Chapter 11 The Advent of the “isms”The Advent of the “isms”

1815-1848

“The Dual Revolution”Economic and political changes

Industrial middle class want representation

Conservatismvs.

Liberalism NationalismSocialism Communism

Republicanism

Conservatism• Stability from traditional power

structures–monarchy, nobles, and church–Law and order

• Revolution, “the Enlightenment”, and change = violence and chaos

Post Napoleonic

WarsQuadruple

AllianceRussiaPrussiaAustria

Great Britain

Balance Power and

return stability

Restored French Restored French Monarchy Monarchy (Bourbons) (Bourbons)

andand 1792 Borders1792 Borders (leniency)(leniency)

Napoleon ended the

HRE in 1806

HRE Francis II became Austrian Emperor Francis I

Congress of Vienna(1814-1815)

Start of the “Congress System”

Restore MonarchiesBalance Power

Stop Revolutions

The RepresentativesThe Representatives

Prince Klemens von

Metternich(1773-1859)

Austria

Metternich hated the Enlightenment“Drag through the mud the name of God and the powers instituted by His diving decrees and the revolution will be prepared! Speak of a social contract, and the revolution is accomplished!”

“…The revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country… It was greatly developed under

the regime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His laws displaced a number of

laws, institutions, and customs….”

Metternich Feared Change(esp. Liberalism and Nationalism)

• Balance Power• Stop spread of Revs.

and Enlightenment• Lost some territory

– Belgian and German

• Gained Northern Italy– Venetia, Lombardy, and Adriatic

Sea

Great Britain Robert

Castlereagh

• Balance Power• Eliminate French threats to

economy• Took French Caribbean

Colonies• Continue naval superiority

(no freedom of the seas)

France Charles

TalleyrandTraitor or Skilled

Diplomat?

King Louis XVIII restored

A well connected friend of all and a friend of none

Napoleon called Talleyrand "a piece of dung in a silk

stocking''

• Balance Power• 1792 Borders Returned• Loss of Caribbean• Indemnity of 700 Million

Francs• Support Occupational

Army for 5 Years

Russia

Tsar Alexander I

• Blocked discussion of Turkey and the Balkans

• Wanted to rule Poland– Too much!– Threatened Balance

• Gained smaller version of Poland

Prussia

Prince Karl Hardenberg

• Wanted Saxony– Too much!– Threatened Balance

• Gained About 2/5 of Saxony–The 39 Germanic states

remained divided

Congress of Vienna RecapAustria

UK

France

Russia

Prussia

Balance powerStop revolutions

British economic power

“Best deal” possible

Wanted new territory, gained smaller portions

Prussia as a “Sentinel” against France

Europe After the C

ongress of Vienna

The Concert of Europe

Holy Alliance

To Stop Future Liberal

Activities and Revolutions

Austria, Russia, and Prussia

Principle of Intervention“States, which have undergone a change of government due to revolution, the result of which threaten other states, …cease to be members of the European Alliance, and remain excluded from it until their situation gives guarantees for legal order and stability. If, …immediate danger threatens other states the powers bind themselves, by peaceful means, or if need be, by arms, to bring back the guilty state into the bosom of the Great Alliance.”

1820 Congress of Troppauresponse to a revolt in Naples

1821 Holy Alliance

stopped Lib. Revs. in Spain

and Sicily

Conservatives in the German

Confederation

1819 Carlsbad Decrees

Spies, informers, and laws to

eliminate liberals

Carlsbad Decrees created a commissioner at every university to…

“…observe carefully the spirit with which the professors and tutors are

guided in their public and private lectures … to the maintenance of

morality, good order, and decency among the youths.”

Why so much focus on universities?

Important question to be considered in today's meeting: How long will we be

allowed to think?

Challenges to ConservatismChallenges to Conservatism

NationalismNationalismLiberalismLiberalismSocialismSocialism

Nationalism• Unifying cultural identity• Self-Determination and

Sovereignty (esp large minority pops)• Feelings of superiority

–“Us” and “Them”• Feared by conservatives and

allied with liberals

Eastern EuropeEastern EuropeSlavic NationalismSlavic Nationalism

oror

Russian SlavophilismRussian Slavophilismoror

Pan-SlavismPan-Slavism

Greek Nationalism

and Liberation

Dominated by Ottoman Turks

Since 1400s

1821 Revolt led by

Alexander Ypsilanti

Europe split over supporting revolt

Muslims or Nationalists?

