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BATTLES IN THE NORTH EAST : 1615-67
PREVIEW
Background : Ahom-Mughal conflicts
First Ahom Mughal conflict : 1615
Lachit Borphukan & Battle of Saraighat
Lessons learnt
Ahom Mughal conflicts : 1636-1658
Invasion of Mir Jumla
NORTH EAST EMPIRES - 17TH CENTURY
Mughal Empire
Ahom Kingdom
Jaintia Kingdom
Kachari Kingdom
Manipur Kingdom
Koch Kingdom
BACKGROUND OF AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICTS
Koch Kingdom 1587 – King Nara Narayana
East Koch Kingdom – King Lakshimi Narayana
West Koch Kingdom – Parikshit Narayana
Rivalry betn East & West Koch Kingdom
Alliance : East Koch– Mughals
Indep West Koch Kingdom
Mughal Empire
Ahom Kingdom
E KochW Koch
BRAHMAPUTRA R
Cooch Behar
EXTENT OF EAST AND WEST KOCH KINGDOM
East Koch Kingdom
West Koch KingdomBrahmaputra R
Sankosh R Bharali R
BRAHMAPUTRA R
Cooch Behar
MUGHAL ATTK ON WEST KOCH KINGDOM : 1602
East Koch Kingdom
West Koch KingdomBrahmaputra R
Sankosh R Bharali R
Dhubri
Mughals adv towards Dhubri under Ali Kuli Khan
Mughal ally Lakshimi Narayana adv towards Dhubri
Dhubri captured and Mughals occu West Koch Kingdom
Parikshit Narayana imprisoned
FIRST AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1615
Dhubri
Barzapur
Manas R
Pratap Singha of Ahom Dynasty and Bali Narayana formed alliance
Bali Narayana brother of Parikshit took refuge with the Ahoms
Mughal adv from East Koch Kingdom towards Ahom Kingdom
1st Ahom Mughal conflict begunHajo
Mughal force mov from Barzapur to Hajo under Sayyid Baqr, Jamal Khan & Raja Satrajit of Bhusna
Mughal HQ est at Hajo
FIRST AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1615
Hajo
Kaliabor
Sala Fort
Nagaon
Brahmaputra R
Kajali
Kajali under Ahom dynasty occu
Mughals adv towards Kaliabor & Sala fort occu
Ahoms strengthened def at Samdhara Fort
Mughals adv to Samdhara Fort
Tezpur
Hajo
Kajali
Kaliabor
1ST AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1615
Brahmaputra R
Bharali R
Samdhara
Kaliabor
Tezpur
Hajo
Kajali
Kaliabor
Tezpur Samdhara
Mughal adv towards Samdhara across the Bharali R
Ahoms repulsed the Mughals on the banks of Bharali R
Sala Fort
Mughals retreated and est fortifications on the other side of Bharali R
Mughals another attempt to cross Bharali R successful
Brahmaputra R
Bharali R
Samdhara
Kaliabor
Tezpur
Sala Fort
LOST TERRITORIES REGAINED BY AHOMS : 1616
Addl Ahom forces sent to Samdhara
Ahoms launched CA under Bella Bargohain
Mughals under Aba Baqr taken by surprise and dislodged
Mughals retreated to other side of Bharali R
Three pronged attk launched across Bharali R
Ahom hold est on both banks of Bharali R
FIRST AHOM MUGHAL CONFLICT : GAINS AND LOSSES
Mughal cdr Aba Baqr killed by Bella Bargohain
Raja Satrajit escaped
1700 killed , 3400 wounded & 900 captured
Large caches -elephants , horses , war boats, swords and munitions captured
New fort constr at Samdhara
Ahoms territorial expanse upto Barnadi R
EXPANSE OF TERRITORIES AFTER FIRST CONFLICT
Sankosh R
Kaliabor
Tezpur
Brahmaputra R
Nowmati
Barnadi R Bharali R
Hajo
Pandu
KamrupAhom Kingdom
Mughal Empire
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636
Kaliabor
Tezpur
Brahmaputra R
Nowmati
Barnadi R Bharali R
Hajo
Bali Narayana attk Mughal outpost at Nowmati across Barnadi R
Kenglai Chetia occu Hajo
Abdus Sala Governor of Kamrup urged for rft from Bengal Viceroy Islam Khan
Rft from Ghoraghat (present day Bangladesh) delayed
Ahoms adv towards Saraighat and Pandu
PanduSaraighat
Mughals suffered hvy cas
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636
Hajo
PanduBrahmaputra R
Saraighat
Ahoms captured Saraighat & Pandu
Raja Satrajit at Pandu surrendered
Mughal rft from Ghoraghat arr at Pandu
Ahoms dislodged from Pandu and retreated to Saraighat
Mughas under Zeinul Abidin recaptured Saraighat and Hajo
Hajo
