfta&;tom;udk tvGefoabmusojzifh wuúokdvfausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkatmifqef;onf rpöwmae&l;a&;onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGmjzifh avhvmzwf&IcJhonf/ t*Fvdyfpmta&;tom;tvGefaumif;ovdk ae&l;a&;aom pmtkyfrsm;wGif ol\aeaeawG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI 'óetjrifrsm;vnf;yg&Sdav&m udkatmifqef;onf zwfNyD;om; pmtkyfrsm;udk xyfrHzwf&Ií ydkifEdkifausnufatmif avhvmcJhygonf/

þodkYvQif tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD;ae&l;\ pmtkyfrsm;udk *&kpdkufavhvmzwf&Ijcif;tavhonf


ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkatmifqef;tzdkY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf AdkvfcsKyfawZ? xdkrSwqifh ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(bD'Dat)\ aoemywD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmcsdefwGifvnf; qufvufwnf&SdcJhNyD; tm;vyfcsdef&wdkif; rpöwmae&l;\ t*Fvdyfbmompmtkyfrsm;udk zwf&IavhvmwwfaMumif;udkuRefawmf owdjyKrdcJhygonf/

1944-ckESpfu uRefawmfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ppf0efBuD;&Hk;wGif trIxrfaepOf wpfaeYAdkvfcsKyfu uRefawfmhtm;ac:NyD; udpöwpfckcdkif;&m ol&Hk;cef;wGif;okdY0ifoGm;csdef zufvufp pmtkyfwpftkyfpm;yJGay:csxm;onfudk jrifrdygonf/

uRefawmfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfzwfaewm bmpmtkyfygvdrfh[k odvdkojzifh trSwfrJhvSnfhMunhfvdkuf&mtdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD;ae&l; NAdwdoQe,fcsJYtpkd;& tusOf;axmifxJwGif csKyfaESmifcHae&pOf jyifopf&Sd ol\wpfOD;wnf;aomorD; ]]tif'D&m}}(aemufydkif; 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmNyD; vkyfBuHcH&í uG,fvGefoGm;&Smol]]tif'D&m*ED}})xHodkY axmiftwGif;rS vSrf;a&;cJhonfh pmrsm;udk pkaygif;yHkESdyfxm;aom ]]orD; tif'D&modkU}}trnf&Sd pmtkyfjzpfaeaMumif;awGU&ygonf/

,if;pmtkyfudk AdkvfcsKyfonf ESpfacgufxufrenf; zwfNyD;aMumif; uRefawmfodxm;NyD;jzpfonf/,ckvnf; wpfacgufxyfNyD;zwfaejcif;rSm ae&k;t*Fvdyfpm ta&;tom;udk txl;oabmusíjzpf&rnf[kpdwfxJrS aumufcsufcsdrdygonf/

Ä Ä ÄtrSeftm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD;]]ae&l;}}wdkY awGUqHkoduRrf;cifrif&if;ESD;

cJhonfrSm 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrDuyifjzpfygonf/1936-ckESpf wuúodkvfoydwfarSmufta&;awmfyHkBuD;jzpfay:vmaom &vm'fwpfckum; ,cifu

r&Sdao;aom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾toif;BuD; pwiftaumiftxnfay:vmcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;omor*¾toif;BuD;\ OuúXtjzpf wuúodkvfor*¾rS trIaqmif(tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wm0efcHt,f'Dwma[mif;)udkatmifqef;a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;cH&ygonf/

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾\ jynfvHk;uRwfausmif;om; nDvmcHBuD;udk 1937-ckESpfu rEÅav;NrdKYwGif usif;ycJhygonf/

,if;nDvmcH rusif;yrDu OuúXudkatmifqef;onf rdrdwdkYArmausmif;om;rsm;\ wuf<urIESifh&nfrSef;csuf? arQmfac:csufrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;odkYwdkifatmif us,fjyefYpGmod&Sdap&ef &nf&G,fvsuf yxrtqifhtaejzifh rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHodkY emrnfausmftdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwm ]]ae½l;}} tm;zdwfMum;&ef pdwful;&vmrdygonf/ vlcsif;vnf; roduRrf;ao;/ qufoG,frIvnf; tvsOf; r&Sdvifhupm;udkatmifqef;onf olYudk,fol ,HkMunfrItjynfh&Sdol wpfa,muftjzpf rpöwmae½l;tm; rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHodkY <ua&mufcsD;jr§ifhyg&ef pmvSrf;a&;NyD; zdwfMum;cJhygonf/

tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf]]atmifqef;}}qdkol Armausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftaMumif;1936-ckESpf &efukefwuúodkvf oydwfumvtwGif;u owif;pmrsm;rSwpfqifh pwifod&Sd&mrS pdwf0ifpm;cJhrdygonf/ tvGefxufjrufwuf<uaom vli,fwpfOD;jzpfí tvm;tvm&Sdaom acgif;aqmifavmif;wpfOD; ayavm[kvnf; odvdk&mrS teD;uyfavhvmcsifpdwf jzpfay:vmNyD;? rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf/

ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ OuúX udkatmifqef;\ zdwfMum;csufudk tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;vufoifhcHNyD; rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHodkY oludk,fwdkif vmwufrnfhtaMumif; owif;Mum;&aomtcg &efukefNrdKU? NAdwdoQ bk&ifcHESifhwuG tpdk;&tzJGY 0efBuD;rsm;onf txl;


tHhtm;oifhoGm;Muawmhonf/ odkY&mwGif tHhtm;oifh½kHrSvGJí bmrQ rwwfEdkifacs/ tdEd,ESifh ArmESpfEdkifiHvHk;onf NAdwdoQ tifyg,mtwGif;rS EdkifiHrsm;omjzpfí wpfEdkifiHrS wpfEdkifiHodkY ]]ywfpfykwf}} ac: EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrvdkbJ vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmEdkifcGifh&SdaomaMumifh tpdk;&taejzifh rpöwmae½l; rEÅav; ausmif;om;nDvmcHodkY vma&mufrnfhta&;udk ydwfyif[efYwm;jcif;vnf; rjyKEdkifbJ tomMunfhaevdkuf&awmhonf/

odkYESifhyif rEÅav;NrdKYü usif;yaom ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*¾nDvmcHodkY emrnfausmftdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf acsmarmpGm wufa&mufEdkifcJhygonf/

Ä Ä ÄppfBudKacwfu &efukefwuúodkvfor*¾ tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;y&mwGif (t*Fvdyfbmomudk ½kH;oHk;

bmomtjzpf owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom acwfjzpfí) tpnf;ta0;rsm;;udk t*Fvdyfvdk ajymqdkusif;yMu&ygonf/ rEÅav;NrdKYwGif usif;yonfhausmif;om;nDvmcHwGifrl OuúX udkatmifqef;taejzifh obmywdrdefYcGef;udk Armvdkajymrnfqdk&if ajymEdkifaomfvnf; urÇmausmf tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;udk,fwdkifwufa&mufonfhtjyif ol\ vIyf&Sm;rIrSeforQ tNrJ owif;vdkuf,laeMuaom ]]½dkufwm}} ]]atyD}} paomEdkifiHjcm;aMu;eef;owif;Xmersm;rS owif;axmufrsm;vnf; vma&mufowif;,lrnf jzpfaomaMumifhOuúX udkatmifqef;onf ol\ obmywd rdefYcGef;udk t*Fvdyfvdkyif ajym&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/

