Chapter 10Chapter 10The Worlds of The Worlds of

European ChristendomEuropean ChristendomPt 2: Western EuropePt 2: Western Europe

500-1300500-1300

Internal Interactions

External Interactions

476 CE Fall of Rome – Effects?

Collapse of Rome = Collapse of Western Civilization (or was it?)“…there was an extraordinary fall in what archaeologists term ‘material culture’. The scale and quality of buildings, even of churches, shrank dramatically… tiled roofs, which were common in Roman times became a great rarity and luxury. In the 6th and 7th century West the vast majority of

people lived in tiny houses with beaten earth floors, drafty wooden walls, and insect-infested thatched roofs; whereas,

in Roman times, people from the same level of society might have enjoyed the comfort of solid brick or stone

floors, mortared walls, and tiled roofs.”-Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization, 2005

Roman graffiti

showed literacy

During Middle Ages

literacy declined "Alexamenos worships [his] God"

Germanic Tribes +

Roman Legacy+

Christianity= Western

Europe

“At first I wanted to erase the Roman name and convert all Roman territory into a Gothic Empire … But long experience has taught me that … without law a state is not a state. Therefore I have more prudently chosen the different glory of reviving the Roman name with Gothic vigour…”

-Athaulf – Visigoth Ruler c. 410

476-1450 Middle Ages (Medieval) No Political Unity

Carolingian Empire 800-888

Charlemagne

Charles the Great (768-814)

-----------------------------------------------------

Waged war with the

sword and the cross

Built Churches

and Schools

Aachen Cathedral in Germany

Standards and

written laws

Capitulary for Saxony, 785 CECharlemagne’s Laws For The Germanic Peoples

• 1. …the churches of Christ, which are now being built in Saxony and consecrated to God, should not have less, but greater and more illustrious honor, than the fanes of the idols had had.

• 3. if any one shall have entered a church by violence and shall have carried off anything in it by force or theft, or shall have burned the church itself, let him be punished by death.

• 7. If any one, in accordance with pagan rites, shall have caused the body of a dead man to be burned and shall have reduced his bones to ashes, let him be punished by death.

• 8. If any one of the race of the Saxons hereafter … wished to hide himself unbaptized, …and shall have wished to remain a pagan, let him be punished by death.

• 11. If any one shall have shown himself unfaithful to the lord king, let him be punished by death.

• 14. …for these mortal crimes secretly committed any one shall have fled of his own accord to a priest, and after confession shall have wished to do penance, let him be freed by the testimony of the priest from death…

• 17. …in accordance with the mandate of God, we command that all shall give a tithe of their property and labor to the churches and priests;

• 19. …all infants shall be baptized within a year

Defended the Papal States

800 Crowned “Emperor

of the Romans” by Pope Leo III

Legend says he was crowed with the Iron Crown of LombardyIron band in the center supposedly made from

a crucifixion nail

Feudal (poly)

and Manorial (econ)

Systems

FeudalismService in

exchange for protection

Lords and vassals

Landowning Lords

KnightsHired by Lords for protection

often vassals and lords

Fief = a granted piece of land

“Hear you my Lord [name] that I, [name] shall be to you both faithful and true,

and shall owe my Fidelity unto you, for the Land that I hold of you, and lawfully shall do such Customs and Services, as my Duty is to you, at the times assigned.

So help me God and all his Saints.”-From The Manner of Doing Homage and Fealty 1275

Serfs - peasants legally bound to the fief with restricted rights

Freemenowned

their land or worked as skilled craftsmen

(guilds)

The Manor was self-sufficient

Kings and the Church had influence over the lords and the manor

Three-way power struggle

Who was on top depended on time and

place

1215 English Magna Carta

The Roman Catholic Church

Papal MonarchyPapal Political InvolvementCreated Conflict with Kings and Lords

The Church was very involved in people’s lives

Baptism, marriage, death, record keeping, health care, missionaries etc.

