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15/01/2015

Beta blockers in cardiology

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Page 1: Beta blockers in cardiology

15/01/2015

Page 2: Beta blockers in cardiology

Beta-blockers were first developed by Sir James Black

They are considered one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology in the 20th century.

Sir James Black was awarded the Nobel prize in 1988 for advances in medicine.

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1st Generation Non-selective Propranolol

2nd Generation β1-selective

Atenolol

Metoprolol

Betaxolol

Bisoprolol

3rd Generation

Additional

properties, for

example

vasodilation

Carvedilol

Nebivolol

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Beta receptors classification:

1. beta 12. beta 23. beta 3

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Actions of the β3 receptor include:

Enhancement of lipolysis in adipose tissue Thermogenesis in skeletal muscle

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300:1

1:35 1:35

1:75

increasing ß1-selectivity

increasing ß2-selectivity

ICI 118.551

1.8:1 Propranolol

Atenolol Betaxolol

Bisoprolol

no selectivity

Ratio of constants of inhibition

1:20

Metoprolol

1-selectivity of various -blockers

Wellstein A et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986; 8 (Suppl. 11): 36-40Wellstein A et al. Eur Heart J 1987; 8 (Suppl. M): 3–8

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Angina pectoris Atrial fibrillation Cardiac arrhythmia Congestive heart failure Hypertension Mitral valve prolapse Myocardial infarction

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Reduction in myocardial oxygen requirements via a decrease in heart rate, blood pressure and ventricular contractility.

Slowing of the heart rate prolongs coronary diastolic filling period.

Redistribution of coronary flow toward vulnerable sub-endocardial regions.

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Increases threshold to ventricular fibrillation. Reduction in infarct size and reduction in the risk of

cardiac rupture. Reduction in the rate of reinfarction. Regression of the atheromatous process. Atheromatous plaque stabilisation (rupture less likely).

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Beta blockade is the conventional in hospital quadrapletherapy, with statins, anti platelet agents and ACE inhibitors

A combination of these will reduce 6 month mortality by 90% compared with treatment by none of these

▪ Mukharjee D etal. Impact of combination evidence based medical therapy on mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2004;

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In early STEMI there are no good trial data on the early use of beta blockade in the reperfusion era

Logically it must be useful in ongoing chest pain, tachycardia , hypertension ,or ventricular rhythm instability

In the COMMIT trial early intravenous metoprolol given to more than 45,000 Asiatic patients, about half of whom were treated by lytic agents and without primary percutaneouscoronary intervention, followed by oral dosing, led to 5 fewer reinfarctions and 5 fewer ventricular fibrillations per 1000 treated

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The cost was increased cardiogenic shock, heart failure, persistent hypotension and bradycardia (in total, 88 serious adverse events).

▪ Chen ZM, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomisedplacebo-controlled trial. Lancet

Overall, however, no convincing data emerge for routine early intravenous b-blockade. With selected and carefully monitored exceptions, it is simpler to introduce oral b-blockade later when the hemodynamic situation has stabilized

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The current American College of Cardiology (ACC)–American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines recommend starting half-dose oral b-blockade on day 2 (assuming hemodynamic stability) followed by dose increase to the full or the maximum tolerated dose, followed by long-term post infarct b-blockade.

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Administer b-blockade for all postinfarct patients with

an ejection fraction (EF) of 40% or less unless contraindicated, with use limited to carvedilolmetoprolol succinate, or bisoprolol, which reduce mortality (Class 1, Level of Evidence A);

(2) administer b-blockade for 3 years in patients with normal LV function after AMI or ACS; (Class 1, Level B). It is also reasonable to continue b-blockade beyond 3 years (Class IIa, Level B)

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b-blockers have multiple antiarrhythmic mechanisms and are effective against many supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.

b-blockade may help in the prophylaxis of SVTs by inhibiting the initiating atrial ectopic beats and in the treatment of SVT by slowing the AV node and lessening the ventricular response rate.

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surprisingly, in sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmiasthe empirical use of metoprolol was as effective as electrophysiologically guided antiarrhythmic therapy.

Steinbeck G, et al. A comparison of electrophysiologicallyguided antiarrhythmic drug therapy with beta-blocker therapy in patients with symptomatic, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. N Engl J Med1992;327:987–992

Likewise, in ventricular tachyarrhythmias, the ESVEM study showed that sotalol, a b-blocker with added Class III activity was more effective than a variety of Class I antiarrhythmics.

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In patients with atrial fibrillation, current management practices often aim at control of ventricular rate (“rate control”) rather than restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm (“rhythm control”). b-blockers, together with low-dose digoxin, play an important role in rate control in such patients

In postinfarct patients, b-blockers outperformed other antiarrhythmics and decreased arrhythmic cardiac deaths.