(rSwfcsuf/ /AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefYcGef;ESifhywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfckrSmta&;BuD; rdefYcGef; (Oyrm-1946-ck? a&Twd*Hk tv,fypö,H jynfvHk;uRwf nDvmcH obmywdrdefYcGef;?zqyv tzGJYcsKyfOD;pD; nDvmcHrsm;rS OuúXrdefYcGef;) rsm;udk oludk,fwdkif pdwfwdkif;us t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;xm;NyD; wu,fhtpnf;ta0;udkawmh a&;NyD;om; t*Fvdyfvdk rdefYcGef;rl&if;udkudkifí Armvdk vufwef;ajymoGm;avh&Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ol\ rdefYcGef;rsm;teuf emrnftBuD;qHk; 1946-ck a&Twd*HknDvmcH obmywd rdefYcGef;rl&if;onf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhom &Sdaejcif;jzpfygonf/ pma&;ol)

rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHwGif OuúX udkatmifqef;\ obmywd rdefYcGef;udk BudKwifa&;xm;onfhrl&if;twkdif; t*Fvdyfvdkyif wdkuf½dkufajymvdkufojzifh tdE´d,acgif;aqmifBuD; ae½l;ESifhwuG owif;axmufrsm;vnf; aumif;pGmem;vnf oabmaygufoGm;cJhygonf/

xdkYaMumifhvnf; OuúX udkatmifqef;onf ol\ obmywdrdefYcGef;wGif ausmif;om;a&;&m udpörsm;omru jynfwGif;jynfy EdkifiHa&;tajctae? EdkifiHwum a&;&mtay: oHk;oyfcsuf? Armvli,ftrsm;pk\oabmxm;ESifh arQmfac:csuf ponfwdkYudkyg jynfhpHkatmifxnfhoGif;ajymoGm;cJhygonf/

,if;rdefYcGef;udk rpöwmae½l;onf txl; *½kpdkufem;axmif&mrS ]]atmifqef;}} trnf&Sd vli,fwpfOD;taMumif; aumif;pGm oabmaygufoGm;awmhonf/ vl\ t&nftaoG;udkvnf; tuJjzwfEdkifcJhygonf/

0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfum; txufazmfjyyg rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHrSOuúXudkatmifqef;\obmywd rdefYcGef;udk ,aeY rnfodkYrS &Smr&Edkifawmhjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefuawmh &efukefNrdKY a&ausmf&yfrS xkwfa0onfhArmydkif ]]e,l;bm;rm;}} t*Fvdyfowif;pmwGif tjynfhtpHk xnfhoGif;azmfjycJhygaomfvnf;ppfNyD;acwf (1947) aemufydkif;usawmh ]]e,l;bm;rm;}}owif;pm zdkifwGJa[mif;rsm;yif &SmrawGYygacs/

Ä Ä Äudkatmifqef;onf rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk rpöwmae½l;vdk urÇmausmfyk*¾dKvfBuD; wufa&muf

&ef zdwfMum;jcif;udk vufoifhcHvkdufí twdkif;txuftvGef 0rf;ajrmuf*kPf,lrdonfESifhtrQ ArmEdkifiH\a&SUtem*wf tvm;tvmtwGuf tvGefaumif;vmNyD[k ol\pdwfxJrS aumufcsufcsvdkufrdonf/xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;nDvmcH usif;yaeí tvGeftvkyfrsm;aeonfhMum;rS &oavmuf tcsdef,lumrpöwmae½l;ESifh &if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm pum;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/


rpöwmae½l;uvnf; ]]atmifqef;}} qdkoltm; teD;uyfavhvmtuJcwf&if; touft&G,fESifhrvdkufatmif EdkifiHa&;tajrmftjrif&SdolwpfOD;ygwum;[k oHk;oyfrdavonf/ þodkYvQif rpöwmae½l;uAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: 1937-ckESpfuyifoHk;oyfcJhaMumif;udk 1947-ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvqef;u AdkvfcsKyfESifhuRefawmfwdkY vef'efodkYtoGm; tdEd,jynfodkY acwå0ifí rpöwmae½l;ESifh awGUqHktBuHÓPfawmif;cJhpOfwpfaeY ol\orD;]]tif'D&m*ED}} udk,fwdkif uRefawmftm; ajymjyzl;ygonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: rpöwmae½l;u oHk;oyf rSwfcsufcs&mwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ajymcJhonfhpum;twdtusuawmh-

]]Aung San's intelligence and political insight are unusual for his age! }}[líyif jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,fuawmh ]]atmifqef;\ todÓPfESifh EdkifiHa&;tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;rI

onf ol\ touft&G,fESifh rvdkufatmifyif xl;cRefxufjrufonf}} [líyifwnf;/Ä Ä Ä

tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf rEÅav;ausmif;om;nDvmcHodkYvma&mufNyD; jyefoGm;aomtcg Armausmif;om;acgif;aqmif ]]atmifqef;}} qdkoltm; owd&aecJhygonf/

xdkYaMumifh 1940 jynfhESpfqef;u tdEd,jynf ]]&rf;vm;}} NrdKYü usif;yaom tdEd,EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&muGef*&uf (CONGRESS)ygwD nDvmcHBuD;odkY udkatmifqef;tm; zdwfMum;&ef pdwful;&rdavonf/

odkYaomf xdktcsdefu ukdatmifqef;rSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifr[kwfawmh/ EdkifiHa&;udktcsdefjynhfvkyf&efqHk;jzwfvsuf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;odkY0ifa&mufum taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ]]ocifatmifqef;}}jzpfaeayNyD/

,if;tcsufudk rpöwmae&l;uodxm;NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; olESifhoduRrf;cifrifaeNyDjzpfol Armvli,facgif;aqmif atmifqef;tm; rjzpfraezdwfMum;vdkojzifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;ESifhwuG wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;rS udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwpfzJGU ]]&rf;vm;uGef*&ufnDvmcH}}odkY avhvmol(OBSERVER)tjzpfwufa&muf&ef zdwfMum;vdkufavonf/

tdEd,EdkifiHrS ]]uGef*&uf}} CONGRESSygwDonf tiftm;tBuD;qHk;ygwDjzpfNyD;? *ED ae&l;paomxl;cRefxufjrufaom xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifrsm;\OD;aqmifuGyfuJrIjzifh urÇmausmfatmifyif xif&Sm;onhfEdkifiHa&;ygwDBuD;wpfckyifjzpfonf/ ,if;uGef*&ufygwDnDvmcHqdkvQifvnf; EdkifiHwumtqifhrD tvGefpnf;urf;pepfuspGmusif;yavh &SdaomaMumifh ]]ocifatmifqef;}}onf ]]&rf;vm;}}uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkYwufa&mufavhvm&ef zdwfMum;pmvufcH&&Sdaomtcg txl;yif0rf;ajrmuftm;wufoGm;rdawmhonf/tm;wuf&jcif;taMumif;wpfcku oltvGefpdwf0ifpm;NyD; twk,lvdkaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efpnf;urf;pepfrsm;udk ]]&rf;vm;}}uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkYwufa&mufavhvmcGifh&&SdaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ odkYESifhyif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;rS vli,fudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUonf1940jynfhESpfu tdEd,jynf ]]&rf;vm;}}uGef*&ufnDvmcHBuD;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhMuygonf/

uGef*&ufygwD xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol rpöwmae&l;onf ocifatmifqef;wdkYtzJGU vma&mufonfudk txl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvsuf vdIufvSJysLiSmpGm c&D;OD;BudKjyKum tzufzufrS {nfh0wfaus>yefpGm{nfhcHjyKpkEdkifatmifvnf; oludk,fwdkif nTefMum;pDpOfay;cJhygonf/

nDvmcHtNyD;wGif ocifatmifqef;wdkYtzJGU tjcm;rnfonfhae&ma'orsm;odkYoGm;a&mufavhvmvdkygao;oenf;[k rpöwmae&l;uar;&m ocifatmifqef;onf ol\pdwfxJBudKwifjyifqifxm;onfhtwdkif;/

