យុត្តិសាស្ត្រ ឃោសនា []

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ i

matika esckþIEføgGMNrKuN --------------------------------------------------------- v

GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------vi

TsSn³GñkniBnV ------------------------------------------------------------ vii

CMBUkTI 1 I.niymn½y ----------------------------------------------------------------1 II.eKalbMNgeXasna --------------------------------------------------------1 III. dMeNIrkareXasna --------------------------------------------------------3

1-viPaK»kas --------------------------------------------------------3 2-sikSaBt’man nigerobcMRbB½n§Bt’man --------------------------------------3 k-RsavRCavBt’man ----------------------------------------------3 x-viFIsaRsþRbmUlBt’man------------------------------------------ 4 K-tYnaTIrbs;Pñak;garBt’man---------------------------------------- 4 3-Pñak;garcarkm μ------------------------------------------------------ 5

k-Pñak;garBt’man-------------------------------------------------5 x-Pñak;gartamtMbn; -----------------------------------------------5 K-Pñak;garkñúgCYr--------------------------------------------------6 X-Pñak;garsÞÜn---------------------------------------------------6 g-Pñak;garsøab;---------------------------------------------------6 c-Pñak;garBiess -------------------------------------------------6 q-kmøaMgBiess --------------------------------------------------6

4-briyakasneya)ay ------------------------------------------------- 7 k-KNbkSneya)ay----------------------------------------------8 x-kat;eTasEx μrRkhm ------------------------------------------- 10 K-CemøaHdIFøI --------------------------------------------------- 11 X-GMeBIBukrlYy -----------------------------------------------13

5-TMenar nigninñakarRbCaBlrdæ -------------------------------------------14 6-eKaledAvayluk ---------------------------------------------------14

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ ii

CMBUkTI 2 Epnkar

I.kareFIVKMerag --------------------------------------------------------------16 1-kMNt;bBaða -------------------------------------------------------16 2-eRCIserIsRbFanbT ----------------------------------------------- 17 3-eRCIserIseKaledAeXasna ------------------------------------------ 17 4-yuT§saRsþeXasnaepSg² ---------------------------------------------18

k-bgðajeKalkarN_ nigGgÁkarneya)ay----------------------------- 18 x-TIkEnøgeXasna nig»kas -------------------------------------- 19 K-RbCaBlrdæ ------------------------------------------------- 19 X-eXasnik -------------------------------------------------- 20 g-rUbPaBxageRkA ---------------------------------------------- 21 c-tMélGgÁkarneya)ay ----------------------------------------- 21 q-skmμPaB BaküeBcn_ nigGtßn½yeXasna --------------------------- 22 C-skmμPaBCYyral;TukçlM)akRbCaBlrdæ ----------------------------- 22 Q-Tinñplkargar nig sñaédemdwknaM --------------------------------- 23 j-cMbBaðaRbCaBlrdæ -------------------------------------------- 23 d-RbtikmμPøam²------------------------------------------------ 24

5-kmμviFIRbtibtiþkar ---------------------------------------------------24 6-viPaKelIlT§pl xat b¤cMeNj -----------------------------------------24 7-RtYtBinitü --------------------------------------------------------25

II. KUrbøg;yuT§saRsþeXasna ---------------------------------------------------25 III.yuT§saRsþeXasnaCasaFarN³ ----------------------------------------------26 IV. RKb;RKgbNþaj -------------------------------------------------------- 27

erobcM I.erobcMrcnasm<½n§-----------------------------------------------------------28

1-erobcMEbgEckmuxgar ------------------------------------------------28 2-erobcMtamPUmisaRsþ-------------------------------------------------28

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ iii

3-erobcMkarEbgEck tamRbePTRbCaBlrdæ ---------------------------------28 II. karerobcMbNþaj --------------------------------------------------------28

1-erobcMKMeragbNþaj -------------------------------------------------28 2-eKaledAbNþaj ---------------------------------------------------29 3-yuT§saRsþbNþaj --------------------------------------------------29 4-rcnasm<½n§bNþaj-------------------------------------------------- 30 5-TMhMbNþaj ------------------------------------------------------ 30 6-karTUTat;bNþaj -------------------------------------------------- 30 7-eRCIserIsembNþaj------------------------------------------------ 30 8-hVwkhat;embNþaj------------------------------------------------- 31 9-elIkTwkcitþembNþaj ----------------------------------------------- 31 10-vaytMélbNþaj ------------------------------------------------- 31 11-begIánRbsiT§PaBbNþaj ------------------------------------------- 31 12-karhVwkhat;PaBCaGñkeFIVbNþaj ------------------------------------- 32 13-ÉkeTscrcar--------------------------------------------------- 32 14-CMnajkarbegáItTMnak;TMng ------------------------------------------ 33

Gnuvtþn_ I.TTYlsÁal; nig kMNt;bBaða -------------------------------------------------- 34 II.vaytMélkMritGgÁkarneya)ay ---------------------------------------------- 34 III.Gnvutþn_viFIsaRsþeXasna -------------------------------------------------- 34

1-citþsaRsTUeTA ---------------------------------------------------- 34 2-sRgÁamcitþsaRsþ -------------------------------------------------- 35 3-sRgÁamneya)ay ------------------------------------------------- 35 4-menaKmn_viC¢aneya)ay ----------------------------------------------42

k-menaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn ---------------------------------------- 43 x-sasnaRBHBuT§Ca]bkrN_neya)ay ------------------------------- 44 K-carnarIs¥at Tak;esþc sI hnu eFVICaExl ----------------------------- 45 X-eCOK μanehtuplK μankarBit ------------------------------------- 47 g-yYn h‘un Esn RtYtRtasarBt’man --------------------------------- 47 c-BuT§TMnay rgcaMGñkmanbuNü------------------------------------- 48

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ iv

q-snþiPaB nig RbCaFibetyü-------------------------------------- 48 C-kuMeGayEx μrerIseGIgBUCsasn_ ------------------------------------ 48 Q-min)at;bg;TwkdIEx μrsBVéf¶ -------------------------------------- 49 j-bMPitbMP½y KMram smøab; --------------------------------------- 50 d-Ex μrRkIRk rehmrham ------------------------------------------ 51 z-dwgKuN 7 mkra---------------------------------------------- 51 D-Qb;eGayEx μrKitKUrerOgCati------------------------------------- 52

5-yuT§saRsþneya)ayQñH----------------------------------------------52 IV.vaytémølT§plGnuvtþn_ ---------------------------------------------------52

RtYtBinitü

I.RtYtBinitüEpnkarRbcaMqñaM --------------------------------------------------- 53 II.RtYtBinitüplRbeyaCn_---------------------------------------------------- 53 III.RtYtBinitüRbsiT§PaB ----------------------------------------------------- 53 IV.RtYtBinitüyuT§saRsþeXasna ------------------------------------------------ 54 v. RtYtBinitüEpñkeXasna ---------------------------------------------------- 54 VI-karsniñdñan -------------------------------------------------------------56 Éksareyag --------------------------------------------------------------57

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ v

esckIþEføgGMNrKuN (Acknowledgment)

Cabzm´sUmelIkhtßfVaybgÁMRBHBuT§ RBHFm’ RBHsgÇ nigsUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCal eRCAcMeBaH elak«Buk Gñkmþay nigCatiEx μr CaGñkmanKuNd¾elIslub Edl)anpþl;CIvit pþl;kMeNItkUn xitxMciBa©wmbI)ac;EfrkSakUn nigeGayékItCaExμr.

CaBiess ´RBHkruNasUmGrRBHKuNcMeBaH RBHetCKuNRKb;RBHGgÁ Edl)anxitxMCYysMrYl kñúgkic©karenH.

sUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuNelakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüTaMgGs; Edl)anpþl;cMeNHdwgdl;´ nigkulbuRt kulFItaEx μrRKb;rUb.

sUmEføgGMNrKuN Gs;elak elakRsI Edl)anCYy]btßmÖKaMRT. esovePAenHcgRkgeLIg edIm,I]TÞisdl;GñkdwknaM GñkesñhaCati nigGñkCatiExμrniym EdlsuxcitþlHbg; kMlaMgkay citþ rhUtdl; bUCaCIvit edIm,IbuBVehtukarBarCatimatuPUmiEx μrRKb;CMnan; eGay)anKg;vgSrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñenH nig sUm]TÞwsdl;CnrYmQamEx μr Edlsøab;edayGyutþiFm’CabnþbnÞab; edaysarkum μ úynisþyYn nigCnpþac;kar bMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn h‘un Esn.

esovePAenH ´xitxMcgRkgeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgrYmcMENk edIm,IbNþúHbegIánsmtßPaB cMeNHdwg bTBiesaFn_ dl;smaCikCatiExμr RbCaCatiEx μr eGaymankaryl;dwgbEnßmGMBI yuT§saRsþeXasna EdlCabTBiesaFn_ nigkarRsaRCavesovePAepSg²mYycMnYneTot KYbpSMnigKMnitpÞal;rbs;GñkniBn§ edIm,IEckcaydl;CnrYmQamExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμr. esovePAenHGacCYybgðajpøÚv dl;Gñkesñha- CatiEx μr kUnEx μrTaMgGs; ha‘negIbeLIg karBarCatixøÜn eGayrYcputBIRkjaMu GaNaniKmn_kumμ úynisþ- yYnEbbfμ I sBVéf¶.

´sgÇwmfa esovePAenHnwgCYybMPøWdl; RBHetCKuN sisS nisiSt CMnan;eRkay nigGs;elak elakRsI EdlmanQamC½rCaEx μr sMrab;xitxMRbwgERbgCYyrMedaHsgÁmCatiExμr RbCaBlrdæEx μr kMBugEt degðayehA. ýl;fa tamry³esovePAenH GacCaKMnittictYcsþÜcesþIg minTan;)anRKb;RCugeRCay enAeLIyeT EtGacykeTAsikSabEnßmedIm,IeGaysIuCMerA edIm,IICaCMnYydl;esñhaCatiExμr k¾dUcCaCatiEx μr BIeRBaHfa kareronminecHcb;eLIy KWeronrhUtdl;bBa©b;CIvitenAelIelakenH. ´rIkraynigTTYlyknUv karriHKn; Eklm¥ RKb;Ebbya:g GMBIelakGñkGan.

CacugbBa©b;enH ´sgÇwmfa Gs;elakGñkGan BitCanigTTYl)annUvKMnityuT§saRsþeXasna edIm,IykeTAGnuvtþeGaymanRbsiT§PaBsMrab; seRgÁaH rMedaH karBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr naeBlbc©úb,nñenH.

eFIVenATIRkugva:sIunetan éf¶TI08 ExsIha qñaM2008

s FmμrgSI

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ vi

GarmÖkfa esovePAyuT§saRsþeXasna EdlGs;elakGñkkMBugGanenAkñúgédenH KWCakUnesovePAtUcmYy

sMrab;bMPøWpøÚvdl;Gs;elakGñk nigkulbuRtkulFItaEx μr eGay)anyl;dwgbEnßm GMBIviFIeXasna edIm,ICYyRCMuERCg kñúgkargarrMedaHRbeTsCatimatuPUmiEx μr eGayrYcBIEpnkaryYnkumμ úynisþ ¬\NÐÜcin¦ EdlkMBugEtRtYtRta TaMgEx μreRkam nigRbeTsEx μrnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. Ex μrRKb;rUbmanEtkarQWcab; BImYy CMnan; eTAmYyCMnan; EtkarQWcab;enH enAEtKrelIKMnrTukçRbCaBlrdæExμrdEdl. edayRbCaBlrdæEx μr mindwgriHrkviFImYyNa eFIVya:gdUcemþc edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða EdlkMBugEtekItmaneLIgenHeGaycb; nigrYcputBIekñobrbs;kumμ úynisþyYn rhUtExμrTTYl)ansuxekSmkSanþeLIy. Ex μreyIgmanEtkmøaMgcitþ EtxVHkmøaMgR)aCJa tamyuT§saRsþelak s‘un s‘U ebIeyIgcg;ykQñHsRtUv eyIgRtUvyk QñHxagyuT§saRsþ. ehtudUecñHehIy GñkniBn§xitxMcgRkgesovePAenHeLIgTukCak,Ünxñat KWkñúgeKal- bMNgrYmcMENkpSBVpSaydl;kulbuRtkulFItaEx μr GñkesñhaCatiEx μr BIRKb;mCÄdæan eGay)an yl;dwgxøH² GMBIrebobeXasna edIm,IcUlrYmcMENk rMedaHRbeTsCatieyIg eGaymanÉkraCüPaB snþiPaB siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj ]tþmPaB rugerOg kñúgnamCaExμr minRBmsøab;dUcBs; rs;dUckEgáb dUcsBVéf¶enHeLIy. kUnEx μrTaMgGs;RtUvdwgfa vasnaGnaKtCatiExμr KWsißtenAelIkNþab;édrbs; Gs;elakGñk EdlmanesovePAenHGankñúgédehIy. ebIelakGñk)anyl;ehIy eXIjehIy sUmrYm cMENk lHbg; KaMRT minfatic b¤eRcIn tamlT§PaB enaHCatieyIgnigrs;esμ ImuxCatisasn_déT minRBmsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;breTs dUcyYnRtYtRtaExμrsBVéf¶ tamry³ h‘un Esn eRbICa kUnGuk nigykeQμaHesþc sIhnu CarnaMg eGayEx μreyIgs¶b;citþ yl;xusfa RbeTsExμrmansuxsniþPaB vaeFIVeGayExμremIleXIj manLan luy vILa CaerOgGs©arü EtKYreGayGaNitGasUrQamEx μreBkéRk EdlenAEthUr enAEtRkIRk nigKYreGaysEgVkdl;QamEx μrEdl)ansøab; enAelIsmrPUmi nigGñksøab;kñúg rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüknøgmk. CnrgeRKaHExμrsBVéf¶ rs;enArgTukçevTna KμanGñkrkyutþiFm’ K μanGñkykcitþTukdak; EtpÞúyeTAvij yYnsuxcitþbUCaCivit nigeFIVGIVRKb;ya:g edIm,IeKaledAFMbMputrbs;va KWykTwkdIEx μr eRBaHTwkdIEx μrsMxan;Cagvtßú nigsmÖar³TaMgGs;enaH KWBYkvaeRbIneya)ayRtCak; mkdeNþImykplRbeyaCn_BIEx μr nigRtYtRtakñúgRksYgsMxan;dUcCa b:UlIs Tahan RksYgkarbreTs ehIyyYnbegIát smaKmn_19 extþRkug edIm,IbBa¢ÚnCnCatiyYnbnþicmþg² mktaMgTIlMenA elITwkdIExμr TIbMputEx μrkøayCa CnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn dUcman cam nig ExμreRkam Ca]TahrN_Rsab;.

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ vii

TsSn³GñkniBn§

edayemIleXIj PaBmhnþrayeRKaHfñak;sMrab;RbeTsCati nigRbCaCatiExμr eRBaHyYn manmhicätaelbykplRbeyaCn_BIExμr nigRtYtRtaelITwkdIEx μrbc©úb,nñ tamry³kareRbIneya)ay RtCak; edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH. kñúgnamCakUnEx μr EdlmanQamC½rCaEx μrmUyrUb minTuk»kas beNþayeGaybreTs mkCan;QøI Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiEx μr rhUtdl;)at;bg;GFibetyüPaB bUrNPaBTwkdI ÉkraCüTaMgRsug dUcRbeTscm,a: nigEx μreRkamenaHeLIy. eyIgCaEx μrTaMgGs;Kña Føab;manGriyFm’rugerOgnasm½yGgÁr buBVbursEx μr )anlHbg;QamRss; sac;Rss; edIm,Ikul buRtkulFItaEx μrCMnan;eRkay rs;enAmanesckþIsuxsuPmgÁl EtebIeyIgTaMgGs;Kña CakUnecAEx μrCMnan; enH eXIjehIy dwgehIy B¤ehIy GMBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTsCatixøÜnEbbenH Etminh‘anlHbg; minh‘anniyay minh‘aneFIV eRBaHxøacsøab; etIvamanRbeyaCn_GIV EdlTukeGayCatiTaMgmUlsøab;?. eyIgCaEx μrmñak;² RtUvEtCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHCatixøÜnenACMnan;eyIgenH eyIgminsuxcitþbeNþayeGayRbvtþisaRsþ tμ iHtiHedolfamnusSkMsakeLIy. dUecñH eyIgRtUvnaMKñaPJak;rB¤keLIg eRkakeLIg rYbrYmsamKÁIKñaeLIg edIm,IkarBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiEx μr TwkdIExμr kMueGay)at;bg;Cadac;xat karBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr eFIVya:gNaeGayEx μrmansiTi§esrIPaB ]tþmPaB esIμmuxRbeTsnana kñúgtMbn; nigsklelak. eyIgTaMgGs;KñasUmsc©aya:gmwugma:t;fa minbeNþayeGayTwkdIEx μr)at;bg; dUcTwkdIEx μreRkamCadac; xat. eyIgminRtUvbeNþayeGayRbeTsEx μrFøak;kñúgkarRtYtRtarbs;yYndUc sBVéf¶enHeLIy. ebIsinCa RbeTseyIgFøak;kñúgédyYndUcsBVéf¶ EteyIgminPJak;xøÜn b¤QWcab;enaHeT rs;edIm,IEtRkBH tam yuT§saRsþrbs;yYn nig h‘un Esn CaGñkerobenaH kUnecAEx μrCMnan;eRkaynigrgTukçevTnaKμanTIbBa©b; eLIy ehIyRbvtþisaRsþEx μr nigkøayeTACaRbvtþisaRsþ\NÐÚcin kñúgGMLúgeBl 50 qñaMeTot. niyay eGaycM \LÚvenHTwkminTan;dl;RcmuHeT eyIgRtUvEtnaMKñasÞúHsÞareLIg kMucaMrhUtdl;TwkcUlRcmuHehIy eTIbeyIgnaMKñaPJak;eLIg eBlenaH CatiEx μreyIghYseBleTAehIy.

GIVEdlGñkniBn§xitxM bgðajnUvviFIsaRsþTaMgGs;enH minTan;RKb;RCugeRCayenAeLIyeT ehIy k¾minGacQaneTAdl;eKaledAeCaKC½ysMrab;CatiEx μr)anEdr ebIsinCaKμankarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæExμr TaMgmUl CaBiess Gs;elakGñμkEdlesñhaCatiExμrBit² BIRKb;mCÄdæan EdlkMBugGanesovePAenH enAkñúgéd.

RbeTsmYycMnYnEdlrwgbwugeTA)an luHRtaEtkardwknaMmanCMhrÉkraCü minBwg nigsißtenAeRkam KMnabbreTs ehIyemdwknaMRtUvmanKMnitesñhaCatimYyd¾rwgbwug dUcCaRbeTs shrdæGaemric )araMg Gg;eKøs rYsSI Cb:un kUer:xagt,Úg éf nig mYycMnYnenAshKmn_GWrubCaedIm. eRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ viii

2 sni§sBaØaGnþrCatisIþBIBaNiC¢km μesrI minGnuBaØateGaybNþaRbeTs enAGWr:ubmYycMnYn eRbIneya)ay dak;GaNaniKmn_eLIy. RbeTsmYycMnYn )anTamTaÉkraCüCabnþbnÞab; ehIyFøak;cUlmkCasRgÁam RtCak;rvag kumμ úynisþnigesrI eBlenaHRbeTsEx μrsißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn kumμúynisþTaMgRsug nacenøaHqñaM ¬1979-1991¦. cuHehtuGIV\LÚvenH eyIgbeNþayeGayBYkkumμúynisþyYnRtYtRtaEx μr eTot. yYneRbIExμrbMerIkum μ úynisþenaH CarnaMgbiT)aMg RbCaBlrdæExμr eFIVmenaKmn_elIExμrsøÚtRtg; eGaylg;eCOkare)akR)as;rbs;va eFIVeGayCatiEx μrTTYlrgeRKaHedaysar BYkkum μ úynisþenH mþgehIy mþgeTot.

´mankaresaksþayCaxøaMg eBlEdleXIjemdwknaMEx μr mYycMnYn dUcCa sI hnu nig h‘un Esn EdlbMerIneya)ayeGayBYkkum μúynisþ suxcitþeGayRbCaraRsþxøÜnsøab;rab;lannak; nigrgTukçevTna K μaneBlElð edaysarEtkardwknaMeFIVtamExSjak;rbs;breTs EdlKμancMeNjGIVdl;Ex μrbnþicesaH eLIy EfmTaMgcMGkeGayExμr fakarsøab;enHCaerOgneya)ayrbs;«eTAvij.

´sgÇwmfa Gs;elakEdlmanKMnitesñhaCati matuRbeTsTaMgLay minbeNþayeGay QamExμrenAEthUrdUcsBVéf¶ minTukeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrenAEtyM edayeyIgsMgMyksux elIKMnrTukç rbs;CatixøÜnenaHeLIy. ´sUmbYgsYgdl;vtßúsaksiTi§TaMgLaykñúgEdndIEx μr Biess buBVbursEx μr GñkesñhaCatiEx μrRKb;CMnan; Edl)anEfrkSaTwkdIExμr cUlmksn§itkñúgdYgRBlwgkUnEx μrCMnan;enH edIm,ICYy EfrkSakarBarCatiEx μr eGayrYcputBIkarkarCiHCan;RtYtRtarbs;yYn rbbkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn PaBRkIRk GMeBIBukrlYy nigGyutþiFm’epSg².

CaTIbBa©b;enH ´sUmGMBavnav dl;GñkesñhaCatiExμrTaMgGs; EdlmanTwkcitþcUlrYm kñúgkic©kar rMedaHCatiEx μrenH emtþaCYyftcMlgEckcay nigpSBVpSaydl;smaCikCatiExμrt²Kñapg edIm,ICYy BRgwgcMeNHdwgdl;smaCikTaMgGs;eGaykan;EtTUlMTUlay.

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ ix

CMBUkTI 1

RBH)aTC½yvrμ ½nTI 7 tMNagmhavirkStesñhaCatiEx μr

eroberog eday s FmμrgSI rkSasiTi§ 1

I-niymn½y (Definition)

kareXasna KWCadMeNIrkarbeB©ajnUveKalneya)ay nigTsSn³epSg²rbs;GgÁkarneya)ay CatiEx μr eTAdl;RbCaBlrdæedIm,IeGaymankarKaMRT nigcUlrYmkñúgGgÁkarneya)ayeyIg. GgÁkarneya )ayeyIgenH KWminEmneFIVsMrab;plRbeyaCn_buKÁl b¤bkSNamYyeT KWeFIVeLIgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_ Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiEx μrBit². kareXasnaenH CaktþasMxan;Nas;sMrab;GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg edIm,I Tak;TajGñkKaMRT Tak;TajRbCaBlrdæEx μrBIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁmeGaycUlrYmCaGtibrmatam eKal karN_neya)ay rhUt)ansMerceCaKC½ytamckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaMneya)ay Edl)ankMNt;.

eKalkarN_neya)ayrbs;eyIgRtUvpøas;bþÚr emdwknaM RbB½n§RKb;RKg EdlmanGMeBIBukrlYy EkERbRbCaBlrdæRkIRk nigPaBGyutþiFm’ eTACaCatimYyEdléføfñÚr s¥atsM¥ yutþiFm’ es μ Imux man]tþmPaB dUcRbeTsnanaelIBiPBelak. neya)aydwknaM BIrbbkumμ úynisþeRkamyYnRtYtRta eTACarbbRbCaFib etyü manÉkraCüBitR)akd minsßitenAkareRkamkarRtYtRta b¤BwgBak;yYn. enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü RbCaBlrdæCam©as;énGMNac ehtudUcenH RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§esrIPaBkñúgkar Kit niyay beBa©j mtiepSg² nigeFIVkarsMerccitþkñúgkareRCIserIstMNagrbs;xøÜn edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaBl- rdæTUeTA dUcEdlxøÜncg;)an. II-eKalbMNgeXasna (Goal of Propaganda)

eXasniknImYy²RtUvmaneKalbMNg nigeKaledArbs;xøÜneGayc,as;las; enAeBlEdlxøÜn cab;epþImeFVIkareXasna. eyIgCaeXasnikRtUvdwgfa eyIgmanParkic© nigtYnaTIeFIVGIVxøH?. eKaledA rbs;eyIg RKb;TIkEnøg nigRKb;eBlevla RtUveFIVkareXasnadl;RbCaBlrdæExμr RKb;mCÄdæan eGay PJak;rlwkRsLaj;CatixøÜn RsLaj;RbCaBlrdæExμr GaNitGasUrcg;CYyCatiEx μr nigeGayemIleXIjGMBI eRKaHmhnþrayrbs;RbeTsCati. eyIgRtUveFIVya:gNaeGaymankarKaMRTkan;EteRcInCaGtibrma dl; GgÁkarneya)ayrbs;eyIg. eyIgeFIVya:gNaeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr yl;dwgkarBit GMBIRbvtþisaRsþEx μr bBaðananaEdlekItkMBugekIteLIgnaeBlbc©úb,nñ dUcCa GMeBIBukrlYy GyutþiFm’ nigPaBRkIRkCaedIm. eyIgRtUvnaMmuxkñúgkarKitKUrsiTi§esrIPaBEx μrplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr CaplRbeyaCn_rbs;eyIg TaMgGs;Kña minEmnCaplRbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁlNamñak;eLIy. dUecñH eyIgTaMgGs;KñaEdlmanQam C½rCaEx μrdUcKña eyIgminRtUvGl;EGksÞak;esÞIr nigq¶l;ehtuGIV)anEtRkIRk KitEtRkBH b¤Gatμaniym. ehtuGIVeyIgsikSa eronsURtcb; eKmineGaytMél K μankargar pþl;R)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; enHbNþalmkBIemdwknaM nigneya)aydwknaMK μanÉkraCü eRkamkarRtYtRtayYn. ehtuenH edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða eyIgRtUvnaMKña edaHRsayb£sKl;énbBaða eyIgminGacedaHRsayEt cugbBaðafacb;eLIy. eyIgCaEx μrRtUvrYmcMENk taMgcitþmutmaM yl;dwgRKb;Ebbya:gGMBIneya)ay EdlCakic©karFM CaplRbeyaCn_Cati CaGayuCIvit


RbCaBlrdæEx μrTaMgGs; eyIgTaMgGs;KñaQb;KaMRTKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn. emdwknaMneya)ay KWCaGñkkac;cgáÚtRbeTsCati eGayrIkcMerIn b¤Gnþray rwgbwug b¤Tn;exSay RbCaBlrdæman b¤Rk søab; b¤rs; . eyIgRtUvbgðajRbCaBlrdæEx μrfa plRbeyaCn_TaMgLay GayuCivitrbs;BYkKat;mñak;² KWGaRs½yelIemdwknaMneya)ay BIeRBaHneya)ayenHGaceGayKat; sux b¤lM)akevTna. GaRs½yehtu enH eyIgminRtUvTukcitþEtelImnusSmñak;dwknaMenaHeT KWeyIgTaMgGs;KñaenHehIy manParkic©karBar plRbeyaCn_Catirbs;eyIgdayxøÜnÉg TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHCatieyIg eFIVya:gNaeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr cab;GarmμN_ nigykcitþTukdak;yl;dwgGMBIerOgneya)ayenH. eyIgrs;enAkñúgsgÁmmYy minGaceKc ecjeGayputBIneya)ay)aneT eTaHCaxitxMeKcrt;eTANa k¾minGacecosputBIneya)ay)aneLIy. mnusSmñak;enAkñúgsgÁmRKYsar RKYsarmñak;kñúgsgÁmmnusS sgÁmmnusSenAkñúgsgÁmCatimYy dUcenHebI mnusSminKitBIneya)ay ¬plRbeyaCn_¦ mann½yfa plRbeyaCn_sgÁmCatiTaMgmUl nigRtUv)at;bg; ehIyplRbeyaCn_buKÁlRtUvEt)at;bg;tamenaHEdr. eyIgeRbobeFobneya)ayCati eTAnigBagTwkmYy ebIBagTwkenaHmanTwkeBj eyIgGacykEkv eTaHtUcb¤FM eTAdgyk)aneBjEdr EtBagenaHK μanTwk eBjeT eTaHCaeyIgykEkvFMeTAdg k¾minGac)aneBjEdr. ya:gNamij plRbeyaCn_buKÁl k¾ya:gdUecñHEdr kalNaplRbeyaCn_CatiTaMgmUl)at;bg;ehIy plRbeyaCn_buKÁlk_)at;bg;Edr. CatiEx μrekItecjBI BlrdæEx μr TwkdIExμr rdæÉkraCü nigrdæaPi)alenHÉg.

kalNaRbCaBlrdæcUlrUmKaMRTGMBIneya)ayehIy kardwknaMRbeTsmankarrIkcMerIn eRBaH mankarcUlrYmKaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæ. eyIgeFIVya:gNaeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr ykcitþTukdak;GMBIpl RbeyaCn_CatiEx μrCaFM Qb;KitplRbeyaCn_buKÁl. Cak;Esþg sm½yGgÁrEdlEx μrrIkcMerInrugerOg køayCaGaNacRkEx μr eRBaHkalenaH emdwknaMEx μr RbCaBlrdæExμrCaGñkesñhaCati nigmanÉkPaBCati ya:gxøaMg. cMENkÉRbeTsCb:un eBlEdlxøÜncaj;sRgÁamelakelIkTI2 edaysarKMnitesñhaCati Cb:unGaceFIVeGayRbeTsrIkcMerInenAkñúgtMbn;GasIu. cMENkRbeTsdéTeTot dUcCa shrdæGaemrik Gg;eKøs )araMg cin kUer: nigyYn CaedIm BYkeKsuT§EtKitplRbeyaCn_CatieKFMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl EdlxusBIemdwknaMEx μrbc©úb,nñ dUc sI hnu nig h‘un Esn KitEtlYcCatimkdak;buKÁl el μaPmuxmat; GMNac buNüs½ká. eyIgCaExμrminRtUvRbkan;bkSBYkNamYyeLIy eyIgeFIVkic©karedIm,ICatiEx μrTaMgmUl dUecñH eyIgRtUveFIVya:gNa eGayRbCaBlrdæExμrRKb;ninñakarneya)ay nigGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd cUlrYmKaMRTeKalneya)ayrbs;eyIg. eyIgCaGñkeXasna RtUvTajcMeNjBIRKb;sßankarN_ EdleyIg GacemIleXIj. eKaledAcugeRkayrbs;eyIg KW CatiEx μrTaMgmUl CaGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_ eCaKC½y elIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg.


