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Arabian Literatue Prof. Ms. Sharon De Los Reyes Submitted to: Rodylyn V. Velasquez Submitted by:

Arabian lit

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Arabian Literatue Prof. Ms. Sharon De Los ReyesSubmitted to:Rodylyn V. VelasquezSubmitted by:

Saudi Arabia• The flag of Saudi Arabia has a green field with large white Arabic writing above a white

horizontal sword (the tip of the sword points to the hoist side of the flag). The Arabic writing is the Islamic statement of faith, "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet." Green is the traditional color of Islam.• Saudi Arabia is a desert country encompassing most of the Arabian Peninsula, with Red

Sea and Persian (Arabian) Gulf coastlines. • Known as the birthplace of Islam.• It’s home to the religion’s 2 most sacred mosques: Masjid al-Haram, in Mecca,

destination of the annual Hajj pilgrimage, and Medina’s Masjid an-Nabawi, burial site of the prophet Muhammad. • Riyadh, the capital, is a skyscraper-filled metropolis.• Currency: riyal• King: Salman of Saudi Arabia• Language: Arabic

Political boundaries

The peninsula's constituent countries are (clockwise north to south) Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on the east, Oman on the southeast, Yemen on the south and Saudi Arabia at the center. The island nation of Bahrain lies off the east coast of the peninsula.Six countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman) form the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).

PopulationThough historically lightly populated, political Arabia is noted for a high population growth rate - as the result of both very strong inflows of migrant labor as well as sustained high birth rates.

History Pre-Islamic Arabia There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 106,000 to 130,000 years ago.However, the harsh climate historically prevented much settlement in pre-Islamic Saudi Arabia, apart from a small number of urban trading settlements, such as Mecca and Medina, located in the Hejaz in the west of the peninsula.

The Rise of Islam• The seventh century saw the introduction of Islam to the Arabian

Peninsula. • The Islamic prophet Muhammad, was born in Mecca in about 570 and

first began preaching in the city in 610, but migrated to Medina in 622. • Muhammad began preaching Islam at Mecca before migrating to

Medina, from where he united the tribes of Arabia into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity.

• Muhammad's death in 632 AD, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community.

• Abu Bakr became leader of the Muslims as the first Caliph

The Middle Ages

• In political terms Arabia soon became a peripheral region of the Islamic world, in which the most important medieval Islamic states were based at various times in such far away cities as Damascus, Baghdad, and Cairo.• However, from the 10th century (and, in fact, until the 20th century) the

Hashemite Sharifs of Mecca maintained a state in the most developed part of the region, the Hejaz. Their domain originally comprised only the holy cities of Mecca and Medina but in the 13th century it was extended to include the rest of the Hejaz. Although, the Sharifs exercised at most times independent authority in the Hejaz, they were usually subject to the suzerainty of one of the major Islamic empires of the time. In the Middle Ages, these included the Abbasids of Baghdad, and the Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks of Egypt.

Modern history

• The provincial Ottoman Army for Arabia (Arabistan Ordusu) was headquartered in Syria, which included Palestine, the Transjordan region in addition to Lebanon (Mount Lebanon was however a semi-autonomous mutasarrifate). • The Ottomans never had any control over central Arabia, also

known as the Najd region.• In the modern era, the term bilad al-Yaman came to refer

specifically to the southwestern parts of the peninsula. Arab geographers started to refer to the whole peninsula as 'jazirat al-Arab', or the peninsula of the Arabs.

Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz Railway

In the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottomans embarked on an ambitious project: the construction of a railway connecting Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, and Hejaz with its holiest shrines of Islam which are the yearly pilgrimage destination of the Hajj.

goal was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state, and to facilitate the transportation of military troops in case of need.

The railway was started in 1900 at the behest of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II and was built largely by the Turks, with German advice and support.

Culture of Saudi Arabia• The cultural setting of Saudi Arabia is Arab and Islam, and society itself is in

general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family oriented.• The Wahhabi Islamic movement, which arose in the 18th century and is sometimes

described as austerely puritanical, now predominates in the country. Following the principle of "enjoining good and forbidding wrong", there are many limitations on behaviour and dress are strictly enforced both legally and socially, often more so than in other Muslim countries. Alcoholic beverages are prohibited, for example, and there is no theatre or public exhibition of films.• religious holidays, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha,

The Qur'an

• The word Qur'an means 'recitation', and in early times the text was transmitted orally. • The Qur'an had a significant influence on the Arab language. The language used in it is

called classical Arabic, and while modern Arabic is very similar, the classical has social prestige.