]]taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fzufodkY cPoGm;a&mufavhvmcsifygw,f}}[k oGufvufpGm


jyefajzvdkufonf/(rSwfcsuf/ /taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fqdkonfrSm aemufydkif; ygupöwefEdkifiH\

jynfe,fwpfckjzpfvmaom tmz*efe,fpyf&Sd (NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE)jynfe,fyifjzpfonf/ pma&;ol)

rpöwmae&l;uvnf; csufcsif;yifvdkufavsmvsuf tpDtpOfrsm;vkyfay;av&m ocifatmifqef;wdkYtzJGYonf olwdkY txl;pdwf0ifpm;aerdaom ]]taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,f}}odkY vufawGUoGm;a&mufavhvmcGifh&cJhMuygonf/

ocifatmifqef;wdkY pdwf0ifpm;aerdonfqdkjcif;rSm taMumif;&Sdygonf/ xdkacwfu tdEd,EdkifiHtaemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fwGif NAdwdoQe,fcJsYqefYusifa&;pdwf"gwftxl;jyif;xefol EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;&Sdonf/ ,if;acgif;aqmifonf jAdwdoQqefYusifa&;pdwf"gwftxl;jyif;xefwuf<uaomaMumifh ]]e,fpyfa'o*EDBuD;}}[kausmfMum;aeonf/ urÇmausmf r[wår*EDBuD;uJhokdY jAdwdoQqefYusifa&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefoljzpfí ]]e,fpyf*EDBuD;}}[k wifpm;ac:a0:Mujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGifxdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;onf r[wår*EDESifhrwlonfhtcsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;um; tdEd,jynfBuD;vGwfvyfa&;&&efNAdwdoQe,fcsJYwdkYtm; vufeufpJGudkifwdkufcdkufrSjzpfrnf[k e,fpyf*EDBuD;u ,HkMunfjcif;yifjzpfonf/olonf taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'o&Sd jynfolvkxktm; NAdwdoQwdkYxHrS vGwfvyfa&;wdkuf,l&ef aoG;xdk;vSKYHaqmfay;aeygonf/ ,if;tcsufudk ocifatmifqef;onnf txl;pdwf0ifpm;ygonf/ olwdkYArmvli,fEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;uvnf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxHrS ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk wdkuf,l&ef qHk;jzwfxm;NyD;jzpfí tdEd,jynfrS e,fpyf*EDBuD;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;vdkojzifh &rf;vm;uGef*&ufnDvmcHtNyD;wGif rpöwmae&l;\ tultnDjzifh taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fodkY a&mufatmifoGm;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/

ocifatmifqef;onf ol&nf&G,fonfhtwdkif;yif taemufajrmufa'ojynfe,fwGif e,fpyf*EDBuD;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cGifh&cJhygonf/ odkYaomf xkdtcsdefu NAdwdoQtpdk;&&JaxmufvSrf;a&;(pDtkdif'D)rodatmiftxl;vQdKY0Sufxm;&ef ta&;BuD;ojzifh ocifatmifqef;ESifh e,fpyf*EDBuD;wdkY awGUqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;udk vlod&SifMum;owif;rsm;xkwfjyefausnmjcif;rjyKbJ tomvQdKY0Sufxm;vdkufMuygonf/

rnfodkYyifjzpfap NAdwdoQtpdk;&tm; vufeufpJGudkifwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf acwfrDArmppfwyfzJGUpnf;&efBuHpnfaeol ocifatmifqef;tzdkY tdEd,EdkifiH taemufajrmufe,fjcm;a'ojynfe,fodkY oGm;a&muf avhvmjcif;onftusdK;&SdcJhygonf/

tdEd,jynf &rf;vm;uGef*&ufnDvmcHrS jyefvmNyD; rsm;rMumrDyif ocifatmifqef;tm;zrf;qD;&efNAdwdoQtpdk;&u 0&rf;xkwfjyefcJhav&m &efukefNrdKY&Sd wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;ESifh xGuf&yf*dkPf;acgif;aqmifrsm;uocifatmifqef;tm; ArmEdkifiHwGifMum&Snfqufaejcif;iSm roifhawmh[kqHk;jzwfvsuf ocifvSNrdKif(Adkvf&efatmif)ESifhtwl w&kwfjynf ]]trdGKif}}NrdKYodkY ]][vD}}oabFmjzifh vQdKY0SufpGmxGufoGm;apcJhMuygonf/

Ä Ä ÄArmhvGwfvyfa&;udpöaqG;aEG;nSdEdIif;&eftwGuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif

aom Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwpfzJGYudk NAdwdefEdkifiH vef'efNrdKYodkYvma&mufyg&ef zdwfMum;cJh&m 1947-ckESpfZefe0g&Dv(10)&ufaeYxuf aemufrusbJ ta&mufvmyg[kvnf;zdwfMum;pmwGif azmfjyyg&Sdygonf/

AdkvfcsKyfonf NAdwdefEdkifiHodkYwdkuf&dkufroGm;csifao;bJ tdEd,jynfodkYacwå0ifí acgif;aqmifBuD;rpöwmae½l;ESifhawGYqHkaqG;aEG;&if; tBuHÓPfrsm; awmif;vdkojzifh ocifjrtrSL;jyKaom usefudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU0ifrsm;tm; aemufig;&ufMumrS av,mOfESifh u&mcsdNrdKYodkYvdkufvm&ef ñTefMum;um oluawmh 1947-


ckESpf? Zefe0g&D(2)&ufaeYwGif &efukefrS e,l;a'vDNrdKYodkY BudKwifxGufcGmcJhygonf/e,l;a'vDNrdKY rpöwmae½l;\ aetdrfrSmyif uRefawmfwdkYudk wnf;cdkapNyD; rpöwmae½l;onf AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;tm; txl;&if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm pum;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;&if; NAdwdoQtpdk;&tzGJYESifh awGYqHkaqG;aEG;&mwGiftoHk;jyK&rnfh enf;y&d,m,frsm;udkyg tao;pdwftBuHay;cJhygonf/

uRefawmf avhvmtuJcwf Munfh&oavmuf tdE´d,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;onf ArmjynfrS]]atmifqef;}}trnf&Sd vli,facgif;aqmif\ t&nftaoG; xufjrufrIudk oabmusrd&mrS tem*wftwGuf tm;udk;csifonfhoabmvnf; &Sd[efwlygonf/

xdktcsdefu ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiH trsm;pkrSm e,fcsJYvufatmufcH udkvdkeDrsm;jzpfaeonf/ ,if;udkvdkeD EdkifiHrsm;onf vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf txl;BudK;yrf;vsuf&SdMuonf/ odkY&mwGif rpöwmae½l;onfxdkEdkifiHrsm;rS acgif;aqmifydkif;udk tm;r&rdacs/ AD,uferfrSvGwfajrmufacgif;aqmif ]][dkcsDrif;}} qdkvQiftouft&G,ftm;jzifh tdkrif;&ifha&mfaeNyDjzpfonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;rS ]]a'gufwm&Sm;&D;rm;}} qdkvQifvnf; toufBuD;½kHru usef;rma&;tajctaeuygraumif;ojzifh rpöwmae½l;u tm;r&jzpfaerdonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif usef;rmEkysdKNyD; xufjrufwuf<uaom acgif;aqmif[lí ArmEdkifiHrS ]]atmifqef;}} wpfa,mufudkomrpöwmae½l;taejzifh jrifrdawmhonf/ rsufpdusaerdonf/

