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محاضرة للدكتور إبراهيم الثنيان - الدكتور عبدالله البريدي و دكتور رمزي ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

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Page 1: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)
Page 2: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

Outline the types of qualitative research design

النوعي البحث لألنواع وصف1. Ethnography اإلثنوغرافيا علم2. Grounded theory المدعمة النظرية3. Case study الحالة دراسة4. Action Research التشاركي األداء5. Narrative Research (Biography) السردي البحث6. Documentary Research الوثائقي البحث7. Phenomenology الطبيعية الظواهر علم

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A research process in which the ethnographer closely observes, records, and engages in the daily life of another culture and then writes accounts of this culture, emphasising descriptive detail

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Key methodology of anthropology and cultural research

The study of social phenomena Direct and sustained contact with the individuals

under investigation Culture is studied in everyday settings and contexts Data is gathered in a relatively unstructured way The masses of data collected form rich descriptions Generally, an extended period of time in a

particular research setting, though commercial ethnography is shorter

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Advantages: الحسنات◦ Reduces the problem of access الدخول مشاكل تقليل◦ Reduces the problem of reactivity الراجع التفاعل مشاكل تقليل

Disadvantages: المساوئ◦ The problem of taking notes المالحظات أخذ مشكلة◦ The problem of not being able to use other methods

أخرى أساليب استخدام على القدرة عدم مشكلة◦ Anxiety القلق ◦ Ethical problems أخالقية مشاكل

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Use friends, contacts, colleagues, academics to help you gain accessالدخول فرصة على للحصول واألكاديميين زمالئك، عالقاتك، بأصدقائك، استعن

Try to get the support of someone within the organization who will act as your champion

لك مؤيدا يكون بحيث المؤسسة في األشخاص أحد من الدعم على الحصول حاول Usually you will need to get access through top management or senior

executivesالهامين المنفذين أو العليا اإلدارة خالل من الدخول الى بحاجة تكون ما عادة

Offer something in return (e.g. a report). This helps to create a sense of being trustworthy

) الموثوقية ) صفة سلوكك على يضفي فهذا تقرير كتابة مثل بالمقابل شيء تقديم Provide a clear explanation of your aims and methods and be prepared to deal

with concerns, e.g. suggest a meetingالمثال سبيل على لقاء اقترح المشاكل، مع للتعامل مستعدا وكن وأساليبك ألهدافك واضحا تفسيرا .قدم

Be honest on the amount of people's time you are likely to take upاألفراد من ستقتطعه الذي الوقت بصدد صادقا كن

Be prepared to negotiate—you will want complete access but it is unlikely you will be given a carte blanche

) ( - بالنش كارت ب تحظى لن ولكنك وواسع كامل مدخل الى بحاجة فأنت للمفاوضات مستعدا كن `Hang around' - as a strategy it entails either loitering in an area until you are

noticed or gradually becoming incorporated into or asking to join a group” -“ اآلخرون يالحظ حتى المعنية المنطقة في موجودا تظل أن تعني االستراتيجية فهذه الجوار في دائما كن

المجموعة الى االنضمام منك يطلبوا أو وجودك

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People will have suspicions about you, perhaps seeing you as an instrument of top management

العليا لإلدارة تابعا عنصرا أو أداة يرونك وقد حولك شكوكا الناس لدى يكون قد They will worry that what they say or do may get back to bosses or to

colleaguesزمالئهم أو مرؤوسيهم الى سيصل أفعال أو أقوال من عنهم يصدر ما بأن القلق يساورهم قد

They may go along with your research but in fact sabotage it, engaging in deceptions, misinformation, and not allowing access to `back regions‘

كممارسة بحثك، مصداقية تعرقل بأشياء يقومون الواقع في ولكنهم البحث في معك متعاونين كانوا ربماالكواليس ” وراء ما الى بالدخول لك السماح وعدم المعلومة تبليغ سوء أو “الخداع

