1

SEE 2 0 0 3 Ken a pa p ilih keju ru tera a n elek tr ik ? Apa ka h ker ja s eora n g ju ru tera elek tr ik ? Ap lika s i keju ru tera a n elek tr ik ? Bida n g-b ida n g keju ru tera a n elek tr ik Com m unic at ions pen gh a n ta ra n in form a s i m ela lu i is ya ra t elek t r ik Cont ro l Sys t e m

m ega wa l p roces s fizika l m en ggu n a ka n ten a ga elek t r ik da n is ya ra t elek t r ik

Powe r s ys t e m pen ja n a a n , pen gh a n ta ra n da n pen ga gih a n ten a ga elek t r ik Signal Proc e s s ing

m em pros es is ya ra t ya n g d ikes a n oleh pen ges a n u n tu k m em peroleh i is ya ra t ya n g d ikeh en da k i

Com put e r s ys t e m s s ela lu k ita ju m pa da la m keh idu pa n k ita – m es in ba s u h , kereta , PC, etc. Ele c t rom agne t ic s

Bida n g ya n g m eliba tka n m eda n m a gn et da n elek t r ik , con toh m a gn etron da la m m icrowa ve oven

Me c hat ron ic s b ida n g ya n g m en gga bu n gka n s is tem m eka n ika l da n s is tem elek t ron ik

2

Un it pen gu ku ra n Sebelu m pen yera ga m a n du a s is tem u ta m a : En glis h da n m etr ic e.g. MKS CGS SI J is im Slu g Kilogra m gra m Pa n ja n g Ya rd Meter cen t im eter Da ya pou n d n ewton dyn e Su h u fa h ren h eit cels iu s cen t igra de Ten a ga jou le dyn e–cen t im eter jou le Ma s a s econ d s econ d s econ d Pen yera ga m a n a da la h per lu – s a lin g h u bu n g d i a n ta ra ju ru tera / s a in t is d i du n ia .

1960 SI (In tern a t ion a l Sys tem of Un its ) d ipers etu ju i s edu n ia As w e go on m ore un i t s w i l l be in t rod uced e .g . vol t , a m p ere , Wa t t e t c

3

SI p refix d igu n a ka n u n tu k n om bor ya n g bes a r da n kecil

Fakt or pe ngkali Pre fix Sym bol/ abbre viat ion 10 -1 8 a t to a 10 -1 5 fem to f 10 -1 2 Pico p 10 -9 Na n o n 10 -6 Micro µ 10 -3 Milli m 1 10 3 Kilo k 10 6 Mega M 10 9 Giga G 10 1 2 Tera T 10 1 5 peta P 10 1 8 exa E

e.g. 0 .001 jou le = 1 m J 100 ,000 m eter = 100 km 0 .0000001 s econ d = 0 .1 µs You m us t k now h ow t o us e ca lcu la t or t o ch a nge t o t h es e p re fixes

4

Ca s (Ch a rge) Ku a n t it i a s a s da la m lita r elek tr ik ia la h ca s

ca s pos it ive p roton da n n ega t ive elek tron Un it SI: cou lom b (C) Pergera ka n ca s (elek tron ) m en gh a s ilka n a ru s (cu rren t) Ta p i a ru s d ika itka n den ga n pergera ka n ca s pos it ive Æ da la m lita r

elek tr ik , a ra h a ru s ia la h pergera ka n ca s pos it if (ber la wa n a n den ga n pergera ka n elek tron )

Da la m 1 C ca s n ega t if m en ga n du n gi 6 .242 x 10 18 elek tron

Ca s u n tu k s a tu elek tron ia la h ???? Perp in da h a n ten a ga d i da la m lita r d ila ku ka n m ela lu i perp in da h a n ca s Ten a ga d ip in da h ka n da n d itu ka rka n ke ben tu k ya n g bergu n a , e.g. h a ba , bu n yi, ca h a ya etc. Ten a ga t ida k boleh d im u s n a h ka n da n d icip ta .

5

Aru s (Cu rren t) Ka da r peru ba h a n ca s pos it if den ga n m a s a m ela lu i t it ik x den ga n a ra h d itu n ju kka n d ita k r ifka n s eba ga i a ru s m ela lu i t it ik x SI u n it : a m pere (A) J ika ka da r peru ba h a n a da la h kon s ta n t (m a la r ), 1 C ca s a ka n m ela lu i t it ik x da la m m a s a 1 s a a t jika a ru s 1 A m en ga lir Bera pa ka h b ila n ga n elek tron ya n g m elin ta s i t it ik x ?

i

X

pergera ka n elek tron

dtdq

i =

pen ga lir

6

Eg. Eg.2

q q

t t

i

t

q

t

i

t

i

t

I1

I2

E lek tron bergera k da r i k ir i ke ka n a n m en gh a s ilka n a ru s 1 m A. Apa ka h n ila i a ru s I1 da n I2 ?