Inquisitions to combat

heresy

Increased Piety and power of

the Clergy

Nuns were the

most educated and independent

women

Womenopportunities and guildsfarmers, weavers, brewers, midwives, spinners, bakers, shopkeepers, etc.

by 15th cent women’s rights and

opportunities reduced

No Roman legions = increased invasionsVikings, Magyars, and Muslims (Moors)

External RelationsConflict, Trade, Disease

The Age of the Vikings200 years of

raidsc. 700s-900s

Vikings slowly converted, settled, and assimilated

German Otto I (912-973)Stopped the Magyars

Pledged to protect the Pope962 Holy Roman Emperor(1st crowned by the pope since Charlemagne)

Holy Roman Empire

Muslim MoorsMuslim Moorsinvaded and dominated eastern invaded and dominated eastern

trade routes 700s-1400strade routes 700s-1400s732 Battle of Tours

Cordoba Mosque,

Spain

Early 1000s = Moorish infightingCatholic Reconquista 1085-1492

High Middle Ages

1000-1300Pop. Growth, Expansion,

Stability, and Prosperity

Effects of a lack of centralized political authority?-Commerce-Education-War-Religion

Italian cities in the South

Hanseatic League in the NorthTrade

Formation of Universities

Oxford 1096

University of Bologna 1088

Notre-Dame de Reims

Gothic Architecture

Washington Washington DC National DC National CathedralCathedral1907-19901907-1990

The CrusadesThe Crusades1096-12911096-1291

(9 Total and “others”)(9 Total and “others”)

Byzantines in conflict with Turks Asked the Pope for helpEmperor Alexius

1095 Council of Clermont

------------------------------

Pope Urban II called for a

Crusade

Crusade is penance for

past sins

not a sin to kill non-

Christians

Inventory of an English Crusader by Thom Atkinson

1st Crusade (1096-1099)

Crusaders competed for land

Attacked Christians, Jews, and Muslims

1099 Crusaders Captured Jerusalem

“But now that our men had possession of the walls and towers, wonderful sights were to be seen. Some of our men (and this was more merciful) cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, … others tortured them longer by casting them into the flames… Indeed, it was a just and splendid judgment of God that this place should be filled with the blood of the unbelievers, since it has suffered so long from their blasphemies.

-Raymond d’Aguilersa Chaplain who Chronicled 1st Crusade

Crusaders Claimed

Jerusalem and formed new states

Knights Templar to

defend

Europeans took sugar (al-kandiq) and slave plantation ideas back to Europe

22ndnd Crusade Crusade (1147–1149)(1147–1149)Muslims recaptured some land and

Christians could not take it back

Saladin(1138-1193)

Sunni Muslim Leader

1187 Battle of Hattin

Saladin crushed the

Crusaders and took the

“True Cross”

1187 Muslims took Jerusalem

Saladin allowed safe passage for traders and pilgrims of all religions

3rd Crusade (1189-1192)

Richard I“The Lion-Hearted”

(1157-1199)King of England

Richard defeated

Saladin in some

battles but failed

to take Jerusalem

4th Crusade (1202-1204)Crusaders attacked Constantinople

Muslims kept the Holy Land

European monarchs increased their power

The Black Death in Europe1347-1351

Bubonic from Fleas Pneumonic is Airborne

1347 Genoese sailors brought plague from Caffa

The Black Death 1347: Mediterranean (Italy) 1348: France and Spain 1349: England 1351: E. Europe & Russia

Bubo

July, 2012 OregonPaul Gaylord

No Cure(Vaccine 1947)

Quarantines

Inadequate Hospitals

1347-1351 1347-1351 25+ mil out of 75 mil killed 25+ mil out of 75 mil killed

Feudalism in Western Feudalism in Western Europe collapsedEurope collapsed

Adaptation and Transition from least to most advanced in Afro-Eurasia

Internal Interactions

External Interactions