III-dMeNIrkareXasna (Process of Propaganda)

1-viPaK»kas (Opportunity Analyze)

karviPaK»kasenH mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;eXasnik . eyIgCaeXasnikRtUvtamdan sßankarN_ nigRbmUlBt’man BIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;xøÜn BIRKb;sßankarN_ nigBIRKb;mCÄdæan edIm,Iyk mkviPaK riHrkcMNucexSay (Weakness) nigcMNucxøaMgrbs;sRtUv (Strength) TajcMeNjBI»kas (Opportunity) nig karKMramKMEhgrbs;sRtUv (Threats).

ebIeyIgsikSadwgGMBIcMNucexSayrbs;sRtUvc,as;las;ehIy eyIgRtUvvaylukEtRtg;cMNuc exSayrbs;sRtUv luHRtaEtsRtUvTTYlbraC½y. ebIeyIgsikSadwgcMNucxøaMgrbs;sRtUv eyIgRtUvbMEbk cMNucxøaMgrbs;vaeGayexSay eTIbeyIgeFIVkarvayluk Rtg;cMNucexSayenaHCaeRkay. dUcCacMNuc exSayrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn KWvaeFIVneya)ay edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYn nigplRbeyaCn_pÞal; xøÜnrbs;emdwknaMGviC¢amYycMnYn minEmnedIm,IplRbeyaCn_Ex μr niigRbCaBlrdæExμreLIy. yYnmYycMnYn RtYtRtaEx μrman huk LgDI b‘un sm cay saMgyun sux Gan sux Kg; nigCaeRcIn nak;eTotenAkñúgCYb:UlIs nigTahan BYkvaeronPasaExμr niyayPasaExμr ecHPasaExμr CagCnCatiEx μr eTAeTot. bkSBYk h‘un Esn )anGnuBaØateGayniKmyYncUlmkrs;enAelITwkdIEx μr KRKwkKeRKgeRsc Etcitþ deNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr deNþImkargarExμr deNþImdIRbCaBlrdæExμrEdlRkIRk eFIVeGayExμrQWcab; rgTukçevTna\tElð. Rkum h‘un Esn )ankat;TwkdIEx μreGayyYntamsini§sBaØa mitþPaB sniþPaB nigshRbtibtþikarnaqñaM 1979 1980 1981 1983 1985 ¬ekaHRtl; nig dIEx μr tamRBMuEdn nigEdnsmuRTEx μrmYycMnYneTot¦. eRkaml,icklrbs;yYn EdleRbI h‘un Esn RbeTsEx μr enAEtman GMeBIBukrlYy GyutþiFm’kñúgsgÁm niTnþPaB ¬QamEx μrenAEthUr dUcCa Ca viC¢a Bisidæ BlIkar eCa eCadæriT§ »m ra:t;saDI CnrgeRKaHkñúgKNbkSsmrgSIknøgmk nigCnrgeRKaHepSgeTot dUcCa TUcRsInic eBA bBaØaeBRC BYkGaCJaFrpþac;kar h‘un Esn minEdlcab;XatkrmkpþnÞaeTas)aneLIy EtBYkvacab;CnsøÚtRtg; GñkTn;exSay CnrgeRKaHmkdak;eTas CMnYsvij dUcCa b‘n sMNag nig sux sMeGOn CaedIm¦.

2-sikSaBt’man nigerobcMRbB½n§Bt’man (Information Research and Information System) k-RsavRCavBt’man (Information Research) eyIgCaeXasnik RtUvecHsikSaRsavRCavBt’manedayxøÜnÉg eFIVya:gNaedIm,IeGayxøÜneyIg

sÁal; yl;dwgRKb;sßankarN_ enAkñúgRbeTs nigenAelIBiPBelak CaBiess Bt’manEpnkarsm¶at; rbs;KUrRbkYtRbECgeyIg. karsikSaBt’manCaktþamYysMxan;Nas; edIm,IeGayeyIgsÁal; dwgGMBI tMrUvkarRbCaBlrdæ bBaðaBitR)akdrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigninñakarneya)ayrbs;RbCaBlrdæ . karsikSa


Bt’maneFIVeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgRbmUlnUvBt’mansMxan;²Tak;TgeTAnwgRbCaBlrdæ briyakasneya)ay cMnYnKNbkSneya)ay RBwtþikarN_ KUrRbkYtRbECg mtisarFarN³ sgÁmsIuvil mtiRbCaBlrdæ b¤ mtisaFarN³. eyIgRtUvEbgEckTMenarrbs;RbCaBlrdæeGayc,as;las; faetItMbn;NaRbCaBlrdæ manTMenareTArkKNbkSRbCaCn tMbn;NaTMenareTAKNbkSRbqaMg. eyIgGacEbkEckTMenarneya)ay CabIEpñkFM KW raCaniym ¬KNbkS hViúnsiunbiuc nigKNbkSneratþmrNriTi§¦ kumμ úynisþ ¬KNbkS RbCaCn nig KNbkScMerInniym KNbkSRbCaFibetyü EdlyYnbegIát¦ RbCaFibetyü nigesrI ¬KNbkSsmrgSúI nig KNbkSsiTi§mnusS nigmYycMnYneTot¦ . dUecñH eyIgRtUvmantaragRsavRCav GMBITMenarRbCaBlrdæenH eGay)anc,as;las;. RbCaBlrdæGacEbgEcktam TItaMgPUmisaRsþ ¬extþ Rkug Rsuk XMu PUmi¦ cMnYn RbCaBlrdæ ¬eRcIn mFüm tic¦ tamRbePTGaCIB¬ kmμkr RKUbeRgon m:UtUDub BaNiC¢kr Tahan b:UlIs¦ kMritCIvPaB man b¤Rk.

x-viFIsaRsþRbmUlBt’man (Gathering Information Method)

eyIgGacRbmUlykBt’manTaMgenH)an tamry³RbB½n§sarBt’man ¬karEst viTüú TUrTsSn_ GIuntaENt TUrs½BÞ TUrsar GIuEm:l esovePA xitb½NÑ PaBynþ ExSGat;¦ b¤ tamry³karsÞabsÞg;mti nigÉksarepSg² edaykarGegát b¤eyIgsmÖaspÞal;mat; CamYyRbCaBlrdætameKaledAEdl eyIgcg; )anBt’man. edIm,ITTYl)anBt’manEdlGacTukcitþ)an eyIgRtUvbegIátPñak;garBt’manEdlmanbriyay lMGitxageRkam. ¬sUmsikSalMGit GMBIsRgÁamBt’man¦ Bt’manEdlTTYl)anmuneBleFIVRbtibtþikar ¬sRgÁam¦ minGacCaBt’manEdleyIgykeFIVEpnkar)aneT BIeRBaH eBlEdleyIgcab;epþImeFIVenaH Bt’manEtgEtmankarERbRbYl ehtuenH emdwknaMRtUvmankarRbemIlemIl b¤ TsSn_Tay b¤RtUvmankar RsemIlRsm½yelIsßankarN_fμ ImYyeGayRtwmRtUv.

K-tYnaTIrbs;Pñak;garBt’man (Roles of Intelligence)

RtUvmancMeNHviC¢a cMeNHxagbec©kviTüa nigÉkraCü lT§PaBkñúgkarRbmUlBt’man BRgIkTMnak;TMng begIántYnaTIkñúgmtisaFarN³ TTYlyknUvPñak;garmYycMnYn lT§PaBxag ¬bec©kviTüa nig citþviTüa¦


3-Pñak;garcarkmμ (Espionage) k-Pñak;garBt’man (Information Intelligences)

karerobcMbNþajBt’manenH mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;RbmUlBt’mansm¶at;eepSg² EdlKUrRbkYtRbECglak;)aMg CaBiess Epnkarsm¶at;EdleyIgminGacdwg)an. GñkEdlxøaMg KWCaGñk EdleFIVeGayPñMGacrMkiil)an minEmnGñkEdlelIksk;mYysésenaHeLIy EPñkEdlPøW KWCaEPñkEdl emIleXIjkñúgTIggwt minEmnemIleXIjRBHGaTitü nigRBHc½nÞeLIy rIÉRtecokEdlBUEk KWRtecokGac sþab;B¤GIVEdleKminniyay minEmnsþab;B¤rnÞH b¤pÁreLIy. Parkic©bNþajBt’manenH KWRtUvsikSa eGaydwgc,as; GMBIBt’manrbs;KUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;xøÜn dUcCa kmøaMg smøar³ esdækic© yuT§saRsþ sμartI TItaMg cMNucexSay nigcMNucxøaMgrbs;KUrRbkYtRbECg. embNþajnImYy²RtUverobcMeGay)anRKb; 24 extþRkug cab;BIextþrhUtdl; Rsuk XMu PUmi nigRKb;Epñkrbs;RbCaBlrdæ ¬RbCaBlrdæFmμta m:UtUDub km μkr yuvCn RKUbeRgon b:UlIs Tahan TaMgRbus TaMgRsIþ¦. ebIeyIgRbmUlBt’man)anTUTaMgRbeTsenH KWmann½yfa eyIgGacmanC½yCMnH)an 50PaKry BIeRBaHkarerobcMeXasna vaGaRs½yeTAelI Bt’man EdlTTYlmkTan;eBlevla ehIyCaBt’manBitR)akd eTIbeyIgGaceFIVEpnkar)an. bNþajBt’man RtUvcgRkg RbmUlBt’manykmksikSaeGayyl;c,as;. eyIgRtUvecHGMBIviFIykBt’man nigcMra:j; Bt’man nigeRCIserIsykBt’manEdlmanplcMeNj edIm,IraykarN_Bt’man EdlmanRbeyaCn_sMrab; GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg.

x-Pñak;gartamtMbn; (Local Intelligences)

Pñak;garenH KWCasmaCikenAkñúgtMbn;EdleyIgeRCIserIsecjBItMbn;enaH dUcCaeRCIserIs ecjBIextþ Rkug Rsuk XMu PUmi enaH. Par³kic©smaCik RtUveFIVRbtibtþikarenAkñúgtMbn;rbs;xøÜnenaHdEdl. eyIgRtUveFIVya:gNa elIkTwkcitþ bBa©úHbBa©Úl Tak;Taj RbCaBlrdæ eGayecHRsLaj;CatiEx μr karBar plRbeyaCn_CatiEx μr bnÞab;mkeTIbeyIgeRCIserIsBYkKat; eGaycUlmkCasmaCikkñúgGgÁkarneya)ay eyIg. eBlEdleFIVCasmaCikehIy eyIgRtUveFIVtameKalkarN_rbs;eyIg TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkic©kar ParHkic© Edl)anRbKl;CUn dUcCa pþl;Bt’man kic©kareXasna nigkic©karCYyCatiepSg²eTot. karerob cMbNþaj Bt’manenAkñúgtMbn;enaH edIm,ICYyeGayeyIgeFIVkarkan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB dUcCaesIubBt’man sMgat; nigEpnkarsm¶at;epSg²rbs;x μaMg.

]TahrN_ kalEdlyYnbegIátbkSkum μ úynisþ yYn)anbegIáteGaymanbNþajkumμúynisþtam RbeTsenA \NÐÚcin man lav nigEx μr edIm,IeGaybMerIEpnkarneya)aykumμúynisþrbs;va. yYn)an cab;Ex μr eTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμ úynisþ enARbeTsyYn ehIyeKehABYkenHfa Exμreyokmij Ex μrkum μ uúynisþ dUcCa h‘un Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum CaedIm.


K-Pñak;garkñúgCYr (Inside Agents)

Pñak;garkñúgCYr CaPñak;garEdleyIgeRCIserIsecjBIKNbkSRbCaCn b¤Pñak;garEdl eyIgeRCIserIsecjBIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg edIm,IeGayBYkeKlYcpþl;Bt’mansm¶at; nigeFIVkareGay eyIg . Pñak;garenH eKeFIVkarenAkñúgKNbkSRbCaCnEmn EtCaGñkesñhaCati nigCaGñkRbqaMg kum μúynisþyYn h‘un Esn eRBaHBYkeKKμanCMerIs b:uEnþ eyIgminRtUveGayBYkeKdwgkic©karrbs;eyIg eRcIneLIy. Pñak;garTaMgGs;RtUvlak;)aMgmineGaymnusSTI 3 dwgCadac;xat.

X-Pñak;garsÞÜn (Double Agent) Pñak;garsÞÜnenH KWCaPñak;garEdlbMerIneya)ayKUrRbkYtRbECgeyIgpg CaPñak;gar

bMerIneya)ayGgÁkarneya)ayeyIgpg. ehtudUecñHehIy enAeBlEdleyIgCYbnwgPñak;garsÞÜnenH KWcaM )ac;RtUvecHbMP½nþBt’man mineGayeKdwgc,as; nigykBt’manBIeyIg b:uEnþ eyIgRtUvTTYlykBt’man BIPñak;garenH. RtUvcaMfa Pñak;garEbbenH eRcInEtCamnusSEdlmanlkçN³elaPln;luykak; nig smÖar³ muxmat; edayminEmnCaGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akdeT CamnusSEdlKitEtplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn. eKnigesμaHcMeBaH PaKINaEdlykcitþTukdak; nig)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInCag.

g-Pñak;garsøab; (Dead agents) Pñak;garenH KWCaPñak;garsMrab;bMP½nþsRtUvb¤bMP½nþBt’man edIm,IeGaysRtUvykBt’man

minBiteTApþl;eGayxagPaKIrbs;eK b¤k¾sMrab;beBaäatsRtUveGaycUlGnÞak;rbs;eyIg. c-Pñak;garBiess (Special Intelligences)

Pñak;garenH KWCaGñknaMBt’manmkeGayeyIgvij nigeFIVkarya:gskm μbMputeGayeyIg. Pñak;garBiessenH KWCamnusSBiess EdlmanninñakardUcKña nigqnÞ³dUcKña EdleyIgTukcitþCageK eRkayBIeFIVkarsakl,g nigeFIVkic©karsMxan;epSg²sMerceCaKC½y tamEpnkarrbs;neya)ayeyIg. smaCikRbePTenH KWCamnusSEdlesñhaCati es μaHRtg; R)akdRbCa TTYlxusRtUv køahan muHmut niglHbg;x<s;bMput.

q-kgkmøaMgBiess (Special Forces)

kgkmøaMgBiessenH KWCakmøaMgGnþraKmRKb;sßankarN_EdlekIteLIg. KWCakmøaMgEdl mutRsYc muHmut nigmansmtßPaBRKb;ya:gelIskmøaMgepSgeTot. kgkmøaMgBiessenH CamnusSEdl mansmtßPaBxagkgT½B neya)ay nigyuT§saRsþepSg² EdlmanCMhrrwgbwug nigesñhaCatimutRsYc mingaker køahanmuHmut niglHbg;x<s;bMput.


4-briyakasneya)ay (Political Environment)

eyIgCaeXasnikRtUvEtRKb;RKgsßankarN_eGay)an yl;dwgTaMgGs;GMBIRBwtþkarneya)ay EdlkMBugekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr b¤eRkARbeTs CaBiess dMeNIrvivDÆn_neya)ayenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. bc©úb,nñenH ebIeyIgemIlRbeTsEx μrBIsMbkeRkA eyIgeXIjKNbkSRbCaCn EdlmanyYn enABIeRkay xñg BYkvakan;GMNackum μúynisþpþac;kar EtvayksMbkRbCaFibetyümkBak;pøak bnøMRbCaBlrdæEx μr. tamkarBitdMeNIrkarneya)ay nigRbB½n§RKb;RKgTaMgGs;EbbCakumμúynisþ EdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRta rbs;yYn. tamkardkRsg;ecjBIvibsay yUFUb (Youtube) h‘un Esn niyaysarPaBpÞal;fa ńiyayRtg;Etmþg KWfa´Gay:gyYn \LÚvmanTahanyYn CasIuvil 100 000 nak; enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. karEdlyYnerobyuT§saRsþeGaymanRBHmhakSRt KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn nig sasnaRBHBuT§ enHRKan;EtktþacitþsaRsþneya)aymYy sMrab;eFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMgExμr edIm,IeGayEx μrGs;citþfa GIV²TaMgGs; Carbs;Ex μr Ex μrÉkraCü Ex μrmansnþiPaB k¾b:uEnþ plRbeyaCn_CatiEx μr TwkdIExμrTaMgmUlnwgRtUvFøak;elI kNþab;yYn CatiEx μrnwgsøab; eRbobdUcCadgáÚvdYgvacUlsIurUg dl;bNþÚleQI ehIyTIbMputeQIenaH RtUvsøab;ÉgEtmþg. yYncUlmkRbeTsEx μr rs;enAeRscEtcitþ deNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr RtYtRtaEx μr eFIVevecäTkm μepSg² kab;smøab;Ex μr edaybnøMeFIVCaEx μr manGtþ sBaØaNb½NÑCaEx μr nigmansiTi§e)aHeqñat. RbCaBlrdæEx μrBitR)akd RkIRk rehmrham sMuTaneK ehIyxitxMeFIVkarCa´bMerIeK CakmμkrsMNg;epSg² TTYlR)ak;ExtictYcmin)anRKb;RKan;xøHeTotrt;mksMuTaneK xøHeFIVCakmμkrenAeRkARbeTseTotpg.

RbeTsExμrsißteRkamGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisyYn Edlman KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn nig esþc CarnaMgbiT)aMg


k-KNbkSneya)ay (Political Parties) KNbkSRbCaCn KWCaKNbkSEdlyYnCaGñkbegIáteLIg manry³eBl 57 qñaMehIy dMbUg

yYn)andak;eQ μaH bkSbdivtþRbCaCnExμr enAqñaM1951 b¤sKl;rbs;vaekItecjBIbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlyYn hU CImij )anbegIátenAéf¶TI3 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1930 enATIRkug hug kug. ehtudUcecñH KNbkSRbCaCn CaGñkbMerI nigeFIVCaGay:g Gnuvtþtamneya)ayrbs;yYn. BYk h‘un Esn bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYn edIm,IGMNaclYcCati lk;CatiÉgEtb:ueNÑaH. BYk h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin enHCamnusSrbs;yYnEdl)anelIkbnþúbeGaykan;GMNackalBITsvtS 1980 eBlEdl yYncUlmkQøanBanTwkdIEx μrenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3 ¬GMLúgeBlsRgÁamRtCak;¦. ebIsinCa h‘un Esn mineFIVtamneya)ayyYn vasnarbs;BYkenH nwgdUc can; sIu ¬cak;fñaMsmøab;elI ynþehaH¦ Eb:n suvNÑ ¬yYncab;eTAdak;Kuk enAhaNUy¦ Caminxan. ehtudUecñHehIy )anCayYnbegIátCa eKalkarN_neya)ay mitþPaB snþiPaB nigshRbtibtiþkar rvagyYn nigExμr edIm,IbMP½nþRbCaBlrdæExμrfa yYnCaGñkmanKuNelIEx μr. EttamBit Ex μrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn. yYneRbIl,icsmøab;TaMgEx μr eRkam TaMgEx μrsBVéf¶ Ex μrminmanÉkraCü ExμrKμansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj Ex μr)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ CaeRcIn dUcCa kat;TwkdIeGayyYn cuHhtßelxasn§isBaØabMeBjbEnßmCamYyyYn enAéf¶TI 15 Extula qñaM 2005 elIsTi§sBaØaxusc,ab; qñaM 1979 1980 1983 1985. Ex μrK μansiTi§kñúgkarniyay sþIeBjeljGMBIRbeTsCati RtUvyYneRbI h‘un Esn KMram smøab;tamRKb;meFüa)ay TaMgesdækic© sμartI nigGayuCIvit. CnCatiyYn cUlmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrKRKwkKeRKg begáItsmaKm 19 extþRkug begIátKNbkSneya)ay ¬KNbkScMerInExμr KNbkS RbCaFibetyü¦CaedIm. yYn)aneRbIBYk yYnEdlecHEx μr b¤eRbIEx μrxøHeGayTijdI deNþImdIedayRsbc,ab; BIRbCaBlrdæEx μr eRkamelsfa vinieyaK nig GPivDÆn_. kar)at;bg;dIFøIenH )aneFIVeGayb:HBal;dl; CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæEx μrya:gxøaMg BIeRBaHfa RbCaBlrdæExμrsgwÇmelITwkePøog nigmandIERscMkarbnþicbnþÜc EdlCaqñaMg)ay edIm,IciBa©wm RkBH. eBlEdleKrMelaPKMram deNþImdIFIørbs;Kat;ehIy etIRbCaBlrdæEx μr )anGIVsMrab;ciBa©wmCivit cMEGtRkBH edIm,Irs;teTAeTot. dUecñH BYkCnkumμ úynisþ vaBUEkxagPUtPrkuhk bMP½nþEPñk eGayRbCa- BlrdæEx μr yl;RcLMvegVgNas;. eRBaHvasmøab;GñkecHGs;ehIy GñkEdlenArs;CaGñkEdlmin)an sikSaeronsURteRCARCH ehIyRtUvlg;kñúgmenaKmn_rbs;yYn EdlvaerobcMmk. vaeFIVGIVRKb;ya:gtam eKalkarN_neya)ayrbs;yYn c,ab;eFIVeLIgedIm,IkarBarGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_GñkmanGMNac minEmnkarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiEx μreT. c,ab;manEtelIRkdas EtvaminGnuvtþtameLIy niyayeGaycM ebIGñkesñhaCatiEx μrNaEdlh‘anRbqaMgneya)ayyYn BYkvaRtUvbBa¢aeGaykUnGukva KW h‘un Esn tamcab; bRgáab smøab;Pøam ]TarhrN_dUcCa Ca viC¢a RBHetCKuN sM b‘uneFOn GñkkarEstEx μr


RBHsgÇEx μreRkam smaCikKNbkSsmrgSI nigsmaCikKNbkSkwmsuxa edayKμanrkXatkreXIjeT rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. EtebIyYnsøab;enAelITwkdiEx μrvij h‘un Esn nigbkSBYkERskEkþg² tamRbdab; bMBgsemøg xVayxVl;xøaMgNas; eGayrkXatkr mkpþnÞaeTaseGay)an.

cMENkKNbkSneya)ayepSg² EdlCaGñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyü yYnvabBa¢aeGay h‘un Esn rkvIFIsmøab;epSg² tamrebobPavrkmμ bMEbkbM)ak;ExμrexÞcxIÞ. h‘un Esn elμaPGMNac nig RTBüsm,tiþ lg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn ePøcKitGMBICatiEx μr nigQamExμrdUcKña eFIVtamyYneRbIl,icdUc sm½y b:ul Bt Edlva)ansmøab;Exμrrab;lannak;knøgmk. vaeFIVya:genH KWeFIVeGayEx μreyIgTn;exSay RKb;Ebbya:g taMgBIesdækic© R)aCJa nigs μartI ¬Xøan exøA xøac¦ edIm,IgayRsYlyYnRtYtRta deNþImpl RbeyaCn_Ex μr ehIyTIbMput yYnelbykTwkdIExμrTaMgmUledayviFIRtCak;bMput. yYnRKan;EtelIkbnþúbBYk el μaPGMNac buNüs½ká muxmat;smÖar³ BYklYcCati edIm,IplRbeyaCn_xøÜn eGayeFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMg CatiEx μr RbCaCatiEx μr nigGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH. dUecñHKμannNaGacCYyEx μreRkABIEx μrCYyEx μrxøÜnÉgeLIy.

KNbkSRbqaMgTaMgGs; RtUv)anKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn eRbIl,ickum μ úynisþbMEbkCa KNbkStUc² EdlminGacykC½yCMnHelIKNbkSrbs;va)aneLIy eRBaHKNbkSRbCaCnmankgT½B TahanyYn nigRbCaCnyYnsMrab;CYy. KNbkSRbCaCnmaneRbobxagesdækic© xageXasna edaysar BYkvalk;Cati niglYcBICatiEx μrCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy. RbB½n§Bt’mansißtenAeRkamGMNac nigkarRKb;RKg rbs;BYkva Bt’manminÉkraCü Bt’maneFIVtamneya)ayrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ. BYkeK)anbiT)aMg RbCaBlrdæEx μrmineGaydwgkarBit biTsiTi§esrIPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrmineGaytva:CaedIm. dUecñHebIeyIg viPaKelIKNbkSdéTeTot minGacykQñHelIKNbkSRbCaCn EdlbMerIneya)ayeGayyYneT Etva k¾Gacbg¥ak;dMeNIrneya)ayyYn nigCYyeGayExμrPJak;rlwkmYycMnYnEdr. ebIsinCaKNbkSNamYyQñH eqñateRkABIbkSRbCaCn k¾yYnbBa¢aeGay h‘un Esn eFIVvT§gSnaedaymankarGnþraKmn_CMnYyBI esþc sI hnu b¤rdæRbhar dUckalBI h‘un Esn caj;eqñatkalBIqñaM 1993 ehIyvaeFIVrdæRbharsmøab; GñkesñhaCatiEx μr enAéf¶TI5-6 Exkkáda qñaM1997 bnþeTottamEpnkaryYn. ehutenH KNbkS neya)ayepSg²eTotenaH begáIteLIgRKan;EtsMrab;cMeNjneya)ayyYn nig h‘un Esn eGayRbCa- BlrdæEx μremIleXIjfa CaRbeTsÉkraCü manRbCaFibetyü snþiPaB Etb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþebIeyIgCa GñkesñhaCatiEx μrBitR)akdrYbrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy eTIbeyIgGacQñHyYnkumμúynisþ. eRbobdUcTwkhUrrYmBIéd TenøepSg² cUlsmuRTEdlK μanGIVmkraraMg)aneLIy. ebIKNbkSNa b¤GñkesñhaCatiEx μrNacg;eFIV neya)ayenARbeTsExμr RtUveFIVitamKMnUsneya)ayrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn Edlvas;kMriteGayniyay eGayGnuvtþ. eRBaHyYnmanEpnkar tamyuT§saRsþminGacTukeGay KNbkSNaykC½yCMnHelIva)aneLIy. eyIgemIleXIjya:gc,as;fa RbeTsExμrsBVéf¶ CaRbeTs


kum μúynisþ sißtenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμ I. dUecñHehIy vasnaGnaKtCatiEx μr nwgdUccm,a: nig km<úCaeRkamminxaneLIy ebIeyIgmints‘UerIbMrH.