xdkYaMumifhyifvQif 1947-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufaeYu ArmEdkifiH vkyfBuHrIBuD;taMumif;udk]]½dkufwm}} aMu;eef;owif;XmerSwpfqifh tdEd,jynf e,l;a'vDNrdKYodkY aeYjcif;yif a&muf&SdoGm;aomtcgacgif;aqmifBuD;rpöwmae½l;u ]]atmifqef;usqHk;wm[m ArmEdkifiHtwGufr[kwf/ tm&SEdkifiHtm;vHk;twGuf tvGefxl;cRefxufjrufwJh acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD; qHk;½IH;jcif;jzpfw,f}} [k ESajrmwo,lBuHK;r&jzpfvsuf rsuf&nfpufvufjzifh rSwfcsufcscJhjcif;yif jzpfygownf;/

pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;? ZGefv? 1995/





]]igvJ rif;wdkYvdk pma&;q&m jzpfcsifw,fuGm}}þodkYvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf olYESvHk;om;twGif; udef;atmif;wnf&Sdaeaom awmifhwcsuf

qEudk uRefawmfhtm; zGifhajymcJhonfrSm ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif jzpfygonf/yxrtBudrfu 1945-ck? 'DZifbmv/1946-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif usif;yvwåHYaom a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,H jynfvHk;uRwfnDvmcHBuD;wGif

olajym&rnfhobmywd rdefYcGef;&SnfBuD;udk AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh BudK;pm;a&;om;aecsdefujzpfygonf/

wpfaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf rdefYcGef;a&;om;jcif;udk acwå&yfem;í vufzuf&nfaomuf&if; rEÅav;rSvlxkOD;vSESifh a':trmwdkY xkwfa0aom ]]vlxk}} *sme,frS uRefawmfh0w¬Kwdk wpfyk'fudkzwfrdNyD; tm;usrd[efjzifh pma&;q&mjzpfcsifaMumif;udk zGifhajymvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf/

aemufwpfBudrf tvm;wl ol ajymcJhonfrSm 1947-ckESpf {NyDv ujzpfygonf/ArmhvGwfvyfa&; tBudKumvü yxrtBudrf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJBuD;twGuf

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf EdkifiHtESHtjym;odkY c&D;vSnfhvnfí pnf;½kH;a[majym&if; {NyDvqef;aomf ol\ZeD; om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl arNrdKY(jyifOD;vGif) odkY a&mufaecdkuf acwåtyef;ajz tem;,laecJhygonf/cgwdkif;qdkvQif vkyfief;wm0efjzifh c&D;xGuf&mwGif ol\ rdom;pkudk ac:avhr&Sdaomfvnf; ,ckwpfBudrfwGifrl tjyefc&D;udk rauG;? awmifwGif;BuD;? atmifvH? jynfNrdKYrSwpfqifh &efukefodkYqif;&efjzpf&m AdkvfcsKyfu


rawGY&wmMumNyDjzpfaom rdcifBuD;a':pktm; ewfarmufNrdKYodkY 0ifuefYawmh&if; cspfZeD; a':cifMunfESifhwuGrdcifBuD;a':pk\ ajr;rsm;udkyg jyvdkaomaMumifh &efukefrStxGuf ac:vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/

wpfnaewGif arNrdKY&Sd wnf;ckd&mtdrf0if;twGif; jrufcif;jyifwGif ol\uav;rsm; aqmhupm;aeyHkudkMunfhNyD; MunfEl;yDwdjzpfae&mrS wpfpHkwpfckudk pOf;pm;rd[efjzifh uRefawmftm; &ifzGifhovdkajymygonf/

]]a[haumif? igawmh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if EdkifiHa&;utem;,lr,f pdwful;w,f/ wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudkawmh igwdkY&JY vkyfazmfudkifzuf vlaumif;awGvTJay;NyD; iguawmh tem;,l&if; pma&;q&mvkyfcsifw,f/ rif;uvJ pma&;q&mjzpfayNyDqdkawmh ightzdkY tazmfvJ&wmaygh/ igwdkYq&mwynfhESpfa,mufpma&;pm;&if jzpfEdkifygvdrfhr,fuGm/ wdkYESpfa,mufpvHk; Armvdka&m? t*Fvdyfvdkyg pmawGa&;Mur,f/ 'grSvJighrdom;pktwGufavmufr,f/ wu,fyguGm igu wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0xJu pma&;q&mjzpfcsifwJhqE&SdcJhw,f}}

þodkYvQif AdkvfcsKyfonf ol\ &ifxJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; yGifhvif;pGmzGifhajymcJhygonf/odkY&mwGif aemufoHk;vrQtMum &efukefNrdKYtwGif;0ef½kH; tpnf;ta0;cef;rü romrmol vl,kwfrm

wdkY\ vkyfBuHrIjzifh r½IrvS ]]a&wdrfepf}} usqHk;&awmhrnf[laom uHMur®m\tvSnfhtajymif;udk AdkvfcsKyfuodroGm;&SmonfrSm trSefaMuuGJ&ifeifhzG,f aumif;vSygonf/

Ä Ä ÄAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf olESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif zGifhajymcJhovdk pma&;q&mjzpfcsifonfqdkonfhtwdkif;

wu,fvnf; pma&;q&mjzpfEdkifaomt&nftcsif; tjynfht0&SdaMumif;udk uRefawmfhtaejzifh apmapmydkif;uyif BudKwifod&SdaecJhygonf/

wuúodkvfor*¾acgif;aqmiftjzpfrS EIwfxGufí tcsdefjynhfEdkifiHa&;vkyf&ef wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;\taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; ]]ocifatmifqef;}} b0uwnf;u olonf pma&;q&mjzpfaeNyD[kqdkEdkifygonf/

olYtm; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf\ aoemywd AdkvfawZ odkYr[kwf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfvmrSpwifoduRrf;cJholrsm;qdkvQif ppfBudKacwf (1941-ckESpfrwdkifrD) ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkatmifqef;ESifhwdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ]]ocifatmifqef;}}b0u pmayta&;tom;uRrf;usifrIESifh pmaypGrf;&nftaMumif;odrnfr[kwfygacs/

txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufí atmufygtcsufrsm;udk od&SdcJhol enf;yg;Muygonf/Ä Ä Ä

olonf yifudk,fobm0p&dkuftm;jzifh pdwf"mwfcdkifrmjyif;xefoljzpfonfhtavQmuf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;BuD;\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf tcsdefjynfhEdkifiHa&;vkyf&efqHk;jzwfvdkufcsdefrSpí ewfarmufNrdKY&Sd rdcifxHrS aiGaMu;axmufyHhrItultnDr,lbJ rdrdudk,fwdkif &efukefNrdKYwGifjzpfovdk&yfwnfaexdkif&if;EdkifiHa&;vkyfcJhygonf/

odkYaomf a&ausmfvrf;&Sd wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;rSmyifaexdkifNyD; NcdK;NcHacRwmoHk;pJG&eftwGuf vdktyfaomaiGudkrl olonfpma&;jcif;ynmjzifhBudK;pm;&SmazGcJhygonf/