Play up your credentials - past work and experience; knowledge of the organization and/or sector; understanding of their problems –be prepared for tests of competence or credibility

Pass tests—be non-judgemental when things are said to you about informal activities or about the organization; make sure information given to you does not bosses or peersحول – أو الرسمية غير األنشطة حول معلومات لك قيلت حال في الحكم دور تأخذ ال االختبارات إجتز

األقران أو بالرئيس تتعلق ال لك المعطاة المعلومات أن من وتأكد المؤسسة، If your research involves a lot of participant observation, your role will be

related to your position in the organization (see Research in focus 17.2). Otherwise, you will need to construct a `front‘

انظر ) المؤسسة في بدورك مرتبطا دورك يكون المشاركين، مشاهدات من الكثير يتضمن بحثك كان إذاجبهة( ”2.17البحث تشكل أن عليك يتوجب وإال “

Be prepared for changes in circumstances that may affect your access, such as changes of senior management على تطرأ قد التي التغييرات مثل بمصادرك، المحيطة الظروف على الطارئة للتغييرات مستعدا كن

العليا اإلدارة

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Ethnographer’s role

اإلثنوغرافي دورConsultant

المستشارApprentice

المتدربConfidante

المؤتمن

Characteristicsالخصائص

Competent, knowledgeable, professional

وكفؤ خبير محترفA credible outsider who secures the trust of management

يضمن موثوق خارجي شخصاإلدارة ثقة

Exchange of access for knowledge or information, often in the form of a written report or verbal presentation

المعلومات مصادر يقدمتقرير بصورة غالبا والمعرفة

لفظي شرح أو مكتوب

Naïve, unthreatening, personable

مصدر يشكل ال بسيط،جذاب تهديد،

A younger person who can make themselves useful within the organization

فائدة ويشكل سنا أصغرللمؤسسة

Exchange of access for productive labour

أجل من المعلومات مصادر يتبادلانتاجا أكثر عمل

Mature, attentive, trustworthy

للثقة أهل يقظ، ناضج،An impartial outsider who is able to listen to people’s problems

قادر محايد خارجي شخصمشاكل الى اإلستماع علىالناسExchange of access for psycho-social support or therapy

المعلومات مصادر يتبادلالعالج أو الدعم أجل من

اإلجتماعي النفسي

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Complete participant فقط مشارك a fully functioning member of a social setting but whose true identity is unknown to

members, thus a covert observer Participant-as-observer - مراقب- بدور مشارك

same as above but members of the social setting are aware of the researcher’s status as a researcher

Observer-as-participant - مشارك- بدور مراقب the researcher is mainly an interviewer, with some observation but very little

participation Complete observer فقط مراقب

no interaction with the observed (unobtrusive) and thus people need not take the researcher into account

Involvement Detachment

Complete Participant-as- Observer-as- Completeparticipant observer participant observer

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‘Going native' refers to a plight that sometimes afflicts ethnographers when they lose their sense of being a researcher and become wrapped up in the world view of the people they are studying.

صفته ينسى بحيث الدراسة بمجتمع الباحث فيها ينخرط التي الحالة هنا بالتأقلم ونقصديدرسهم الذين واألفراد الدراسة مجتمع صفة ويتقمص كباحث

The prolonged immersion of ethnographers in the lives of the people they study, coupled with the commitment to seeing the social world through their eyes, lie behind the risk and actuality of going native. جانب الى الدراسة مجتمع حياة في لإلثنوغرافي الكلي اإلنغماس بفعل المشكلة هذه تأتي

هم نظرهم وجهة من العالم برؤية الاللتزام Going native is a potential problem for several reasons but especially

because the ethnographer can lose sight of their position as a researcher and find it difficult to develop a social scientific angle on the collection and analysis of data.

