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The creation ofa GNMCC in Sirva
Don Daniels • May 13, 2016 • APLL8
2
Kelly Amansi, 1956–2015
3Outline
What’s a GNMCC? Sirva GNMCCs The Sogeram family Sogeram topicalization Sogeram subordination Putting it all together Conclusion
4
What’s a GNMCC?GNMCC’S • SIRVA • SOGERAM • TOPICS • SUBORDINATION • SUMMARY • CONCLUSION
5What’s a GNMCC?
General Noun-Modifying Clause Construction The concept was first proposed to account for
facts about Japanese “relative” clauses (Matsumoto 1988, 1997)
Japanese[Hon-o katta] gakusei-wa doku desu ka?book-ACC boughtstudent-TOP where isQ‘Where is the student who bought a book?’(Matsumoto 1988: 168)
6What’s a GNMCC?
Assuming a “gap” is problematic because of rampant zero anaphora in normal speech
And sometimes it’s not even possible:
Japanese[atama-ga yokunaru] honhead-NOM improve(v.intr) book‘the book (by reading) which (one’s) head improves’ (Matsumoto 1988: 169)
7What’s a GNMCC?
A subordinate clause that modifies a head noun Includes relative-clause interpretations
Head noun is an argument or adjunct of the subordinate clause
Also includes fact-S interpretations (“extended NMCC’s”) Subordinate clause modifies head noun in some
other way There are “no syntactic constraints” on the
subordinate clause or the head noun, but there may be pragmatic ones (Comrie 1998: 52)
8
GNMCC’s in SirvaGNMCC’S • SIRVA • SOGERAM • TOPICS • SUBORDINATION • SUMMARY • CONCLUSION
9Sirva GNMCC’s
Sirva GNMCC’s follow the head noun They also require a subordinator following them
SirvaUdukɨb[bira u-rubɨ-s-a ] k-udu sigud-ɨi …road 3PL go-PL-FPST-3 MD-PRAGdisappear-3SG.DS‘The road they had gone on disappeared and …’
10Sirva GNMCC’s
3SG and 3PL pronouns can function as subordinators
SirvaWari kɨ-i, kava, [siar va~bavillage stay-3SG.DS bird starlingsay~NMLZ
kɨd-i-r ] bira pi-rɨbɨ-s-a.walk-TPST-1PL3PL come-PL-FPST-3‘He was in the village, and the birds that we call starlings came.’
11Sirva GNMCC’s
So can some postpositions
SirvaSuhusuhu [kwahe ki-ri-Ø ] marhasaposition before stay-TPST-3SG likeFOC
kɨ-s-a.stay-FPST-3SG‘It was exactly in the position it had been in before.’
12Sirva GNMCC’s
NPs that contain GNMCC’s can also contain other modifiers
SirvaPɨgrɨ zere [yava-nin kɨd-a, mɨŋa~mɨŋacustom good father.1.POSS-PL walk-SSget~NMLZ
kɨda-b-ri ] k-udu, pɨgrɨ zere beau mɨŋ-ɨdagra.walk-3PL-TPSTMD-PRAG custom good DEF.ACC
get-1PL.IRR‘The good customs that our fathers walked in and adopted (lit. ‘got’), we should adopt those good customs.’
13
The Sogeram languagesGNMCC’S • SIRVA • SOGERAM • TOPICS • SUBORDINATION • SUMMARY • CONCLUSION
14The Sogeram languages
Ten languages in central Madang Province, PNG Trans New Guinea
Madang South Adelbert
Sogeram
15The Sogeram languages
Ross 2005
16The Sogeram languages
17The Sogeram languages
Daniels 2015
18
Sogeram topicalizationGNMCC’S • SIRVA • SOGERAM • TOPICS • SUBORDINATION • SUMMARY • CONCLUSION
19Sogeram topicalization
A clausal topic position can be reconstructed for Proto-Sogeram because its demonstrative morphology can be reconstructed
Proto-Sogeram demonstratives were composed of two parts A root that indicated deictic distance A suffix that marked case
PSog gloss*inɨ- near
(ND)*ka- mid
(MD)*antu- far (FD)
20Sogeram topicalization
Demonstratives in topic position were marked with the topic/object suffix *-n
Topic position occurred in verbal and nonverbal predicates
It was at the left edge
21Sogeram topicalization
In verbal predicates, topic position established something as topical for the purposes of the remainder of the clause
MandAsam far ka-n, dɨh=i k-ɨp ac ab-eu-rd.breadfruit skin FD-ACC DU=COM FD-EXST FOC put-PL-3.FPST‘The breadfruit skin, the two of them put it right there.’