&efukefta&SUydkif; armif*dkrm&Dvrf;(,ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;) a&ausmf&Sd Armydkifwpfckwnf;aom]]e,l;bm;rm;}}(t*Fvdyf)owif;pmwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;jcif;/

xkdacwfu emrnfausmfMum;qHk;r*¾Zif;jzpfaom ]]'*kefr*¾Zif;}}wGif Armbmomjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;jcif;/

Armhtvif;aeYpOfowif;pmBuD;twGuf (emrnfrazmfbJ) t,f'Dwmtmabmf odkYr[kwf ]]acgif;BuD;}}


rsm;a&;om;cJhjcif;ponfjzifh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawG rsm;jym;onfhMum;rSyif BudK;pm;ípmayrsm;a&;om;cJhygonf/

owif;pmacgif;BuD;ydkif;wpfyk'fvQif Armhtvif;owif;pmwdkuftkyf OD;wif u pmrlc wpfq,fusyfay;cJhygonf/

'*kefr*¾Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm OD;cspfpdef(a&Tnmarmif)qdkvQifvnf; 1936ckESpf wuúokdvfoydwftwGif;uyif udkatmifqef;tm; av;pm;MunfndKcJhojzifh pmrlc '*kefr*¾Zif;rS aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fvQifpmrlc aiGoHk;q,fay;cJhygonf/ tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm; pmrlc q,fig;usyf ESpfq,fceYfom&&Sdcsdefü pma&;q&mocifatmifqef;&cJhaom pmrlc aiGoHk;q,frSm xdkacwfu tawmfrsm;onfqdkEdkifygonf/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif pma&;q&mjzpfEdkifaom t&nftcsif;&Sdonfudk apmapmuyif uRefawmfod&SdcJhaMumif; txufwGifazmfjycJhonhftwdkif; ol\ pma&;om;rIt&nftaoG;udk cefYrSef;tuJcwfEdkif&efatmufyg ol\ ppfBudKacwfpmayvuf&mtcsdKYudk taxmuftxm;tjzpf aumufEIwfwifjyvdkuf&ygonf/

Ä Ä Äwuúokdvfor*¾a<u;aMumfoH ]]tdk;a0}}r*¾Zif;wm0efcHudkatmifqef;onf ol\,HkMunfcsufESifh

tawG;tac:udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf/]]ightm; zHk;vTrf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgif,H? ,if;arSmufrdkuf twGif;rSaeí

tEdkifrcH t&HI;ray;vkdaom ighpdwfudkzefqif;ay;ol ewf? odMum; wdkYtm; igonf aus;Zl;pum;qdkyg\/

avm"Hw&m;\ vufckyfwGif;odkY b,fvdkyif usa&mufapumrl igum;rwkefvIyf?ridka<u;? uHw&m;\ &dkufykwfjcif;'PfcsufaMumifh ig\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwdkUjzifh&J&JeDae\/ odkYaomf nTwfum;? rnTwf/

avmb? a'gowdkY\BuD;pkd;&mXme\ tjcm;rJhüum; aojcif;w&m;onf aMumufrufzG,f&m iHhvifhae\/ odkYyifrl ightm;rwkefrvIyfonfudkom awGY&thH/ aemifudkvnf;b,fawmhrS raMumufonfudk awGY&aytHh/

ok*wdoGm;&m? wHcg;0onf rnfrQyif usOf;ajrmif;onfjzpfap? ,rrif;\ acG;a&y&ydkufü ig\tjypfwdkYudk rnfrQyifa&;rSwfxm;onfjzpfap? igum; *½krjyK/ igomvQifuH\ t&Sifocifjzpfí igomvQif pdwf\ tBuD;tuJjzpfawmh\/

Ä Ä Ä1940 jynfhESpf? azazmf0g&Dvxkwf '*kefr*¾Zif;wGif ]]ocifatmifqef;}} uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;

cJhaom ]]EdkifiHa&;trsdK;rsdK;}} aqmif;yg;rS atmufyg aumufEIwfcsufrsm;onfvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfESifhtrQ AdkvfcsKyf\ pmaya&;om;zGJUqdkyHk? a&;enf;a&;[efwdkYudk avhvmtuJcwfEdkifygonf/

þaqmif;yg;a&;&mwGif EdkifiHa&;qdkaom pum;udk a&S;OD;pGmoHk;oyf&efvdkonf/ ]]wdkif;a&;jynfa&;aygufESifhaMu;}} ]]MuufOta&mifwdrfawmifozG,f rifa&;cs,f}} ponfjzifh a&S;Armpmrsm;wGifzwf&rSwf&yg\/ ,if;pum;rsm;onf aumif;vnf;aumif;\/ qdk;vnf;qdk;\/ aumif;yHkum; EdkifiHa&;\ cufcJeufeJaomt"dyÜm,f us,f0ef;aomt"dyÜm,f? odrfarGYaom t"dyÜm,fwdkYudkaqmif\/ qdk;yHkum; Mum;&olrsm;tm;vrf;p&SmraawGYapbJ? qdkif;0dkif;wGifwD;vdkufwdkif; jrnfonfh pnfuJhodkY ynm&SdBuD;ozG,f vlrsm;txifBuD;atmif ajymatmif? ajymvdkY&onfh pum;vnf;jzpf\/

xdkYaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY tzdkYrSm EdkifiHa&;qdkonfh t"dyÜm,f tus,ft0ef; twdkif;txGmudk pOf;pm;


rd\/]]Armjynf\ EdkifiHa&;ordkif;udk jyefajymif;íMunfhvQif EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm b,fvdk[mrsdK;yg[k

wyfwyftyftyf r&Sdonfudk awGY&\/ Armrsm;tzdkY [kr®½l;? tif'Dyif;'ifh? bkH0g'? qif;&Jom;0g'? 0HomEkponfjzifh rD;cdk;rqHk;rdk;rqHk; jzpfaecJhonf/

t*Fvdyfvdk ]]ay:vpfwpf}} POLITICS qdkaompum;onf t*Fvdyfpum;r[kwf/ ]]ay:vpfwpf}}[lonf acgrwdkif;ac: *&dwfEdkifiHrS pwifay:aygufvm\/ acgrbmomjzifh ]]ay:vpfwpf}} qdkaompum;rSqif;oufvm\/ t"dyÜm,fum; vltrsm; pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfrI[lí jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHa&;;udk qdk&S,fqdkif;,ifhpf SOCIAL SCIENCE ac: aygif;oif;qufqHrI odyÜHynm[k ,lq&rnfjzpf\/

]]txufwGif wifjycJhaom EdkifiHa&;\oabmudk tus,f#DumzGifh&vQif ukefEdkifzG,f&mr&Sd/ odkYaomfydkrdkoabmaygufapjcif;iSm xyfrHo&kyfaqmifjy&OD;tHh/ EdkifiHa&;onf vlrIa&;udpö tm;vHk;yifjzpf\/

]]aemufwpfenf;um; vlom;wdkYonf vl½dkif;b0rS vl,Ofacwfa&mufvmonfhtcg ]]EdkifiHa&;}}ay:vmonf[kqdkMu\/

]]uRefawmf\ t,ltqwGifrl EdkifiHa&;udk odyÜHynmt& xifjrifokH;oyfrSom rSefuefonf[kxifrdyg\}}