وإدراكه رؤيته يفقد الباحث أن لها الرئيسي المسبب ولكن كثيرة المشكلة هذه وأسبابوتحليل لجمع الالزمة العلمية االجتماعية النظر زاوية تطوير صعوبة مع كباحث لموقعه

البيانات

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In the preface to the second edition of his classic study ‘Working for Ford’ (1975: 11-12) Beynon describes how he was criticised by reviewers for ‘going native’ following publication of the first edition of the book.

باينون ) “ 12-11: 1975وصف فورد( ” مع العمل الكالسيكية دراسته من الثانية الطبعة مقدمة فياألولى للطبعة اصداره بعد الدراسة مجتمع مع الزائد تأقلمه بسبب تلقاه الذي .النقد

It was suggested that he had become a spokesperson for the Ford factory workers and his emotional involvement was seen as having gone a stage too far.

المتوقعة الحدود تجاوزت مشاعره وأن فورد مصنع عمال باسم المتحدث أصبح بأنه ورد فقد He was accused of having a ‘prolonged love affair’ with ‘foul mouthed

shop stewards’ and of having used the ‘picturesque language of Billingsgate’ in his ‘confused, chatty, repetitive and ungrammatical’ book, which was dismissed by one source as being of ‘doubtful value as an objective sociological study’.

“ ” “ كتابه ” في مبتذلة لغة واستخدامه المتجر أمين مع مطول غرام في بوقوعه أتهم وقد “ بوصفه” المصادر أحد رفضه والذي القواعدي الضبط من الخالي التكراري الثرثار المرتبك

محايدة” اجتماعية كدراسة قيمته في مشكوك The accuracy and validity of Beynon’s account of working life at the

Ford factory was thus called into question, and the study was dismissed by some as subjective, naïve reportage.

موضع فورد مصنع عمال حياة حول باينون قدمها التي الدراسة ودقة مصداقية صارت وبذلك،وتقريرية وساذجة متحيزة لكونها الدراسة بعضهم ورفض وتساؤل، شك

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A systematic method of conducting research that:يلي بما وتتصف ، األبحاث إلجراء منظمة طريقة :وهي

◦ Begins with an inductive approachاستقرائي بمسار تبدأ

◦ Involves engaging in simultaneous data collection and analysisالبيانات وتحليل جمع من مزدوجة عملية تتضمن

◦ Consists of several flexible guidelinesالمرنة التوجيهية الخطوط من العديد من تتكون

◦ Emphasizes constructing the analysisالتحليل بناء على تركز

◦ Aims to construct middle-range theoriesالمدى متوسطة نظريات بناء الى تهدف

A method that goes beyond inductionاالستقراء بعد ما الى تنفذ طريقة وهي

◦ Its strategies lead to making conjectures and hypotheses and to checking them

وفحصها والفرضيات التخمينات وضع الى استراتيجياتها تفضي◦ Therefore, the researcher engages in deductive reasoning as

inquiry proceeds.الطبيعي مساره في البحث سير مع االستنباط ومنطق ألسلوب متبعا الباحث يكون وبالتالي،

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• Theory which is derived inductively from the data which were systematically gathered and analyzed throughout the research process (Strauss and Corbin 1998).

•Data collection, analysis and theory stand in a reciprocal relationship with each other. A researcher does not begin with a pre-conceived theory in mind, rather the researcher begins with an area of study and allows the theory to emerge from the data.

(Strauss & Corbin, 1990)

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1. An initial attempt to develop categories which illuminate the data.

2. Saturation of these categories with many appropriate cases in order to develop their relevance.

3. Developing these categories into more general analytical frameworks with relevance outside the setting. Glaser and Strauss (1967).