7

Eg. 3 J ika q(t ) = 0 .01s in (200 t), da pa tka n u n gka pa n u n tu k a ru s . J en is a ru s :

a ru s teru s , a t (d irect cu r ren t , dc) – a ru s ya n g t ida k beru ba h den ga n m a s a

a ru s u la n g–a lik , a u (a ltern a t in g cu r ren t , a c) a ru s beru ba h s eca ra s in u s oida l den ga n m a s a

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volta n (volta ge) Bila m eru ju k kepa da volta n h a ru s a da t anda po larit i . Volta n m en gu ku r ju m la h ten a ga ya n g d ip in da h ka n ke a ta u da r i elem en X ba gi s et ia p cou lom b ca s ya n g m en ga lir m ela lu in ya

dqdw

v = 1 volt = I jou le/ cou lom b

J ika ten a ga 1 joule d iper lu ka n u n tu k m en ggera kka n 1 C ca s pos it if da r i term in a l a ke term in a l b m ela lu i elem en X, k ita ka ta ka n perbeza a n volta n d i a n ta ra a da n b ia la h 1 vo lt . Term in a l a d ika ta ka n 1 V leb ih pos it if da r i b (ta n da ‘+’ pa da a da n ‘–‘ pa da b )

a

b

i

elem en X

a

b

+ 5 V _

Vba =

Va b = a

b

- -5 V

+

Va b = 5V Vba = -5V

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The principle of cons ervation of energy – ten a ga t ida k boleh d im u s n a h ka n a ta u d ih a s ilka n , a pa ka h ter ja d i kepa da ten a ga ya n g d ip in da h ka n ? Ku a s a (Power) Ku a s a ba gi s a tu -s a tu elem en ia la h h a s il da ra b volta n m er in ta n gin ya da n a ru s ya n g m ela lu in ya . i = ka da r peru ba h a n ca s = dq/ d t v = ten a ga ya n g d ip in da h ka n ke elem en X ba gi s et ia p cou lom b = dw/ dq Oleh itu h a s il da ra b volta n da n a ru s

+ v1 _

_ v2 +

v1 = 2 V, v2 = ??

10

p = dtdw

dqdw

dtdq =⋅ = ka da r peru ba h a n ten a ga den ga n m a s a

SI u n it ia la h wa t t (W) Ba ga im a n a u n tu k k ita m en geta h u i s a m a da ku a s a d is era p a ta u d ibeka lka n ? Gu n a ka n ‘pas s ive s ign c onve nt ion ’ u n tu k m en da pa tka n ku a s a ya n g d is era p oleh elem en X

Dega n a ra h a ru s da n pola r it i volta n s eper t i ya n g d itu n ju kka n , ku a s a ya n g d is era p oleh elem en X

p = v i

+ v _

i

X

e.g. jika v = 5 V da n i = 2 A, ku a s a ya n g d is era p oleh X ia la h p = v i = 5 x 2 = 10 W

jika v = -5 V da n i = 2 A ku a s a ya n g d is era p oleh X

ia la h p = v i = (-5 ) x 2 = -10 W Î kuas a dibe kalkan o le h X

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Eg. Da pa tka n ku a s a u n tu k elem en ber iku t : Principle of Cons ervation of Energy : Da la m s et ia p ra n gka ia n lita r elek tr ik ju m la h ku a s a ya n g dis e rap m e nyam ai jum lah kuas a yang dibe kalkan .

+ va _

ia

va = 12 V ia = 2 A

+ vb _

ib

vb = 12 V ib = 1 A

_ vc +

ic

vc = 12 V ic = –3 A

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Ten a ga (En ergy) Ku a s a ia la h ka da r peru ba h a n ten a ga p = dw/ d t ∴ten a ga ya n g d ip in da h ka n d ia n ta ra t 1 da n t 2 ia la h

∫=2t

1tdt)t(pw

SI u n it : jou le a ta u wa t ts econ d J ika p (t ) = P (n ila i m a la r ) ,

w = P(t 2–t 1)

Un it ten a ga ju ga d iber i oleh : wa t th ou r (Wh ) k ilowa t th ou r (kWh )

e .g. 1 J ika la m pu 60 W s en t ia s a h idu p u n tu k s a tu bu la n , bera pa kWh ten a ga ya n g d igu n a ka n ? w = (60 x 24 x 30 )/ 1000 = 43 .2 kWh

d igu n a ka n oleh pem beka l ten a ga u n tu k m en yu ka t ten a ga d igu n a ka n oleh pen ggu n a