Ä Ä Ätxufyg aumufEIwfcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh xdkacwf (1940) u EdkifiHa&; odyÜH

ynm (POLITICAL SCIENCE)taMumif; a&;om;Ekdifol tvGef&Sm;aecsdefwGif ocifatmifqef;\a&;om;csufrsm;t& olonf EdkifiHa&;odyÜHtaMumif; ydkifEdkifpGm avhvmxm;aMumif; odomxif&Sm;ygonf/

Ä Ä Äwpfzef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pmaya&;om;rI ]][ef}} aemufwpfrsdK;udk wifjyvdkygao;onf/1943-ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif *syefwdkYu ArmEdkifiHtm; vGwfvyfa&; (twk) ay;cJhaomtcg AdkvfcsKyf

atmifqef;onf Armhwyfrawmf\ aoemywd&mxl;tjyif t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf\ tpdk;&zGJYwGifvnf;]]ppf0efBuD;}} &mxl;yg &cJhygonf/ xdktcg ol\ ppf0efBuD;½kH;udk &efukefNrdKU OD;0dpm&vrf;\ ta&SYbufjcrf;(aemufydkif; 0dZ,½kyf&Sif½kHwnf&mrS ajrmufzuf,Gef;,Gef;wGif xm;&SdcJhygonf/)

AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkifu ]]ppf0efBuD;}} tjzpf aeYpOf½kH;wufNyD; wyfrawmf wpfckvHk;udkpDrHcefYcGJ uGyfuJcJhygonf/ topfzGJUpnf;vdkufaom ppf0efBuD;½kH; tajcusvmaomtcg tcsdeftenf;i,f&ojzihf AdkvfcsKyfonf ol apmapmuyif a&;om;&ef &nf&G,fxm;cJhaom pma&;jcif;tvkyfudk pwifvkyfcJhygonf/

ola&;onfhpmuawmh t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh AUTO BIOGRAPHY ac: udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådyifjzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ol tvGefpdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh a&;aeaom udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådudk NyD;atmiftqHk;rowfEdkifcJh&Smyg/ 1944 wGif zufqpfawmfvSefrI ta&;awmfyHktwGuf vQdKY0Suf jyifqifrIrsm;jzifhtvGeftvkyfrsm;vmaomaMumifh AdkvfcsKyf\ a&;vufp udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådudk wpfydkif;wpfpESifhyif &yfxm;cJh&onfrSm 1947ckESpf oluG,fvGefoGm;csdeftxdyifjzpfygonf/

,if; AdkvfcsKyf\ udk,fa&;tw¬KyÜwådrS atmufygaumufEIwfcsufrsm;udk avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/]]uRefawmfonf vl½dkif;b0u vmavovm; rod/ ,aeYtxd vl½dkif;oabmrsdK; aecsifonfh

pdwfxm;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ &Hzef&Hcg vl,Ofaus; qdkolrsm;ESifh tom;ruscJh/ rsufpdaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf/ xdktcg igonf vl½dkif;[k ZmwdpGJ jzpfcsifonfhpdwf ay:vmwwfonf/ vl½dkif;um; Murf;\/


cufxef\/ odkYaomf jzLajzmifh\/ wnfMunf\/ vGwfvyf\/ usef;rm\/ oefpGrf;\/ uRefawmf\pdwf0,f tifrwef pdkajyvwfqwfaomb0[k ,lqrdonf/ Armjynf&Sd vltm;vHk; vl½dkif;b0odkY a&mufcsifa&mufoGm;ygap/ vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmacgif;axmifaeEdkifrnfqdkvQif rvGwfvyfaom vl,Ofaus;b0xufuRefawmf tqwpf&mjrwfEdk;onf/

]]uRefawmf pdrf;vef;pdkajyus,fjyefYaom vGifjyif½dkif;wGif vufyef;aygufcwfí vGwfvGwfvyfvyfjrL;wl;atmf[pfaevdkonf}}

txufyg aumufEIwfcsufudkMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ Armpum;ajy a&;om;[efudk ay:vGifxif&Sm;onf[k qdk&ygrnf/ 0guswnfaqmufyHku wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifh vdk&if;udk xdxdrdrda&;zGJYxm;onf/ oHk;onfha0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;uvnf; wdusjywfom;onf/ [efaqmifrIuif;aomol\ yifudk,fobm0p½dkufudkyg ay:vGifaponfhtjyif ol\ESvHk;om;twGif; udef;atmif;wnf&Sdaeaomjzpfay:cHpm;csufudkyg yGifhvif;pGm azmfxkwfa&;zGJUxm;onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/

Ä Ä Ä

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pmayta&;tom;taMumif; ajym&vQif ol\ t*Fvdyfpm a&;om;rIuRrf;usifyHkudkyg azmfxkwfwifjy&rnf/ 1965-ckESpfu uRefawmfonf vkyfom;(t*Fvdyf) owif;pmtwGuf]]wyfrawmfaeY}} aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf/

,if;aqmif;yg;ü uRefawmfonf 1945-ckESpf? Mo*kwfvu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif a&;om;zwfMum;cJhaom ]]zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ppfwrf;}} t*Fvdyfbmomrl&if;rS aumufEIwfcsuftcsdKYudk udk;um;cJhygonf/

,if;aqmif;yg;udk owif;pmwGifrxnfhrD wpf&ufu vkyfom;(t*Fvdyfpm) owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyfOD;cifarmifvwf (a':cifrsdK;cspf\ cifyGef;)u uRefawmfhudk w,fvDzkef;qufar;ygonf/

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1946-ckESpf? pufwifbmv 26 &ufaeYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf NAdwdoQbk&ifcH qm-[lAuf&efpfhSIR HUBERT RANCExHrS EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk vufcH,lcJh&mwGif ol\ &mxl;\ w&m;0iftrnfu bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpD 'kwd,OuúX[líjzpfaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfonftpdk;&tzJGU(uufbdeuf)tBuD;tuJjzpfvsuf 0efBuD;csKyftmPmudk&&Sdxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

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xdkUaMumifhyif ol &mxl;vufcHNyD; rMumrD umuG,fa&;0efBuD;taejzifh EdkifiHtESHtjym;&Sd wyfrawmfwyf&if;wyfzJGrsm;odkY vSnfhvnfppfaq;cJHygonf/ xkdtcdsefu tdkif*sD(I.G.)ac: Armhwyfrawmfppfaq;a&;csKyf&mxl;&,lol NAdwdoQAdkvfcsKyf aomrwfpf(Maj-Gen Thomas)ESifhtwl arNrdKY&Sd avhusifha&;XmecsKyfbD-tm&f-pD(BURMA REGIMENTAL CENTRE)odkYvnf;aumif;? rdwD¬vmNrdKY&Sd tajrmufwyf&if;odkYvnf;aumif;? Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;(bmrm;&dkifz,f)rsm;&Sd&m ysOf;rem;? oefvsifNrdKYrsm;odkYvnf;aumif;oGm;í udk,fwdkifteD;uyfavhvmppfaq;NyD; vdktyfonfwdkYudk tBuHay;cJhonf/

]]wdkif;jynfvHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&ifawmh igwdkYwyfrawmfudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;tqifhjrifhjrifh pHjywyfrawmfjzpfvmatmif igwdkYuBudK;pm;wnfaqmuf&r,fuG}}

þodkYvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf rdw¬DvmrS &efukefodkYtjyefav,mOfay:wGifajymcJhygonf/ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udpöaqG;aEG;&ef NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ zdwfMum;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;

aqmifaom Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUwpfzJGUonf 1947ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvqef;u NAdwdefEdkifiH vef'efNrdKUodkYoGm;a&mufcJhygonf/

tpDtpOfum; AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtzJGUonf eef;&if;0ef(0efBuD;csKyf)rpöwmtufwvDacgif;aqmifaomNAdwdoQtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGUESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udpöudk vef'ef taustvnfaqG;aEG;nSdEdIif;&efyifjzpfonf/