22Sogeram topicalization
AisiW-i w-i sɨkɨbyaŋ g-oŋ, emnau,ya n-uŋgo-SS go-SS food MD-TOP alright 1SGND-TOP
n-ɨs-iŋ.eat-FPST-1SG‘It went on and on, and the food, alright, I ate it.’
23Sogeram topicalization
In nonverbal predicates, topic position essentially functions as subject position
MandAca na-n uja aca ar.woman ND-ACC who womanQUOT‘“What woman is this (lit. ‘This woman is what woman’)?” he said.’
24Sogeram topicalization
ApalɨNa-n sɨbɨlɨ u-i.ND-ILOC bad say-3SG.IPST‘“This one here is bad,” he said.’ (Wade 1989: 129)
25Sogeram topicalization
So we can reconstruct a left-edge topic position to Proto-Sogeram because we can reconstruct its morphology: the demonstrative suffix *-n
26
Sogeram subordinationGNMCC’S • SIRVA • SOGERAM • TOPICS • SUBORDINATION • SUMMARY • CONCLUSION
27Clause chain
nominalization A clause chain is subordinated by placing a
demonstrative after it It functions as a noun phrase in the matrix
clause The demonstrative is case-marked, and
indicates the function of the subordinate chain in the matrix clause
The subordinate chain is fully finite Its semantic interpretation is pragmatically
determined It can refer to any participant in the event, to the
location of the event, to the event itself, etc.
28Topic/object *-n
Demonstratives with topic/object *-n could subordinate clauses:
Manat[Azɨ=k inɨ-n ram-in ] ini-n, arumdecoration=ACC ND-ACC put-1SG.IPST ND-ACC big
hava ka-barad.group MD-POSS.PL‘This decoration that I’m wearing here is our ancestors’.’’
29Topic/object *-n
Aisi Mabɨŋ[Ya itɨ w-ir-iŋ ] g-oŋ, maket1SG get.SS come-HAB-1SG MD-TOPmarket
tam-er-iŋ ma.put-HAB-1SG NEG‘I bring them, but I don’t put them in the market (i.e., sell them).’
30Locative *=ñ
The locative enclitic *=ñ (*=i after consonants) could attach to a noun phrase or a demonstrative
Demonstratives with *=ñ, but not *=ñ by itself, could subordinate clause chains
ApalɨViaŋ [haca mav-av-i ] n-eŋ ala ve-iem-in.1SG.NOM hole dig-PL-3.IPST ND-LOC FOCcome-TPST-1SG‘It was here where they dug a hole that I came.’ (Wade 1989: 21)
31Locative *=ñ
Sirva[Aba-s-a ] k-i tagu-rama-s-a.talk-FPST-3SG MD-SET step-put-FPST-3SG‘She stood in the place he had talked about.’
32Locative *=ñ
Kursav[Nan vuruvain-uara] i-ka-n, ya2PL village stay-2PL.NFUT ND-TOP-LOC1SG
ramɨra-da ve-md-ua.return-SS come-FUT-1SG‘I’ll come back to the village you guys live in.’ (Elicited)
33Topic *ka
Bare middle demonstrative roots, but not bare near or far roots, could also subordinate clause chains
Apalɨ[Na nubu magɨ mugu-la-lɨ ]ND.TOP 3SG.NOM egg go.down-HAB-3SG.FPST
ha lamakɨŋ haca hɨvɨ mugu-la-lɨ.MD.TOP palm.sp hole LI go.down-HAB-3SG.FPST‘Now, as for when (or ‘Now given that’) he habitually lays eggs, he habitually lays eggs in the hole of the lamakɨŋ palm.’ (Wade 1989: 22)
34Topic *ka
Sirva[U-rubɨ-s-a ] ka, kine k-i hasago-PL-FPST-3 MD.TOP near MD-SETFOC
kɨzɨdɨ-s-a.evening-FPST-3SG‘They went, and very soon (lit. ‘in a near place’) it was evening.’
35Topic *ka
Kursav[Rainim d-ua ] ka ruk-uana?line.up do-1SG.NFUT MD see-2SG.NFUT‘Do you see the ones I’ve lined up?’
