ASAS PSIKOLOGI psychological disolders

Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders

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Defining Abnormality

Abnormality as a deviation from the average– Statistically-based approach

Abnormality as a deviation from the ideal– Majority standard

Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort– Personal distress

Abnormality as the inability to function effectively– Societal demands

Abnormality as a legal concept– Legal view


Perspectives on Abnormality

Medical perspective– Suggests symptoms of

abnormal behavior are rooted in physiological causes

Psychoanalytic perspective– Views abnormal behavior as

stemming from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression



Behavioral perspective– View abnormal behavior as

a learned response Cognitive perspective

– Assumes that cognitions (people’s thoughts and beliefs) are central to a person’s abnormal behavior



Humanistic perspective– Emphasize the

responsibility that people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is seen as abnormal

Sociocultural perspective– Makes the assumption that

people’s behavior – both normal and abnormal – is shaped by the kind of family group, society, and culture



Classifying Abnormal Behavior

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)– Standard system used in

the United States to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior devised by the American Psychiatric Association


Classifying Abnormal Behavior: DSM-IV

Utilizes 5 axes to describe condition

Designed to primarily descriptive and tries to avoid suggesting an underlying cause for an individual’s behavior and problems

Rosenhan “On being sane in insane places” (1973)



Major Disorders

Anxiety disorder– Anxiety occurs without

external justification and begins to affect a person’s daily functioning


Anxiety Disorders

Phobic disorder– Intense, irrational fears of

specific objects or situations Panic disorder

– Anxiety that is not triggered by any identifiable stimulus and last from a few seconds to several hours

– Agoraphobia Generalized anxiety disorder

– Experience long term persistent anxiety



Anxiety Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsession– A persistent, unwanted

thought or idea that keeps recurring

Compulsion– Urge to repeatedly carry out

some act that seems strange and unreasonable, even to the individual who experiences them


Somatoform Disorders

Psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form, but for which there is no medical cause


Somatoform Disorders

Hypochondriasis– Constant fear of illness and

a preoccupation with their health

Conversion disorder– Involves an actual physical

disturbance, such as the inability to see or hear, or to move an arm or leg whose cause is purely psychological


Dissociative Disorders

Characterized by the separation (or dissociation) of critical parts of personality that are normally integrated and work together in order to keep disturbing memories or perceptions from reaching conscious awareness, thereby reducing their anxiety


Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality)– Individual displays

characteristics of two or more distinct personalities

Dissociative amnesia– A disorder in which a

significant selective memory loss occurs

Dissociative fugue– Amnesiac condition where

people take sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity


Mood Disorders

Disturbances in emotional feelings strong enough to intrude on everyday life

Major depression– Severe form of depression

that may last months or years in which the person experiences characteristic symptoms

• Worthless feelings• Loneliness• Crying• Sleep disturbance• Suicide


Mood Disorders

Mania– Extended state of intense, wild elation

Bipolar disorder– Condition in which a person sequentially

experiences periods of mania and depression


Causes of Mood Disorders

Psychoanalytic– Feelings of loss

– Anger turned inward Heredity Learned helplessness Evolutionary theory

– Depression is an adaptive response to goals that are unattainable


Schizophrenia

Class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs– Decline from a previous

level of functioning

– Disturbances of thought and language

– Delusions

– Perceptual disorders

– Emotional disturbances

– Withdrawal


Schizophrenia

Process schizophrenia– Symptoms develop relatively

early in life, slowly and subtly Reactive schizophrenia

– Onset of symptoms is sudden and conspicuous

Positive-symptom schizophrenia

Negative-symptom schizophrenia


Schizophrenia: Causes

Biological– Heredity

– Dopamine hypothesis

• Schizophrenia occurs when there is excess activity in those areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter

Environmental perspectives– Expressed emotion

• Interaction style characterized by criticism, hostility, and emotional intrusiveness by family members

Cognitive perspective– Overattention

– Underattention



Personality Disorders

Disorders characterized by inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that do not permit the person to function appropriately as members of society


Personality Disorders

Narcissistic personality disorder– Exaggerated sense of self-

importance

Antisocial personality disorder (sociopath)– Characterized by no regard

for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others

Borderline personality disorder– Characterized by their

difficulty in developing a secure sense of who they are


Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity

Education

ASAS PSIKOLOGI psychological disolders