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Enables you to study processes

العمليات دراسة من تمكنك Helps you explicate what is happening in your field

setting

الميدان في يجري ما تفاصيل شرح في تساعدك Keeps you focused on your data and emerging analysis

المنبثقة وتحليالتك بياناتك على مركزا تبقيك Supports you in developing an original theoretical

analysis

أصيل نظري تحليل تطوير في تدعمك

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Making systematic comparisons throughout inquiryاألسئلة طريق عن منظمة مقارنات عمل

Interacting with our data, codes, and categoriesوتصنيفاتنا وأنظمتنا بياناتنا مع التفاعل

Doing analytic writing from the startالبداية منذ التحليلية بالكتابة القيام

Making early links between the empirical world and theoretical ideas and checking them

الروابط هذه وفحص النظرية واألفكار التجريبي العالم بين الباكر الربط

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Grounded theory gives you general questions and points the way for you to develop further questions specific to your research problem and emerging analysis

لتطوير الطريق لك وتمهد العامة األسئلة من مجموعة المدعمة النظرية تمنحكعنه المنبثق والتحليل بحثك بمشكلة الخاصة األسئلة من المزيد

Grounded theory helps you to keep your researchبحثك جعل على المدعمة النظرية تساعدك

◦ Manageable لإلدارة قابال◦ Efficient فعاال◦ Exciting! مثيرا!

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Definition التعريف A case study is an empirical inquiry that

الى يهدف تجريبي تحقيق هي الحالة دراسة◦ Investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-

life context, whenحين الفعلي، الحياتي نطاقها ضمن معاصرة ظاهرة في البحث

◦ The boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and

و واضحة، غير السياق و الظاهرة بين الحدود تكون حين◦ Multiple sources of evidence are used

لألدلة متعددة مصادر استخدام يتم وحين

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Lack of rigour الصرامة انعدام◦ sloppy investigator allows equivocal evidence or biased views to

influence findingsعلى بالتأثير المتحيزة النظر وجهات أو المضللة لألدلة يسمح الملتزم غير الباحث

النتائج No basis for generalisation

التعميمات لضبط أسس وجود عدم◦ Not generalisable to populations but to theoretical propositions

الفرضيات على فقط تعميمها ويمكن المجتمعات، على تعميمها يمكن ال Too long and unreadable للقراءة قابلة وغير طويلة

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Construct Validity والصحة المصداقية من التحقق- multiple sources of evidence المتعددة األدلة مصادر

- chain of evidence األدلة سلسلة- key informants review report ) األساسيين ) المعلومات رواة الرواة تقارير

Internal Validity ) الداخلية ) أو الذاتية المصداقية- pattern matching األنماط مزاوجة- explanation building التفسيرات بناء- time series analysis الزمني التسلسل تحليل

External Validity الخارجية المصداقية- replication logic المكرر المنطق

Reliability الموثوقية- use protocol البروتوكول استخدام- develop case study data base الحالة لدراسة بيانات قاعدة تطوير

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Single versus Multiple Case المتعددة الحاالت مقابل المفردة الحاالت

◦ single if critical or unique case

فريدة أو حرجة حالة كانت إذا مفردة Holistic versus embedded

المضمرة الحالة مقابل العامة الحالة◦ Holistic: global nature :عامة طبيعة ذات العامة

◦ Embedded: include multiple sub-units but don’t forget to relate back to the case :ربطها إغفال دون متعددة جزئية وحدات وتتضمن المضمرة

األساسية بالحالة

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Replication not Sampling Logic العشوائية العينات منطق وليس التكرار

◦ understand population (sampling)

) العينات ) أخذ المجتمع فهم◦ understand theory (replication)

) التكرار ) النظرية فهم Importance of Context السياق أهمية Additional case اضافية حاالت

◦ prediction: similar or contrary results

مناقضة: أو مماثلة نتائج التنبؤ

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6 sources of evidence لألدلة مصادر ستة◦ documentation (letters, reports …) ).. تقارير، ) رسائل، الوثائق◦ Archives األرشيف ◦ interviews with various respondents on the same case

الحالة نفس حول األفراد من عدد مع مقابالت◦ direct observations المباشرة المشاهدات◦ participant – observations – المشاهدات الدراسة في المشاركين◦ physical artifacts المادية المصنوعات