RbFanbkS smrgSI RbFanbkS siTi§mnusS RbFanbkS neratþmrNriTi§ KNbkS RbCaCnkm<úCa

x-kat;eTasEx μrRkhm (Khmer Rough Tribunal) salakþIEx μrRkhmenH begIáteLIgRKan;EtCaEl,gneya)ayrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ Edlman h‘un

Esn KNbkSRbCaCnCakUnGuk ehIylak;)aMgkMhus sI hnu TukeFIVCarnaMg sMrab;eKaledAcug eRkayrbs;yYn Edlcg;elbykTwkdIEx μrb:ueNÑaH. varwtEteFIVeGayEx μrkan;EtvegVgeRCAeTA minGacrk XatkrBitR)akdeXIjeTotpg. EteyIgCaCnrgeRKaHExμrRKb;Kñadwgc,as;fa XatkrBitR)akd KWBYk kum μúynisþyYn ¬\NÐÚcin¦ Edl)anerobcM nigbMBak;bMb:nlTi§enHeLIgeGayEx μr ¬Rkhm¦ eFIVeGay RbCaBlrdæEx μrsøab;rab;lannak; TaMgEx μreRkam nigEx μrbc©úb,nñ ehIyyYnbBa¢ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs eFIVCa Ex μrfμ IelITwkdIEx μrvij. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþbMerIneya)ayeGaykumμ úynisþ edIm,I GMNac nigplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnÉgnigbkSBYkEtb:ueNÑaH EtCnkumμ úynisþTaMgenH min)anbMerIpl- RbeyaCn_eGayCatiEx μr nigRbCaBlrdæEx μreT. ehtudUecñH kMusgÇwmfa salakþIEx μrRkhm nigTTYl)an yutþiFm’BitR)akd eRBaHfa salakþIenHedIrkñúgKMnabneya)ayrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn EdlmanyYn Caemekøag. yYnvamincg;rkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaHEx μrBitR)akdeT. b:uEnþ salakþIenHCa yuT§saRsþneya)ayrbs;BYkkum μ úynisþyYn CaGñkcMeNjb:ueNÑaH ¬ 1-Ex μrenAEtEbk)ak;Kña QWcab;nig Ex μr ¬Rkhm¦ b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuN 7 mkra yYn h‘un Esn 3-RbCaBlrdæEx μr enAEtmindwgkarBit fanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd 4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkum μ úynisþRtYtRtaEx μrbnþ ¦.

salakþIenHekIteLIgehIy EtGUsbnøayBnüaeBl vaRKan;EtCafñaMbnSabeFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæ Ex μr EdlCaCnrgeRKaHGs;citþTaMgGyutþiFm’b:ueNÑaH eRBaHkarBitenAEtmin)anlatRtdageGay RbCaBlrdæEx μrdwgc,as;eLIy fanrNaCaXatkrsmøab;Ex μr mann½yfa kaMbitminGaccitdgxøÜnÉg eLIy. éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkum μ úynisþ EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayEx μr ¬Rkhm¦ dUcKñanig éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 EdlBYkkumμ úynisþyYnQøanBan elIkbnþúbGMNacEx μr h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg


sMrin Edr cMENkÉ sI hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemEx μRkhm begIátEx μrRkhm k¾minh‘anecjmksarPaB TTYlkMhuseTot.

dUecñH salakIþenHeFIVeGaycMeNj neya)ay 7 mkra rbs;yYn EdlEtgEtelIkeLIgfa yYnmkCYyrMedaHEx μr nigrwtEteFIVeGayExμrvegVgkan;EteRCA kñúgGnøg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ RbeTsEx μr enAEtsißtenAeRkamkNþab;édrbs;BYkkumμ úynisþ EdlmanyYnCaemekøag. GnþrCatiEdlcg;;rkyutþFm’ eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr nigcg;bM)at;niTnþPaB )ancMNayluy\tRbeyaCn_mkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. CnTTYlxusRtUvkMBUl Cafñak;dwknaMEx μr ¬Rkhm¦BitR)akd min)anykmkpþnÞaeTaseT eFIVLb;ELr e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæEx μr eGayrgTukçevTna edayrbbkum μ úynisþ EdlyYnelIkbnþúbdak;elIRbeTsEx μr taMgBIrbbEx μrRkhm rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. srubmk eKaledAplRbeyaCn_cugeRkayénlTi§kum μ úynisþ KWcMeNjeTAyYn Edlcg;elbykTwkdIEx μr dak;RbeTsEx μrCacMNuHrbs;yYn. ebIcg;rkyutþFm’eGayEx μr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt nig sIhnu h‘un Esn yYn cin Edr

K-CemøaHdIFIø (Land Conflict) edIm,IeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSayTaMgxag esdækic© eyaFa neya)ay nigekrþi_eQ μaH sMrab;eFIVeGay

yYngayRsYlbMeBjeKaledA kñúgkarkan;kab;RtYtRtaelbykTwkdIEx μr)an yYnEtgEteRbIyuT§saRsþ vaylukRKb;meFüa)aymkelIRbeTsEx μreyIgCabnþbnÞab; dUcCayYncab;epþImduteGaymansRgÁam enAelITwkdIExμrenAqñaM ¬1964-1975¦ eFIVeGayEx μrkab;smøab;claclenAcenøaHqñaM ¬1975-1979¦ cUlmkRtYtRta QøanBanTwkdIExμr bøn;RTBüsm,tþiBIqñaM¬1979-1991¦ edayyYn)anRtYtRtaExμr tamrUbPaB xøaBak;Es,kla . yYnykGavKNbkSRbCaCn RbCaFibetyü esþc Bak;bMP½nþEPñk RbCaBlrdæEx μrrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ¦. yYneRbI h‘un Esn bnþdak;bBaðamkelIEx μr CabnþbnÞab;minRBm edaHRsay dUcCa bBaðaCnGenþaRbevsnþyYn bBaðaBukrlYy TMnijeLIgéfø karsmøab;mþgmYyCabnþbnÞab; rwbGUsdIFøI nigkab;éRBeQIykeTARsukyYnCaedIm. yYnykluymkCMritTijdIRbCaBlrdæExμrEdlRkIRk


edayykeQ μaHRkumh‘un Caelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_. bBaðaTaMgGs;enH BYkRtYtRta h‘un Esn minRBmedaHRsayeT TIbMput TwkdIEx μrTaMgenHnwgkøayeTACakmμsiTi§yYn cMENkEx μrmanEtsm,kRbeTs eQ μaHfa km<úCa Etb:ueNÑaH. yYnmincaM)ac;eFIVsRgÁambgðÚrQamdeNþImykdIEx μrdUckalmun²eToteLIy enHehIyeKehAfa neya)ayRtCak ;. tamRTwsþI s‘un s‘U GñkEdlBUEkxagyuT§saRsþ KWminEmnGñk Edlc,aMgQñH sRtUvrab;rysmrPUminenaHeT EtKWCaGñkQñHsRtUvedaymincaM)ac;RbyuT§ b¤QñHsRtUv edayK μanQamhUrmYydMNk; b¤QñHsRtUvedayminxUcxatsmÖar³GIVbnþicesaHeLIy.

edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrlk;dIeGayyYn yYn)aneRbIyYnEdlecHExμr b¤ExμrEdlbMerIva ykluy duløamkTijdI dMeLIgdIeGayéfø eFIVeGayGñkmanGMNacrwbGUsdIksikrRkIRk ykeTAlk;eGayBYkva ebIeTaHCamincg;lk; k¾BYkvaeRbIl,icepSg² edIm,ITij dUcCaKMrameGaylk; ebIminGBa©wgeT varwbGUs ykTeT². tamyuT§saRsþkumμ úynisþyYn vakat;pþac;es,og kat;pþac;hirBaØvtßú luy nigkat;pþac; smÖar³ BIsRtUv ¬Ex μr¦ edIm,IeGayEx μrexSay. ebIRbCaBlrdæExμr minlk;dIeGayBYkva Kat;xøac)at;bg;TeT ehtudUcenH Kat;lk;TaMgsþayTaMgcitþexøacpSar eRBaHdIenHehIyCaqñaMg)ayrbs;Kat;. yYneRbIl,ic eRkamrUbPaBepSg²eTot eFIVeGayExμrFujRTan; edaybgábBaðaepSg²dUcCa eKTijdIEdlh‘MuB½T§CMuvij dIrbs;Kat;ehIy eTIbeKbgçMeGayKat;lk; ebIminlk; Kat;K μanpøÚvcUleTAdIKat; beBaäateGaypþiteméd faGeBa©HGBa©úH rYcehIyBYkeK)anels eqøIyTMlak;kMhusfa RbCaBlrdæCaGñklk;dIeGayvavij b¤vabgáreGaymanCemøaHerOgra:vCaedIm. Ex μrRtUvpøas;ecjBItMbn;sMxan;² dUcCa tMbn;esdækic© BaNiC¢km μ neya)ay eTAkEnøgEdldac;Rsyal kab;éRBrs;enAtamTICnbTCaedIm b¤ BYkvaecaT KMram tamcab; tamsmøab;eGayrt;ecalRbeTsCatiCaedIm. RbCaBlrdæExμrEdlmancMnYn 85 PaKry Caksikr kan;EtRkIRkya:b;yWun ERskehArkGñkCYyrkyutþiFm’ EtBYk h‘un Esn minedaHRsayCUnExμreLIy. Cak;Esþg RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgek μgcas; )anedIrtaMgBIextþ)at;dMbgmkpÞH h‘un Esn enAtaex μA extþkNþal edIm,IeGayCYy EtTIbMputRtUvGgÁrkS h‘un Esn vayeFIV)abEbkk,al cMENkÉ h‘un Esnvij EbeTAkarBarBYkQμ ÜjvinieyaKyYnvij edayniyayfa kMuniyayerOgdIFøI BIeRBaHxøacb:H Bal;erOgCati.

karEdldIeLIgéfømkBImankMeNInRbCaBlrdæ b:uEnþtamBitkMeNInenaH vaminEmnCakMeNIn cMnYnRbCaBlrdæEx μreT KWkMeNInCnCatiyYn EdlvacUlmkenAkñúgtMbn;sMxan;² dUcCaesdækic© bwgTenøsab PñMeBj RkugRBHsIhnu kMBg;cam mat;TenøemKgÁ esomrab e)a:yEb:t EdlCaebHdUgExμr. BYkvaeron PasaEx μreGayecH vapøas;bþÚrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgepSgeTot eFIVCaGñkcMNUlExμrfμ IedayEx μreyIgRsuk ERscMkarmin)anyl;dwgBIbBaðaenHeLIy. cMENkRbeTsEx μrmanRbCaBlrdæticRsab; vaeRbIneya)ay pSBVpSayeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr eyIgBnüakMeNIteTAvij. enHehIyCa neya)ayyYnnUbniykm μ enAelITwkdIExμr.


X-GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption)

GMeBIBukrlYyCaCm¶WmYyya:gsahav EdlkMBuugratt,atkñuúgsgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ eRBaHCnpþac;kar kBa¢HbreTs h‘un Esn el μaPGMNacbMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn K μanqnÞ³edaHRsaybM)at;GMeBIBukrlYy eGayGs;kñgsgÁm Ex μrTal;EtesaH. Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn K μanectnaedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkMBug RbQmmuxcMeBaHsgÁmExμreT EfmTaMgbegIátbBaðaeGaykan;EteRcIneTotdUcCa kardeNIþmdIFIøRbCaBlrdæ RkIRk ectnaeFIVdUcenH KWeKmanbMNgeGayRbCaCatiExμrkan;EtRk nigexSayeTA² gayRsYl h‘un Esn bnþkan;GMNac bMpøajCati lak;)aMgkMuhusemdwknaMmYycMnYn EdleFIVxuscMeBaHCatiEx μrknøgmk CaBiess h‘un Esn manectnarkSakarBarrbbkumμ unisþeRkam\Ti§BlyYneGaysißtesßrenAelIRbeTskm<úCa Ca Gmt³.

GMeBIBukrlYyenHCab£sKl; eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrsißtenAkñúgPaBRkIRk ehIyGñkRkkan;EtRk eTA² CaBiess GñkRsukERscMkarkan;EtmanCIvPaBRkIRk KμanlT§PaBeronsURteRCARCH mans μartITn; exSayeTA² KitEterOgCIvPaB lg;eCOkare)akR)as;rbs;BYkpþac;kar h‘un Esn Edl)annwgkMBugbMpøaj plRbeyaCn_Cati dUcCYyBRgwgGMNaceGayCnpþac;karEfmeTotb:ueNÑaH.

GMeBIBukrlYyCaTunmYysMrab;BRgwgGMNacbkSBYk h‘un Esn eGaykan;EtruwgmaM nigman CIvPaBFUrFar EtRbCaBlrdæExμrkan;EtRkIRkeTA )ak;s,atminGacegIbeLIgRbqaMgtTl;nigkareKobsgát; rbs;BYkmanGMNac EdlykkardwknaMtamrebobkum μ úynisþ eRkamGaNaniKmyYn.

GMeBIBukrlYyeFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikaCati kñúgmYyéf¶rhUteTAdl; 1 lan duløa ehIyebIKitkñúg mYyqñaMCamFümRtUv)at;bg;cMnYn 250landuløa eTA300landuløa. etIluyGs;TaMgenaHCarbs;nrNa? luyTaMgenaHCarbs;CatiExμr minEmnCarbs;bkSBYk h‘un Esn enaHeT etIeKmanR)ak;Exb:un μan ? )anman Lan vILa nig RsIyYn cMENkmRnIþraCkar elakRKU GñkRKU kmμkr EdlminEmnbkSBYk h‘un Esn R)ak;ExtictYc minRKb;RKan; ehIykan;RkIRkeTAvij. rdæaPi)alpþac;kar h‘un Esn TTYl)anCMnYy nigxI©breTsrab;landuløakñúgmYyqñaM² etIluyTaMg enaHBYk h‘un Esn ykeTANa? luyTaMgGs;enaHCaluyrbs;CatiEx μr b¤Carbs; h‘un Esn Etmñak;Ég )anCanaMKñalYcykRTBüsm,tþiCati ykeTAdak;enAFanaKareRkARbeTs rab;landuløa Et TukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIRbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA CaGñksgvij. dUecñH RbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvCMBak;bMNulbreTs y:agehacNas; 1500 duløakñúgmñak;.

bBaðaTaMgGs;enH KWCaKMnitd¾ex μARkxVk;rbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn bMerIyYn manectnaeFIVeGay CatiEx μr Rk nig exSay edIm,IbnþGMNacpþac;karbMpøajCati nigbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYnEtb:ueNÑaH.


5-TMenar nigninñakarRbCaBlrdæ (Emotion and Trend of People)

cMNucRtg;enHmansar³sMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHfa GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg tameKalkarN_ KWeyIg eFIVGIVepþatelIplRbeyaCn_ Cati sasna RbCaCatiEx μr. eyIgRtUvEtsikSaeGaydwgc,as;GMBI\riybf TMenar ninñakarRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IgayRsYleyIgecjeKalneya)ay b¤eXasnamanRbsiT§PaB. eyIgRtUvdwgGMBIcMnYnRbCaBlrdæ Rbus RsI Gayuu kMritsikSaGb;rM kMritCIvPaB muxrbr TMenomTMlab; RbéBNICaedIm. TMenarneya)ayRbqaMgrdæaPi)al b¤KaMRTrdæaPi)al. cMeBaHGñkEdl)an plRbeyaCn_BI rdæaPi)alEtgEtKaMRTBYkRtYtRta h‘un Esn . cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæEx μr eBlbc©úb,nñenH eyIgRtUveXasna EpñkcitþsaRsþmuneKbg¥s;. RbCaBlrdæEx μr RsLaj;cUlcitþcMeBaHbuKÁlNa Edlman suCIvFm’ sIlFm’ sÁal;cas;TMu nigx<s;Tab. dUcenH eyIgCaeXasnikRtUvmansuvCIvFm’ sIlFm’ eGanlMeTan eKarBeGay tMél cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæExμreGay)anx<s;bMput eFIVya:gNaeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr eCOkCak; nigTukcitþ. eRBaHeyIgCakIþsgÇwm sMrab;GayuCivit Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr cugeRkayehIy.

6-eKaledAvayluk (offensive target)

eKaledAEdleyIgRtUvvayluk KWeyIgRtUveRbIRKb;meFüa)ay eXasnavaylukeTAelIkum μúynisþ EdlmanyYnkumμúynisþkMBugRtYtRtaEx μr tamry³kareRbICnkum μúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn nigmanesþc sIhnu CaExlrnaMgbiT)aMgRbCaBlrdæEx μr. dUecñH eyIgRtUvEsVgrkcMNucexSay cMNucmanGTiPaBbMput vaylukeTAelIeKaledATaMgenaH. eyIgminRtUvvaylukelIGñkesñhaCati GñkRbCaFietyüdUcKñaeT dUcCa KNbkSsmrgSI nigKNbkSsiTi§mnusSCaedIm. GñkTaMgenH eyIgRtUvelIkTwkcitþCanic©. b:uEnþ cMeBaH GñkesñhaCati Edlmanninñakarneya)ayxagraCaniym nigGñkenAkñúgKNbkSRbCaCn eyIgRtUvelIk ehtuplbgðaj cMeBaHeRKaHfñak;RbeTsCati edIm,IeGayeKCYyKaMRTeyIgCasm¶at; EteyIgminRtUv niyaykic©kar b¤EpnkarsIuCMerAeGayeKdwgeLIy. RtUvcaMfa eKaledAvaylukEdlmanRbsiT§PaB QñHsRtUv eyIgGaceFIVCacMhr nigsm¶at; CaBiess KWeBlEdleyIgGackarBarxøÜnBIsRtUv mineGay vaylukmkelIeyIg)an. b:uEnþ eyIgGacQñHsRtUv)an KWGaRs½yelIkarvayq μk; tameKalkarN_ sm¶at;. karvayq μk;manRbsiT§iPaB GaRs½yelIEpnkarsm¶at; nigel,On Edlman»kas nigeBlevla kMNt;RBmKña.


CMBUkTI 2

CatiEx μrmñak; RtUvEtebþCJacitþ EfrkSaTwkdIEx μr nigplRbeyaCn_CatiEx μr


Epnkar (Planning)

I.kareFIVKMerag GñkeFIVEpnkareXasna minRtwmEtyl;dwgeKalneya)ay yuT§saRsþFMrbs;GgÁdwknaMneya)ay

eT eXasnikRtUvyl;dwgRKb;sßankarN_neya)aykñúgRbeTs nigeRkARbeTs. eXasnikRtUvecHeRbI RKb;yuT§saRsþ yuT§viFI nigkl,iceXasnaepSg² edIm,IeGaymanRbsiT§PaBsMerctamEpnkar dl;eKal edArbs;GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg.

EpnkareXasnaenATIenH eyIgGacEbgEckCaBIrFM² KW yuT§saRsþkarBar nigyuT§saRsþ vayluk. eBlEdleyIgcaj;eRbob b¤Tn;exSayCagsRtUv eyIgRtUveRbIyuT§saRsþkarBar ehIyRtUvrk viFIsaRsþ b¤yuT§viFIvaylukeTAelIsRtUvvijEdr edayminrgcaMEtkarBarrhUteLIy. enAeBlEdleyIg maneRbobelIsRtUv eyIgRtUveRbIyuT§saRsþvayluk mann½yfa enAeBlEdleyIgmaneRbobxagkmøaMg sμartI FnFan smÖar³ yuT§saRsþ nigbec©kviTüa. enAeBleyIgcab;epþImeFIVkareXasnamþg² eyIgRtUv manEpnkardUcteTA ³

1-kMNt;bBaða 2-eRCIserIsRbFanbTeXasna ¬RsbeTAnigsßankarN_neya)aybc©úb,nñ¦ 3-eRCIserIseKaledAeXasna 4- yuT§saRsþeXasnaepSg² 5-kmμviFIRbtibtþikar 6-viPaKelIlT§pl xat b¤ cMeNj ¬neya)ay¦ 7-RtYtBinitü

1-kMNt;bBaða (Problem Statement) eyIgRtUveRCIserIsykRbFanbTsMxan;² eGaycMnigbBaðarbs;RbCaBlrdækMBugcg;)an nig

plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatiTaMgmUl. bBaðaEdleyIgkMNt;enaH RtUvcaM)ac;Cab£sKl;énbBaða minEmncug bBaðaeLIy. ebIeyIgRkeLkemIlbBaðaenAkñúgRbeTsExμr EdlBYk h‘un Esn begIátbBaðaeLIgtam EpnkaryYn CabnþbnÞab; BYkenHK μansmtßPaBedaHRsayeLIy. tamBiteTA bBaðaenAkñúgRbeTsExμr vamanb£sKl;rbs;va eRbobdUcCaedImeQImYyedIm Edlvamanb£sEbkEmk duHsøwkCabnþbnÞab;ya:g dUecñHEdr. ebIeyIgkat;Emk nigkab;søwkenaHEmkfμInigsøwkfμ IduHecjmkCaminxan EtebIeyIgkat;b£s rbs;vaGs;enaH EmkeQIsøwkeQIenaHminGacduH)aneToteLIy . cMENkÉbBaðaenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr k¾dUcKñaEdr bBaðaEdlekIteLIg dUcCa)at;bg;TwkdI Ex μrsøab;rab;lannak; Ex μrGs;RTBüsm,tþi Gs;éRBeQI GMeBIBukrlYy RkIRk )at;bg;dIFøI TaMgGs;enHCacugbBaðaeT. cMENkedImbBaðaenARtg;fa Ex μrsißtenA


eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμ úynisþyYnEbbfμ I. dUcenH BYkRtYtRtaeFIVkarekobsgát; eFIVTukçbukemñj kab;smøab;CatiEx μrKμanRtaRbNIeLIy. karkMNt;bBaðaRtUveFIVeLIg nigeRCIserIsRbFanbT Edlman GTiPaBbMput. mann½yfa eyIgemdwknaMRtUvedaHRsayb£sKl;énbBaðasMrab;RbeTsCati minRtUv edaHRsaycugbBaðaeLIy. cMENkÉeXasnikvij RtUvkMNt;tameKalkarN_rYmrbs;GgÁkarneya)ay eyIg KWelIkykb£sKl; bBaðaeFIVCaRbFanbT edIm,IpSBVpSaydl;RbCaBlrdæEx μreGaydwg. bBaðaEdl kMBugekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñ dUcCakMeNInCnGenþaRbevsn_yYn CemøaHdIFIø TMnijeLIgéfø R)ak;ExTab GMeBIBukrlYy .l.TaMgGs;enHCacugbBaðaeT. b£sKl;énbBaðaBitR)akdrbs;RbeTsEx μr KWyYnkumμ úynisþRtYtRta bBa¢aEx μrkumú μynisþEdllg;menaKmn_yYn.

2-eRCIserIsRbFanbTeXasna (Selected Topic)

edIm,IelIkykRbFanbTmYy b¤eKalneya)aymYy mkeXasnadl;RbCaBlrdæ emdwknaM b¤ eXasnikRtUveFIVtameKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayenaH edayecHbn;EbntameTAtamkal³eTs³ sMrbeTAtamsßankarN_enaH. eyIgRtUvsikSaBt’maneGayli¥tl¥n; c,as;las;BIplcMeNj nig xatneya)ay etIeKRbqaMg b¤KaMRT. etIGIVEdleyIgxitxMeFIV vaCaplRbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr nig CatiEx μrb¤eT?. eRkayBIRbmUl)anBt’manykmksikSali¥tl¥n;ehIy eTIbeyIgelIkykcMNucEdlman GTiPaBbMputmkeXasna. cMNucGTiPaBenH KW CatMrUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;RbCaCatiExμr EdlkMBugcg;)an b¤CacMNucexSayéncMNucsøab; (weakness of Center Gravity ) rs;rbs;KUrRbkYtRbECg ¬yYn nig KNbkSRbCaCn¦.

3-eRCIserIseKaledAeXasna (Select Target For Propaganda) kareRCIserIseKaledAvayluk CaktþasMxan;bMputsMrab;eFIVeGayneya)ayeyIgmaneRbobGac

ykC½yCMnHsRtUv)an. enAeBleXasna eyIgvaycMNucexSayéncMNucsøab;rs;rbs;KUrRbKYtRbECg b¤ vayRbharelIkEnøgNaEdlsRtUvminGackarBarxøÜn)an. eBalKWeXasnikRtUvEtyl;c,as; GMBI eKaledAEdleyIgRtUveXasna. eyIgGacEbgEckkareXasna CaEpñkepSg²Kña dUcCaenATIkEnøg saFarNH TIRbCMuCn salaeron vtþGaram TIpSar TIkEnøgkMsanþ BIFIbuNü eragcRk shKmn_ kareFIVdMeNIr ePaCnIydæan Rsuk XMu PUmi CaRkumtUc² b¤ buKÁl b¤kEnøgEdlRbCaBlrdækMBugEtmanbBaða dUcCa GñkmanGMNacdeNþImdIFøI kmμkreFIVkUdækmμ edaysarefAEkminebIkR)ak;ebovtS TMnijeLIgéfø CaedIm.l. eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiEx μr RtUvBuHBarskmμbMputkñúgkareXasna elIsyYnrab;sibdg edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_ Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiEx μr eGayKg;vgSsMrab;kUnecAExμrCMnan; eRkayeTot.