•With its 114 suras (chapters) which contain 6,236 ayat (verses). • It contains injunctions, narratives, homilies, parables, direct addresses from God,

instructions and even comments on itself on how it will be received and understood. It is also, paradoxically, admired for its layers of metaphor as well as its clarity, a feature it mentions itself in sura 16:103.

• The Qur'an, widely regarded by people as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language, would have the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature. Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, but has remained vibrant to the present day, with poets and prose-writers across the Arab world achieving increasing success.

Two Cathegories of Muslims

1. Secularist - do not have knowlwdge of the contents of the Quran and only know a verse or two to justify njoying their life such as: “Wealth and children are the adorment of the life of this world” (Surat Al-Kahf 18:46)

2. Fundamentalist - who wants to apply the more extreme verses of the Quran to the letter. These verses came to Muhammad after he was a strong military and after he realize that the Christianand Jews were not becoming followers of his new religion.

Eight Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims Fundamentalist

1. The Prophet Muhammad urges Muslims to fight in the cause of Allah.2. The Quran commands Muslims not to be friend Jews and Christian.3. The Quran commands Muslims to fight Jews and Christian.4. The Quran commands Muslim to fight non-Muslims until they exterminate

all other religions and Islam woulb be the only religion in the world.5. The Quran commandMuslim to terrorize and torture and kill anyone who

disobey Allah and the prophet Muhammad.6. The Quran declares that Allah loves those who fight in his cause.7. The Quran commands Muslims to convert non- Muslims to Islam by force.8. The Quran declares that Muslims who fight and die in the battle are

promised forgiveness and a sexual luxurious life in Paradise.

Men and Women Dress•Women- Saudi Arabia's human rights record, especially with regards to protecting

women, has often been called into question. Although women's rights have been incrementally extended in recent years – they were allowed to vote in municipal elections for the first time last year - their actions are still severely restricted.Sep 27, 2016• While all versions of Islam suggest a woman should dress modestly, often covering her

hair and body, Saudi Arabia is one of the only Muslim-majority countries that legally imposes a dress code (Iran is another). Women, foreign and local, must wear an abaya (a few get away with long coats) in public places.

•Men - a thawb or thobe, or jalabiyyah in Libya, is an ankle-length Arab garment, usually with long sleeves, similar to a robe. It is commonly worn in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and neighbouring Arab countries.

Men and Women Dress

Men - thawb or thobe, or jalabiyyah in Libya,

Women -abaya

Arabic literature

•Arabic literature is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is "Adab", which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment.•Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then.

Maqama• Maqama not only straddles the divide between prose and poetry, being

instead a form of rhymed prose, it is also part way between fiction and non-fiction.

• Over a series of short narratives, which are fictionalised versions of real life situations, different ideas are contemplated.

• Maqama also makes use of the doctrine of badi or deliberately adding complexity to display the writer's dexterity with language. Al-Hamadhani is regarded as the originator of the maqama and his work was taken up by Abu Muhammad al-Qasim al-Hariri with one of al-Hariri's maqama a study of al-Hamadhani own work.

• Maqama was an incredibly popular form of Arabic literature, being one of the few forms which continued to be written during the decline of Arabic in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Non-fiction literature Fiction literature

•Biography, history, and geography •Diaries •Literary theory and criticism •Maqama

• Epic literature -•Romantic literature•Murder mystery•Satire and comedy•Theatre•Philosophical novels•Science fiction

Poetry

• A large proportion of Arabic literature before the 20th century is in the form of poetry, and even prose from this period is either filled with snippets of poetry or is in the form of saj or rhymed prose. • The themes of the poetry range from high-flown hymns of praise

to bitter personal attacks and from religious and mystical ideas to poems on women and wine. •The poetry and much of the prose was written with the design that it would be spoken aloud and great care was taken to make all writing as mellifluous as possible.

Modern Poetry• During the 19th century, a revival took place in Arabic literature, along with much of

Arabic culture, and is referred to in Arabic as "al-Nahda", which means "the Renaissance". This resurgence of writing in Arabic was confined mainly to Syria, Egypt and Lebanon until the 20th century when it spread to other countries in the region. • Throughout the 20th century, Arabic writers in both poetry and prose have reflected the

changing political and social climate of the Arab world in their work. Anti-colonial themes were prominent early in the 20th century, with writers continuing to explore the region's relationship with the West until the present day. • Poetry retains a very important status in the Arab world. Mahmoud

Darwish was regarded as the Palestinian national poet, and his funeral was attended by thousands of mourners. Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani addressed less political themes, but was regarded as a cultural icon, and his poems provide the lyrics for many popular songs.