Ä Ä ÄAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vef'efodkY toGm;wGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifhaqG;aEG;&mü taxmuftuljzpfap

&eftwGuf olESihf ppfBudKacwfuyif oduRrf;&if;ESD;cJhol tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;xHrS tBuHÓPfrsm;awmif;&ef tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJY0ifrsm;xufapmí 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYwGif &efukefrSxGufcGmcJhygonf/

tdEd,jynf e,l;a'vDNrdKYodkY AdkvfcsKyfa&mufoGm;csdefwGif INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESSac:tdEd, odyÜHynmuGef*&ufnDvmcH usif;ycsdefESifh BuKHBudKufaeojzifh 3-1-47 aeYwGif tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD;rpöwmae½l;ESifhtwl ,if; uGef*&uf nDvmcHBuD;odkY wufa&mufcJhygonf/

xdkYjyif EdkifiHwumrS nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; tdE´d,tpdk;&u e,l;a'vDNrdKY&Sd emrnfBuD;tifyD;&D;,Jvf[dkw,fwGif *kPfjyKnpmpm;yGJ wnfcif;&modkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkyg zdwfMum;ojzifh rpöwmae½l;ESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhygonf/ ,if; npmpm;yGJBuD;odkY wufa&mufvmolrsm;teuf tdEd,vufeufudkif wyfaygif;pkaoemywdcsKyf NAdwdoQvlrsdK; AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]]avmh'fatmfcsifvuf}} ESifh rdwfqufay;onfudkAdkvfcsKyfonf txl;yif pdwf0ifpm;rdygonf/

xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;rSm 'kwd,urÇmppf rjzpfrDESifh ppftwGif;u tvGefxif&Sm;aom NAdwdoQ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;wpfOD;jzpfav&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf umuG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? Armhwyfrawmf\aoemywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? ppfwyfzGJYpnf;yHk? pDrHtkyfcsKyfyHk? BuD;BuyfuGyfuJyHkwdkYudk tvGefpdwf0ifpm;oljzpfí AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ]]avmh'fatmfcsifvuf}} ESifh xdknu &if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm aqG;aEG;cGifh&ojzifh olodvdkorQpHkprf;ar;jref;&m NAdwdoQ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;uvnf; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf ajzMum;cJhygonf/

xdkYjyif Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY eHeufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfonf tdEd,EdkifiHodkY A[dkppfOD;pD;csKyf (GHQ)odkYoGm;a&mufavhvmMunfh½Iygonf/

tdEd,tifydkif,mwpfckvHk;\ vufeufudkif wyftm;vHk;udk BudK;udkifuGyfuJtkyfcsKyf&aom XmecsKyfjzpfí XmecGJaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh tvGefBuD;us,faom ppf½kH;BuD;yifwnf;/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ,if;ppfXmecsKyfBuD;\ zGJYpnf;yHkrsm;udk txl;pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm tao;pdwfavhvmMunfh½IcJhygonf/

]]igwdkY wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;awmhvnf; vwfwavmrSmawmh wyfzGJYpnf;yHkudk 'DvdkyHkpHrsdK;yJzGJYpnf;xm;&OD;rSmuG}}

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Ä Ä ÄArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;ta&;qdk&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh

tBuHÓPfrsm;udk tdEd,acgif;aqmifBuD; rpöwmae½l;xHrS&&SdNyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf BudKwifpDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; 7-1-47 aeYwGif e,l;a'vDrS um&mcsdNrdKY(,ck ygupöwefEdkifiHqdyfurf;NrdKY) odkY av,mOfjzifhxGufcGmcJhygonf/ u&mcsdNrdKYwGif ygupöwefEdkifiHzcifBuD;[k wifpm;ac:jcif;cH&olrGwfpvif acgif;aqmifBuD;rpöwm*sifem;ESifh &if;EDS;pGm awGYqHkaqG;aEG;cJhygonf/

xdkaeY naebufrSmyif &efukefrS xGufcGmvmaom ocifjrtrSL;jyKonfh bdvyfoGm; Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJY0ifrsm; um&mcsdNrdKYodkY a&muf&SdvmMuygonf/

xdkYaMumifh aemufwpfaeY (1947-ck? Zefe0g&Dv? 8 &ufaeY)nwGif AdkvfcsKyfacgif;aqmifaomArmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYonf um&mcsdNrdKYrS vef'efodkY av,mOfjzifh c&D;qufMuygonf/


BudKwifa&;qGJxm;aom c&D;pOft& AdkvfcsKyfwdkY\ av,mOfonf tD&wfEdkifiH ]]b*¾'uf}} NrdKYawmfteD;]][D;Am;eD;,m;}} avqdyfodkY acwåqif;oufí av,mOfpufrsm;udk ajrjyiftif*sifeD,mrsm;u ppfaq;jcif;?avmifpmqDjznfhjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfNyD; ajrxJyifv,fuGif; aAmfvfwmodkY ysHoef;&efacwå&yfem;Murnfjzpfygonf/

]][D;Am;rD;,m;}} avqdyfrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfwdkYtzGJYonf ]]b&dwfzwfpf}} ac: eHeufpmtjzpf aygifrkefY?vufzuf&nf? aumfzDrsm;pm;aomufMu&NyD; eHeufapmapm a'ocsdef ig;em&DcGJcefYwGif c&D;qufxGufMu&majrxJyifv,fjyifBuD;ay:rSjzwfí ysHoef;oGm;&NyD; ]]*&if;epf}} (NAdwdoQpHawmfcsdef) rGef;wnfh 12 em&DwGif]]aAmfvfwm}}uRef;odkY acsmarmpGm qdkufa&mufygonf/

aAmfvfwmuRef;um; NAdwdoQwdkYtwGuf ppfa&;r[mAsL[mt& tvGefta&;ygaom ae&mwpfckjzpfíRoyal Navy ac: bk&ifha&wyfrawmf\ tajcpdkufpcef;jyKvkyfum NAdwdoQbk&ifcHwpfOD;u tkyfcsKyfvsuf&Sdygonf/

bk&ifcHrSm rpöwma'gufuvyfqdkoljzpfNyD; Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhvma&mufawGYqHkEIwfqufygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfuvnf; ppftwGif;u ta&SUawmiftm&S r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkarmifhAufwifESifh oduRrf;cJhyHkudk ajymjy&if; pum;vufqHkus&mrS aAmfvfwmuRef;&Sd NAdwdoQa&wyfrawmftajcpdkufpcef;taMumif; AdkvfcsKyfodvdkaom tcsuftvufrsm; ar;jref;cGifh&cJhygonf/

xdkaeYu aAmfvfwmuRef;rSmyif aeYvnfpm pm;Mu&NyD;aemuf rGef;vGJ 2 em&DcefYwGif av,mOfjzifhNAdwdefEdkifiHodkY wdkuf½dkufc&D;quf ysHoef;oGm;&m 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 9 &ufaeY nudk;em&DcJGomomwGifvef'efavqdyfodkY acsmarmpGma&muf&SdoGm;Muygonf/

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,if;aqG;aEG;yGJonf Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufaeYwGif NyD;qHk;í 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwGifESpfbufoabmwlpmcsKyfudk atmifjrifpGm vufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJhygonf/

xdkpmcsKyfum; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;wGif ta&;ygvSaomrSwfwdkifwpfck[k qdk&rnfh 1947-ckESpf atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfyif jzpfygownf;/