PanduBrahmaputra R
Saraighat
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636
Mughals plonged at Saraighat and Hajo under Zienul Abidin
Raja Satrajit remained at Pandu but now became a spy of Ahoms
Huge rft sent by Pratap Singha at Pandu both via land and water
Raja Satrajit revealed Mughal dispositions to Ahoms
Ahom def strengthened at Pandu
Guwahati
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636
Ahom navy launched ni attk at Saraighat
GuwahatiGoalpara
ChunariPandu
Brahmaputra R
Mughals retreated to Sualkuchi
Pratap Singha wanted to free Kamrup from Mughals
Mughals faced hvy defeat at Sualkuchi and Hajo
Kamrup
Hajo
SaraighatSualkuchi
Ahoms captured areas upto Goalpara and Chunari along the S bank of Brahmaputra RThe Ahoms est sovereignty on either banks of Brahmaputra R and in most parts of Kamrup
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1637
KaraibariHatisala
Solmari
Goalpara
Dhubri
Jagighopa
In late dec rfts came for Mughals under Mir Zeinuddin and Allah Yar KhanMughals attk Karaibari and HQ Hatisila ruled by Chandra Narayana
Mughals then occu all Ahom fortifications upto Goalpara
Mughals crossed the Brahmaputra R and reached DhubriAhoms def at Jagighopa strengthened to check Mughal adv
Mughals occu Jagighopa
Guwahati
Brahmaputra R
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1637
GoalparaKaraibari
Hatisila
Solmari
Dhubri
Jagighopa
Guwahati
Bhabhanipur
BarnagarBishnupur
Kalapani
By Apr 1637 Mughals reached Bishnupur capturing imp fortifications
Ahom forces retreated to Kalapani under Bali Narayana
Bali Narayana strengthened fortifications at Kalapani and with assistance from King Pratap Singha
Brahmaputra R
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1637
GoalparaKaraibari
Hatisila
Solmari
Dhubri
Jagighopa
Guwahati
BarpetaBhabhanipur
BarnagarBishnupur
Kalapani
Mughals under Md Zaman CA against the Ahoms
Bali Narayana launched successive ni attks and recaptured Bishnupur , Barnagar and Bhabhanipur by 31 Oct
On 01 Nov fierce battle fought betn Md Zaman & Bali Narayana at Barpeta
Brahmaputra R
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT : 1637-38
In Nov Mughal land forces under Md Zaman adv towards Hajo and captured it
GuwahatiBrahmaputra R
Barpeta
Hajo
SaraighatPandu
Kajali
In Dec Mughal land forces and naval fleet under Masum Khan simultaneously attk Saraighat
Ahom forces retreated to Pandu
In Jan 1638 Mughals overran Pandu and captured Kajali fort
Ahom survivors withdrew to Kaliabor under Momai Tamuli
Mughal’s Aim – To capture Ahom capital Garhgaon overrunning Sala and Samdhara
EXPANSE OF TERRITORIES : 1638
Sankosh R
Kaliabor
Tezpur
Brahmaputra R
Nowmati
Barnadi R Bharali R
Hajo
Pandu
KamrupAhom Kingdom
Mughal Empire
Brahmaputra R
Bharali R
Samdhara
Kaliabor
Tezpur
Duiminisila
AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1638
In Oct 1638 Mughals with Pran Narayana of East Koch kingdom adv to attk Samdhara
The Mughal forces encamped at Duimunisila
Meanwhile Momai Tamuli reorg his exhausted forces at Samdhara
Mughals cautious of the previous defeat at Samdhara delayed the attk by a month and a half
Momai Tamuli took the Mughals by surprise and attk them with full str
FINAL AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1638
Brahmaputra R
Duiminisila
Kaliabor
Kajali
Guwahati
Barnadi R
Tezpur
Bharali R
In Nov 1638 after three days naval battle in Duimunisila with Ahoms, Mughal under Md Zaman and Mir Zeinuddin retreated to Kajali
Ahoms overran Mughals at Kajali and reached Guwahati in pursuit of the Mughals
Peace Treaty of Asurar Ali signed betn the Allah Yar Khan Governor of Kamrup and Momai Tamuli
Brahmaputra R
Duiminisila
Kaliabor
Kajali
Tezpur
Bharali R
Asurar
TREATY OF ASURAR ALI - 1639
Guwahati
Barnadi R
The treaty fixed the Barnadi R in the north and Asurar in the south of Brahmaputra R as bdy betn Ahoms and Mughals