4-yuT§saRsþeXasnaepSg² (Other Propoganda Strategies)

k-bgðajGMBIeKalkarN_ nigGgÁkarneya)ay (Show Principles and Political Organization) eXasnikmuneFIVCaGñkeXasna d¾manRbsiT§PaBsMrab;GgÁkarneya)ay CadMbUgeyIgRtUvcUlCa

smaCikénGgÁkarneya)ayenaHsin edIm,IeGayeyIgyl;dwgGMBIeKalkarN_TaMgLayrbs;GgÁkar neya)ayenaH eGay)anc,as;las;. bnÞab;mk eXasnikcab;epþImTMnak;TMng pSBVpSay ecjeXasna dl;RbCaBlrdæRKb;mCÄdæan TMnak;TMngcab;taMgBIbuKÁlmñak; BIrnak; b¤eRcInnak;eLIgeTA. dMbUgeyIg RtUvEtEsVgrkbuKÁlEdlesñhaCatiBitR)akd nigGñkmaneTBekaslü EdlmanlkçN³emdwknaM. eRbobdUcCa Lav BI nigbgb¥ÚnBIrnak;eTotenAkñúgerOgPaKcinmYyEdlmaneQ μaHfa samkuk suxcitþ s‘URTaMRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IGeBa¢Ij xug eb:g mkCYyrMedaHRsukeTsya:gdUecñaHEdr. karpSBVpSayenH edIm,IBnül;bgðajRbCaBlrdæEx μr yl;GMBIeKalkarN_dwknaMrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn nigeGay RbCaBlrdæEx μr emIleXIjGMBIeRKaHfñak;rbs;RbeTsCati. yYnkMBugeRbIyuT§saRsþ dgáÚvDYg EdlkMBug sIurUgépÞkñúgRbeTsEx μrsBVéf¶enH TIbMputCatiEx μrRtUvsøab;. eyIgCaeXasnikeFIVya:gNa eGayRbCa- BlrdæEx μrKaMRT b¤cUlrYmCamYyeyIg edaylHbg;TaMgeBlevla smÖar³ kmøaMgkay citþ edIm,IeGaysMerc eCaKC½ytameKalkarN_enaH. minfasRtUvenaH tUc b¤ FM b:uNÑaeLIy k¾eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiExμr GacykQñHsRtUv)anCanic© eGayEteyIgmanEpnkarl¥bMput (The Best Plan). eyIgeRbobdUcCa m¢últUcmYyEdltUc ehIyGaccak;cMebHdUgmnusS eFIVeGaymnusSsøab;)anya:gdUecñHEdr. eXasnikRtUv bgðajbkRsay GMBIeKalkarN_ nigeQ μaHrbs;GgÁkardwknaM eFIVmenaKmn_neya)ay sRgÁamneya)ay citþsaRsþ tamskmμPaBepSg² EdlxøÜnmansmtßPaBGacerobcM)an.

]TahrN_ edIm,IeGayEx μr nig Lav cUlrYmCamYybkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin yYn)anbgðaj GMBIeKal karN_kumμúynisþmYycMnYn tamma:keLnIn ehIybB©úaHbBa©ÚleGayExμr nigLav CYyRbqaMgnwgGaNa nIKmn_)araMg nigGaemrik EdlmkRtYtRta\NÐÚcin. EttamkarBit yYneFIVEbbenH edIm,ITuk»kaseGay yYn Etmñak;ÉgRtYtRta\NÐÚcin deNþImplRbeyaCn_ExμreTAvij. cMeBaHKNbkSRbCaCnvij EtgEtelIk ykéf¶ 7 mkra CaeKalkarN_neya)aye)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæEx μr faxøÜn)anrMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr ecjBIrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_. EtpÞúyeTAvij KNbkSRbqaMgnana EtgEtelIkeLIgfa 7 mkra Caéf¶EdlyYnQøanBan bøn;RTBüsm,tþiEx μr nigelbykTwkdIExμr. cMENkeyIgCaCatiEx μr RtUvyl;fa manEtEx μreTCaGñkRsLaj;Ex μr minEmnbreTseT. b:uEnþeyIgTaMgGs;Kña Qb;eCOBYkemdwknaMEx μr mYycMnYn Edllg;kñúgkarbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kum μúynisþBIyYneTotehIy BIeRBaHeyIg)ansikSa GMBIyuT§saRsþyYnc,as;las;Nas; ehIyemIleXIjfa cab;BI 17 emsa 1975 mk KWCaéf¶C½yCMnH rbs;BYkkum μ úynisþ rhUtdl; 7 mkra 1979 KWenAEtBYkkumμ únisþdEdl eKRKan;EtdUrmnusS nig


eQ μaHEtb:ueNÑaH edIm,IbMP½nþEx μr gayRsYlkumμúynisþyYnRtYtRtabnþ deNþIMmplRbeyaCn_Exμr. eyIgGac emIl dgáÚvDYg eBlvasIuGs;rUgbNþÚlkñúgedImeQIGs;ehIy TIbMputedImeQIenaHGacgab; b¤eyIgeRbob eTAedIméRCEdlrMuB½T§edImetñatrhUtdl;søab;.

eXasnikRtUvelIkykeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ay mkbkRsay nigbgðajdl;saFarN³ Cn edIm,IeGayeKdwg TTYldMNwgykeTApSBVpSaybnþ CaBiess eXasnikRtUvelIktMekIg nigsesIr GMBIeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn. BIeRBaHmanEtGgÁkarneya)ayenHehIy EdlCa GñkesñhaCati nigKitKUrerOgGayuCivitRbeTsCatiBitR)akd. eXasnikRtUvpSBVpSayelIktMekIg eKalkarN_eyIg edayFanacMeBaHRbCaBlrdæfa BitCaGacdwknaMRbeTsCatieGaymankarrIkcMerIn dUceKalkarN_tamGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæcg;)an. cMNucsMxan;énkareXasnaenH GñkeXasnaRtUverIs cMNucEdlxusKñaBIsRtUvnigmaneRbobelIGgÁkarneya)ayd_éT dUcCa emdwknaM yuT§saRsþ eKalkarN_ GgÁkarneya)ay karerobcMRbeTs nigcMNucEdlnaMeTAeyIgTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaedIm. eyIgRtUveFIVkar eRbobeFob rvageKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn nigGgÁkarneya)ayrbs;Gñkd_éT EdlCaeKal edAkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg. eXasnikRtUvbkRsayGMBI GIVEdlGgÁkarneya)ayenaHman dUcCa LÚkU eQμaH BaküeBcn_ Gtßn½y xøwmsar nigskmμPaBrbs;emdwknaMepSg².l.

x-TIkEnøgeXasna nig»kas (Place and Time) cMeBaHkareXasnaCacMhr eXasnikRtUveRCIserIskEnøgsaFarN³EdlmanlkçNHsmrmü

edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæGacTTYldwgGMBIeKalneya)ay nigeKalkarN_epSg²rbs;eyIg. dUcCakar erobcMkmμviFIsikçasala RbCMu BIFIbuNü EckGMeNay ebIksem<aF beRgon b¤pSBVpSaytam sarBt’man epSg². TIkEnøgnigeBlevlaenH CaktþamYyEdleyIgGacykQñHelIsRtUv)an eTaHCasRtUv manKñaeRcIn nigxøaMgb:uNÑak¾eday k¾eyIgGacykQñH)anEdr. K μannrNamYy EdlGacnwksμandl;fa ExSRTmanEtBIresaH EteKGacelg)anbTePøgrab;minGs;enaHEdr ehIyk¾KμannrNanwksμandl;rs;Cati manEtR)aM EteKGacbBa©ÚlKña )anrs;CatisMrab;mðÚbrab;rymuxenaHEdr. dUcenH eyIgminRtUvyk yuT§saRsþdEdl² mkeFIVkareXasna b¤vaylukelIsRtUveT eBalKWeyIgRtUvecHelgqøas;cuHeLIg eRbobdUcCa RBHGaTitü nigRBHc½nÞ b¤rdUvkalTaMgbYn Edlvavilvl;cuHeLIgminecHcb;.

K-RbCaBlrdæ (Citizions) edIm,IeGayRCYtRCabdl;RbCaBlrdæExμr RKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm eXasnikRtUvpSayBt’man

EdlxøÜnmaneGay)anB¤dl;RbCaBlrdæ b¤eGay)andl;RkumeKaledAEdleyIgcg;eXasna. eyIgGac eFIV tamry³xitb½NÑ karEst viTüú TUrTsSn_ Evbsay b¤bNþajsarBt’manepSg² EdlGñk sþab;GacTTYl)an nigcUlcitþsþab;PaKeRcIn .


Rtg;cMNucenH eXasnikRtUvsÁal;GMBIcitþsaRsþrbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μreGayc,as; etIRbCaBlrdæ Ex μrRtUvkarGIVCacaM)ac; manbBaðaGIV TMenomTMlab; vb,Fm’ RbéBNI ya:gNa? nigTMenarya:gdUcemþc? eyIgCaeXasnikRtUvcuHpÞal;dl;RbCaBlrdæEtmþg edIm,Iniyay nigBnül;GMBIbBaðaepSg²EdlKat;cg; sþab; edayeyIgcuHpÞal;eTAdl;eKaledA KWeyIgRtUveFIVneya)aycitþsaRsþCamun eFIVya:gNaeGay RbCaBlrdæRsLaj; nigeKarB karBareyIg.

karEdlcuHCYbpÞal;CamYyRbCaBlrdæ enHCaktþamYyEdlman\T§iBlxøaMgbMput sMrab;eXasnik elIRbCaBlrdæ. RbCaBlrdæGacvinicä½y nigsMerccitþepSg² elIGñkEdlykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsuxTukç rbs;Kat; nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;Kat;. ehtudUcenH ktþasMxan;sMrab;kareCaKC½yrbs;GgÁkar neya)ay KWeyIgRtUvEtlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g kñúgkarhVwkhVWnGñkesñhaCatiExμr smaCik eGay)anl¥ edIm,ICYykñúgkic©kar ebskkmμ nigbMerIRbCaBlrdæ CaBiess eyIgRtUvRby½tñRbEygcMeBaHkareRCIserIs nigelIkTwkcitþbuKÁlwk.

X-eXasnik (Propagandists) eXasnik KWCabuKÁlEdlmansmtßPaBkñúgkareXasna manKuNPaBkñúgkardwknaM mancMeNH

dwgxagneya)ay nigcMeNHÉkeTsepSg²Edlman\Ti§Bldl;RbCaBlrdæ nigGaceGayeKeCOCak; )an. karerobcMbNþajeXasnik CaktþasMxan;mYysMrab;kareXasna. eXasnikRtUverobcMxøÜn eGaymanl¥dUcemdwknaMEdr. GñkesñhaCatiExμrRKb;RsTab;TaMgGs; RtUveFIVCaKMrUl¥ edIm,IeGay RbCaBlrdæmanPaBeCOCak;elIxøÜn nigmankarKaMRT. eRkayBIerobcMbNþaj eTAtameKalkarN_énkar eRCIserIssmaCikrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayrYcehIy eyIgRtUveFIVkarhwVkhat;smaCikTaMgenaH eGay yl;dwgGMBIrebobeXasna niglkçNHepSg² rbs;kardwknaMénGgÁkardwknaMneya)ay. ktþaeCaK C½yminEmnekIteLIgedayécdnüeT EtekIteLIgedaysareyIgmankareRtomTukCanic© nigkarhVwkhVWn bNþþúHbNþal RKb;smaCikTaMgGs;eGay)anl¥CaTIbMput. eRkayBIkarhWVkhat;rYc edayFanafa eXasnikTaMg enaHyl;dwg GMBIkic©karepSg²Tak;Tg nigviFIeXasna eTIbeyIgcat;EcgeGayeXanikenaH cab;epþIm eFIVkartamEpnkarCayuT§saRsþ. eXasnikRtUvmanlkçN³sm,tiþdUcteTA ³

1-smaCik 2-bNþúHbNþal GMBI neya)ay kardwknaM eXasna citþsaRsþ yuT§saRsþepSg² 3-Gnuvtþkargarya:gskmμ

eXasnikRtUvnwkeXIjdl;b£sKl;ényuT§saRsþ kñúgkareXasna eKaledAvayluk kMlaMg FnFan bgðajpøÚv eFIVkic©karRtwmRtUv sÁal;ehtukarN_ KiteRtomcaj; qk;»kas dutqnÞH eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg ecHeRbIbBa©ÚlKña ¬GgÁkardwknaM hVwkhat; nigkarTMnak;TMng¦. GñkeXasna


eFIVya:gNaeGaymanlkçN³skmμ ehIygayRsYlyl; manlkçN³samBaØ RsbeTAnigcMeNH rbs;RbCaBlrdæ. GñkeXasnaRtUvecHelIkykehtupl eGaymanlkçN³tkáviC¢a eFIVya:gNaeGay Gñksþab;eCOCak; nigTTYlyk)an. eyIgRtUvmanPaBécñRbDitx<s; eQøosév erIsykRbFanbT NaEdlTak;Tg CamYyGñksþab; nigsßankarN_kMBugekItmanenATIenaH. kareXasna RtUveFIVeLIg mþgehIymþgeTotEdlmanlkçN³cMeBaH mincMeBaH nigRbqaMg .l.

]TahrN_ eyIgelIkGMBImUlehtuEdlnaMeGayRbCaBlrdæRkIRk KWbNþalmk BITMnijeLIgéfø ehIyRbCaBlrdæK μankargar R)ak;Extic nigR)ak;cMNUlticCaedIm. enHKWCayuT§saRsþyYn eFIVeGayeyIg enAEtexSay exSayTaMgkmøaMgkay s μartI nigbBaØa edIm,IgayRsYl BYkvaRtYtRtaExμr eKgcMeNj ykplRbeyaCn_Ex μr RTBüsm,tþiExμr nigTwkdIEx μrTaMgmUl Cak;Esþg RbeTscm,a: nigExμreRkam Ca]TahrN_ enHehIyCayuT§saRsþ neya)ayshB½n§kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin.

g-rUbPaBxageRkA (Physics)

lkçNHsm,tþixageRkArbs;GgÁkardwknaM eKalneya)ay rcnasm<½n§ buKÁlik smÖarH nig ktþaepSg²eTot EdlRbCaBlrdæGacemIleXIjskm μPaBRbcaMéf¶ BaküsmþI nig \riyabfCaedIm. dUcenH eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiEx μrTaMgGs; RtUvRbugRby½tñRKb;vinaTI edIm,IkMueGaykargarbraC½y. eyIgCaeXasnik RtUvRbkan;\riyabféføfñÚr CaTITukcitþ nigeCOCak;BIRbCaBlrdæ minRtUvluHkñúg])aymux dUcCa El,g RsI RsaeLIy. cUreyIgkMuemIlrMlgsRtUv KitfasRtUvminvaylukeyIg EteyIgRtUvEt eRtomcaMCanic© edayKitfa sRtUvnigvaylukeyIgéf¶NamYy. karBarCamunRbesIrCagmanCm¶WehIy eTIbBüa)al.

c-tMélGgÁkarneya)ay (Value of Political Organization)

eyIgRtUvbgðajGMBIkarKaMRT cMeBaHGgÁkarneya)ayeyIg edayR)ab;tMélBiessénGgÁkar dwknaMenH Rtg;faecjBIGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd CaGñkEdlKitKUrBIvasnaRbeTsCati plRbeyaCn_ RbeTsCati k¾dUcCa suxTukçrbs;RbCaBlrdæ TwkdI sMrab;CatiExμrTaMgmUl minEmnCaGñkGatμaniym Kit RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn nigbkSBYkmYyRkumtUcenaHeLIy. GgÁkarneya)ayenH nignaMyklTi§RbCaFibetyü BitR)akdmkCUnRbCaBlrdæEx μr eGaymansiTi§esrIPaBeBlelj ÉkraCü ecjBIkarCiHCan;GMNac pþac;kar h‘un Esn eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnkumμ úynisþ nigbMeBjnUvesckþIRtUvkarCUnRbCaBlrdætam karcg;)an eBlEdlGgÁkarneya)ayenH dwknaMCatiEx μrkñúgGnaKtd¾xøIxagmux.


q-skmμPaB BaküeBcn_ nigGtßn½yeXasna (Action, Words and Meaning) edIm,IeGaymanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkareXasna eXasnikRtUverobcMxøÜneGaymanesckIþéføfñÚr cab;

taMgBIBaküsmþI skmμPaB \riyabf KMrUl¥ naMmuxRKb;ya:g KYreGayeCOCak;nigTukcitþBIRbCaBlrdæ. eXasnikRtUvEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_CUnRbCaBlrdæ b¤karBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaBlrdæ CaBiess karBarplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatiTaMgmUl. eyIgRtUvrYmsuxrYmTukçCamYyRbCaBlrdæ esμaHRtg;cMeBaH CatiEx μr nigCYyedaHRsaybBaðaral;TukçlM)akrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr. eXasnikRtUvEtqøgkat;karbNþúH bNþal RbvtiþsaRsþ TsSnviC¢aneya)ay Rbvtiþneya)ay citþsaRsþneya)ay sRgÁamneya)ay menaKmnviC¢aneya)ay eKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ay PaBCaGñkdwknaM nigcMeNHviC¢aÉkeTs mYyrbs;xøÜn. eBleXasna eXasnikRtUvEtykyuT§saRsþeKalmkeRbI eFIVya:gNavaylukeTA elIcMNucexSayéncMNucsøab;rbs;sRtUv. eyIgRtUvmanPsþútagCak;Esþg RBwtþikarN_Cak;Esþg bkRsay CUnRbCaBlrdæEx μreGaydwg. eyIgRtUvsnSMsMéc TaMgeBlevla FnFanepSg² edIm,IeGaymanpl cMeNjEpñkneya)ay KW cMNaytic EtcMeNjCaGtibrmadl;RbeTsCati. RtUvmaneKalbMNg nig eKaledAc,as;las;kñúgkarvayluk. eXasnikminRtUveFIVeGayb:HBal;plRbeyaCn_Cati RbCaBlrdæ cab;taMgBIGarm μN_ RTBüsm,tþi smÖar³ vb,Fm’ TMenomTMlab;RbéBNI plRbeyaCn_rYmrbs; RbCaBlrdæeLIy.kareXasnaedayskmμPaB B¤xøaMgCagkareXasnaEdlRKan;Etniyay EtmineFIV.

C-skmμPaBCYyral;TukçlM)akRbCaBlrdæ eXasnikTaMgGs;RtUvykcitþTukdak;CYyral;TukçlM)akrbs;RbCaBlrdæ TaMgkmøaMgkay TaMg

kmøaMgcitþ smÖar³ nigeBlevla tamlT§PaBEdlxøÜnGaceFIV)an. eBlEdlRbCaBlrdæmanbBaðaGIVmYy EdlBYkKat;minGacedaHRsay)an eXasnikmantYnaTIsMxan;ykcitþTukdak;edaHRsaybBaðaeGayBYk Kat;)aneCaKC½½y. eXasnikRtUvcaMfa xøÜneyIgCaGñkCYyRbCaBlrdæ bMerICatiExμr dUecñH eXasnik RtUvEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_CUnRbCaBlrdæ eTaHtamviFINak¾eday edaymineGayb:HBal;dl;pl- RbeyaCn_Cati b¤b:HBal;plRbeyaCn_buKÁlNamYyeLIy.

dUckalEdlkumμúynisþyYn ¬eyokkug¦ yklTi§kumμ úynisþmkbMBulEx μr eGaykab;smøab;KñaenaH eXasnikrbs;vaminEdlRbkan;xøÜneLIy. eBlEdlyYncUlmktMbn;Ex μrkEnøgNa yYnEtgEtCYyExμr dUcCaEr:kTwk BuHGus RcUtRsUv elIkGacm_eKa RkbI e)aspÞH eGayRbCaBlrdæExμrCaedIm. munnigyk QñHsRtUv RtUvykQñHcitþRbCaBlrdæsin. karCYyedaysb,úrs GaceFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrKaMRT suxcitþlHbg;RKb;ya:g edIm,ICYyeyIgsMercdl;eKaledA. RbCaBlrdæExμrmYycMnYn)anCYyyYneyokkug CYylak;)aMgyYnBIkgT½BsarFarNrdæEx μr kalBITsvtS qñaM 1970 ¬sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2¦k¾eRBaH EtyYnvaecHeRbIviFIcitþsaRsþenH bnÞab;BIBYkva)anhVwkhWVncb;.


rUbPaBdkRsg;EcjBI vibsayRsLaj;Ex μr

]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; ¬sm½ysaFarNrdæExμr¦

¬sI hnu m:Unic nig RKUyYn y: egVog y:ab ;¦ Q-Tinñplkargar nigsñaédemdwknaM eyIgRtUvbgðajBIsñaédknøgmk EdlGgÁkardwknaMneya)ayeyIg)aneFIV b¤sñaédrbs;emdwknaM

edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæ)andwgfa etIeyIgGIVxøHedIm,ICYyCatiEx μr? nig etIsmtßPaBemdwknaMkMritNaGac GPivDÆn_CatieGaymankarrIkcMerInrugerOg?. smtßplsñaédepSg² skmμPaBrbs;emdwknaM CaktþamYy GacelIkTwkcitþ CYyCMrujTwkcitþsmaCik nigRbCaBlrdæpgEdr.

j-cMbBaðaRbCaBlrdæ RtUvcaMfa RbCaBlrdæmincg;sþab;erOgpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eyIgeLIy b:uEnþ Kat;cg;sþab;nrNaEdlGac

karBarplRbeyaCn_eGayBYkKat; b¤GñkEdlCYyedaHRsaybBaða GñkykplRbeyaCn_mkCUn eGayKat; CaBiess Kat;cg;sþab;erOgEdlTak;TgnwgerOgrbs;Kat;. dUcenH eyIgCaGñkeXasna


RtUvelIkykbBaðarbs;Gñksþab; ykmkniyay nigeFIVkaredaHRsayCUnKat; . b:uEnþ eyIgminGacsnüa GIVEdleyIgminGaceFIV)anenaHeT.

d-RbtikmμPøam² enAeBlEdlmankarvayRbhar riHKn;BIxagsRtUv eyIgRtUvEteFIVkarkarBarxøÜn bnÞab;mkvaybk

RbtikmμeTAsRtUvvijPøam. eyIgeFIVya:gNaeGaymanlkçN³eRbobelIsRtUv b¤Gacvaysn§ab;elIs RtUvedaymineGaysRtUvtéd)aneLIy. karEdleyIgvaybkelIsRtUv RtUvEteFIVtamk,Ünxñat eKal karN_ nigyuT§saRsþeGay)anRtwmRtUv. eyIgminRtUveFIVtamkMhwg b¤eFIVtamGarmN_enaHeLIy. eyIgRtUveFIVtamEpnkarya:gRtwmRtUv edayeyIgdwg»kas eBlevla TIkEnøg b¤eyIgGacdwg smtßPaBxøÜneyIg nig smtßPaBsRtUvc,as;las;. ebIeyIgQñH eyIgRtUvEtvaybkPøam EtebIeyIgcaj; eyIgRtUvkarBarxøÜneGaymansuvtißPaB caMrk»kasvaybkCaeRkay.

5-kmμviFIRbtibtþikar km μviFIRbtibtþikarenH eyIgRtUverobcMeGay)anc,as;las; edayeyIgRtUvKitfa eyIgcab;epþIm

enAeBlNa ehIybBa©b;enAeBlNa? nrNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkargarenaH? etIvanigRbRBwtþeTA enAkEnøgNa? etImanmnusSb:un μannak;nigcUlrYm? etIeyIgeFIVGIVxøHenAkñúgkmμviFIenaH? etImanry³eBl b:unμan? em:agNaxøH? eyIgRtUvEbgEckmuxgareGayc,as;las;enAkñúgkmμviFI.

6-viPaKelIlT§plxat b¤cMeNj ¬RbqaMg b¤KaMRT¦ muneBlEdleyIgeXasnanUvRbFanbT b¤ kmμviFIGIVmYyCasaFarN³ dl;RbCaBlrdæ. eyIgRtUv

viPaKeGay)anl¥itl¥n; GMBIplb:HBal;EpñkcitþsaRsþdl;RbCaBlrdæ b¤GñkenAtMbn;enaH. RtUvcaMfa eyIgminRtUveFIVeGayb:HBal;plRbeyaCn_ esckþIsuxrbs;RbCaBlrdæeLIy. eyIgRtUvviPaKeTAelI neya)aykñúgRsuk neya)aytMbn; neya)ayGnþrCati esdækic© KUrRbkYtRbECg GñkKaMRT c,ab; bridæan bec©kviTüa viFIsaRsþ sgÁm .l. etIvamanplb:HBal;GIVxøH TTYl)ankarKaMRTBIsarFaN³Cn b¤RtUvefáaleTasBIsarFarN³Cn.

]TahrN_fa saMgeLIgéfø eyIgnaMKñaeFIV)atukmμ. eBlenaH RbCaBlrdæBitCaKaMRTeGayeyIg BIeRBaHvaCaplRbeyaCn_eyIgTaMgGs;Kña. b:uEnþ ebIeyIgeFIVehIy Etmin)ansMerc vaGacCH\Ti§Bl GaRkk;mkvij edaykarTamTarrbs;eyIgmin)aneCaKC½y. müa:geTot karb:HTgÁicrvagBYkGaCJaFr h‘un Esn nig)atukrGaceGayeKemIleXIjfa RbeTsEx μrmineKarBsiTi§mnusS mineKarBc,ab; mineKarB rdæFmμnuBaØ eFIVeGayGnþrCatiefáaleTas Biesselakxaglic CaRbeTsesrI. vaGacbgðajRbCaBlrdæ eGayeXIjpgEdr GMBIGsmtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al bMpøajekri þ_eQμaH.


7-RtYtBinitü eyIgRtUvRtYtBinitüeGaydwgfa etIkareXasnarbs;eyIgmanRbsiT§PaBb¤Gt; eRkayBIeyIg

eFIVkareXasnacb;? eyIgRtUvdwgfa nrNaCaédKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg? etImanRbCaBlrdæcMnYn b:unμannak;KaMRT? RbCaBlrdæcMnYnb:un μanRbqaMg? nrNaCaGñkKaMRT ehIymUlehtuGIV)anCaeKKaMRT? eyIgmanyuT§saRsþGIVBiess sMrab;Tak;TajeGayeKKaMRT b¤maneRbobQñHelIKUrRbkYtRbECgeyIg? etIenAkEnøgNaxøH EdlRbCaBlrdæKaMRTeyIg kEnøgNaxøHEdlminKaMRT? etIcMNucsøab;rs;rbs;KUr RbkYtRbECg eyIgmanGIVxøH Rtg;cMNucNaxøH? ehtuGIV)anRbCaBlrdæKaMRTKNbkSRbCaCn? etIenAeBl EdlKNbkSRbCaCn eFIVkarvaylukxageXasna b¤skm μPaBGIVmYy etIeyIgRtUvRbtikm μPøam²eTAvij ya:gdUcemþc? II.KUrbøg;yuT§saRsþeXasna (Design Strategy of Propaganda)

karerobcMyuT§saRsþeXasnaenH eXasnikRtUvKitrkviFIEdlEbøkdac;BIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;xøÜÜn edayeCosvageFIVtamviFIdEdl. skm μPaB lT§plkargar nigsñaéd GacmanRbsiTi§PaBCagkar niyayEtmat;eTAeTot. cMNucsMxan;KweyIgGñkerobcMyuT§saRsþeXasna minRtUvemIlEteKaledA tMrUvkar nigbBaðarbs;RbCaBlrdæEdlRtUvkarenaHeT KWeyIgRtUvsÁal;GMBIeKaledAvaylukrbs;KUr RbkYtRbECg. eyIgRtUv eXasnaRtg;cMNucexSay rbs;sRtUvEdlminGackarBar)an.

]TahrN_fa dUcenAkm<úCaeRkam nigPUma manEtRBHsgÇmYyeT EdlGacegIbeLIgtva: cMeBaH rdæaPi)alkumμ úynisþ. eRBaHebIsinCa rdæaPi)alkum μúynisþeFIVTukçbukmñijenaH GnþrCatinwgefáaleTas eRBaHenHCasiTi§esrIPaBxagkarbeBa©jmiiti b¤eKefáaleTasGMBIkarrMelaPelICMenOsasnaCaedIm ¬siTi§ CMenOsasna Belief and Religion¦.

Ex μreRkamegIbeLIgtva: GMBIGaCJaFrevotNamdeNþImdIFøIRbCaBlrdæ. yYncab;dak;KukeFIVTukç bukemñj KWrMelaPelIsiTi§CnCatiPaKtic EdleyIgGacykbgðajGnþrCati ¬siTi§CnCatiPaKtic Indigenous and Minority¦.

cMeBaHRbeTsEx μrvij cMNucNaEdlrdæaPi)alminGackarBar)an dUcCa erOgyYnRtYtRtaEx μr GenþaRbevsn_yYnbYnlanknøH ¬4 500 000¦ CemøaHdIFøI TMnijeLIgéfø R)ak;Extic RbCaBlrdæRkIRk GMeBIBukrlYy bMbiTsiTi§BlrdæmineGayeFIV)atukm μCaedIm ¬sRgÁamneya)ay b¤ citþsaRsþneya)ay¦ Political Psychology¦. cMNucGs;TaMgenH eyIgRtUvelIkykeFIVCaRbFanbTeXasna. eyIgRtUv bgðaj ehtukarN_Cak;EsþgcMeBaHmux b¤bgaðjviFIEdlRtUvedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enH.