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J ika ta r if TNB a da la h s eper t i ber iku t : For the first 200 units per month sen/ kWh 21.8 For the next 800 units per month sen/ kWh 25.8 For each addit ional units per month sen/ kWh 27.8 Ba ya ra n ya n g d iken a ka n ia la h 43 .2 x 0 .218 = RM9.41 Eg. 2 Da pa tka n ten a ga ya n g d ip in da h ka n ke elem en Y da r i t =0 ke t = ∞ p = 24e-t W ∴ ten a ga da r i t = 0 ke t = ∞

[ ] J24e24dte24w 0t

0t

t =−==∞−

∞

=

−∫

+ v(t ) –

i(t ) v(t ) = 12 V i(t ) = 2e–t A

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Ele m e n Lit ar (c irc uit e le m e nt s ) Lita r elek tr ik terd ir i da r i s a lin gh u bu n g (in tercon n ect ion ) elem en –elem en lita r Seca ra a m du a jen is elem en lita r : Ak t if - elem en ya n g be rke bo le han m em beka lka n ten a ga con toh : s u m ber volta n a ta u a ru s , gen era tor , ba ter i Pa s if - elem en t idak bo le h m em beka lka n ten a ga per in ta n g, in du k tor , ka pa s itor

du a elem en in i berkeboleh a n m en yim pa n ten a ga

Ele m e n akt if 1) Su m ber beba s

s u m ber volta n s u m ber a ru s 2 ) Su m ber bers a n da r (s u m ber terka wa l) s u m ber volta n

s u m ber volta n terka wa l a ru s s u m ber volta n terka wa l volta n s u m ber a ru s s u m ber a ru s terka wa l volta n s u m ber a ru s terka wa l a ru s

Ele m e n pas if p er in ta n g pera ru h pem u a t

m en yera p ten a ga

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Elem en Akt if Su m ber beba s

Su m ber volta n

Su m ber a ru s

• Su m ber volta n idea l: m en ga s ilka n volta n Vs beba s da r i a ru s ya n g m en ga lir m ela lu in ya . Volta n m er in ta n gin ya a da la h beba s da r i a ru s ya n g m ela lu in ya

• Aru s m ela lu in ya berga n tu n g kepa da lita r ya n g d is a m bu n g kepa da n ya

+ –

Vs

• Su m ber a ru s idea l: m en ga s ilka n a ru s Is beba s da r i volta n m er in ta n gin ya . Aru s m ela lu in ya a da la h beba s da r i volta n m er in ta n gin ya

• Volta n m er in ta n gin ya berga n tu n g kepa da lita r ya n g d is a m bu n g kepa da n ya

Is

16

• Su m ber p ra k t ika l (s u m ber s eben a r): m em pu n ya i h a d ku a s a ya n g boleh d ibeka lka n .

p = vi jika v teta p , i Æ ∞ , p Æ ∞ t ida k wu ju d !

• Da la m kea da a n n orm a l, s et ia p s u m ber m em beka lka n ku a s a TETAPI

da la m kea da a n ter ten tu ia boleh m eyera p ku a s a . e.g. ba t tery ch a rgin g circu it – d im a n a ba ter i d i ca s m en ggu n a ka n lita r pen geca s da n a ru s m a s u k ke term in a l ‘+’ beter i.

• Su m ber idea l (u n ggu l) d igu n a ka n u n tu k m em u da h ka n a n a lis is . Su m ber bers a n da r Men gh a s ilka n a ru s a ta u volta n ya n g d iten tu ka n oleh volta n da n a ru s pa da ba h a gia n la in lita r . Ba n ya k a ka n d iju m pa i da la m m odel lita r elek tron ik

17

+ −

+ vx −

v = µvx

s u m ber volta n terka wa l volta n

s u m ber volta n terka wa l a ru s

18

i = βix ix

s u m ber a ru s terka wa l a ru s

s u m ber a ru s terka wa l volta n

19

Da pa tka n Io da la m lita r d i a ta s .

+ −

2A

- 6V + Ix

- 12V +

9A 8 Ix

11A

+ −

4V

+ 6V -

+ −

10V

3A 8A

3

1 2 Io

20

Elem en pa s if Set ia p ba h a n m em pu n ya i s ifa t ya n g cu ba m en gh a la n g pen ga lira n a ru s – s ifa t in i d iken a li s eba ga i rin t angan Rin ta n ga n berga n tu n g kepa da geom etr i ba h a n da n jen is ba h a n ya n g d igu n a ka n .

pela n gga ra n elek tron den ga n a tom ba h a n m en gu ra n gka n kela ju a n pergera ka n elek tron , oleh itu m en gu ra n gka n dq/ d t – m en gh a s ilka n h a ba – m en gh a s ilka n ‘r in ta n ga n ’ – s et ia p ba h a n m em pu n ya i ρ ya n g berbeza

L

A AL

R ρ=

21

Ma ter ia l Ker in ta n ga n (res is t ivity), ρ ( ) Pengalir (cond uctors ) Alu m in iu m Copper S ilver Gold Nich rom e