Good case studies utilize the richness of information provided by various sourcesتقدمها التي المعلومات غنى من االستفادة على الجيدة الحالة دراسات تعمل

المتنوعة المصادر

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Three Principles مبادئ ثالثة1. Multiple sources of evidence

لألدلة المتعددة المصادر2. Creating a study database (notes, case

documents, tabular material, narratives)بالحالة، ) تتعلق وثائق مالحظات، للدراسة بيانات قاعدة خلق

) وصفية مواد مجدولة، مواد3. Chain of evidence األدلة سلسلة

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In general ◦ An approach in which the action research and client collaborate in the

diagnosis of a problem and in the development of a solution based on the diagnosis

Experiments on real problems within an organization that are designed to assist in their solution

This involves an iterative process of problem identification, planning, action and evaluation

Action research leads eventually to re-education, changing patterns of thinking and action. This depends on the participation of research subjects (who are often referred to in action research as clients) in identifying new courses of action

It is intended to contribute both to academic theory and practical action

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Looking◦Gathering information, identifying

stakeholders Thinking

◦Making interpretations, analyzing collected data

Action◦Application of results to improve lives of

stakeholders

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Indentifying the research questions

Gathering the information to answer the questions

Analyzing and interpreting the information

Sharing the results with the participants

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A spiral of improving practice

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1. Technical/Scientific/Collaborative◦ Testing interventions based on a theoretical framework◦ Researcher collaborates with practitioner ◦ Practitioner facilitates implementation

2. Practical/Mutual Collaborative/Deliberate◦ Researcher and practitioner collaboration

Mutual identification of problems, causes, and interventions◦ Empowering and emancipating stakeholders

3. Emancipating or Empowering/Enhancing/Critical Science

◦ Apply theory and book knowledge to the real world◦ Raise collective consciousness of practitioners◦ Promote change

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While, the participatory and collaborative nature of action research can be highly rewarding and productive, it can also result in sticky management issues including:

◦ a lack of control over the project’s direction and pace ◦ the potential for stakeholder conflict◦ the sole burden of ethical responsibility

However with Action Research,◦ Research outputs are more readable, relevant and

interesting for both practitioners and academics ◦ The Involvement of practitioners provide a richness of

insight that cannot be gained in other ways! 

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What is it?◦ narrative is anything told or recounted in the form of causally-linked

events; story ◦ is the making of the relationship explicit

In narrative research, researchers describe the lives of individuals, collect and tell stories about people’s lives, and write narratives of individual experiences (Biography).

Focuses on studying a single person, Gathering data through the collection of stories Reporting individual experiences, Discussing the meaning of those experiences for the

individual.

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When individuals are willing to tell their stories

Want to report personal experiences in a particular setting

Want a close bond with participants When participants want to process their

stories When you have a chronology of events When you want to write in a literary way

and develop the micro picture

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Individual experiences Chronology of the experiences Collecting individual stories Coding for themes Context or setting Collaboration with participants

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Story authentic? (“Faking the data” possible)

Is the story “real?” (Participants may not be able to tell the “real story”)

Who “owns” the story? (Does the researcher have permission to share it?)

Is participant’s voice lost? Does the researcher gain at the expense of

the participant?

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Identify a phenomenon that addresses an educational problem

Purposefully select an individual to learn about the phenomenon

Write a story about theparticipant’s personaland social experiences

Validate the accuracy ofthe report

Collaborate withparticipant storyteller in all phases of research

Restory or retellThe individual’sstoryCollect stories from

the individual that Reflect personal experience

Have themTell story

Collect otherField texts

Build in past, Present, future

Build in placeor setting

Describe theirstory

Analyze story for

themes

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Participant/Researcher Stories: narratives, poems

Autobiographical writing Journal writing Field Notes Interviews Family stories Documents Photographs, Memory Boxes, Other

Artifacts

Page 41: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)
Page 42: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

Information Collections It is all about written text Documents classifications:

◦ Primary, Secondary and tertiary documents Academic and research,

◦ Public and private documents closed, restricted, open archival, and open published

◦ Solicited and un solicited documents government controlled

◦ Other; Virtual resources

Page 43: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

Three levels of meaning and interpretation:

1.the meanings that the author intended to produce;

2.the received meanings as constructed by the audience in differing social situations;

3.the internal meanings that semioticians (study of sign processes)exclusively concentrate upon.