CMerIsyuT§saRsþeXasnaenH vaGaRs½yelIGgÁkardwknaMneya)ay EdleKeRCIserIsyk. etIeyIgCasmaCikTaMgGs;KñaRtUvEtebþCJacitþeFIVeGayeCaKC½y b¤RKan;EteFIVeGayl,IQanmuxeK b¤ RKan;EtRbNaMgRbECg b¤ RKan;EtedIm,Imuxmat;.


III-yuT§saRsþeXasnaCasaFarN³ (Strategy of Public Relation) skmμPaBeXasnaCasaFarN³mandUcteTA ³

TMnak;TMngCamYysarBt’man karRbkasGMBIeKalneya)ayepSg² TMnak;TMngTaMgkñúgnigxageRkARbeTs karbBa©úHbBa©Úl karRbwkSa

eKaledAénkareFIVkareXasnaCasarFarN³ edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdædwgGMBIskmμPaBf μI² nigeKalkarN_neya)ayf μ I edIm,IEkERbeKalneya)ayeGayenAfμ ICanic© cMeBaHneya)ayEdlTMucas;ehIy edIm,IbegIáteGaymanplRbeyaCn_ nig »kas cMeBaHGgÁkarneya)ayeyIg eFIVeGayman\Ti§Bl nig KaMRTBIsarFaN³Cn edIm,IkarBarGMBIbBaðaEdlekIteLIgCasaFarN³cMeBaHeKalneya)ay nig

GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg ¬Baküccamram nig karriHKn;epSg²¦ begIáteKaledAeXasna

eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdædwgB¤ PJak;rlwk duHqnÞ³RsLaj;CatiExμr KitplRbeyaCn_Cati FMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl

begIátCMenOeCOCak;dl;smaCik nigRbCaBlrdæ elIkTwkcitþRkumkargar nigRbCaBlrdæ kat;bnßykarcMNayeXasnaepSg²EdlmincMTwsedA

]bkrN_sMrab;eXasnaCasaFarN³ ¬sikSabEnßmkñúgesoePABIrbbpþac;kareTARbCaFibetyü¦ 1-karpSBVpSayCasarFarN³ 2-RBwtþkarN_ 3-sarBt’man ¬viTüú TUrTsSn_ kaEst TsSnavdþI RBwtþib½Rt esoePA xitb½NÑTUrs½BÞ

TUsar GIuEml PaBynþ fas cMerog sar Éksar¦ 4-sunÞrkfa 5-skmμPaBCYysgÁm nigesvasaFarN³ 6-sarBt’man 7-Pñak;gar TaMg 5 RbePT


8-hirBaØvtßú 9-)atukm μ kUdkm μ.l.

IV.RKb;RKgbNþaj (Network Management)

karRKb;RKgbNþaj KWdUcKñaeTAnigkarRKb;RKgFnFanmnusSEdr. eRkayBIeyIgRsavRCav dwgcMNucxVHxatrbs;buKÁlwk xVHxatcMnYnbuKÁlwk xVHxatbec©keTs b¤sμartI. eyIgRtUveFIVEpnkar edIm,IeRCIserIsbuKÁlwkbEnßm b¤bNþúHbNþalbuKÁlwkcas;eGaycMTwsedAkargar. eRkayBIeFIVEpnkar eyIgRtUveRCIserIstamEpnkarEdleyIgkMNt; mann½yfa munnigeyIgeRCIserIsGñkNamñak;mkeFIVCa smaCikrbs;eyIg eyIgRtUveFIVtameKalkarN_neya)ayrbs;eyIg b¤tamlkçxNÐeRCIserIs. eyIgRtUv maneKalkarN_énkareRCIserIs nigeKalkarN_vaytMélsMrab;pþl;rgVan;elIkTwkcitþepSg². bnÞab;mk eyIgRtUveFIVkarbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlwk eGayTan;PaBrIkcMerInrbs;BiPBelak nigmansmtßPaB xøaMgCag KUrRbkYtRbECgeyIg TaMgcMeNHÉkeTs TaMgbec©kviTüa yuT§saRsþepSg² edIm,IeGay manRbsiT§PaB x<s; kargarTTYlTinñplx<s; nigeCaKC½y. buKÁlikmankIþsgÇwm nigmanmuxrbr GaCIBedayxøÜn ÉgnaeBlGnaKt.


erobcM (Organizing) I.erobcMrcnasm<½n§ (Structure Organization)

karerobcMrcnasm<½n§ eyIgGacerobcMEckecjCabIEpñkepSg²Kña. TI 1 eyIgGacerobcMrcna sm<½n§tamÉkeTs b¤GaCIB b¤tamEpñkRbCaBlrdæ. ]TahrN_fa EpñkRBHsgÇ nisSit kmμkr RKUbeRgonCaedIm. TI 2 eyIgGacerobcMtamrebobRtIekaN EdlmanRbFan GnuRbFan nigGñk ÉkeTsmYy. TI 3 eyIgGacerobcMCalkçNHcMruH EdlmanRbFanmñak; kan;kab;muxgareRcInEpñk dUcCa EpñkbuKÁlwk Bt’man eXasna Epnkar nigRbtibtþikarCaedIm.

1-erobcMEbgEckmuxgar (Function Organization) karerobcMEbgEcktammuxgar mansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaMGacdMeNIrkar

eTA)anelOn nigmanRbsiTi§PaBx<s;kñúgkargar. smaCikeFIVkic©kartamÉkeTs nigeTBekaslü rbs;eKerog²xøÜn. karerobcMrebobenH GaceFIVeGayTinñplkargarTTYl)anplx<s;. eyIgRtUvEbgEck muxgartamkic©karrdæ)al EdlmanRbFan GnuRbFan elxa EpñkRKb;RKgFnFanmnusS ¬sißti¦Epñk Bt’man EpñkEpnkar EpñkesIubGegát EpñkcitþsaRsþ Epñkneya)ay nigEpñkviecäTkm μ.l. EpñkTaMgGs; GacerobcMtaMgBIfñak;elIdl;fñak;eRkam ¬fñak;mUldæan¦.

2-erobcMtamPUmisaRsþ (Geographic organization) karerobcMEbgEcktamPUmisaRsþenH KWeyIgEbkEckGñkTTYlbnÞúk GñkTTYlxusRtUv tamEpñk

TItaMgnImYy² dUcCa fñak;PUmiPaK tMbn; extþ Rsuk XMu nigPUmiCaedIm. ]TahrN_ enARbeTsEx μr eyIgmancMnYn 20extþ nig4Rkug. dUcenH eyIgRtUverobcMeGay

manGñkTTYlxusRtUvtamextþRkugnImYy² cab;taMgBIfñak;extþrhUtdl;fñak;mUldæan PUmi XMu. GñkTTYl xusRtUvcaM)ac;RtUvmansmtßPaBx<s;.

3-erobcMkarEbgEcktamRbePTRbCaBlrdæ ( Kinds of Citizens) karerobcMtamRbePTRbCaBlrdæenH KWeyIgRtUverobcMtamRbePTTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúg

sgÁm. dUcCa Epñkksikr BaNiC¢kr Tahan b:UlIs nisSit RKUbeRgon kmμkr shCIB m:UtUDub .l. kñúgcMeNamBlrdæTaMgGs;enH eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymanrcnasm<½n nigRbB½n§kargarRtwmRtUv KWmanGñk TTYlxusRtUvmñak;kñúgcMeNamEpñknImYYy². II.karerobcMbNþaj (Networks Organizing)

1-erobcMKMeragbNþaj (Design the Intelligences Plan) kñúgkarerobcMKMeragbNþaj KWdUcCaerobcMKMeragepSg²Edr. mundMbUgeyIgRtUveFIVkarsikSaelI

eKaledA EdlRtUverobcMelIEpnTIeGay)anl¥itl¥n;sin eTIbeyIgykKMeragEdlsikSaenaH eTAerobcMelI


taragpÞal;. eyIgRtUvemIleKaledA FnFan mnusS viFIsaRsþ bec©keTskñúgkarerobcM nigryHeBl EdlRbtibtiþkar eRkaymkeyIgvaytMélelIlT§plGtibrma EdlGgÁkarneya)ayeyIgGacTTYl)an etIGviC¢man b¤plRbeyaCn_viC¢man.

2-eKaledAbNþaj (Objective of Intelligences) eKaledAénkarerobcMbNþajrbs;eyIg KWeyIgRtUvEsVgrksmaCikf μI² BRgIksmaCikrbs;eyIg

enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr b¤Ex μrenAbreTseGaykan;EteRcIn edIm,IeFIVkic©karsMrab;rMedaHRbeTsCatiEx μr eGay sMerceCaKC½y. cMeBaHsmaCikenAkñúgRbeTsEx μrvij eyIgRtUvEbgEckCaPUmisaRsþ tamextþ Rkug Rsuk XMu PUmi b¤tamEpñkepSg²énRbCaBlrdæ ¬RbCasaRsþ¦ dUc)anerobrab;xagelI. smaCikEdleyIgerIs mkerobcMCabNþajrbs;eyIg RtUvGnuvtþtameKalkarN_eRCIserIssmaCikrbs;GgÁkarneya)ay eyIg edayFanafaBYkeKyl;dwgGMBIeKalbMNg TisedA nigeKalkarN_epSg²c,as;las;. bnÞab;mk BYkeKGaceFIVkarya:gskmμbMput edIm,Ibgðaj bkRsay eXasna nigeqøIytbcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ nig KUrRbkYtRbECgeGaymanRbsiT§PaB. RbtikmμcMeBaHmCÄdæanepSg² bMPøWeGayBYkeKyl;kan;Etc,as; GMBIeRKaHfñak;rbs;RbeTsCati. eyIgRtUvCMrujelIkTwkcitþRbCaBlrdæEx μr eGaycUlrYmkan;EteRcIn. smaCikbNþajTaMgGs;RtUvyl;dwgGMBIParkic©erogxøÜn² faetIxøÜnRtUveFIVGIVxøH? eyIgCaeXasnikRtUv RbmUlBt’man EckcayÉksareXasna eXasna ¬tamRKb;rUbPaB¦ dl;RbCaBlrdæExμr edIm,IeGay GgÁkarneya)ayeyIgrIkcMerIneTARKb;mCÄdæan.

3-yuT§saRsþbNþaj (Strategy of Intelligence ) eyIgGacerobcMbNþajeGay)anTUTaMgRbeTs nigRKb;TIkEnøgenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr b¤ enAbreTs .

eyIgGacerobcMbNþajkñúgCYrbs;KUrRbkYtRbECgeyIg tamsßab½nepSg². karerobcMbNþajenH edIm,I eGayBYkeKxitxMCYyeFIVkar RbwgERbgelIksÞÜyGgÁkardwknaMneya)ayeyIg eGaysMerceCaKC½ykñúg kic©karCYyrMedaH karBarCatiEx μreGayrYcputBIkNþab;édkumμúynisþyYn nigrbbkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn . eyIgRtUverobcMCaExSbeNþay nigExSTTwg. b:uEnþ eFIVya:gNa minGnuBaØateGaybNþajnImYy² sÁal;Kña Cadac;xat. buKÁlmñak;GacerobcMmnusSrab;Ban;nak;tamlT§PaBEdlxøÜneFIV)an b:uEnþRtUveFIVpÞal;mñak; eTAmñak;b:ueNÑaH minGnuBaØateGaysÁal;mnusSTI 3 eT.

]TahrN_fa buKÁl k eTAerIsbuKÁl x eFIVCabNþaj . cMENkbuKÁl x eTAerIsbuKÁl K ehtudUecñHehIybuKÁl k nigbuKÁl K minGnuBaØateGaysÁal;KñaeT. buKÁl k eTAerIsbuKÁl c CabNþajeTot EtminRtUveGaybuKÁl x nig c sÁal;KñadUcKñaEdr. RtUvcaMfabuKÁl x nigbuKÁl c minRtUvcaM)ac;R)ab;buKÁl K nig q famanbuKÁl k Caem b¤ RkumkargareLIy. KWmann½yfa eyIgGnuvtþtKñaCaExñgrhUtdl;eRkam.


4-rcnasm<½n§§bNþaj (Structure of Intelligence)

rcnasm<½n§bNþaj KWeyIgeFIVya:gNaeGaymanPaBsVahab; nigrs;revIk. eyIgerobcMeGay manPñak;garbNþajnImYy² sÁal;c,as;GMBIeKaledA tYrnaTI nigParHkic©rbs;xøÜn. BYkeKRtUvman smtßPaBdUc²Kña. eyIgGacerobcMbNþajtamEpñknImYy²énRbCaBlrdæEx μr bNþajTI1 eyIgRtUv manembNþaj RBHsgÇ Tahan b:UlIs RKUbeRgon km μkr km μkarnI yuvCn yuvnarI nisSit ¬Rbus RsI¦ nig RbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA. TI2 eyIgRtUverobcMsmaCiktamPUmisaRsþenAkñúgRbeTsExμr dUcCaPUmiPaK extþRkug rhUtdl;PUmiCaedIm. vaGacmanembNþajtambNþaRbeTsnImYy²enAeRkARbeTs. TI3 eyIgbegáItembNþajtamParHkic© nigtYnaTImYy² Pñak;garBt’man carkmμ Pñak;garsÞÜn Pñak;garBiess nigRkumRbqaMgecjmuxCaedIm. TI4 eyIgGaceRbIviFIcMruHbBa©ÚlKñaEtmþg tamPUmisaRsþnImYy² embNþaj mYyRtUvemIlkarxusRtUveRcInmuxgarepSg²Kña.

5-TMhMbNþaj (Scope of Intelligence) bNþajeyIgRtUvkMNt;ykRtwm 24extþRkug tamry³TItaMgPUmisaRsþ nigtamlkçN³

RbCasaRsþtamEpñknImYy² dUcCa nisSit RBHsgÇ km μkr m:UtUDub RKUbeRgon RbCaBlrdæ b:UlIs Tahan RKb;extþRkugTUTaMgRbeTs. eyIgGacerobcMbNþajecjBIRKb;KNbkSneya)ay.l.

6-karTUTat;eGaybNþaj (Compensation for Intelligences)

eRkayBIkareRCIserIsmkeFIVCabNþajeGayeyIgehIy eyIgRtUvKitKUrelIkTwkcitþbNþajEdl CasmaCikneya)ayeyIg edIm,IeGayBYkeKxitxMeFIVkarrhUt)andl;eCaKC½y dUcCakarpþl;CaR)ak;Ex R)ak;]btßmÖ R)ak;ebskkmμ nigrgVan;elIkTwkcitþepSg²eTAtamtMrUvkarrbs;BYkeK eFIVya:gNaedIm,IeGay kargarkan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB nigmanTinñplx<s;.

7-eRCIserIsembNþaj (Selecting The Chief of Intelligence)

karsMraMgeRCIserIsembNþajEdlmanRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkargarmansarHsMxan;Nas; edIm,IeGay kargarmankarrIkcMerInlUtlas;. eyIgGaceFIVeLIgtamryHkare)aHeqñat b¤karvaytMélecjBI 6 mCÄdæan. sMxan;eyIgRtUveRCIserIsyksmaCik EdlmanlkçN³CaemdwknaM b¤eyIgeRCIserIstameKal karN_dwknaMrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg. smaCikenaHya:gehacNas; RtUvbBa©b;briBaØab½Rt b¤kMBug eronbnþ mancMeNHPasabreTs ¬Gg;eKøs¦ mancMeNHxagbec©kviTüa kuMBüÚT½rCaedIm. embNþaj nImYy² dac;xatminRtUveFIVeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;s¥b; edaysarcMNucexSayepSg² dUcCaelaPln; buNüs½ká GMNac elμaP RsI Rsa nigEl,gCaedIm. ebIembNþajenaHK μanRbCaRbiy mann½yfa embNþajenaH minGacdwknaMRbCaBlrdæ)aneLIy ehIyGgÁkarneya)ayeyIgminGacTTYl)an eCaKC½yEdr.


8-hwVkhat;embNþaj (Training for the Chief of Intelligence)

karhVwkhat;embNþajenH eyIgRtUveFIVya:gNaeGayembNþajnImYy² manRbsiT§PaBkñúg kargar. embNþajnImYy²RtUVvEtCamnusSR)akdRbCanwgkargar esñhaCatiBit² nigCamnusSEdl TTYlxusRtUvx<s;kñúgkargar. BYkeKRtUvmanÉkeTskñúgkargareFIVCabNþaj PaBCaemdwknaM ÉkeTs eXasna yl;dwgGMBIneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþepSg². CaBiess embNþajnImYy²RtUvsÁal; GMBIeKalkarN_ nigeKalneya)ayTaMgLayrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayCatiEx μr. emdwknaMbNþajRtUvsÁal; GMBIcriklkçNH tMrUvkar TMenar bBaðaCaGTiPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μr nigcriklkçN³rbs;KUrRbkYt RbECg. emdwknaMbNþajRtUvEtykcitþTukdak;eFIVya:gNa edIm,IeGaykareXasnamanRbsiTi§PaB nigedIm,IeGaysmaCikrbs;xøÜnmanRbsiT§PaB nigKuNPaBkñúgkarGnuvtþkargar. emdwknMabNþajRtUv yl;GMBInitiviFIepSg² nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn. Bt’manTan;eBlevla nigc,as;las; CaktþamYy GacnaMeTArkeCaKC½ypgEdr.

9-elIkTwkcitþembNþaj (Motivating the Intelligences) karelIkTwkcitþbuKÁlikCaktþasMxan;Nas; EdlnaMeGaysmaCikxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkar edIm,IeKal

bMNgrYmrbs;GgÁkarneya)ay. kalebIsmaCikxitxMRbwgERbg ebþCaJcitþTaMgGs;Kña eFIVkarsMrab;eKal bMNgrYm kargarenaHBitCasMerceCaKC½y)an. eyIgeRbobRbdUckILakr)al;Tat; EdleKxitxMelg TaMGs;Kña edIm,ITat;bBa©ÚlTIya:gdUecñaHEdr. eyIgRtUvRbKl;rgVan;GIV Edlsmnwgsñaédrbs;eK eFIVeGaysmaCikeBjcitþnigkargar ritEtxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkic©kareTVreLIg.

10-vaytMélbNþaj (Evaluating the Intelligences) karvaytMéleTA)an eyIgRtUvBiinitüemIltamRbPBBt’manEdlTTYl)an dUcCa r)aykarN_

rbs;Pñak;gar karGegátpÞal; karvayRbharriHKn;epSg²rbs;RbCaBlrdæ nig KUrRbkYtRbECg sgÁmsIuvil karsÞg;mti snÞnapÞal;CamYyembNþajnImYy² nigkarRbCMubUksrubkargarCaedIm. etIeyIgRtUvvay tMéleTAelIGIVxøH?eyIgRtUvvaytMélelIkarKaMRTrbs;RbCaBlrdæ kareRboeFobrvagRbsiT§PaBbNþaj nImYy² kareRbobeFobcMnYnKaMRTBIGtItkal nigbc©úb,nñkal. karvaytMéleTAelIkarcMNayeXasna cMnYnGñkKaMRT GñkKaMRTf μ I² kar)at;bg;GñkKaMRT.l.

11-begáInRbsiT§PaBbNþaj (Capacity Building of Intelligence)

begIánRbsiTi§PaBbNþaj CaktþamYycaM)ac; edIm,IeGaysMerceCaKC½ydl;eKaledA kargarnwg manRbsiT§PaB nig)anplx<s;. eyIgRtUvpþl;»kasdl;bNþaj RtUvEtbNþúHbNþalBYkeK tamry³kar eFIVsikçasila pþl;»kassikSabEnßmTaMgcMeNHbec©keTs nigbec©kviTüa. eyIgpþ;l;ÉksarRsavRCav elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarsikSaRsavRCavedayxøÜnÉg RsavRCavtambNþal½y karGanesovePAeday


xøÜnÉg sþab;viTüú GIuntaENtCaedIm. enAkEnøgeFIVkarmankarEst TUrTsSn_ b¤viTüú sMrab;begáIncMeNHdwg fμ I².

12-karhwVkhat;PaBCaGñkeFIVbNþaj (Training the Intelligences)

eRkayBIcUlCasmaCikrbs;bNþajénGgÁkarneya)ayeyIg smaCikTaMgGs;RtUvhwVkhat;eGayecH GMBIbec©keTs nigyuT§viFIrbs;bNþaj RBmTaMgcMeNHepSg²eTotTak;TgnwgkargareyIg. karbNþúH bNþalEckecjCa 3 dMMNak;kal. dMNak;kalTI 1 eyIgRtUvbNþúHbNþalbNþajeGayecH GMBIcMeNHviC¢aEdleyIgeFIVkar edIm,IrMedaHRbeTseGayÉkraCü muxviC¢aTaMgenaH manyuT§saRsþ nigyuT§viFI PaBCaGñkdwknaM neya)ay eXasna nigkarerobcMepSg². dMNak;kalTI 2 eyIgRtUvbNþúHbNþal smaCik GMBIrdæ)aldwknaM sMrab;eBlEdleyIgdwgnaMRbeTs manRbB½n§rdæ)al c,ab;TMlab;epSg². dMNak;karkargar eyIgGacbNþúHbNþalkñúgRbeTs nigeRkARbeTs. dMNak;TI3 eyIgRtUvbBa¢Ún smaCiksMxan;² eTAbNþúHbNþaltambNþaRbeTsmhaGMNacesrI dUcCashrdæGaemrik Gg;eKøs Cb:un kUer:xagt,Úg nig GURsþalI CaedIm.

13-ÉkeTscrcar (Negotiation Skills) karcrcarenH ekIteLIgenAeBlGgÁkarneya)ayepSg² cg;cUlrYmCamYynigGgÁkarneya)ay

eyIg Edlmancab;BI 2PaKI b¤eRcInPaKIeLIgeTA b¤eBlEdleFIVkic©snüa cuHhtßelxaelIsni§sBaØaepSg² kareFIVsmahrNkm μ ¬kardak;bBa©ÚlKña¦CaedIm. karcrcarenH manlkçN³Biess dUcteTA ³

RtUvmanPaKIya:gehacNas; cab;BI 2 eLIgeTA PaKIEdlmanCemøaHplRbeyaCn_ b¤bBaðaeRcIn enAeBlEdlccar GñkcrcarRtUveRbIsmtßPaB nigbec©keTsepSg² edIm,IsMerc

eKaledArbs;xøÜn eKalkarN_ énkarcrcar (Principles of Negotiation)

1-EjkmnusSecjBIbBaða ¬kMuKitGMBIbBaðabuKÁl b¤buKÁliklkçNHbuKÁl EtelIkCabBaða b¤ epþatelIedaHRsaybBaða¦.

2-epþatelIplRbeyaCn_rbs;Cati b¤ GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg minEmnepþatelI GMNactMENgeT.

3-begIátCMerIssMrab;plcMeNjeTAvijeTAmk ¬QñHTaMgsgxag b¤cMeNj TaMgsgxag¦.

4-BiPakSasMeNI eGaycMlkçxNÐeKaledA


14-CMnajbegáItTMnak;TMng (Communication Skill) karTMnak;TMngedIm,IeGaymansmaCikfμ I CaktþasMxan;Nas; sMrab;eXasnik eyIgRtUveFIVkar

TMnak;TMng RKb;mCÄdæan Edl)anerobrab;xagelI edIm,IBRgIkskm μPaBkargar edayeyIgbegIát»kas TMnak;TMng tameTBekaslü nigkarbiunRbsBVrbs;xøÜn. ebITMBk;mineTA eBñAmin RCuHeLIy. enHCaBakü TMnak;TMngmYyrbs;PasitEx μrsMrab;ykmkBicarNa. ebIeyIgmineFIVkar Tak;TgeTAmnusSepSgeTot eFIVdUcemþceTIbeKsÁal;eyIg b¤eyIgGacsÁal;eK . RbsiT§PaBénTMnak;TMng RtUvecHCYyykGasar epSg²dl;RbCaBlrdæ nigbuKÁld_éTeTot. eyIgRtUvsÁal;eQμaH nigTIkEnøgGñkEdlTMnak;TMngeGay c,as;las;. eyIgRtUvykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHbBaðaepSg² minelIktMekIg GYtxøÜnÉg ehIybnþúHbn¥ab; Gñkd¾éT nigemIlgayGñkd¾éT RtUvdak;xøÜnsamBaØeGayTabesIμnigGñkEdleyIgTMnak;TMng ¬sMrbtam sßankarN_¦ kMuniyayBIbBaðarbs;xøÜnÉgR)ab;eK enHCaerOgminl¥eT eKmincg;sþab;erOgeyIgeT EteKcg;sþab;erOgrbs;eK.l.


Gnuvtþn_ (Implementing) I.TTYlsÁal; nig kMNt;bBaða (Recognize and Remark Issues)

munnigeyIgelIkykRbFanbTmYyykmkeXasna eXasnikRtUvkMNt;bBaðaeGay)anc,as; las; eBalKWbBaðaEdlsMxan;CageK manGaTiPaBbMput Cab£sKl;énbBaða b£CabBaðaekIteLIgf μI². kalNaeyIg kMNt;bBaða)anc,as;las;ehIy eTIbeyIgelIkykRbFanbTEdlTak;TgnigbBaðaenaH ykmk eFIVkaredaHRsaytamviFisaRsþ rUbmnþRtwmRtUv b¤eXasnatamEpnkarEdl)aneRKagTuk. II.vaytMélkMritGgÁkarneya)ay (Evaluate the level of Political Organization)

karvaytMélkMritGgÁkardwknaMrbs;GgÁkarneya)aymYyEckecjCa 3 Epñk. EpñkTI1 eKGacvaytMéleTAelIEpñkyuT§saRsþ TI2 EpñkRbtibtþikar nigTI3 Epñkbec©keTs. dUecñH edIm,IeGaymanRbsiTi§PaB nigQaneTArkeCaKC½y eyIgRtUveFIVkareRbobeFobcMNucTaMg 3 xagelIenH CamYyKUrRbkYtRbECgeyIg ebIeyIgmaneRbobcMNucTaMg3EpñkenH eTIbeyIgQñH. mann½yfa muneyIgcab;epþImGnuvtþn_Epnkarrbs;eyIg eyIgRtUveRbobeFobxøÜneyIgCamYysRtUvsin ebIeyIgemIl eXIjfaQñH eTIbeyIgGnuvtþn_. Etminmann½yfa sRtUvmankmøaMgeRcIn b¤maneRbobelIeyIgRKb;ya:g eyIgGacsnñidæanfa sRtUvGacxøaMg b¤eyIgminGacykC½yCMnHenaHeT ktþasMxan; KW ÉkeTs nig vin½yrbs;kmøaMgeyIg eFIVkarvaylukcMNucsøab;rs;rbs;sRtUv eyIgk¾GacQñH)anEdr. eyIgRtUv eRbIyuT§viFI b¤GVIEdlsRtUvnwks μanmindl;.