36Topic *ka
Gants[Ped mɨŋi-da yɨg adɨ-m-ek ]ko, kadapaint take-SS festival do-FPST-3SGDEF thus
cɨ-m-ek.stay-FPST-3SG‘The paint he had taken and decorated himself with was right there.’
37Clause chain
nominalization We have reconstructed three specific
subordination constructions*[S DEM-n] Syntax: topic/object noun
phraseSemantics: ‘salient aspect of S’
*[S DEM=ñ] Syntax: locative noun phraseSemantics: ‘salient aspect of S’
*[S ka] Syntax: topicalized noun phrase
Semantics: ‘salient aspect of S’
38Clause chain
nominalization Based on these, we can propose:
*[S DEM=CASE] Syntax: NP with function CASE
Semantics: ‘salient aspect of S’
39
Putting it all togetherGNMCC’S • SIRVA • SOGERAM • TOPICS • SUBORDINATION • SUMMARY • CONCLUSION
40Putting it together
Proto-Sogeram had two constructions: Left-edge topic position Clause chain nominalization
Subordinate clause chains were normal clause chains, and could contain topics
41Putting it together
Gants[Node gon mia cɨ-m-ek ] ko,kuj adɨ-dawoman trap hold stay-FPST-3SGDEF poison do-SS
gobai tama-m-ek.plant.sp put-FPST-3SG‘He poisoned the woman that the trap was holding and put gobai on her.’
42Putting it together
Nominalized clause chains referred to a pragmatically salient aspect of their event
If they contained a topic, they were very likely to refer to that topic
43Putting it together
In Sirva reanalysis took place and the topic became the head of the construction
44Putting it together
But how do we know that the head noun of Sirva GNMCC’s is not still a topic in a subordinate clause?
SirvaTimi, [kiki tara~dara kɨda-b-ri ]beaustick drum stab~NMLZ walk-3PL-TPSTDEF.ACC
mɨŋa-s-a.get-FPST-3SG‘He took the stick that they hit the drum with.’
45Putting it together
But how do we know that the head noun of Sirva GNMCC’s is not still a topic in a subordinate clause?
Sirva[Timi, kiki tara~dara kɨda-b-ri ]beaustick drum stab~NMLZ walk-3PL-TPSTDEF.ACC
mɨŋa-s-a.get-FPST-3SG‘He took the stick that they hit the drum with.’
46Putting it together
Heads of GNMCC’s can be marked with the unaffixed topic demonstrative
SirvaTimi ka [kiki tara~dara kɨda-b-ri ]beaustick MD.TOP drum stab~NMLZ walk-3PL-TPSTDEF.ACC
mɨŋa-s-a.get-FPST-3SG‘He took the stick that they hit the drum with.’ (Elicited)
47Putting it together
But they can’t take any other demonstrative
Sirva*timi k-udu [kiki tara~dara kɨda-b-ri ]
beaustick MD-PRAG drum stab~NMLZ walk-3PL-TPST DEF.ACC
*timi beau [kiki tara~dara kɨda-b-ri ]beau
stick DEF.ACC drum stab~NMLZ walk-3PL-TPST DEF.ACC
48Putting it together
Topics, however, can occur with any of these three forms, like –udu ‘PRAG’
SirvaStori n-udu be ka-ma mar.story ND-PRAG 3SG MD-ADVZ like‘This story, it’s like that.’
49Putting it together
Or beau ‘DEF.ACC’
SirvaSaba ña beau, wagara beau kibepig child DEF.ACC white DEF.ACCabove
tam-ri-Ø v-ra …put-TPST-3SG say-SS‘He thought (lit. ‘said’) that as for the baby pigs, she put the white one on top, and …’
50Putting it together
And also ka ‘MD.TOP’
SirvaNa uhusiv ka, be kava nɨrɨŋ wari.and village MD.TOP 3SG bird3PL.POSS village‘And the village, it was the birds’ village.’
51Putting it together
So the heads of GNMCC’s are not simply topics
A new construction, the GNMCC, has been created in Sirva from Proto-Sogeram topics
This construction still retains a relic of its origin in that it allows topic demonstratives to occur on the head noun
52
ConclusionGNMCC’S • SIRVA • SOGERAM • TOPICS • SUBORDINATION • SUMMARY • CONCLUSION
53Conclusion
I’ve reconstructed two Proto-Sogeram constructions Topicalization Clause chain nominalization
I’ve shown how the combination of these two constructions created the Sirva GNMCC
This study helps us understand how topics behave diachronically
It also shows us (for the first time?) how a GNMCC can be created
Thank you!