Page 44: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

Use of documents◦ Time, Finance, Availability, Accessibility ,Ethical

issues, validity …etc ◦ Can all be problematic ◦ Hence, need to use variety of sources

Documents assessments ◦ Authenticity◦ Credibility◦ Representativeness◦ Meaning

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Authority of sources ◦Recent vs old◦Primary vs secondary◦Academic vs popular sources◦Acknowledged & established mainstream vs

Peripheral & marginal sources◦Positive (supportive) vs negative (critical views)

Page 46: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)
Page 47: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

A school of philosophical thought that underpins all of Qualitative research.

النوعية لألبحاث بالنسبة األساس يشكل فلسفي مذهب وهي◦ Emphasis on experience and interpretation

التعليل و التجربة على التركيز◦ Also is a set of tools

األدوات من مجموعة ايضا وهي

It is literally the study of phenomenaالظواهر دراسة هو الحرفي معناها

Page 48: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

Focus of the study is on the essence or structure of an experience (phenomenon)

حول الظواهر علم بنية يتركز أو (جوهر الظاهرة ) أو التجربة

The task of the phenomenologist is to depict this essence or basic structure of experience

األساسية البنية أو الجوهر هذا وصف في الظواهر علم دارس مهمة تتلخص للتجربة

“The assumption of essence, like the ethnographer’s assumption that culture exists and is important, becomes the defining characteristic of a purely phenomenological study”

” - الثقافة وجود على تنص التي االثنوغرافيا كفرضية تماما الجوهر فرضية تعتبر - البحتة الظواهر علم لبحوث المميزة الخاصية هي أهميتها “وعلى

Page 49: 7 - qualitative research designs ( Dr. Abdullah Al-Beraidi - Dr. Ibrahim Althonayan - Dr.Ramzi)

“insist on careful description of ordinary conscious experience of everyday life (the life-world)—a description of ‘things’ (the essential structures of consciousness) as one experiences them” ” الدقيق الوصف على في للتجاربيركز الواعية العادية

أحداث ) اليومية والعالم الحياة وصف(- الحياة وهو ) (’ ويختبرها’ يراها كما للوعي الجوهرية البنية لألشياء

“االنسان

Seek invariant structuresثابتة بنى لتحقيق يسعى

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“include perception (hearing, seeing, etc.), believing, remembering, deciding, feeling, judging, evaluating, and all experiences of bodily action. Phenomenological descriptions of such things are possible only by turning from things to their meaning, from what is to the nature of what is”

” ) ( ، النظر،وغيرها السمع، الحسي االدراك وتشملواطالق والشعور، القرارات، وأخذ والتذكر، والتفكير،

. الجسدية الطبيعة ذات التجارب وكافة والتقييم، األحكام، ) فقط ) ممكنا الظواهر األشياء هذه مثل وصف ويكونالتحول أي معانيها، الى األشياء من التحول طريق عن

الشيء طبيعة الى الشيء “من

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In qualitative research, phenomenology aims to identify and describe the subjective experience of

respondents. It is a matter of studying everyday experience from the point of view of the subject, and it shuns critical evaluation of forms of social life

: الى النوعية األبحاث في الظواهر علم يهدفوهي ” الدراسة، في للمشتركين الذاتية التجربة ووصف تحديدموضع األفراد نظر وجهة من اليومية التجارب دراسة مسألة

االجتماعية الحياة أشكال تقييم تتحاشى وهي (“الدراسة،