]TahrN_ enAsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 kgT½BCb:uunratt,atBaseBjBiPBelak esÞIEtTTYl)an C½yCMnH RtYtRtaBiPBelakeTAehIy EtshrdæGaemrikeRbIRKab;brmaNUEt2RKab; GacbBa©b;sRgÁam nigQñHCb:un)an enHCayuT§saRsþ EdlCb:unnwksμanmindl;fa shrdæGaemrikmanRKab;brmaNNU TIbMputCb:uncaj;sRgÁameTA. III.GnuvtþviFIsaRsþeXasna (Implementing the Propaganda Method)

1-citþsaRsþTUeTA (General Pshchology)

CacMNucsMxan;bMputsMrab;sßanPaBneya)ayenAkñúgRbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ. GñkeXasnaRtUveFIV tamrebobcitþsaRsþsMrab;sßanPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrbc©úb,nñ. GñkeXasnaminRtUveFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæs¥b; eLIy. eyIgerobcMxøÜneGayéføfñÚr mansIlFm’ KuNFm’ sb,urs esμaHRtg; køahan edIm,IeGay RbCaBlrdæEx μrRsLaj;eyIgCamunsin. cMNucepSgeTot EdlRbCaBlrdæEx μrRsLaj;enaH KW eyIgRtUvsÁal;GMBITMenomTMlab;RbéBNIrbs;ExμrtamtMbn;nImYy² suCIvFm’l¥ »nlMeTan CMrabsYr GrKuN sMueTas nigCYyral;kic©karEdlRbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvkarCMnYy minRbkan;xøÜnvayb¤k eTaHCakic©kartUc b¤FMeLIy. eyIgRtUvsÁal;GMBITMenar nigkaryl;dwgrbs;RbCaBlrdædl;kMritNa dUecñH eBlEdleXasna


Bnül; eyIgRtUvelIkbBaða BaküeBcn_ GIVEdlKat;yl; cMnigkic©kargarrbs;Kat;. eyIgGacelIkyk mkCECkKñaelg manlkçN³samBaØ Etmann½y skm μ rs;revIk nigcab;Garm μN_. cMNucEdlman RbsiT§PaBbMput KWeyIgminRtUvR)ab;fa xøÜneyIgCabuKÁlwkneya)ayNamYyeLIy eyIgRtUvniyayfa CanisSit b¤GñkeFIVkargareRkArdæPi)al b¤kñúgnamCaCatiEx μrmñak; EdlmankarxVayxVl;GMBIGayuCivit RbeTsCati. eyIgeFVIdUcenH edIm,IrkSaRbCaRbiyPaB BIeRBaHRbCaBlrdæEx μr Kat;xøacBaküfa neya)ay eRBaHKat;min)anyl;dwgeRCARCHGMBIneya)ayeLIy.

2-sRgÁamcitþsaRsþ b¤ citþsaRsþneya)ay (Political Psychology) eXasnikRtUvelIkykbBaðasgÁm EdlkMBugRbQmmuxcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæral;éf¶ GIVEdlb:HBal;

dl;plRbeyaCn_rbs;RbCaBlrdæ dUcCakarrMelaPdIFøI CiHCan;eLIg edayBYkGñkmanGMNac nigBYkyYn enAkñúgrbbkumμ úynisþ h‘un Esn. eyIgRtUvvaylukcMcMNucexSayrbs;sRtUv bMEbkcMNucxøaMgrbs; sRtUveGayexSay. eyIgRtUvelIkGMBIcMNucGsmtßPaBrbs;BYkyYn nig h‘un Esn EdlminGac edaHRsaybBaðaCUnRbCaBlrdæ ehIymanEtkarCiHCan; eFVI)ab eRkamelsfa vinieyaK nig GPivDÆn_. ebIsinCaeyIgdwgfa Gñksþab;cg;sþab;GMBIGIV eyIgRtUvelIkbBaðaenaHmkeXasna b¤CECk CaBiess niyayeGaycMbBaðaGñksþab;.

]TahrN_ dUcCabBaðaral;éf¶EdlkMBugekItmankñúgRbeTsEx μreyIg manCnGenþaRbevsnyYn GMeBIBukrlYy rwbGUsykdIFøI RkIRk GyutiþFm’ R)ak;Extic RBMEdn GtiprNa nigTMnijeLIgéføCaedIm .

´sUmelIykbTBiesaFn_rbs;nayTahan Edl)aneTAeronenARbeTsma:eLsIu éf¶mYynay TahanRbmaN60nak;kMBughVwkhVWnGs;ryHeBlCag3ExehIy. elakRKUemIleXIjcitþsaRsþ Tahan TaMgGs; cg;vilRtLb;mkpÞHvij ehtudUecñHehIy elakRKUk¾R)ab;kUnsisSeGayerobcM\va:n; edIm,IeRtom eLIgynþehaH RtLb;mkpÞHvijenAéf¶Es¥k. eBlenaHRsab;Et kUnsisS)anniyaypþaMepIJr Kñaeday citþrMePIb xøHsresrsMbuRt edIm,IepIJeTARkumRKYsar edayKitfaCaerOgBit. EteBlEs¥keLIgmñak;² eRtom\va:n;rYcGs;ehIy Rsab;Etdl;eBlmkdl;salaeron elakRKUcab;epþImniyayfa etIerobcM\va:n; eTANa eBlenaHTahan)aneqIøytamdUcRKUniyay. eTIbRKUeqøIyfa minEmneT enHehIy KWemeron sRgÁamcitþsaRsþ.

3-sRgÁamneya)ay (Political War) sRgÁamneya)ay KWCakarRbqaMgnigKMnitneya)ayrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayNamYy edayman

ehtuplepSg²Kña. ]TahrN_ KNbkSRbCaCnelIkeLIgfa 7 mkra 1979 Caéf¶rMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr eGaymanCIviteLIgvij. cMENkmtixøHeTotfa 7 mkra 1979 CakarQøanBanrbs;yYn EdlrMelaP bøn;ykRTBüsm,tþi nigTwkdIExμr. KNbkSRbCaCnEtgEtelIkykrbbb:ul Bt ykmkniyayedIm,I dutkMhwgdl;RbCaBlrdæExμr eGaycgkMhwgnwgEx μrKñaÉg edim,IeGayEx μrEbk)ak;Kña EtdwgKuNyYn.


cMENkGgÁkarneya)ayepSg eKelIkeLIgfa ebIK μanéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 Caéf¶eCaKC½yrbs;kumμúynisþ EdldwknaMedayyYn ehIyyYnelIkGMNaceGay sIhnu nigExμrEdlyYn)anbNþúHmenaKmn_neya)ay edIm,IsMercEpnkarRbl½yBUCsasn_Exμr ehIyk_Kμan 7 mkra 1979 eT. xageRkamenH KWCa]TahrN_ GMBIsRgÁamneya)ay EdlniyayGMBIEpnkaryYntaMgBIGtItkalmkdl;bc©úb,nñ.

edaysarEtPaBl¶g;exøArbs;emdwknaMExμr EdlKitEtplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn GMNacbuNüs½ká laPskáar³ nigbkSBYkniym )anbENþtbeNþayeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;dundabkñúgePIøgs®gÁamvinas hinehac exøacpSar eRkaml,icklyYn. RbeTsEx μrnwgGacQaneTArkkar)at;bg;TwkdI rlayBUC sasn_ naeBlGnaKtd¾xøIxagmux tamneya)ayRtCak;yYnEdlkMBugeRbI h‘un Esn eGaysmøab; CatiEx μrsBVéf¶enH. EpnkarenH dUcEpnkaryYnbMP½nþsmøab;ExμrkñúgrbbEx μrRkhm nigrbbrdækm<uúCa knøgmk. Epnkar EdlyYn)anGnuvtþ cMeBaHRbeTsExμrmandUcxageRkam ³

1-EpnkaryYnbeBaäHs®gÁamsmøab;ExμrenA\NÐÚcin 2-EpnkaryYnsmøab;ExμredaymenaKmn_kñúgrbbEx μrRkhm BIqñaM1975 eTA qñaM1979 3-EpnkaryYnsmøab;Exμrkñúgrbb ehg sMrin h‘un Esn BIqñaM1979 eTA qñaM 1993 4-EpnkaryYneRbI h‘un Esn smøab;Ex μrkñúgrbbRBHraCaNacRkEkøgkøayBIqñaM1993 rhUtmk

dl; sBVéf¶enHman 3 sMxan;²³ k-yYnsmøab;Epñkesdækic © KWeFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr RkIRk Gt;Xøan rhUtdl;søab;. x-yYnsmøab;EpñkKMnit nig sμartI KWeFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr l¶g;exøA K μanKMnitCati niym xøac )ak;s,at Gs;sgwÇmkñúgkarrs;enA eRbobdUcCakEgábenAkñúgGNþÚgtam karbMBak; bMb:nmenaKmviC¢ayYn. K-smøab;CivitEx μr tamrebobRbeyalfμ I.

1-EpnkaryYnbeBaäHs®gÁamsmøab;Ex μrenA\NÐÚcin cab;BIqñaM1920 yYn)anerobcMEpnkaredIm,IelbykTwkdIExμr dMbUgeLIyyYn)anbegIátbkS kum μuúynisþ evotNam ehIyeRkaymkeTotyYn)anbegIátshB½n§\NÐÚcin EdlmanRbeTs Exμr evotNam Lav enAqñaM 1930 edIm,IBRgIk\Ti§Blkumμ úynisþenAtMbn;\NÐÚcin. bnÞab;mk yYn)andeNþImyk TwkdIkm<úCaeRkam enAqñaM 1949 taml,icklrbs;BYkeK EdleFIVeGay)araMgkat;TwkdIExμreRkamcMnYn 21 extþ eGayyYnkñúg raCü esþc sIhnu CaGñkRKgraCüenARbeTsEx μr.

eRkayBIyYn)ansMercyk)anTwkdIkm<úCaeRkam)anehIy yYn)anbnþEpnkarelbykTwkdIExμr sBVéf¶enHbnþeTot. enAqñaM1950 yYn)ancab;ykkUnekμgExμrtUc² eTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmviC¢acMnYn 4000 nak; edIm,ImkbMeBjEpnkarsm½yEx μrRkhm eGaysmøab;Ex μr bMP½nþmtiCati nigGnþrCati eGayyl;RcLMfa Ex μrsmøab;Ex μr. eRkaymk yYn)anbeBaäHs®gÁam\NÐÚcinpÞúHeLIg edIm,Irujs®gÁam


enaHeGayFøak;mkelIRbeTsEx μr bgávinaskm μy:agF¶n;F¶rdl;RbCaBlrdæExμr eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μr søÚtRtg;)ansøab;Gs; cMnYn 600 000 nak; kñúgs®gÁam rvageyokNamxageCIg nigeyokNam xagt,Úg. enAeBlenaH yYnxageCIg)aneFIVs®gÁamCamYyyYnxagt,Úg TwsedArbs;vaKWEtmYydUcKña sMedAmkelbykTwkdIkm<úCasBVéf¶. yYn)aneRbIl,ice)akR)as; esþcsIhnu sMudak;mUldæanT½B eyokkugenAtambeNþay RBMEdnEx μr kñúgextþ 5 KWextþrtn³KIrI mNÐlKIrI RkecH kMBg;cam sVayerog nigdwkGavuFes,og tamRckRkugRBHsIhnu kat;tamkMBg;s<W rhUtdl;extþkMBt edIm,IeFIVs®gÁam enAelITwkdIExμr bNþaleGayRbeTsEx μr)at;bg;GBüaRkitüPaB GFibetyüPaB nigsniþPaB .

yYn)ane)akemdwknaMExμrfa RbqaMgnwgGaemrikkaMg EttamkarBit KWyYneFIVsRgÁamenHedIm,I QøanBanykTwkdIExμreT. yYnxageCIgKaMRTeday esþc sIhnu nigyYnxagt,ÚgKaMRTeday shrdæGa emrik. shrdæGaemrikmin)anmkdak;GaNaniKmn_ nigQøanBanRbeTsEx μrmuneT EtyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,Úg eRbIl,iceFIVsRgÁam edIm,IvatTITwkdIb:ueNÑaH eRBaHyYnTaMgBIr)anrujsRgÁamenaHeGay mkFøak;elIRbeTsExμr. yYnxagt,ÚgvaylukcUlTwkdIExμr ÉyYnxageCIgeFIVcaj;cUlTwkdIExμreRCAeTA² Bak;kNþalRbeTsEx μr eBlenaH esþc sIhnu EdlCYyeyokkug)anrt;ecjeTAeRkARbeTs minRBmedaHRsaybBaðayYneyokkugenABaseBjRbeTsEx μreLIy. esþc sIhnu )aneFIVdMeNIrkMsanþCamYymehsImunInaf nigmþayek μk¬yYn¦eTA)araMgrhUtdl;éf¶ rdæRbhar 18 mIna 1970. eRkaymkyYn)anvaylukkgT½B ln; nl; edayK μanRbkas dMNwgGIVeLIy bnÞab;mkkgT½B ln; nl; )anebIkRbtibtiþkaredjyYneyokkugenAkñúgTwkdIExμr EdleBlenaHeKniyayfa CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij. cMENk esþc sIhnu )anBwgyYneGay vaykgT½BsaFarN³rdæEx μr edIm,IykGMNacmkvij rhUt)aneCaKC½yenAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 eBlenaHehIyEdlsRgÁamevotNamxageCIg nigevotNamxagt,Úg RtUvbBa©b;enAéf¶TI 30 emsa 1975 Edr. éf¶enH KWCaéf¶C½yCMnHrbs;yYn kñúgkarcUlQøanBansmøab;Ex μrenArbbEx μrRkhm edayyYn)anbMBak;C½yCMnHenH eTAeGayBYkExμrRkhmvij. yYn)anbMP½nþmtiCati nigGnþrCatifa sRgÁamsIuvil KWsRgÁamrvagBYksaFarN³rdæ nigBYkExμrRkhmEdlman esþc sIhnu CaRbFan. EttamkarBitsRgÁamBIqñaM1970 mkenaH KWCasRgÁamrvagyYnnigExμr eBlenaHehIyEdl esþc sIhnu caj;e)akyYnmþgeTot eRBaHcg;)anraCüblø½gÁmkvij. esþc sIhnu )aneXasnaeGayEx μrrt;cUl éRBma:KI edIm,Ikab;smøab;ExμrKñaÉg EtcMeNjyYneTAvij.

Rtg;cMNucenHRtUvcaMfa K μanbreTsNaRsLaj;Exμr CaCagEx μrRsLaj;ExμrxøÜnÉgeLIy ehIyEx μrminGacsmøab;Ex μrxøÜnÉg eTAdwgKuNyYnenaHeT. Rtg;cMNucenH eyIgRtUvBicarNaBakü menaKmn_yYnEdlniyayfa Ex μrsmøab;Exμr KWeKalbMNgedIm,IbMP½nþfaéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 Caéf¶rMedaH. esþc sIhnu ykRbeTsEx μrnigRbCaBlrdæEx μr CaEl,gneya)ay caj;e)akyYnKWTaMgyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,Úg edayyYnxageCIg vaeRbIcitþsaRsþRtCak; cMENkÉyYnxagt,Úg vaeRbIhigSa


eBalKWyYnEtmYymanKMniteXareXAkab;smøab;Ex μr eFIV)abExμr nigeFIVeGayExμrmanvinaskm μ edayman eKalbMNgcg;elbykTwkdIEx μrb:ueNÑaH.

2-EpnkaryYnsmøab;Ex μredaymenaKmn_kñúgrbbExμrRkhmBIqñaM1975 eTA qñaM1979 eRkayBIrdæRbhaqñaM1970 eBlenaH esþc sIhnu )ancaj;e)akyYn nigcin EdleKelIkeCIg

beBa¢arfa CaGñkmanbuNü nigmancinenABIeRkayxñg. edIm,IraCblø½gÁ esþc sIhnu )anBwgyYn EdlCasRtUvEx μr kalBIdUntaeGaymkeFIVsRgÁamsmøab;Exμr KWsmøab;Ex μrsaFarNrdæ ln; nl;. yYn nigEx μrRkhm)an eXasnaykeQ μaH esþc sIhnu edIm,IeGayRbCaraRsþEdleronsURttictYc rt;cUléRBma:KImksmøab;Ex μrKñaÉg. yYnvayQñHrbbsaFarNrdænaéf¶ 17 emsa 1975 ehIy)an bMBak;C½yCMnHenH eGayBYkEx μrRkhm rYcyYnbnþbnøMsmøab;Ex μrkñúgrbbEx μrRkhm edayTmøak;kMhusdak; b:ul Bt ¬l,icsIu)ay labmat;BEB¦ . cab;BIéf¶C½yCMnHrbs;yYn 17 emsa 1975 yYn)anGnuvtþEpnkar smøab;Ex μrGñkecHdwg TukEtGñkl¶g;exøA. Epnkarsmøab;sm½yEx μrRkhm KWeKbg¥t;Gahar nigbgçMeGayeFIVkarCaTm¶n; eGayEx μr)ak;kmøaMg edIm,IgayRsYleKcab;ykeTAsmøab;. eBlyYndwgfaEx μrsøab;CitGs; enAsl;EtGñkl¶g;exøA yYncUlmkQøanBanykTwkdIExμrEtmþg enAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 enHÉg EdlyYn)anelIkbnþúbBYk h‘un Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum eGayRKb;RKg RbeTsEx μrrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶.

3-EpnkaryYnsmøab;Ex μrkñúgrbbGay:g ehg sMrin h‘un Esn cab;taMgBIéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 yYn)anbnþmenaKmn_neya)ay labBN’rvagEx μrnigEx μrfa Ex μrsmøab;Ex μr ehIydwgKuNyYnmkCYyseRgÁaH. tammenaKmn_yYnEdleFIVeGayEx μrli¶tl¶g; Edl )ak;s,at rYcputBIkarkab;smøab;rbs;yYn lg;eCOmenaKmn_yYnfa yYnmkrMedaHEx μréf¶ 7 mkra 1979. EttamkarBit yYn)ancUlmkbøn;RbmUlykRTBüsm,tþiEx μr EdlenAsl;elITwkdIExμr taMgBIsm½y saFarNrdæEx μr kñúgenaHmanCMnYymkBIGaemrikkaMg nigRTBüsm,tiþ mas eBRC RsUv Ggár EdlyYn )ane)akEx μreGayykeTAdak;;rYmkñúgrbbEx μrRkhm. éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 Caéf¶C½yCMnHyYnbøn;ykTwkdI nigRTBüsm,tþiEx μr. yYn)anbnþe)assMGatsmøab;Ex μreTotenAtMbn;k 5. yYn)ancab;bgçMExμreGayeTAsøab;rab;Esn nak; enAtMbn; k 5. yYn)anbBa©ÚlmenaKmn_dl;GñkEdlmancMeNHdwgtictYcdUcCa ehg sMrin nig h‘un Esn eGayniyaytam GnuvtþtamBYkva eRBaHEtGMNac buNüskiá laPskáar³ EdleFVIeGay RbeTsCatiFøak;elclg;rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. eBlenaH yYn)anbnþkan;kab;ykRbeTsEx μrTaMgRsug ehIybMpøajsm,tiþvb,Fm’Ex μr RTBüsm,tiþEx μr nigEkøgbnøMRbvtþisaRsþ edIm,IeGaykUnEx μrCMnan; eRkayeron vegVgkñúgmenaKmn_rbs;va. eBlenaH yYnRKan;EtdUrBIBak;Gavex μAeTABak;Gavexov dak;eQ μaH fI μrYcvaecaTfa Ex μrRkhm b¤b:ulBt edIm,IyYnsmøab;ExμrbnþeTot.

RtUvsYrfa Ex μrsaFarNrdæ CaCatiEx μr ehtuGIVRtUveKsmøab;ecalsm½yEx μrRkhm?


Ex μrRkhmCaCatiEx μr ehtuGIV)anCaEx μrRtUveKtamsmøab;eTotenAsm½yrdækm<úCa? Ex μrsaFarNrdæk¾Exμr ExμrRkhmk¾Exμr etIXatkrBitCanrNa? 4-EpnkaryYnsmøab;Ex μrkñúgrbbRBHraCaNacRkEkøgkøay

h‘un Esn )anGnuvtþtamEpnkaryYn bgðÚrCnCatiyYneGaymktaMgTIlMenA KRKwkKeRKgkñúg RbeTsEx μr CaBiess KWyYn)anyktMbn;esdækic©Exμr dUcCatambwgTenøsab TIRkug nigTIRbCMuCnnana. eRkayBIéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 mk yYn)andUrBIviFIsmøab;ekþA eTACaviFIsmøab;RtCak; edIm,IeGayEx μrePøc sμartI nigsøab;KMnitCatiniymExμr. yYnxitxMbnþbNþúHmenaKmn_viC¢afa ExμrRtUvdwgKuNyYnéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 eTottamKMnitGnþrCatiniym Edlman h‘un Esn CaGay:g.

k-smøab;Epñkesdækic© bMpøajeGayGs;sm,tiþFm μCatiExμr edIm,IeGayEx μrRk

yYndwgc,as;faRbCaBlrdæEx μr 85 PaKry CaGñkERscMkar BuMmankareronsURtecHdwg eday BwgEp¥kelIksikmμb:ueNÑaH edIm,IcB©awmCIvit ehtudUecñH yYn nig h‘un Esn )ankab;bMpøajéRBeQIEx μr taMgBIman 77 PaKry enAqñaM1977 rhUtdl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH enAsl;Et 20 PaKry. éRBeQICaCMrkstVéRB CaRbPBTwk CaBiess éRBeQITajTwkePøogsMrab;GñkeFIVERscMkar rkSadIeGay manCICati Car)aMgkarBarTwkCMnn; nigpþl;GnupléRBeQICaeRcInsMrab;RbCaksikrEx μr.l. ebIkalNa Gs;éRBeQI eFVIeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr kan;EtRkIRk nigGt;Xøan eRBaHdIGs;CICati KμanTwkePøogRKb;RKan; eRKaHTwkCMnn; EdlbMpøajdMNaMksikmμ.l. ehtudUecñHehIy RbCaBlrdæEx μrkan;EtRkIRkK μancMeNH viC¢aedIm,IedaHRsayciBaw©mCIvit BMumanlT§PaBeGaykUneTAeronsURtx<g;x<s; ecHEtl¶g;exøAeTA² KitEtrk sIuciBa©wmCIvit enHehIyCayuT§saRsþ eFIVeGayExμreyIg KitEtbBaðaRkBHTn;exSay. bwgTenøsabCaRbPBRtIenARsukEx μr kalBImunRbCaBlrdæExμrFøab;ensaT)an 40etan kñúg 1KILÚEm:Rtkaer: Et\LÚvenH RtUvyYn)acbnøa eRbIfñaMbMBul qk; dak;kg;Lan nigGUsykBgRtI edIm,IeFIVeGayputBUCRtIenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. GñkensaTPaKeRcInsuT§EtyYn EfmTaMgmankaMePIøgkarBar pg. TegVIrbs;CnCatiyYnTaMgenH eFVIeGayRtIRtUvfycuH rhUtdl;Gs;enAkñúgbwgTenøsab bgáeGayExμr Gt;Xøan cMENkyYnmanCIvPaBFUrFarCagExμr.

Er: t,Úg mas eBRC enAtMbn;éb:lin nigsm,tiþvb,Fm’Ex μr dUucCavtßúburaN R)asaTbUraN GgÁvtþ RtUveKeFIVGaCIvkmμ cMeNjesdækic©RbeTsCitxag EtRbCaBlrdæExμrenAEtRkIRkrehmrhamdEdl. eTaHbIluyEdlEx μreyIgepIJBIeRkARbeTsCaluyduløa eTAbgb¥ÚnEx μrenAkñúgRbeTs k¾edayk_luyenH RtUvFøak;elIyYnTaMgGs; Etesdækic©Ex μrminrIkcMerIneT BIeRBaHluyExμrK μantMél edayneya)ayesdækic© sßitenAelIkNþab;édyYn.


yYnRKb;RKgesdækic©Ex μr RbB½n§esdækic© RtUv)ankan;kab;edayyYn b‘un sm rdæelxaRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú R)asaT GgÁrvtþ RKb;RKgeday yYn sux Kg; nigpliplepSg² naMcUlBIyYn Edlva)anbgáb;fñaMKImI bNþaleGayb:HBal;suxPaBRbCaBlrdæEx μr. eKbegIánéføTMnijsBVsareBI edIm,IbegIáncMNayrbs;RbCa BlrdæEx μr eGayeRcInCagR)ak;cMNUlEdlKat;rk)an eKeFIVEbbenH eKalbMNgeFVIeGayExμrkan;Et RkIRk Rtdrs; Gatμaniym ePøcKitKUrRbeTsCati. R)ak;ExTab KitCaluyerol EdltMélTMnijéføCagR)ak;cMNUl edayeKKitecjCaR)ak;duløa. dUecñH eFIVeGayluyEx μrGs;témø efakCagTMnij ktþaTaMgenHeFIVRbCaBlrdæExμr BuMmanR)ak;snSMx<s;eT. cMENkÉ yYn nig bkSBYk h‘un Esn mYykþab;tUc BukrlYy lk;sm,tiþCati ykluyeTAdak;FanaKa eRkARbeTs rab;landuløa. cMENkRbCaCnyYn EdlekIneLIgcMnYn 4 500 000 nak; cUlmkRbeTsEx μr xøHCamnuusSminl¥ GñkeTas GñkmanCm¶WeGds_ ecarbøn; nigGñkCk;eRKOgejon eGaymkbMeBjebskkmμenAelITwkdIEx μr. CnCatiyYncUlmk eKeTArs;enAtMbn;esdækic©rbs;ExμrdUcCa tMbn;TIRkugPñMeBj tMbn;RkugRBHsIhnu tMbn; mat;Tenø nigbwgTenøsab edayrujRcaneGayExμrkan;EtXøatq¶ajBItMbn;esdækic© Bi)akkñúgkarrkcMNUl nigkargareFIV eFIVeGayEx μrkan;EtRkIRkeTA² ehIyxøHrt;mkenAtamCnbTRsukERscMkar xøHrt;eTAeFIVkar eRkARbeTs. CnCatiyYn eBleKcUlmkdl;RbeTsEx μr eKRtUveronPasaEx μr vb,Fm’Exμr RbvtiþsaRsþEx μr nigeFIVGtþsBaØaNb½NÑEx μr Edlmanemekøag yYn huk LgDI b‘un sm sux Kg; nig cay saMgyun CaGñkenABIeRkayxñg rYcehIyeKeronPasacin edIm,IbnøMxøÜneFIVCaCnCaticin kMueGayEx μrs¥b;. sYrfa ?

etIRTBüsm,tiþTaMgGs;enaHCarbs;Ex μr b¤rbs;yYn? etIRbCaBlrdæExμr TTYl)ancMeNjGIVxøH ? BIyYnEdlrs;enAelITwkdIExμr eRkABIeKmkrs;elITwkdIEx μr mansiT§Rsbc,ab; nigmanesdækic©FUr FaCag CnCatiEx μrm©as;RsukeTot CaBiess mhicätayYncg;elbykdIExμr dUcTwkdIkm<úCaeRkameTot? h‘un Esn eRbIneya)ayRbCaPifut e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæEx μreGayeCO dUcCa h‘un Esn Rbkasfa kMeNInma:RkUesdkic© b¤k¾kMeNInesdækic© EtpÞúyeTAvijRbCaBlrdæEx μrcMnYn 36 PaKry kMBugEt Gt;Xøan xøHGt;)ay Ex μrrab;Esnnak; rt;mkeFIVkarenAbreTsy:agevTna. eBlCite)aHeqñat mþg² h‘un Esn xMEcksar:ug 1 nig bIuecg 1 kBa©b; edIm,Ie)akRbCaBlrdæEx μrsMrab;snøwkeqñat. etI h‘un Esn manluyrab;landuløamkBINa ? KW)anmkBIlk;CatiEx μr kab;éRBeQI xI©breTs CYjeRKOg ejon niglk;TwkdIeGayyYn dUcCakat;ekaHRtl; nigeFVIsni§sBaØakat;TwkdIeGayyYnnaqñaM1979 1980 1982 nig1983 CaedIm. cMENkÉluyCatiExμrTaMgGs; min)anFøak;dl;édRbCaBlrdæEx μr BitR)akdtamRsukERsCnbTenaHeT KW h‘un Esn )anXubXit RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy EtbkSBYkmYy


RkumtUc ykeTAdak;FanaKareRkARbeTs. sYrfa etIluyrab;landUløa dak;FanaKareRkARbeTs h‘un Esn nig bkSBYk )anmkBINa? etIBYkeKmanR)ak;Exb:unμan ? enHmann½yfa h‘un Esn k,t;CatiExμrehIy. ebIyYndwgfaRbCaBlrdæExμrGñkesñhaCatimanCIvPaBFUrFar yYn)aneGayRkumcarkm μrbs;eK bgárclacl dUcCa bøn; smøab;; lYcqk; bgárPaBPitP½y eRKaHfñak;cracr bMBulfñaM eFIVeGayEx μrRkIRk nigsøab; EtebICnCatiyYnecHPasaEx μrvij BYkeKkan;EtmaneLIg² enAelITwkdIExμr.

x-smøab;EpñkKMnit RbB½n§Gb;rMK μan)anbNþúHkulbuRt kulFItaEx μrCMnan;eRkay eGaymanPaBrwgbwug esñhaCati matuPUmi nigxitxMGb;rMkUnExμreGayRbRBwtþiGMeBIl¥edIm,IsgÁmeLIy pÞúyeTAvij yYn)aneRbImenaK mn_viC¢akumμ úynisþ nigEkøgbnøMRbvtiþsaRsþ edIm,IbMerIneya)ayrMlayCatiEx μr CaBiesseK)anbEgVrsgÁm Ex μrmineGayniyayBIerOgRbeTsCati eRBaHxøaceKsmøab; bEgVreGayExμrsb,ay ePIøtePIønnig El,g RsI Rsa Gatμaniym smÖar³ ePøcKitKUrerOgRbeTsCati. ehtukarN_TaMgenH pÞúyBIbNþaRbeTs rIkcMerInmYycMnYnelIsklelak EdlRbCaBlrdærbs;eK KitKUrykcitþTukdak;RsLaj;RbeTsCati rbs;eK h‘anlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g minfaeLIy GayuCIvit eGayEtCatieKsißtesßrKg;vgS. nisSitcMNayeBleron EtKμanÉkeTsBitR)akd mñak;²xitxMeroneRcInÉkeTs edIm,IrkkargareFIV EtpÞúyeTAvij karGb;rMhak;dUcCabMpøajGnaKtrbs;yuvCneTAvij eRBaHnisSitEx μrcMNayeBlevla nig luykak;Gs;eRcIn EtTIbMputeFIVeGayBYkeKGs;sgwÇm KμantMél K μankargar eRBaHEtGMeBIBukrlYy bkSBYkniym nigGñkRKb;GayucUlnivtþn_enAEtbnþeFIVkargareTot. RbCaBlrdæExμrkan;EtRkIRkeTA² Ex μrBitR)akd min)aneronsURtecHdwg eFIVeGayKat;K μankarBicarNaEvgq¶ayBIerOgRbeTsCatieT b:uEnþ Kat;KitEt eFIVdUcemþceGayrs;BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶b:ueNÑaH EtRbCaCnxøHminGacrs;)aneTot xøHGt;)ay Gt;GgárRckqñaMg yYn nig h‘un Esn bnþeFIV)abeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrrs;enAya:gevTnaeTot. etIGnaKtRbeTsCati TwkdI nigek μgCMnan;eRkay EdlCaTMBaMgsñgb£sSIeTACaya:gNa?.