2 .73 x 10 –8 1 .72 x 10 –8 1 .63 x 10 –8 1 .12 x 10 –8

S epara pengalir (s em icond uctors ) S ilicon

10 –5 ∼ 1

Penebat Ka ca Teflon

1 x 10 12

1 x 10 19 E lem en lita r u n tu k m en gh a s ilka n r in ta n ga n kea ta s pen ga lira n a ru s in i d iken a li pe rin t ang Per in ta n g (res is tor )

+ v –

i

22

Hu ku m Oh m (Oh m ’s la w) 1827 oleh Georg Sim on Oh m :

Volta n m er in ta n gi per in ta n g (v) a da la h berka da r teru s den ga n a ru s m ela lu in ya (i). Pem a la r ka da ra n (con s ta n t of p ropor t ion a lity) in i d iken a li s eba ga i r in ta n ga n (res is ta n ce)

v ∝ i

v = Ri

SI u n it :

Rx =∆v/ ∆ix Ry = ∆v/ ∆iy Rx > Ry

v

i

x y

∆v

∆ix

∆iy

23

R = 0 R = ∞ (in fin it i) J en is per in ta n g: a ) teta p (fixed )

b ) Boleh u ba h (va r ia b le)

poten t iom eter rh eos ta t

i ∴ v = 0 Æ R = 0 / i = 0 Lita r p in ta s (s h or t circu it )

+ v = 0 −

a

b

∴ i = 0 Æ R = v/ 0 = ∞ Lita r bu ka (open circu it )

i = 0

+ v −

a

b

24

Kod wa rn a (color cod in g) Per in ta n g kecil gu n a ka n kod wa rn a (cod e cod ing) u n tu k m em pa m erka n n ila i r in ta n gn ya :

a

b

c

a

b

=

a

c

a b c d e

a : d igit per ta m a b : d igit kedu a c: ku a s a kepa da 10 a ta u pen gka li d : tolera n s i e: pera tu s ros a k u n tu k

1000 ja m opera s i

25

Kea lira n (con du cta n ce) u n it SI : s iem en s (S) e.g. Apa ka h r in ta n ga n u n tu k pen ga lir copper den ga n jeja r i 1 .025 x 10 -3 m da n pa n ja n g 100 m ? Un tu k jeja r i ya n g s a m a ka ca m em pu n ya i r in ta n ga n ya n g s a m a jila L = 0 .0000000000000000001716 m

AL

Rc ρ= Ω=×

×= −− 052.0

103.3

101072.1 6

8

( ) 2623 m103.310025.1A −− ×=×π=

am0.1716101

)103.3(052.0ARL 12

6g =

××=

ρ=

−

R1

vi

G ==defin a s i:

26

Den ga n pa n ja n g 10 m , ka ca m em pu n ya i r in ta n ga n

= 3030303030303030303 .03 Ω Pen gira a n Ku a s a u n tu k r in ta n ga n

Men ggu n a ka n pa s ive s ign con ven t ion , ku a s a ya n g d is era p oleh per in ta n g

p = vi Men ggu n a ka n h u ku m oh m ,

v = iR i = v/ R

p = (iR)i = i2R

+ v – i

AL

Rg ρ= Ω=×

×= − E 3.03103.3

10101 6

12

Rv

Rv

vp2

=

=

27

e.g. Da pa tka n R da n Vs jika ku a s a d is era p oleh R ia la h 1 .6 m W

0 .4 m A R

+ Vs −

28

Da pa tka n R da n I jika ku a s a d is era p oleh R ia la h 0 .25 W

12 V R − +

I

29

Elem en lita r la in ya n g bercir i r in ta n ga n

a ) va r is tor – n ila i r in ta n ga n beru ba h den ga n volta n b ) Th erm is tor – n ila i r in ta n ga n beru ba h den ga n s u h u

30

Nod, Cabang dan Ge lung Sa lin gh u bu n g a n ta ra elem en –elem en lita r m em ben tu k ra n gka ia n lita r . Ra n gka ia n lita r berbeza a n ta ra s a tu den ga n la in berga n tu n g kepa da ba ga im a n a elem en –elem en d is a m bu n g a ta u t opo logi ra n gka ia n ters ebu t . Ses u a tu ra n gka ia n lita r b ia s a n ya m en ga n du n gi, n od , ca ba n g, da n gelu n g Nod: Tit ik pen ya m bu n ga n 2 a ta u leb ih elem en lita r

R5

+ −

+ −

R2 R1

R3

R4

I1

V2

V1

31

Gelu n g: La lu a n ter tu tu p lita r ta n pa m ela lu i n od leb ih da r i s a tu ka li Ca ba n g: Ba h a gia n lita r ya n g m en ga n du n gi s a tu elem en lita r den ga n n od d i

kedu a h u ju n gn ya