Kamrup Ahoms
COLD WAR PD : 1639- 58
Violation of pers freedom of subjects
Mughal capital shifted from Hajo to Guwahati
Pratap Singha died in 1641, Jayadhwaj Singha – new king
Resumption of trade
Diplomatic correspondence betn Momai Tamuli and Allah Yar Khan showing gestures of peace
Mughals Khedah ops in Darrang
Extradition of political offenders
Evidently the Treaty of
Asurar Ali was honoured more in its
breach than obs
Mughal Empire
Ahom Kingdom
W Koch
Mughals overthrown from Kamrup
RENEWAL OF CONFLICT
Entire territory betn the Barnadi R & Sankosh R under Ahom rule
Kamrup
Kamrup – Bone of contention betn Ahoms and Mughals
Shah Jahan’s illness and Shuja’s absence from Bengal
Ahoms under Tangchu and the West Koch Kingdom under Jaya Narayana attk Mughal Kamrup
Aurangzeb appt Mir Jumla as the new Governor of Bengal
INVASION OF MIR JUMLA
Mir tasked to conquer Assam and Arakan
Mir detected some signs of crack in the Ahom allies
New king of Kamrup Jaya narayana - deserted the Ahoms
Jaya Narayana apprised sit of Kamrup and Assam to Mir
Mir deputed Rashid Khan against Ahoms
INVASION OF MIR JUMLA : 1662
In Jan 1662 Mir occu Jagighopa and adv on three fronts
N bank – Mir Jumla, S Bank – Sayyid Khan
SaraighatJagighopa
KajaliHajo
PanduSualkuchi
Beltala
DarrangSamdhara
Simalugarh Garhgaon
Goalpara
DhubriGuwahati
N Bank – Hajo, Sualkuchi, Saraighat & Darrang captured
S bank –Guwahati, Pandu, Beltala & Kajali
Mughals adv further east towards Ahom capital Garhgaon
TRIUMPHAL MARCH OF MIR JUMLA TO GARHGAON
Saraighat
Hajo
Beltala
Darrang
Garhgaon
Ahom King Jayadhwaj conc def at twin strongholds
Mughals encircled Simalugarh & captured
Jagighopa
Kajali
PanduSualkuchi
SamdharaSimalugarh
Goalpara
DhubriGuwahati
Withdrawal of Ahom forces at Samdhara
In Mar 1662 Garhgaon was captured
Treaty of Ghilajharighat signed on 23 Jan 1663
Kaliabor
Namrup
TREATY OF GHILAJHARIGHAT : 1663
Signed by Mir Jumla & Jayadhwaj
Dowry of 20,000 tolas gold, 1,20,000 tolas silver and 20 dressed elephants
An yearly war indemenity of 30,000 tolas silver and 90 elephants
Pay annual tribute of 20 elephants at Guwahati
Return areas from Manas R to Guwahati
Cede areas of Kamrup to Mughals
Send four hostages, one each from the royal family of Ahoms
Release captives of Mughal Kamrup
EXPANSE OF TERRITORY : TREATY OF GHILAJHARIGHAT
Signed by Mir Jumla & Jayadhwaj
Mughal emperor paid dowry of 20,000 tolas gold, 1,20,000 tolas silver and 20 dressed elephants
Ahoms paid yearly war indemenity of 30,000 tolas silver and 90 elephants
Pay annual tribute of 20 elephants at Guwahati
Return areas from Manas R to Guwahati
Cede areas of Kamrup to Mughals
Send four hostages, one each from the royal family of Ahoms
Release captives of Mughal Kamrup
AHOM KINGDOM
MUGHAL EMPIRE
Bharali R
Sankosh R
Manas R
EXPANSE OF TERRITORY : TREATY OF GHILAJHARIGHAT
LACHIT BORPHUKAN AND
THE BATTLE OF SARAIGHAT
AHOM KINGDOM – 1663 : POL & MIL CHANGES
King Jayadhwaj died and Chakradhwaj took over
SaraighatJagighopa
KajaliHajo
PanduSualkuchi
Beltala
DarrangSamdhara
Simalugarh Garhgaon
Goalpara
DhubriGuwahati
Jaintia Kingdom
Kachari Kingdom
Diplomatic talks with Jaintia & Kachari kingdoms
Lachit Deka Borphukan appt as the chief of Ahom Forces
Mughal Empire
Ahom Kingdom
Atan Borhogohain appt as Prime Minister
LACHIT BORPHUKAN
Born on 24 Nov 1622 to Momai Tamuli Borbarua
Educated in humanities, mil tactics & holy scriptures
Held various other imp appts before appt as Ahom Army Gen
Strengthened the Ahom Army
Clever diplomat and great mil ldr with unusual grit, will power, stamina and depth of judgement
“If you (the soldiers) want to flee, flee. The king has given me a task here and I will do it well. Let the Mughals take me away. You rep to the king that his Gen fought well fwg his orders.”