K-smøab;CIvit h‘un Esn ecaTRbkan;smøab;

enAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkesñhaCatiEx μr GñkRbCaFibetyü rab;rynak; nigcab;dak;KuktamEpnkarrbs;yYn. eRkaymkeTot h‘un Esn )ansmøab;Rkum)atukrRbqaMg rYmmannisSit RBHsgÇ RbCaBlrdæEx μrkñúgeBl)atukmμqñaM1998. h‘un Esn RbkasecaTRbkan; edIm,Icab;ykeTAdak;Kuk nig)aj;smøab;ecalCabnþbnÞab; eRBaHtulakar b:UlIs


nigeyaFa Carbs;yYnEdlenABIeRkayxñg h‘un Esn . yYn h‘un Esn )aneRbIviFIepSg²eTot dUcCa cak;fñaM cab;eGayRkeBIsIu Tmøak;eRCaHeBRCnil dak;fñaMBul eRKaHfñak;cracr ecabøn; Xatkr )aj;smøab; eTAelIGñkesñhaCatiExμrCaerogral;éf¶bnþbnÞab;.

yYncab;epIþmsmøab;Ex μr tamry³kareRbIfñaMKImIelImðÚbGarhar Twkpwk eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr manCm¶WepSg² dUcCaCm¶WmharIk efIøm RkBH edayecaTfamanCm¶WeGds_. f μ I²enH eK)andak; fñaMKImItamTwk eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrsøab; nigBulcMnYn 500 nak;enAextþbnÞaymanC½y. ehtuEdlfa yYn h‘un Esn CaXatkrsmøab;Ex μrbnÞab;BIyYnsmøab;Exμr kalBIrbbEx μrRkhmrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ eRBaHfa ral;GMeBIXatkmμ GaCJaFrminEdlrkmuxXatkreXIjeLIy. sUm,IEtkat;eTasEx μrRkhm k¾Ca menaKmn_yYn eGayEx μryl;RcLMfa Ex μrsmøab;Ex μr Edr. dUcenH eyIgRtUvniyayfa kat;eTas Xatkr\NÐÚcin ¬kumμúynisþyYn¦ Edl)ansmøab;Ex μrvij.

GñkesñhaCati GñkesñhaRbCaFibetyü eRbobdUcCaRtIenAkñúgqñaMg EdlrgcaMEteBlevla eKes¶arEtb:ueNÑaH ebIdl;eBleKcab;es¶arPøam ehIygayNas; tulakar b:UlIs nigTahan Carbs;yYn ehtudUecñH yYncg;smøab;ema:gNak¾)antamEtcitþ. yYn nig h‘un Esn RKan;EtbnøMEPñk RbCaBlrdæGMBIesdækic©TIpSaresrIfa CaRbeTsRbCaFibetyü EttamkarBitcab;taMgBIsm½yEx μr Rkhm mkKWeKdUrEteQ μaH nigviFIsaRsþsmøab;Ex μrEtb:ueNÑaH EtvaCaEpnkaryYnkumμ úynisþdEdl. RbCaBlrdæ Ex μryl;xusfa Ex μrmansiT§iesrIPaB ÉkraCü eRBaHyYn nigcinTuk esþc sIhnu CaExl EtsiTi§ esrIPaBenaH KWmanenAkñúgqñaMgTwkEdleKkMBugdaMelIcRgáanePIøgEtb:ueNÑaH. yYnsmøab;Ex μrmþgmYy². yYn eRbIl,icGakrman;bMP½ysVa KWsmøab;1 KMram 100 eKdUrBIsmøab;eRcInmkCasmøab;tic bnþbnÞab;erog ral;éf¶ edIm,IbM)ak;s μartIEx μr bMP½nþmtiCati nigGnþrCatieGayyl;faRbeTsEx μr)anÉkraCü nigman siTi§esrIPaBb:ueNÑaH EtkarBit RbeTsEx μrbc©úb,nñsßiteRkamGaNaniKmyYnEbbfμ I .

4-menaKmn_viC¢aneya)ay (Political Ideology)

menaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayenH EckCamenaKmn_kumμ úynisþ RbCaFibetyü Catiniym nigraCaniym CaedIm. menaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayenH GñkeXasna caM)ac;RtUvecHRbvtþisaRsþ nigRBwtiþkarN_neya)ay eGay)anc,as;las; edIm,IelIkykehtuplsmrmü mkbkRsayeGayRbCaBlrdæmanPaBeCOkCak; nigTukcitþ edIm,IcMeNjneya)ayrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn.

]ThrN_ dUcCa yYnEtgEtelIkeLIgnUverOgBuT§TMnay esþc sIhnu GñkmanbuNü esayraCü nKrbI enHCaneya)aysemþc»eT kñúgeKalbMNg edIm,IeGayExμreyIg rgcaM nigCMenOGs©arü elIburs Etmñak; ehIyvasnaRbeTsCatiTaMgmUl sgÇwmEtelImnusSEtmñak; minha‘negIbeLIg niyayBIvbtþi rbs;RbeTsCati Tuk»kaseGayyYn Can;QøI siTi§esrIPaB eFIV)abExμr eRscEtcitþ nigdeNþImykpl RbeyaCn_Ex μr TIbMputelbTwkdIEx μrTaMgRsug. ebIGñkNaniyay GMBIerOgRbeTsCati eKfa erOg


neya)ay eGayKitEtRkBHxøÜnÉgeTA ehIyGñkneya)aymanpøÚv 3 Cab;Kuk rt;ecalRsuk nig søab;. enHKWCamenaKmn_rbs;yYn edIm,IbM)ak;s μartIEx μreGayxøac eGayKitEterOg GatμaniymxçÜnÉg. eKbiTsiTi§esrIPaBmineGayyl;dwgGMBIbBaðaRbeTsCatieT KWTukeGayyYn ¬ecHPasaEx μr¦ CaGñkKit KUrerobcMRtYtRtaRbeTsCMnYsEx μr.

xageRkamCarUbPaBdkRsg;BI sRkva: nig RsLaj;ExμrEvbsay

eKaledAmenaKmn_yYn sI hnu e)akraRsþfa eRbIkaMePøIgeQIedj )araMg k-menaKmn_kum μúynisþyYn (Vietnamese Ideology) ecaryYn)aneRbIRKb;meFüa)ay RKb;yuT§saRsþ RKb;kll,ic edIm,IrMlayBUCsasn_Ex μr nigedIm,I

elbykTwkdIEx μreGay)an. yYn)anQøanBanRbeTsEx μr edIm,IrMlayBUCsasn_ExμrmþgrYcmkehIy edayemT½B eRTOg mij ya:g cenøaHqñaM ¬1835-1841¦ Etmin)ansMerc. RbCaBlrdæEx μrnaMKña eRkakbHe)areLIgTUTaMgRbeTs ehIy)anedjyYnecj eRBaHyYn)ansmøab;Exμr ya:gsahaveXareXA dUcCa yYnbgçMEx μreFIVkarCaTMgn; nigCIkERBkvijet ehIyyYnbgðÚrTwkTMnb;smøab;Ex μr daMk,al ExμreFIVEtGug nigdaMk,alEx μrrYcykrnas;ras; .l.

ktþaEdlyYnbraC½y minGacelbTwkdIEx μr nig rMlayBUCsasn_Exμrnasm½yenaH)an eRBaH ³ 1-yYnkan;kab;EtenATIRkug EtemIlgay minkan;kab;tamCnbT 2-yYnminyl;TwkcitþRbCaBlrdæExμr ¬RsLaj;eKarBesþc¦ 3-yYnminecHPasarEx μr 4-yYnminsÁal;PUmisaRsþEx μr 5-yYnrMlayBuT§sasnaEx μr rMlayvtþGaramExμr eGayeKarBBuT§sasnamhayandUcyYn 6-yYnsMlab;Exμrya:geXareXA bgðajeGayeXIjfa yYnmanectnarMlayBUCsasn_Ex μr 7-yYndkecAhVayextþEx μr dak;ecAhaVyextþyYnCMnYsvij


eRkayBIkarbraC½yrbs;emT½ByYn eRTOg mijya:g kñúgkarrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr nig elbykTwkdIEx μrmk. hU CI mij )ansikSalMGiteTAelIcMNucexSayEx μr ehIyeFIVEpnkarf μ IedIm,Ivat TIykTwkdIEx μreTot. yYn)anbBa¢Úncarkmμ carnarI CaeRcIneGayeFIVkarenAkñúgRbeTsEx μr mandUcCa Gacarü emon EdlbnøMeFIVCab¥Ún sWg g:uk faj; eQ μaH sWg g:uk mij nig mU:nic GKÁmehsI sI hnu CaedIm. ehtuEdlyYn sWug g:uk mij bnøMxøÜnbYsCasgÇ edIm,IgayRsYl Tak;TajEx μr eGayman CMenOTukcitþehIycUlbMerIclnaneya)aykumμ úynisþyYn EdlCaEpnkaryYn hU CI mij.

x-sasnaRBHBuT§Ca]bkrN_neya)ay yYndwgfasasnaRBHBuT§CaRKwHrwgmaMrbs;CatiEx μr eRBaHRbCaBlrdæExμrmanCMenOya:gmutmaM elI

RBHBuT§sasna. yYnmanEpnkaryksasnaeFIVCaExl ]bkrN_neya)ay nigbnSabRBHBuT§sasna snSwm²enAkñúgRbeTsEx μr. sWug g:uk mij )anbYsCaRBHsgÇeron)alI GkSrsaRsþEx μr RbvtiþsaRsþEx μr ya:gc,as;las; ehIymkbegIátbkSkum μ úynisþEx μr eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;bkSkumμ úynisþ\NÐÚcin Edl hU CImij )anbegIáteLIg enAéf¶ 3 kumÖ³ 1930. bkSkum μ úynisþEx μrenH )anbegIátenA qñaM1951 Edlman eQ μaH bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnExμr. eBlenaHEx μrl¶g;exøAmYYycMnYn)ancUlCasmaCikbkSkum μ úynisþ mYyenH dUcCa esa Pim Eb:n suvNÑ ehg sMrin h‘un Esn nigCaeRcInnak;eTot. eRkaymk bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnExμr )anEkERbCa KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa vij EdleBlbc©úb,nñenAqñaM 2008 CaxYbelIkTI 57.

yYn)anbMbYsRBHsgÇEx μrRBHnam eTB vgS enATwkdIExμreRkam eGaybMerIneya)ayyYn 7 mkra faCaéf¶Ex μrrs;sareLIgvijrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr. yYnRKan;EtelgEl,g q<inEPñkExμr Edlmin)an sikSaeronsURteRCARCH eGaylg;menaKmn_ edIm,IelbykTwkdIExμrEtb:ueNÑaH eRBaHyYn)anerobcM rMlayBUCsasn_Ex μredIm,IelbykTwkdItaMgBIqñaM1930. ehtudUecñHehIy yYn)aneRbImenaKmn_viC¢a kum μúynIsþbMBak;bMb:neGayEx μr edIm,Ismøab;Ex μr kñúgrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ EtecaTfa Exμrsmøab;Ex μr. tamBitCaEpnkaryYnsmøab;Ex μr TukGñkl¶g;exøA Tn;exSay ehIyyYnbgVilsPaBkarN_e)akExμreTot eGaydwgKuNyYn 7 mkra . yYnkMBugEteGayEx μrkat;sac;QamEx μrxøÜnÉgedaymindwgxøÜn. Ex μrminGacsmøab;Ex μreT etImanRbeyaCn_GIVEdlEx μrRtUvsmøab;Ex μr eRbobdUcCaeyIgkat;sac;xøÜnÉg ecal. ehtudUecñH BYkyYn h‘un Esn naMKñaniyaytammenaKmn_yYnfa Ex μrtamCnbT CnCatiPaKtic Ex μrenAkm<úCaeRkamfa CnCatiyYn ExμrenAeRkARbeTs faCaGaNikCnCaedIm. menaKmn_yYnkMBugEt bMEbkExμrtamRKb;rUbPaB eFIVeGayEx μrexSay. yYn)anyksasna RKan;EtCaExl sMrab;bit )aMgRbCaBlrdæEx μr eGays¶b;citþEtb:ueNÑaH minEmnCasasnaÉkraCüBitR)adk edIm,IeGaysgÁmExμr rIkcMerInenaHeT. ebIemexSayehIy eTaHbIkUnecAxøaMgb:uNÑa k¾minGacrIkcMerIneTAmuxEdr. b:uEnþ ebIemxøaMg


GacdwknaMkUnecAEdlexSayeGayxøaMg)an. dUecñHehIy yYn)anelIkbnþúbGñkl¶g;exøARKb;sßab½n eGay dwknaMRbeTsEx μr edIm,IyYnRsYlbgVil yYnRsYle)ak.

K-carnarIs¥atTak;esþc sI hnu eFIVCaExl eRkaymkeTotcarnarIyYn Gñkmñag mU:nic mþayCayYn »BukCaGIutalI )ancUlmkeFIVkar

tamebskkm μyYnkñúgRbeTsEx μr. sI hnu CaesþcEx μrTI 2 manRbBn§yYn bnÞab;BI RBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI 2. RBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI 2 manRbBn§yYneQμaH kU CIn CIn EdleFIVeGayEx μr)at;bg;Gs;TwkdIEx μr km<úCaeRkamcMnYn 21 extþ rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñenH.

eRkayBIsikSadwgBIcMNucexSayrbs;RbCaBlrdæEx μr RsLaj;eKarBesþc. yYn)anbBa¢Ún carnarI s¥ateGaymkTak;esþcExμr ehIyykesþcEx μreFIVCaExl nigjak;esþcExμreGayedIrtamKnøgneya)ay rbs;xøÜn. eBlenaH sIhnu manmehsI CapøÚvkar 5 eTAehIy nigmanRsIsñMrab;sibnak;eTot Eteday sm<sSrbs;carnarIyYns¥at Éesþc sI hnu el μaPkamtNðaxøaMgeBk CMTas;nwgmþay nigraCvgSanuvgS kñúgvaMg cecsyk mU:nic mkeFIVCaGKÁmehsIeTot EdlvaCaedImehtubgáreGaymansRgÁamvwkvr mhnþrayRbeTsCati søab;RbCaBlrdæEx μrrab;lannak;.

cab;taMgEt sI hnu )an m:Unic mk eBlenaHk¾cab;epþImEbk)ak;raCvgSanuvgS RbCaBlrdæExμr mYYycMnYnQb;KaMRT esdækic©Føak;cuH RbeTsCatiFøak;kúñgsRgÁamvikvrcab;BIedImqñaM 1960 mk dUckal esþccam ykcarnarI yYn Taduk Edr eFIVeGay)at;bg;RbeTsCati TwkdI rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶.

ebIeyIgsegátemIlsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym EdleKfasm½yrIkcMerInenaH. tamkarBitkarrIk cMerInenaH KWCarIkcMerInBBuHsab‘UEtb:ueNÑaH. eRBaH sIhnu eRbIGMNacskþiPUmipþac;kar smøab;BYk RbCaFibetyü BYkGñkesrI dUcCa RBab \RnÞ ecA bUrI sm sarI nig GñkesñhaCatimYycMnYneTot semþc sgÇraC CYn Nat Edlpþl;RbwkSaeGay sI hnu k¾eKbBa¢aeGayeFIVKt;Edr. RbeTsEx μr sm,ÚrePaKplFmμCati FnFanFmμCati GMeNayplBIFmμCati ¬éRBeQI stVéRB t,Úg mas eBRC RtIsac; ksikm μGtipl¦ RbCaBlrdæExμrmancMnYntic ¬6>5 lannak;¦ rYcBIGaNaniKmn_ minTan;mankarRCat ERCkBImenaKmn_ kumμ úynisþyYn nigecaryYn. EtkarIkcMerInenH KWCakarrIkcMerIn rebobRbCaPifuti minsißtesßryUrGEgVgeT. enAqñaM 1955 RbeTsExμrminTan;manmhaviTüal½ymYyenAeLIyeT eTIbEtqñaM 1960 eTIbman sklviTüal½yPUminÞkm<úCa nigBuT§ksklviTüal½y. mann½yfa ExμreyIgsm½y sgÁmraRsþniym manEtRTBüsm,tiþ EtxVHkarecHdwg. edaysaPaBl¶g;exøAenH ehIy)anpþl;»kas eGayecaryYn eFIVneya)ay rMlayBUCsasn_Exμr)an. mann½yfa sI hnu manEt GMNYt nig RbCaPifuti e)akEx μrl¶g;exøA dUc h‘un Esn sBVéf¶Etb:ueNÑaH .


eBlneya)ay sI hnu KaMRTBYkkum μ úynisþyYneyokkug. eBlenaHmþay m:unic CaRsIxUc yYn)anrksIu CamYyTahanyYneyokkug)ancMeNj 250landuløa kñúgmYYyqñaM² Etesdækic©Ex μrFøak;cuH dundabedaysarBukrlYy . sirimt³ ln; nl; )aneFIVrdæRbharTmøak; sI hnu enAéf¶TI 18 ExmIna qñaM 1970 edIm,IedjkgT½BeyokkugecjBITwkdIExμrEdltaMgTIenARKRKwgRKeRKg edaymankarGnuBaØatiBI sI hnu . T½BeyokkugmancMnYnBI 60 000 nak; eTA 80 000 nak; enAelITwkdIEx μr kñúgextþ5tam RBMuEdnCab;RbeTsyYn. edayeCOtam Priya nig mþayek μk EdlbeBa¢ar sI hnu faRBH)aTFmμ ik edIm,IeGay sI hnu edIrcUlKnøgneya)ayyYn. sI hnu minedaHRsaybBaðakgT½Beyokkug lukluyRbeTsEx μr CnsøÚtRtg;Exμrrab;Esnnak;enaHeT EtEbrCaedIrkMsanþeTARbeTs)araMgvij. eBl Edl ln; nl; TMlak; sI hnu edIm,IedjkgT½BeyokkugBITwkdIExμr Et sI hnu ecaTfa ln; nl; sirImt³ k,t;Cati. etInNak,t;CatiBitR)akd? GñkCYyyYn b¤GñkedjyYnEdlcg;elbTwkdI CaGñk k,t;Cati? sI hnu begIátrN³sirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa enAéf¶TI 23 ExmIna qñaM1970 CYyBYkkum μ úynisþ eyokkug eFIVCaKMrb eGayyYn RbyuT§TRnÞandIExμr smøab;Ex μr bMP½nþGnþrCatifaCasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij.

ktþaEdlExμrRkhmQñH ln; nl; éf¶TI 17 emsa 1975 KWedaysayYnCaGñkCYyRKb;ya:g RKan;Etyk sIhnu nig ExμrRkhmCaKMrbbiT)aMgEtb:ueNÑaH. éf¶rdæRbhar sI hnu 18 mIna 1970 KWCa karcab;sRgÁam ln; nl; edjyYneyokkugBITwkdIEx μr. Etedayman sI hnu CaKMrbeGayyYn eyokkug QñHcitþsaRsþRbCaBlrdæExμr GñkRsukERscMkarEdlK μancMeNHdwgRsLaj;esþc ehIycUléRB ma:KItam sI hnu CaehtubegIát»kaseGayyYn TRnÞanTwkdIEx μr QñHsaFarNrdæEx μr ln; nl; sIrImt³ enAéf¶TI 17 Exemsa qñaM 1975 ehIyelIkC½yCMn³eGayEx μrRkhm. Pñak;gar yYnbgáb;kñúgCYrfñak;dwknaMExμrRkhm Ex μrevotmijEdlyYnbNþúHmenaKmn_kumμ úynisþ taMgBI qñaM 1950 Ca ehtubegIáteGayman rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. eBlenaHehIy yYn)an eRbIl,ic sIu)aylabmat;BEB KWPñak;garbgáb;yYn nigEx μrTTYlmenaKmn_kum μ úynisþBIyYn eFIVtamEpnkar yYn smøab;Ex μr vwkvr EtkMhusRtUvFøak;elIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü b:ul Bt eTAvij. tamBit sI hnu CaGñkTTYlxusRtUv eRBaHCaemdwknaMrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa minEmn b:ul Bt eT. Etedaysa yYndwgfaesþc sIhnu l¶g; eRBaHRbCaBlrdæEx μrRsLaj; eTIbyYnTuuk sI hnu CaExledIm,IEpnkar rMlay BUCsasn_Ex μr nigelbTwkdIExμr. yYn xitxMelIktMekIg sI hnu CaesþcmanbuNüTuk sI hnu CaExl edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr s¶b;citþ famansniþPaB RbCaFibetyü edIm,Ipþl;»kaseGayyYn h‘un Esn erobcMEpnkarelbyk TwkdIExμredaysniþviFIb:ueNÑaH. enHehIyCalT§plénmenaKmn_ kum μúynisþyYn edIm,IrMlayCatiEx μr nigelbykTwkdIEx μrCaelIkTIBIr.