1830 Greek IndependenceEventually

Russia, UK, and France supported

the Greeks

***Ypsilanti died in 1828

1830 Poland failedto break from Russia

1830 Belgium broke from the Netherlands (const. monarch)

IIreland’s Great Faminereland’s Great Famine

1845-1851Irish Famine Many impoverished Catholic peasants

Landlords demanded rent

------------------------------------

Govt. demanded tax

------------------------------------

Mass Evictions

Millions Died or Left Anti-BritishAnti-British Feelings and

Irish Irish NationalismNationalism

Followed

Classical Liberalism• Liberty, Equality, and Freedom

–Enlightenment principles• Representative government

and constitutions (who votes?)• Separation of church and state• Laissez faire free market and

competitive economics

Nineteenth-Century Britain• ~8% Have Voting Rights (1700s)

• Conservative Tory Party feared Liberal Whig Party–Whigs = const., free market, abolition,

and expand voting (property requirement)

1815 Corn Laws stopped import of foreign grains (with a ceiling)

Who supported? Who opposed?

1819 Six 1819 Six Acts Acts

eliminated mass meetings

People assembled in St. Peter’s Square, Manchester and were attacked

Battle of Peterloo 1819

"Down with 'em! Chop em down my brave boys: give them no quarter they want to take our Beef & Pudding from us! ---- &

remember the more you kill the less poor rates you'll have to pay so go at it Lads show your courage & your Loyalty"

Whigs and growing

Middle Class (industrial areas) pushed for

Reform Bill of 1832

House of House of Commons Commons became the became the dominant dominant

HouseHouse

1832 Reform Bill cont.Voting Expanded (12% of pop)

“Rotten Boroughs” eliminated

Liberal Groups

ChartistsChartistsDemands For

Universal Male Suffrage

Failed

Anti-Corn Anti-Corn Law LeagueLaw League

1846 Won Repeal

Free Trade Established

(Laissez Faire Liberals)

Liberal Groups

ChartistsDemands For Demands For

Universal Universal Male Suffrage Male Suffrage

FailedFailed

Anti-Corn Anti-Corn Law LeagueLaw League

1846 Corn 1846 Corn Laws repealedLaws repealed

Free Trade Free Trade Established Established

(Laissez Faire Liberals)(Laissez Faire Liberals)

1846 Whigs and some Tories under

PM Robert Peel (Tory) Repealed

Corn Laws-----------------------------------------Also tolerance for

Catholics

Socialism• Free market capitalist

competition is destructive• Cooperation and community• Parts of economy controlled by

groups or the state (rational organization)

• Income redistribution–rich and poor more equal

French Utopian SocialismFrench Utopian Socialism

Count Henri de Saint-Simon

(1760-1815)Industrialization = Huge Possibilities

Moral Duty to Improve Living

Conditions

ParasitesCourts, Church,

Aristocrats

DoersScientists, Engineers,

Industrialists

SocialistSocialistLouis BlancLouis Blanc

(1811-1882)Organization of Work (1839)

Universal suffrage Universal suffrage and guaranteed and guaranteed

employmentemploymentWorker led movementWorker led movement

English social reformer and industrialist

Robert Owen(1771-1858)

Socialist Communal Society1820s New Harmony, IN

1848 1848 Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• Eliminate Classes Eliminate Classes - “History of all - “History of all previously existing society is the history of class previously existing society is the history of class struggles”struggles”–BourgeoisieBourgeoisie (middle class oppressors)(middle class oppressors)–ProletariatProletariat (exploited working class)(exploited working class)

• Abuse of the worker = Abuse of the worker = historic historic inevitability of Violent Revolutioninevitability of Violent Revolution

• Govt control of industryGovt control of industry

Marxist Socialism (Communism)

“Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working Men of All Countries, Unite!”

Anti-Capitalist

Propaganda 1911

Communists are anti-religion

“Religion is the sigh of

the oppressed creature, …

It is the opium of the

people.”

Republicanism• Power resides in citizens entitled to vote

and is exercised by elected representatives that govern according to law

• Class political equality (gender?)• Old power bases (ex. Catholic Church)

are the enemies of reason and liberty• Strong origins in France

France in turmoil since the 1789 Revolution

Uprisings in 1830, 1832, and 1848

1830 1830 French French

RevolutioRevolutionn

died in 1824

Louis XVIIIConstitutional Constitutional

Charter of Charter of 18141814

Undemocratic, but not

absolutist

Charles X(1757-1836)

Brother of Louis XVI and XVIII

Wanted tore-establish the “Old Order”

Charles X tried to rally

French nationalism by invading

Algeria

France Ruled Algeria 1830-1962

Charles X eliminated 1814

ConstitutionCensored press

and limited voting

1830 Revolt = Abdication of Charles X

Upper Middle Class supported Louis Philippe (Charles’s Cousin)

Louis Philippe(1773-1850)

last king of France

(r. 1830-1848)

Constitution mostly served rich upper

middle class--------------------------------------------

Only 3% of the population could vote-------------------------------------------

Working class = revolution for nothing?

1832 June RebellionRepublicans failed to oust Louis-Philippe (also misery from famine and epidemic)

Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables

1835 the “Infernal Machine” failed to assassinate Louis Philippe

1840 Louis- Napoleon led a failed coup and

was jailed----------------------

Escaped to England