Ardent patriot as Chatrapati Shivaji
LACHIT BORPHUKAN
Born on 24 nov 1622 to Momai Tamuli Borbarua
Educated in humanities, mil tactics & holy scriptures
Held various other imp appts before appt as Ahom Army Gen
Strengthened the Ahom Army
Clever diplomat and great mil ldr with unusual grit, will power, stamina and depth of judgement
“If you (the soldiers) want to flee, flee. The king has given me a task here and I will do it well. Let the Mughals take me away. You rep to the king that his Gen fought well fwg his orders.”
Ardent patriot
Saraighat
Hajo
Beltala
Darrang
Garhgaon
Jagighopa
Kajali
PanduSualkuchi
SamdharaSimalugarh
Goalpara
DhubriGuwahati
Kaliabor
LACHIT PREP HIS ARMY FOR WAR : 1663-1667
Incr in food production
New fortifications at Samdhara, Simalugarh & Kaliabor
New war vessels constr & fitted with cannons
Mfg of arms and amn under pers supervision
Rd along Brahmaputra R from Kaliabor to capital Garhgaon duly guarded
Indn of new rects
Rehearsals of battle drills
MUGHAL DEF - 1667
UmanandaBarnadi R
Rangamahal
Saraighat
Hajo
Itakhuli
Pandu
Latasil
Kajali
Guwahati
Sualkuchi
Shah Buruz
Brahmaputra R
Darrang
Ahom forces under Lachit adv towards Guwahati
LACHIT RECAPTURES GUWAHATI : 1667
Lachit made Kaliabor his base camp & adv with two div
Umananda
Rangamahal
Saraighat
Itakhuli
Pandu
Latasil
Kajali
Sualkuchi
Shah Buruz
Darrang
Kaliabor
Hajo
Brahmaputra R
N div – Atan BorhagohainS div – Nausilia Phukan Barnadi R
N div pushed Mughals across Barnadi RS div dislodged Mughals upto Itakhuli
Umananda
Rangamahal
Pandu
Latasil
KajaliShah Buruz
Darrang
Saraighat
Sualkuchi
Kaliabor
Hajo
Barnadi RUmananda
Rangamahal
Pandu
Latasil
KajaliShah Buruz
Darrang
LACHIT RECAPTURES GUWAHATI : 1667
ItakhuliItakhuli
Saraighat
Sualkuchi
Hajo
Manas R
Mughals pushed beyond Manas R
In Nov 1667 Itakhuli captured
Brahmaputra R
DEF OF AHOMS
SARAIGHAT
KalahiBoko
Rangamahal
Hajo
Sualkuchi
Saraighat
Itakhuli
Pandu
Latasil
Shah Buruz
Brahmaputra R
Nagarberra
Manas R
HQ Guwahati – Lachit BorphukanN sector – Atan BorhagohainS sector – Lahan Hazarika
Ram Singh commissioned as Mughal Gen against Ahoms who adv upto Hajo
Fortifications at Saraighat strengthened
Region upto Manas R strengthened
THE FINAL ATTK
Agiathuti
Kajali
AndharubaliKoolhati
Akul Ali
Sualkuchi Itakhuli
Pandu
Latasil
Shah Buruz
Hajo
Saraighat
Rangamahal
Mughals beseiged Agiathuti, Saraighat and Rangmahal on the N bank
Naval forces adv towards Saraighat and est forts just short of Ahom cannon fire
Mughals encircled by Ahoms, retreated to Hajo
Ram Singh adv on the S bank and invested Pandu
Monsoons began and the Mughals retreated to Sualkuchi
Rft for Ahoms arr at Sarighat from Samdhara
LESSONS LEARNT
Leadership
Trn analysis
Decision making
Delaying tactics
Planning and prep for war
Small team ops
JAI HIND