Modern Novels• Neo-classical movement - which sought to rediscover the

literary traditions of the past, and was influenced by traditional literary genres—such as the maqama—and works like One Thousand and One Nights. In contrast, a modernist movement began by translating Western modernist works—primarily novels—into Arabic.

• Modern Arabic novel - the study of family life with obvious resonances of the wider family of the Arabic world.[according to whom? Many of the novels have been unable to avoid the politics and conflicts of the region with war often acting as background to intimate family dramas.

The Arabian Knights

• The Arabian Nights is a collection of tales from the Islamic Golden Age, compiled by various authors over many hundreds of years.

• Each collection features different stories.• One Thousand and One Nights is a collection of Middle

Eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age.

• In "The Frame Story," he rules over the kingdom of India and begins the practice of marrying wives and killing them the next morning until Scheherazade begins to tell him stories every night. Shahzaman. Scheherazade. Dinarzad. Aladdin. the sultan. the beautiful princess. the magician.

The Prophet• The Prophet is a book of 26 prose poetry fables written in English by the Lebanese-

American artist, philosopher and writer Kahlil Gibran.• It was originally published in 1923 by Alfred A. Knopf. • It is Gibran's best known work.

• The Prophet has been translated into over 40 different languages and has never been out of print.

The Lady and Her Five Suitors

• A lady’s lover is put into jail. To get him out she invites all the important people of state to her house. The Kazi, Wali, Wazir and King are tricked into her home as they all desire her. She gets the Wali write a release note for her lover. They are put into a cabinet because they each time fear the next one to be the lady’s husband. The carpenter is locked up because he has a dispute with the lady over the size of the cabinet. The lady leaves the city with her lover. The five suitors are released by the neighbours after urinating on each other.• the story of a young woman who fell in love with her

brother

The Lady and Her Five Suitors page1 by: Arabian Night• The wife of a merchant loves a man when her husband is away.

One day this man is cast into prison because of a quarrel he had. The woman clads herself in the most beautiful CLOTHES and goes to magistrate. She brings a paper to testify against the imprisonment of her ‘brother’. The magistrate immediately falls in love with her. He will let him go if she comes to his house, but she invites the Wali to hers. He accepts. Then she goes to the Kazi telling of a Wali who has imprisoned her brother. The Kazi falls in love with her and promises her to let him go. She also invites him to her house. Then she goes to the Wazir asking for the release of her brother. The Wazir want to have his will on her and he is also invited to her home. Finally she goes to the King of the city. After telling her story he is pierced with the arrows of love. He invites her to his palace, but she says he would do much more honour entering her home. The lady goes to a carpenter to ask him to make a cabinet with five compartments, each with a DOOR for locking up. Next she lets four gowns be dyed and prepares food and drink.

The Lady and Her Five Suitors page2 by: Arabian Nights

The Kazi comes first to her home and he is put on one of the gowns. After a while there is a tapping on the DOOR and the lady says it is her husband and takes the Kazi to the lowest compartment to hide him. When she opens the doors there is the Wali. She asks him to write a letter to free her ‘brother’ from the gaol which he does. He is asked to put on the second gown. Then there is another tapping on the door and again she says it is her husband. The Wali is put into the second compartment. When she opens the door it is the Wazir, they play a bit with each other and he is given the third gown. Then there is another knock on the door. She puts the Wazir in the third compartment and opens the door. The King has arrived and after some talk desires her. His rich robes are exchanged for the fourth gown. But another knocking is at the door. She again says it is her husband and locks the King up in the fourth compartment. The carpenter enters her house. She tells him the top compartment is too strait. The carpenter disagrees and to prove himself goes into the fifth compartment, upon which she closes it. Then the lady goes to the treasurer with the letter the Wali wrote to release her lover. They both leave the city.

The Lady and Her Five Suitors page3 by: Arabian Nights

Meanwhile the five in the cabinet stayed within for three days wthout food or drink. They cannot hold their water and urinate over each other. When they complain they know who the others are in the cabinet, except for the King, because he remains silent. Then the neighbours break into the house to see what is going on in the house. When they see the cabinet with the voices coming out they fear there is are Jinni inside it and want to set the thing on fire. But the Kazi screams not to. They are released and shown in the attires the lady prepared for them. From: The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night — Volume 06

The Lady and Her Five Suitors characters:

• Lady’s husband • The lady •Kazi•Wali•Wazir •King • Carpenter

references: • https://1000into1night.wordpress.com/21-the-lady-and-her-five-suitors/• http://www.gradesaver.com/the-arabian-nights-one-thousand-and-one-nights/study-guide/

summary• http://www.danielpipes.org/comments/49471