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- 1.
- 2. , , , . 80% 3.600 . , 600 .
- 3. 4,871024 kg (81,5% ). 5243 kg/m3. 12.104 km 0,95 , 650 km .
, . , , .
- 4. , , . , . 4,5 (4,5109) , , .
- 5. , . , , . (III).[9][11] ( ): , , , . ,[11] , .
- 6. 5 320 . . , , , 70 , ( ) .
- 7. , . 10% (60.268 km 54,364 km. . , 0.69 g/cm . 95 318 ,[10]
20% .[11]
- 8. , . 300 bar (100 kPa ), 100 bar (10 MPa) 320 K.[16] 1 bar. :
, -300 50 100 - 0,1 bar (10 MPa 10 kPa), , 50 4000 0,1 10-10 bar
(10 kPa 10 a), 4.000 50.000 .[7] . 2012[17], , 900 [18] , . -240
.
- 9. 1843, , () . (Urbain Leverrier, 1811-1877) , , () 23 1846
(Johan Galle) . 3,5 , 42 . 17 . 13,47 m/sec2 .
- 10.
- 11.