X-eCOK μanehtupl K μankarBit karelIktMekIg Gñkl¶g;exøAeGaydwknaMRbeTsCati enHRKan;EtCaExSjak; edIm,IeFIVtamEpnkar

rbs;yYn Etb:ueNÑaH eRBaHGñkmancMeNHdwgtictYc Kμanckçúvis½yEvgq¶ay nig KitKUrplRbeyaCn_ CatiEx μreT KWCamnusS q¥ink,al sIuk,al q¥inknÞúy sIuknÞúy. PaBGviC¢aCaRbPBénesckIþTukç. PaBGviC¢amankarelaPln; RTBüsm,tiþ buNüskái ysská GMNac sahaveXareXAEtb:ueNÑaH.

yYnkMBugEtedIrbMe)a:gmenaKmn_ elIkeCIg sI hnu CaGñkmanbuNü RbeTsmanesþc b¤ sakl PavUbnIykmμ Gasa‘n ehIymin)at;bg;TwkdI minrlayBUCsasn_eT. cuHkalBI éf¶ 4 mifuna 1949 EdlCaéf¶)at;bg;TwkdIkm<úCaeRkamenaH KWRbeTsEx μrRKb;RKgeday sI hnu emþck¾)at;bg;TwkdI. ehIyrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_ k¾dwknaMeday sI hnu emþc k¾Ex μrRtUvsøab;rab;lannak;. sI hnu Gñkman buuNüesayraCünKr 3 GgÁúyelIblø½gÁesþccin CiHynþehaHGs;saMgCaedIm enHRKan;EtmenaKmn_ eFIVeGayGñkmin)anBicarNadwtdl; eCOfa sI hnu Gasa©rü eRBaHmindwgBIerOgBit mineXIj min)an BicarNa. ebIGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd GñkeronsURtecHdwg eKmineCOmenaKmn_enaHeLIy. ebIemdwknaM esñhaCatiExμBitR)akdmineFIVeGayCatiEx μrrehmrhamrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enHeT. sI hnu sresrraCsarCaPasa )araMg niyayPasabreTs Kg;enAbreTs eFIVneya)aysmøab;raRsþ )at;bg;TwkdI )araMgelIkbnþúb Gayu 18 qñaM eQμaH KNbkS hiVun sIun biuc minEmnCaPasaEx μr RbBn§yYn sYrfaetIcMNucRtg;NaxøH Edl sarFatubBa¢ak;fa sI hnu RsLaj;CatiEx μr? ebIniyayfa sI hnu el μaPRsI sb,aysil,³ xøaceKdeNþImblø½gÁ Gñk»kasniym eFIVkaMePøIgeQIe)akraRsþfa bitaÉkraCü RbqaMgmhaGMNac)araMg EdlelIkbnþúbeTIbRtwmRtUvCag. edayyYnemIleXIjfa esþcEx μr lI¶elI¶Bkf¶asrebob sI hnu enH ehIyeTIbyYnTuk sI hnu CaExl edIm,IbMP½nþCatiEx μreGaylg;lk; elbykTwkdIEx μredayviFIRtCak;.

g-yYn h‘un Esn RtYtRtasarBt’man RbCaBlrdæEx μrEdlK μancMeNHdwgeRCARCH K μankarBicarNaenArs;ranmanCIvitBIBYkkumμ úynisþ

\NÐÚcinsmøab; lg;eCOtamkare)akR)as;rbs;yYn nig h‘un Esn éf¶ 7 mkra. ehIy yYn nig h‘un Esn RKb;RKgelIbNþajsarBt’man viTüú TUrTsSn_ xitxMpSayBt’manmenaKmn_eGayEx μrvegVg.

sarBt’manpSayEtBt’manEdl yYn h‘un Esn RbCaPifutie)akRbCaBlrdæEx μr fa)anxitxMeFIV GPivDÆn_RbeTsCati EtkMuePøcfa etIGPIvDÆn_eGayCatiExμrrugerOg b¤ GPivDÆn_TukeGayyYn eRBaHyYn cMnYn 4 500 000 nak; kMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTsEx μredayRsbc,ab; nigyYneFIVemdwknaMRtYtRtakñúgsßab½n sMxan;²rbs;CatiEx μreTot smaKmn_ 19 extþRkug CardæaPi)alRsemalyYn. ebIEx μrmanEt eQ μaH RbeTs EtyYnCaGñkRKb;RKgelbykTwkdIEx μr tamrebobGNaniKmn_Ebbfμ Ivij KW h‘un Esn


CaGñkrMlayCatiEx μrEtmþg. ehIyK μanRbeyaCn_eT ebITwkdIRtUvyYnkan;kab; RbCaBlrdæEx μrkøay CaCnCatiPaKtic enaH.

c-BuT§TMnay rgcMaGñkmanbuNü bNþajcarkm μyYn h‘un Esn manRKb;TwsTI kñúgRbeTsEx μr BYkykBt’man BYkPavrkmμ

BYkGtþXat.l. BYkenHbnøMeFIVRbCaBlrdæExμrsamBaØ dUcCa Gñklk;tamhagkarehV eFIVkartammnÞIr eBTü CaCagkat;sk; CaGñklk;TijeGtcay GñkpþitrUbft GñkeRkovRCUk Gñkrt;tak;sIu RKUTay RBHsgÇ .l. BYkenHedIrxSibniyayBIerOg BuT§TMnay eGayEx μrrgcaMGñkmanbuNü. BuT§TMnay CaEpnkaryYn EdlerobcMeGayEx μrlg;eCOminnaMKñaeRkakeLIgerIbMr ehIyTuk»kaseGayyYnsMercEpnkarelbTwkdI Ex μr. yYndak;eQμaHfa BuT§TMnay eRBaHEx μreyIgmanCMenOelIRBHBuT§sasna. Ex μreCO BuT§TMnay enHmin)anBicarNaeT eRBaHKat;mancMeNHdwgtictYc. RBHBuT§xitxMEsVgrkFm’mkseRgÁaHstVelak minEmndak;TMnayeGayEx μreT cuHRbeTsd_éTeTot emþck¾RBHBuT§mindak;TMnaypg. dUecñH RbeTsEx μr minEmnCaRbeTsRtUvbNþasarrbs;RBH dUcmenaKmn_yYnenaHeT EtvaCaEpnkaryYneTAvijeT elIkbnþúb emdwknaMl¶Iel¶IBkfa¶s el μaPGMNaceGaydwknaMRbeTs. KμanehtuplEdlEx μrRtUveCOedkrgcaMGñkman buNümkdwknaMeT xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn ExμrRtUvegIbeLIgeFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg kMurgcaMeRBgvasnaeTot. ebIKμan kmμ KW K μan pl eT. Tal;EtEx μrTaMgGs;xMerI xMruk xMrIk xMrs; eTIbCatiExμr )anrIkray.

q-sniþPaB nigRbCaFibetyü sniþPaBmann½yfa s¶b; cMENkRbCaFibetyümann½yfa RbCaBlrdæCam©as;GMNac.

sßankarN_ enARbeTsEx μr minEmnK μansRgÁamfasniþPaBeT. RbeTsEx μrsBVéf¶minTan;mansnþiPaBeT KWsRgÁam RtCak;. mnusSsøab;manral;éf¶ edaymanelsfa eRKaHfñak;caracrN_ fñaMBul eRKOjaN GMeBIhigSa )aj;sMlab; ecaTRbkan;cab;dak;Kuk ecarbøn; cab;CMrit PaBRkIRk GyutþiFm’ BukrlYy nig PaBl¶g;exøAedayTTYlBt’manminBitCaedIm. GviC¢aKWCaTukç. etIÉNaeTAsnþiPaBsMrab;Ex μr. ebIniyay BIRbCaFibetyüvij RbCaBlrdæxøacsøab; minha‘nbeBa©jmtieyabl; b¤niyayBICatiEx μrxøÜnÉg. nitibBaØtiþ tulakar nitiRbtibtþi enAeRkamGMNacmnusSmñak; h‘un Esn. sarBt’man nigtulakarminman ÉkraCü. RbCaBlrdæminmantMélesI μrKña xøHman xøHRk xøHl¶g; xøHecH.l.

C-kMueGayEx μrerIseGIgBUCsasn _ BYkcarkmμyYn h‘un Esn xitxMedIrniyayfa kMueGayEx μrerIseGIgBUCsasn_yYn RbeTs

déTeTotk¾man Catisasn_epSgrs;enAelITwkdIeKpgEdr. Rtg;enHCakaryl;xusRsLH ebIExμreyIg cUlTwkdIyYn b¤TwkdIéfKμanlixitqøgEdn b¤KμanRsbc,ab; ExμredkKukPøam. ebIcg;eTArs;enARbeTs enAGWru:b b¤ shrdæGaemricvij luHRtamanGñkFana nigmanluydak;kñúgFana ehIyeFIVkarsmÖaseTot minEmncUlmkrs;enAedayesrIdUcyYn Kμanc,ab;TMlab;mkrs;enATwkdIExμrenaHeT. yYnhUrcUl


mkrs;enAmanTaMgGtþsBaØaNb½NÑ nig siTi§e)aHeqñat sMerceCaKvasnaRbeTsCatiExμreTot. ]TahrN_ edaysamBaØ ebIpÞHrbs;eyIgvij etIeyIgsuxcitþeGayGñkdéTmkenAeRscEtcitþ edayK μankarGnuBaØat b¤k¾eyIgcuHecjBIpÞHeyIg eGayGñkdéTrs;enA)anEdr b¤eT? ebImansUmCMrabR)ab; RBH)aTFm μ ikpg. Ex μrCaGñkrYsrayrak;Tak; RsLaj;rab;Gan CYyykGasar cUlcitþsnþiPaB pÞúyBIyYnRsLH.

Q-min)at;TwkdIEx μrsBVéf¶ carkmμyYn h‘un Esn naMKñaedIrniyayfa sm½yenHehIy min)an)at;bg;TwkdIeT manesþc

mansniþPaB ehIyCasmaCikGas‘anehIy Qb;KitBIGtItkaleTA. karnaMKñaniyayEbbenH edIm,ITuk »kaseGayyYnrMkilRBMEdn ykTwkdIEx μrmþgbnþic² ehIyyYneFIVneya)ayRtCak;elbykTwkdIEx μr TaMgmUlEtmþg. dUcTwkdIkm<úCaeRkam kalenaHk¾Ex μr manesþcdUcKña KW emþck_Ex μrRtUv)at;bg;TwkdI. sni§sBaØabMeBjbEnßmEx tula qñaM 2005 kat;TwkdIeGayyYn elIsni§sBaØaxusc,ab; yYn nig ehg sMrin h‘un Esn qñaM 1979 1982 1983 1985 manTaMgesþc manTaMgsPa cuHhtßelxa etIenHmin)at;bg;TwkdIEx μreTb¤? BYkenHK μanqnÞ³ esñhaCatiTwkdIEx μreT. luHRtaEt ExμrTaMgGs;Kña egIbeLIg erIbMra:s;eTIbmin)at;bg;TwkdIdUc cm,a: nig km<úCaeRkam.

erOgR)asaTRBHviharvijEdleTIbekIteLIgfμIvij tamBiteTA vaCacitþsaRsþneya)ay Edlerob cMedayyYn edim,IeGayKNbkSRbCaCneFVI bEgVGarm μN_RbCaBlrdæEx μreGayePøcerOgRkIRk TMnij eLIgéfø deNþImdIFøI BukrlYy GyutþiFm’epSg² edIm,IeGaymtiCati nigGnþrCatiyl;RcLMfa Kw kardak;R)asaTRBHviharcUlmt’kBiPB elakenHehIy EdlnaMeGayRbCaBlrdæEx μrKaMRTe)aHeqñateGay KNbkSRbCaCnQñHeqñat 2008 EttamkarBit kardak;R)asaTenH min)ancMeNjGIVdl;Ex μreT eRBaHeyagtamsalakIþTIRkugLaeG )ankat;kIþeGayExμrQñH 15 mifuna 1962 R)asaTRBHvihar CakmμsiT§iEx μrrYceTAehIy. Et sux Gan )ancuHhtßelxakat;dIeGay esom eFIVEpnTIf μI Edlbgá CemøaHenHeLIg. karEdlelIkykerOgenHmkeFIVsaeLIgvij KWedIm,IeGayEx μrePøcyYnPaKxagekIt EdlcUlmkeBjRbeTsExμr RbmaN 4 lannak;Cag. EtyYneFIVeGayEx μr RcbUkRcbl; manbBaða minecHcb; x©IédEx μreGaybgársRgÁam GñkEdlrgeRKaHKWCatiEx μr GñkEdl)anplRbeyaCn_ KW yYneTAvij. tamkarBiteTATaMgyYn nig esom taMgBIGtItkal vaEtgEtelgEl,gq<inEPñkdak;Ex μr edIm,IEtplRbeyaCn_CatieKEtb:ueNÑaH eyIgCaExμrRtUvBinitü sikSaRbvtþisaRsþEx μreGayc,as; eyIgmin RtUvBwgBak;TukcitþelICatisasn_ d¾éTCagCatisasn_xøÜnÉgeLIy. RbCaBlrdæEx μreyIgkMuePøcpl RbeyaCn_FM dUcCaTwkdIEx μrTaMgmUl EdlyYnkMBugEtRtYtRta R)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlyYn sux Kg; kMBug EdlekIbluyykeTAeGayrdæaPi)alyYnCaedIm.

sUmeyIgBicarNafa etIGas‘aneKCYyedaHRsaybBaðaeyIg b£eT eBlEdlesomQøanBan Ex μrdUecñH cMENkÉGgÁkarshRbCaCatik¾dUcKñaEdr luHRtaEtbBaðaenaH CaplRbeyaCn_tMbn; b¤lkçNH


GnþrCatieTIbeKcab;GarmμN_. cMENkkarcrcar nig dak;T½B vaCaEl,gneya)ayq<inEPñkEx μreT Kμan cMeNjGIVdl;Ex μr eRkAEtEx μr )at;TwkdI Exμrclacl Gsþisux P½yxøac.

R)asaTRBHviharExμr BN’elOg sux Gan kat;dIeGayéf j-bMPitbMMP½y KMram smøab; carkmμyYn h‘un Esn edIrKMramkMEhg bMPitbMP½y tamry³karKMramkMEhgfa Rby½tñ)at;xøÜn

mineGayniyayBIerOgRbeTsCati maneKKitKUrehIyerOgRbeTsCati. kñúgRbB½n§Gb;rMminbNþúHqnÞ³ sisS nisSit eGayRsLaj;RbeTsCati eGaysÁal;RbvtþisaRsþBit nigcUlrYmKitKUrerOg RbeTs CatieT. yYn h‘un Esn ecaTfaerOgneya)ay mincg;eGaykUnEx μrecHdwgerOgdwknaMCatieday xøÜnÉg. eGayyuvCn sb,ayePIøtePøIn nigEl,gcak;)al; RsI Rsa GMeBIBalaGava:Es bgtUc bgFM GsIlFm’epSg² ePøcKitKUrerOgRbeTsCati. kalNamnusSmñak; ebImindwgfaxøÜnÉgCaGIVmanGIVxøHpg enaHeRbobdUcmnusSLb;sti b¤ qáÜtGBa©wg ehtudUcenHehIy eTIbmenaKmn_yYnmineGayEx μrdwgxøÜn sÁal;xøÜnÉgc,as; mineGayecHRbvtþisaRsþBit nigBt’manBit eRBaHcg;eGayEx μrvegVgTUTaMgRbeTs ehIyRbeTsCatiFøak;kñúgkNþab;édyYnya:gRsYl. eyIgCaEx μrmñak;manbuBVsiT§iniyay BIerOgRbeTs Cati minxøaceLIy eRBaHCatiTwkdIrbs;eyIg. Ex μrRtUvsþab;Bt’man vIGUeG(VOA) GasIuesrI (RFA)sikSa RbvtiþsaRsþBit. minEmnCatiEx μrminsÁal;RbvtþisaRsþxøÜnÉgeT TwkdIExμrminEmnCakmμsiT§imnusSBIrbInak; EdlRtYtRtaRbeTsEx μrsBVéf¶enaHeT. ebIsinCaEx μrmanemdwknaMesñhaCatiEx μrBitR)akd eTIb RbCaBlrdæEx μrrYcputBIPaB RkIRk l¶g;exøA BukrlYy GyutþiFm’ nigTTYl)annUvsuxsniþPaB RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd.


rUbPaB dkRsg;BIKMnUsRkva: d-Ex μrRkIRk rehmrham yYn h‘un Esn pþac;esdækic©eGayEx μrRkIRk rt;eTAeFIVkarb¤enAeRkARbeTs sMuTaneK eFIVeGay

Ex μrTn;exSay TaMgkmøaMg nig R)aCJa RsYlyYnvaeKobsgát;RtYtRtaEx μr elbykTwkdIExμr. pþl;R)ak;Extic K μankargareFIV rkcMNUlmin)an GMeBIBukrlYy EtTMnijeLIgéfø eFIVeGaycMNayeRcInCagcMNUl. lMhUr esdækic©eTARbeTsyYn eRBaHyYnkan;kab;degðImesdækic© neya)ay eyaFarbs;Ex μr. yYn sux Kg; kan;kab;GgÁrvtþ CYyCnCatiyYYneGayrs;enA CIvPaBFUrFar deNIþmkargarkñúgRbeTsEx μr. cayluyduløa eFIVeGaymanKMlatxøaMgrvagGñkman ¬yYn nig bkSBYk h‘un Esn¦nig GñkRktamCnbT ¬Exμr¦. eBlEx μr Rk min)aneronsURtecHdwg KitKUrRbeTsCati eFIVCakmμkrGñkbMerIyYntBUC. RbCaBlrdæExμr RtUvEtdUrrbb nigBYkRtYtRtak,t;Catiecj eTIbEx μrmansuPmgÁl nigsniþPaBBitR)akd.

D-dwgKuN 7 mkra rhUt RbCaBlrdæEx μrmYycMnYn EdlrYcBIkarkab;smøab; BYkKat;minmancMeNHdwg ehIylg;kar

e)akR)as;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn. Kat;K μancMeNHdwgBicarNaeLIy edayKat;K μan»kas sikSaeronsURt eRBaHEt emdwknaMGay:gyYn minykcitþTukdak;EfrkSaBYkKat;. dUcenHKat;min)andwgfa yYn)an


eRbImenaKmn_kumμuynisþ nigeFIVneya)ayrMlayBUCsasn_Ex μreT. Kat;enAEtglg;eCO;nig dwgKuN h‘un Esn yYn 7 mkra eTaHCaCatiExμrRtUvrlay nig)at;bg;TwkdIk¾Kat;mindwgEdr Kat;minrvIrvl;Edr eRBaH yYn h‘un Esn cab;cgbiTmuxedaymenaKmn_Gs;ehIy edImI,EtGMNac. sUmEx μrQb;eCO kare)akR)as; KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn eTot eTIbEx μrTTYl)an RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd.

Z-Qb;eGayEx μrKitKUrCatiEx μr ¬GñkERs eFIVEtERseTA¦ carkmμ yYn h‘un Esn emIlgayCatiEx μr bM)ak;qnÞ³Ex μr. s‘un s‘U munniwgeFIVkarvaylukelI

sRtUv RtUvbM)ak;qnÞHsRtUvCamunsin. mat;niyayepSg skmμPaBeFIVepSgedIm,IpÁab;pÁún ecAhaVyyYn. carkmμeK edIrniyaymineGayKitKUrerOgCati b¤ GñkesñhaCatiTwkdI BYkeKKMramsmøab; b¤mineGaytMél GñkesñhaCati EteKarBEGbGbBYklYcCati BYkmanRTBüsm,tiþ. tamBiteTA Ex μrTaMgGs;RtUvEt dwgBIerOgRbeTsCati minbeNþayBYkk,t;CatimYykþab;tUc rMlayCatiExμr eRscEtcitþenaHeT.

5-yuT§saRsþneya)ayQñH (Victorious Political Strategy) RbsiT§PaBénkareXasna RtUvEtbgðajeGaysmaCikeXIjfa EpnkaryuT§saRsþ EdlkMBug

eFIVenaH BitCaQñH 100 PaKry. dUcenH eyIgCaeXasnikRtUvbgðajcMNucpþac;RBat; EdleyIg RtUveFIVenaH faetIeyIgRtUveFIVya:gem:c edIm,IykC½yCMnHsRtUv?. eyIgGacBinitütamxageRkam³

ÉkeTsEbgEckFnFan ÉkeTsRtYtBinitü ÉkeTserobcM ÉkeTsTak;Taj

IV.vaytémølT§plGnuvtþn_ (Result evaluation)

karvaytMélkarGnuvtþman yuT§saRsþeXasnac,as;las; kardwknaMeXasnaxøaMg manRbB½n§RtYtBinitüsMrab;esIubGegát RbCaBlrdæ KUrRbkYtRbECg nig GñkEckcay


RtYtBinitü (Controlling)

I.RtYtBinitüEpnkarRbcaMqñaM (Annual Plan Control)

erogral;bMNac;qñaM eyIgRtUveFIVkarRtYtBinitüeTAelITinñplkargarEdl)anRbRBwtþ nigGnuvtþ knøgmk. karRbtibtþkarkargar etImanRbsiTi§PaBkMritNa b¤etImanplRbeyaCn_cMerInlUtlas;dl; kMritNa?. mann½yfa RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;RtUveFIVr)aykarN_ edIm,IvaytMélBIlT§plkargartamtYnaTI nigParkic©erog²xøÜn. karBinitüemIlEpnkarRbcaMqñaM cMeBaHkarGnuvtþkargar etI)ansMerceCaKC½ytam EpnkarEdl)andak;CUnb¤eT? eyIgRtUvdwgfa etIktþaeCaKC½yenH vamansmmaRteTAnigFnFanEdl eyIgcMNayb¤eT? eyIgk¾RtUvsikSaktþabraC½ypgEdr edIm,ITukCabTBiesaFn_ nigriHrkviFIf μ IedIm,Ipøas;bþÚr kMueGayCan;dandEdl EkERbrkyuT§saRsþf μ I edIm,ITTYl)aneCaKC½y. bnÞab;mkeyIgerobcMEpnkarfμI edIm,IGnuvtþenAqñaMbnþbnÞab;eTot. II.RtYtBinitüplRbeyaCn_ (Interest Control)

dMNak;kaldMbUg eyIgRtUvkMNt;karcMNaytammuxgarnImYy² enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM edIm,IEsVgrk eGayeXIjfa etIEpñkNamYycMNayeRcIn ehIyEpñkNamYycMNaytic¬elIkeLIgnUvkarcMNaytam EpñknImYy²¦ eTIbeyIgykmkeRbobeFob rvaglT§pltammuxgarnImYy² etIvasmmaRteTAnigcMNay b¤ TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_eRcIn b¤ tic etIxat b¤ cMeNjtammuxgarnImYy².

III.RtYtBinitüRbsiT§PaB (Effectiveness Control) cugbBa©b;dMeNIrkareXasnaenH eyIgRtUverobcMFnFansMrab;eXasna karGnuvtþ nigRtYtBinitü

vaytMélEpnkareXasnaenaH. EpnkarenaHnwgKμann½y RbsinebIK μanGñkGnuvtþnEpnkar. RbsiT§PaB énkareXasna vaminEmnEtGaRs½yelIrcnasm<½n§kargarb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþRtUvdwgfa etIkareRCIserIs buKÁlwk)anl¥kMritNa hVwkhat;)anl¥ kardwknaM karelIkTwkcitþ nigkarvaytMél)anl¥kMritNa. ebIeyIgGnuvtþ)anl¥ enHCaCMhanmYyEdlGaceCaKC½y. karRKb;RKgEpñkeXasnaenH RtUvEtyl; eGayc,as;GMBIkarRtYtBinitüEpnkarRbcaMqñaM RtYtBinitüGMBIkMeNInGñkKaMRT nigkarRtYtBinitü yuT§saRsþ. dUcenH edIm,IeGaymanRbsiTi§PaB eyIgRtUvmanRbB½n§ 4 sMxan; 1-RbB½n§RKb;RKgBt’man 2-RbB½n§eFIVEpnkareXasna 3-RbB½n§erobcMkareXasna 4-RbB½n§RtYtBinitükareXasna. eyIgRtUv RtYtBinitüktþaepSg²CaeRcIneTot dUcCa karRtYtBinitübriyakasneya)ay RbCasaRsþ ¬cMnYn RbCaBlrdæ Rbus RsI Gayu¦ sßanPaBesdækic© ¬muxrbr cMNUlRbCaBlrdæ Rk man mFüm¦ bridæan ¬Gnam½y b¤ bMBulbridæan ekþA RtCak; ePøog¦ bec©kviTüa ¬smÖar³epSg² kuMBüÚT½r RbB½n§TMnak;TMng¦


vb,Fm’ ¬TMnamTMlab; RbéBNI¦ TMhMTwkdI RbCaBlrdæ ¬\riyabf nig TMenar¦ KUrRbkYtRbECg ¬cMNucxøaMg cMNucexSay¦ GñkKaMRTkarTUt ¬RbeTsNaKaMRT¦ bNþaj ¬manKuNPaB nig manRbsiTi§PaBb¤Gt;¦mtisaFarN ³¬KaMRT b¤ RbqaMg¦. IV.RtYtBinitüyuT§saRsþeXasna

k-ebskkmμrbs;GgÁkarneya)ay -¬etIebskkm μRtUv)aneKkMNt;eKalbMNg nig eKaledAc,as;las;

ehIyFanafaGac Gnuvtþ)anb¤eT?¦ x-eKalbMNg nigeKaledAénkareXasna

-etIeKaledAEdlelIkeLIgmaneKalbMNgc,as;las;b¤eT edIm,IeFIVEpnkar yuT§saRsþ nig GnuvtþviFankar?

-etIeKaledAénkareXasna val μmsmrmüeTAnig FnFanEdlcMNay nig pl RbeyaCn_ EdlTTYl)anmkvijb¤eT? K-yuT§saRsþ

-etImanyuT§saRsþeXasnac,as;las; edIm,IsMerceKaledAeXasnab¤eT? etIkareXasnavasmRsbeTAnigyuT§saRsþKUrRbkYtRbECgb¤eT?

-etIkareXasnatamdMNak;kalényuT§saRsþb¤eT? etIkareXasnasmRsb eTAnigsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúb¤eT?

-etImanFnFanRKb;RKan; b¤manFnFaneRcInelIslubedIm,IsMerceKaledA eXasnb¤eT?

V.RtYtBinitüEpñkeXasna k-rcnasm<½n§pøÚvkar

-etIrcnasm<½nerobcMtamrebobGIV? tammuxgar tamPUmisaRsþ b¤tamEpñkénRbCaBlrdænImYy²? x-RbsiT§PaBmuxgar

-etImanTMnak;TMngl¥eTrvag eXasnik nigRbCaBlrdæ? -etImanRkumNamYyRtUvkarelIkTwkcitþ bNþúHbNþal RtYtBinitü nig vaytMél

b¤eT? 1-RtYtBinitüRbB½n§eXasna

k-RbB½n§Bt’mansMrab;eXasna


-etIRbB½n§Pñak;gareXasna b¤ RbB½n§Bt’man begIátnUvBt’man Bit RKb;RKan; nig Tan;eBlevla GMBIkarvivDÆn_epSg² dUcenHRBwtiþkarN_ neya)ay esdækic© bBaða KUrRbkYtRbECg RbCaBlrdæ KNbkSepSg²Edrb¤eT? -etImaneFIVkarRsavRCavBt’man)anRtwmRtUveT?

x-RbB½n§EpnkareXasna -etIRbB½n§EpñkEpnkareXasna l¥ nig manRbsiT§PaBb¤eT? -etIGIVEdleyIgkMNt;kñúgTMhM énGñkcUlrYmKaMRT )anRtwmRtUvb¤eT?

K-GnuvtþkareXasnafμI -etIRbB½n§ b¤nitiviFIRtYtBinitüFanafa EpnkarRbcaMqñaMGacTTYl)aneCaKC½y

b¤eT? X-RbB½n§begIátkareXasnaf μI²

-etImanBinitüeTAelIcMNayénkareXasnab¤eT? g-RbB½n§begIátkareXasnaf μI²

-etIGgÁkarneya)ayeyIgmankarbegIát erobcM KMnitfμ I² edIm,IeFIVkareXasna b¤eT?

2-RtYtBinitüRbsiT§PaBénkareXasna k-viPaKBIplRbeyaCn_BIkareXasna

-etImanGIVEdlxusEbøk nig fμI BIKNbkSneya)ayd_éTb£eT? x-viPaKBIRbsiTi§PaBcMNay

-etImankarcMNayeRcInelIkareXasnab¤Gt;? 3-RtYtBinitümuxgareXasna

k-Pñak;garEckÉksar -etIeyIgmanerobcMPñak;gar kñúgkarEckcayÉksar b¤eT?

x-GñkerobcMÉksar -etInrNaCaGñkerobcMÉksareXasna?

K-RbB½n§sarBt’man -etImanGñkRbmUl nig viPaKBIRbB½n§sarBt’manb¤eT?

X-bNþajeXasna -etImanerobcMbNþajeXasnamanRbsiT§PaBb¤eT?


5-karsniñdñan (Conclusion)

yuT§saRsþeXasna Edl)anerobrab;xagelI enHRKan;EtcMNucxøH² EdlelIkykmkpþl;CUnmin Tan;RKb;RCugeRCayeT b:uEnþ CaKniøHsMrab;GñkesñhaCatiEx μrRKb;RsTab;GacykmksikSa nigeFIVkarsikSa RsavRCavbEnßmeTot edIm,IeGayyl;dwgbEnßmkan;EtTUlMTUlay eFIVeGayeyIgmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; GacCYyCatiEx μr tamckçúvis½yrbs;eyIgcg;)an. srubmk yuT§saRsþeXasna R)ab;eyIgeGayecHeFIV EpnkareXasna GnuvtþkareXasna erobcMeXasna nigcugbBa©b;eyIgRtYtBinitünUvlT§pl kargareXasnarbs;eyIg.


Éksareyag 1-b£sKl;ényuT§saRsþ PaK 1 nigPaK 3 2-RKb;RKgTIpSar rbs;elak Philip Kotler 1993 3-TIpSaresvakmμ eday elak Christopher Lovelock 2001 e)aHBumelIkTI 4 4-TMnak;TMngGnþrCati 5-neya)ayGnþrCati enAGasIu)a:sIuhVik Michael Yahuda 2004 e)aHBumelIkTI 2 6-neya)ayBiPBelak niBn§edayelak John T.Rourke and Mark A.Boyer 1998

7-viFIsaRsþeXasna 8-RbvtþsaRsþkm<úCa niBVn§eday bNÐit exov sMpn 2007 9-km<úCakñúgBüúHsgÄra 10-BIrbbpþac;kar eTA rbbRbCaFibetyü 11-sil,³sRgÁamrbs;elak s‘un s‘U bkERbedayelak Fma:s kø½rI 1988 12-k,ÜnswksRgÁam s‘un vU 13-dkRsg;rUbPaBtam GIuntaENt BIEvbsay RsLaj;Ex μr

(Y)

Education

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