In postinfarct patients with depressed LV function and ventricular arrhythmias a retrospective analysis of data from the CAST study shows that b-blockade reduced all-cause mortality and arrhythmia deaths

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In perioperative patients, b-blockade protects from atrialfibrillation

Intravenous esmolol is an ultrashort-acting agent esmololthat has challenged the previously standard use of verapamilor diltiazem in the perioperative period in acute SVT, although in the apparently healthy person with SVT, adenosine is still preferred

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Beta blockers in heart failure

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Myocardial b-receptors respond to prolonged and excess b-adrenergic stimulation by internalization and downregulation, so that the b-adrenergic inotropic response is diminished

For b2-receptors, there is an “endogenous antiadrenergicstrategy,” self-protective mechanism against the known adverse effects of excess adrenergic stimulation

approximately 20% to 25%, of b2-receptors in the myocardium, with relative upregulation to approximately 50% in heart failure

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The hyperphosphorylation hypothesis. The proposal is that continued excess adrenergic stimulation leads to hyperphosphorylation of the calcium-release channels (also known as the ryanodine receptor) on the SR.

This causes defective functioning of these channels with excess calcium leak from the SR, with cytosolic calcium overload.

the ryanodine receptor downregulated, the pattern of rise and fall of calcium ions in the cytosol is impaired with poor contraction and delayed relaxation.

These abnormalities are reverted toward normal with b-blockade

Doi M, et al. Propranolol prevents the development of heart failure by restoring FKBP 12.6-mediated stabilization of ryanodine receptor. Circulation2002;105:1374–1379.

Kubo H, et al. Patients with end-stage congestive heart failure treated with beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists have improved ventricular myocyte calcium regulatory protein abundance. Circulation2001;104:1012–1018

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Bradycardia (↑ coronary blood flow and decreased myocardial oxygen demand).

Protection from catecholamine myocyte toxicity.

Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias.

Anti-apoptosis. β2 receptors, which are relatively increased, are coupled to inhibitory G protein & block apoptosis.

Inhibition of RAAS. When added to prior ACE-I or ARB, metoprolol augments RAAS inhibitors

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Select patients with stable heart failure; start slowly and uptitrate gradually while watching for adverse effects.

Data from placebo-controlled large trials, adapted fromMcMurray, Heart, 1999, 82 (suppl IV), 14-22.

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The usual procedure is to add b-blockade to existing therapy, including ACE inhibition and diuretics,

However, in several recent studies, b-blockers were also given before ACE inhibitors, which is logical, considering that excess baroreflex-mediated adrenergic activation may be an important initial event in heart failure

Never stop the b-blocker abruptly (risk of ischemia and infarction)

Use only b-blockers with doses that are well understood and clearly delineated, and with proven benefit, notably carvedilol,metoprolol, bisoprolol, and nebivolol

Sliwa K, et al. Impact of initiating carvedilol before angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on cardiac function in newly diagnosed heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:1825–1830.

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In hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, high-dose propranolol is standard therapy although verapamil and disopyramide are effective alternatives.

In catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia high-dose b-blockers prevent exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia

In mitral stenosis with sinus rhythm, b-blockade benefits by decreasing resting and exercise heart rates, thereby allowing longer diastolic filling and improved exercise tolerance.

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In mitral valve prolapse, b-blockade is the standard procedure for control of associated arrhythmias

In dissecting aneurysms, in the hyperacute phase, intravenous propranolol has been standard, although it could be replaced by esmolol

In Marfan syndrome with aortic root involvement, b-blockade is likewise used against aortic dilation and possible dissection

In neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) syncope, b-blockade should help to control the episodic adrenergic reflex discharge believed to contribute to symptoms

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Congenital QT-prolongation syndromes b-blocker therapy is theoretically most effective when the underlying mutation affects K1 channel–modulated outward currents.

In postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), both low-dose propranolol (20 mg)and exercise training are better than high-dose propranolol (80 mg daily)

In Fallot’s tetralogy, propranolol 2 mg/kg twice daily is usually effective against the cyanotic spells, probably acting by inhibition of right ventricular contractility

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Vascular and noncardiac surgery. b-blockade exerts an important protective effect in selected patients. Perioperative death from cardiac causes and MI were reduced by bisoprolol in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery

Thyrotoxicosis Anxiety states. Glaucoma. Migraine Esophageal varices Stroke

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Which of the following beta blockers have ISA ??

PROPRANOLOL CARTELOL NADOLOL PENBUTOLOL ACEBUTALOL PINDOLOL

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THANK YOU

Have a nice day ahead