Ä Ä Ä1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYrS pwifcJhaom ñSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;yGJonf Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufaeYrS

NyD;qHk;cJhonf rSefaomfvnf; aeYpOf&ufquf tpnf;ta0;rsm; awmufavQmufr&SdcJhyg/ Mum;&uftcsdKYwGifESpfbufpvHk;rSudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tcsif;csif; ñSdEdIif;wdkifyif&eftwGuf tpnf;ta0;acwå&yfem;jcif;&Sdygonf/,if;em;&ufrsm;wGif wpfcgwpf&H tcsdeftm;vyfonfudk toHk;csonfhtaejzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf umuG,fa&;0efBuD;yDyD avhvmvdkaom ae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhygonf/

Ä Ä Ätdrf&SifNAdwdoQtpdk;&uvnf; ArmtzGJYacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; avhvmtuJcwfMunfh

NyD; av;pm;yHk&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; AdkvfcsKyfu ArmEdkifiH umuG,fa&;0efBuD;taejzifh avhvmvdkaomae&mXmersm;udk tqifajypGm avhvmEdkifatmif ulnDpDpOfay;ygonf/


1947 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 21 &ufaeYwGif aqG;aEG;yGJr&SdbJ tm;vyfojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'efNrdKYrSrdkif 90 cefY uGma0;aom ]]yufqif[rf}} t&yf&Sd NAdwdoQ tifydkif,mvHk;qdkif&m A[dkavaMumif; twwfoifausmif;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhygonf/

ausmif;tkyf (wyfrSL;BuD;)\ ajymjycsuft& xdkausmif;onf NAdwdoQtifydkif,mtwGif;rS EdkifiHrsm;("eo[m,EdkifiHrsm;) rS avwyft&m&Sdrsm;tm; tqifhjrifhavaMumif; ynmrsm; oifMum;ydkYcsay;onfhtBuD;qHk; oifwef;ausmif;jzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/

xdkaeYu R.A.F bk&ifhavwyfrawmfrS vufa&G;pifavol&Jrsm;u ]]rDwDa,mf}} trnf&Sd aemufqHk;]]*suf}} wdkufav,mOfopfrsm;jzifh wpfem&DvQif rdkif 600 EIef;ysHoef;&if; twdrf;ta&Smif? ½kwfw&uftjrifhysHwufjcif;? wpfzef tedrfhrsm;odkY qif;ysHjcif;paom ppfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk uRrf;usifpGm vkyfjyonfudkAdkvfcsKyfonf txl;pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmMunfh½Iygonf/

]]tif;-igwdkY wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcg igwdkY&JY avwyfrawmfrSmvnf; 'Dvdk aemufqHk;ay:acwfrD*sufav,mOfawG &Sdvm&rSmayghuGm}}

þodkYvQif AdkvfcsKyfu uRefawmfhtm; cyfwdk;wdk;ajymygonf/ppfolBuD;aumif; wpfOD;taejzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u ppfrsufESmt&yf&yfrS

tajctaeudk rsufjcnfrjywf avhvmtuJcwfcJh&m r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;u emZDESifh zufqpf&efolrsm;tm;wdkufcdkufacsrIef;EdkifcJh&mwGif r[mrdwfwdkYbufrS avwyftm; txl;awmifhwif; tm;aumif;jcif;u t"dutaMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif; avhvmoHk;oyfrdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifhvnf; t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd NAdwdoQ A[dkavaMumif; twwfoifausmif;BuD;udk pdwf0ifpm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/

,if;odkY pdwf0ifpm;rdaMumif;udkvnf; 31-1-47 aeYu bk&ifhavwyfrawmf\ OD;pD;csKyfavm'fwuf'gESifh awGYqHk&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u yGifhvif;pGm ajymygonf/ bk&ifhavwyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyfavmh'fwuf'g (Lord Teddar)\ w&m;0if&mxl; tac:ta0:rSm Marshal of the R.A.F [líjzpfNyD; tpdk;&tzGJY (uufbdeuf) 0if 0efBuD;tqifh&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/

xdkyk*¾dKvfuvnf; AdkvfcsKyf pdwf0ifpm;aMumif;udk od&í 0rf;ajrmufygaMumif;? vGwfvyfaomArmEdkifiH\ avwyfrawmfzGJYpnf;wnfaxmif&mwGifvnf; twwfEdkifqHk; ulnDrnf[k jyefvnfajymMum;cJhygonf/

1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwGif atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; eHeufydkif;wGif rpöwmtufwvDESifh NAdwdoQ0efBuD; tcsdKYrSm txl;ta&;BuD;aom tpnf;ta0;wpfck &Sdaejyefojzifh rGef;vGJ oHk;em&DrS vufrSwfxdk;Mu&ef owfrSwfvdkufygonf/

xdkYaMumifh Armudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJY0ifrsm; eHeufydkif;wGif tm;vyfaeMu&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfoltxl;pdwf0ifpm;aom NAdwdoQppfOD;pD;wuúodkvf (STAFF COLLEGE)ESifh urÇmausmfemrnfBuD;qif;[wf (SANDHURST) ppfwuúodkvfrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvm&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/

NAdwdoQtpdk;&uvnf; csufcsif;yif AdkvfcsKyfoGm;Munfhvdkaomae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvm&eftvsiftjref pDpOfay;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf txl;pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvmMunfh½IcJhonf/

vef'efNrdKYrSarmfawmf,mOfjzifh wpfem&DomomoGm;½kHESifh ]]uifbmvD}} t&yf&Sd STAFF COLLEGE

ppfOD;pD; wuúodkvfodkY a&mufoGm;Muygonf/


(rSwfcsuf/ /,ck &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; Axl;wyfNrdKY&Sd Armhwyfrawmf ]]ppfOD;pD;wuúodkvf}}onfNAdwdoQEdkifiHü AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; avhvmcJhaom STAFF COLLEGE yHkpHoabmrsdK; zefwD;xm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ pma&;ol)

ppfOD;pD;wuúodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD; AkdvfcsKyf[m;vf (Majgen Hull) qdkoludk,fwdkif c&D;OD;BudKjyKíausmif;twGif; vdkufvHjyoum tao;pdwf &Sif;jyonfudk AdkvfcsKyfonf pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm avhvmrSwfom;ygonf/

xkdrSwpfqifh AdkvfcsKyfonf urÇmausmf ]]qif;[wf}}(SANDHURST)ppfwuúodkvfodkYvnf; oGm;a&mufNyD; twefMumMum avhvmMunfh½IcJhygonf/

(rSwfcsuf/ /,aeY ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&SiftzJGY0if AdkvfcsKyfapmMum'dk;(tNidrf;pm;)onf txufyg azmfjyyg ]]qif;[wf}} ppfwuúodkvfausmif;qif;t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfcJhygonf/pma&;ol)

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odkYjzpfvifhupm; ESpfodrfhp&mwpfckuawmh ,aeYvGwfvyfaom ArmEdkifiH\ wyfrawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfvdkvm;cJhaom ppfOD;pD;wuúodkvf? jyifOD;vGifrS D.S.A.ppfwuúodkvf? EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuúodkvf(NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE)ponfwdkYjzifh cefUnm;xnf0gpGm jynfhpHkaejcif;yif jzpfygownf;/

pwdkifopfr*¾Zif;(Edk0ifbmv?1995)





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Education

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