Chapter3 Attitudes and Job Satisfication

心碩二 何育甄

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Attitudes

• Attitudes are evaluative statements－ either favorable or unfavorable － concerning objects, people, or events.

• They reflect how one feels about something.• “I like my job.”

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Attitudes

What are the main components of attitudes？ How consistent are attitudes ？ Does behavior always follow from attitudes ？ What are the major attitudes ？ How are employee attitudes measured ？ What is the importance of attitudes to workplace

diversity ？

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What are the main components of attitudes ？

• Cogniyive component– The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.

• Affective component– The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.

• Behavioral component– An intention to behave in a certain way toward

someone or something.

• In organization, attitudes are important because of their behavioral component.

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How consistent are attitudes？

• Cognitive dissonance– Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or

between behavior and attitudes.

• Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency in uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissotency and, hence, the discomfort.

• No individual can completely avoid dissonce.

• So how do people cope ？

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• The desire to desire reduce dissonce would be determined by – The importance of the elementscreating the

dissonance.– The degree of influence the individual believes he or

she has over the elements.– The rewards that may be involved in dissonance.

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Does behavior always follow from attitudes？

• The assumed relationship between attitudes and behavior was challenged by a review of the research in the late 1960s.– The most powerful moderators of the attitudes-

behavior relationship have been found to be the importance of the attitude, its specificity, its accessibility, whether there exist social pressures, and whether a person has direct experience with attitude.

• Self-Perception Theory– Attitudes are used after the fact to make sence out of

an action that has already occurred.

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What are the major job attitudes？

Job satisfaction– A positive feeling about one’s job resulting from an

evaluation of its characteristics.

Job involvement– The degree to which a person identifies with a job,

actively participates in it, and considers performance important to self-worth.

– Psychological empowerment.

Organizational commitment– The degree to which an employee indentifies with a

particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.

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Organizational commitment• Affective commitment

• An emotional attachment to the organization and a belief in its values.

• Continuance commitment• The percieved economics values of remaining with an

organization compared to leaving it.

• Normative commitment• An obligation to remain with the organization for moral

or ethical reasons.

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• Organizational commitment• There is a positive relationship between

organizational commitment ang job producttivity.• There us a negative relationships between

organizational commitment and both absenteeism and turnover.

• Affective commitment– Affective commitment is more strongly related to

organizational outcomes like performance and turnover than the other two commitment dimensions.

– Affective commitment was a predictor of various outcomes than the other two commitment dimensions.

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Other job attitudes

• Percieved organizational support （ POS）• Employee engagement

Are thes job attitudes really all that distinct？

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How are employee attitudes measured？

• Attitude surveys– Eliciting responses from employees through

questionnaires on how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, and the organization.

– The use of regular attitude surveys can alert management to potential problems and employees’ intentions early.

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What is the importance of attitudes to workplace diversity？

• Managers are increasingly concerned with changing employee attitudes to reflect shifting perspectives on racial, gender, and other diversuty issues.

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Job Satisfaction

How do we measure job satisfaction ？ How satisfied are employees in their jobs ？ What causes an employee to have a high level

of job satisfaction ？ How do dissatisfied and satisfied employees

affect an organization ？

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Measuring job satisfaction？

A single global rating – Reply by circling a number between 1and 5 that

corresponds to answers from “highly satisfied ” to “high dissatisfied”.

A sumation score made up of number of job facets– It identifies key elements in a job and ask for the

employee’s feelings about each.– These factors are relaed on a standardized scale and

than added up to creat an overall score.

• Is one of the foregoing approaches superior to the other ？

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How satisfied are people in their jobs？

• Are most people satisfied with there jobs ？• Research shows that satisfaction levels vary a

lot depending on which facet of job satisfaction you’re talking about.

• Exhibit 3-2

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What cause job satisfaction？

• Enjoying the work itself is almost always the facet most strongly correlated with high level of overall job satisfaction.

• Pay （ Exhibit 3-3）• Personality also plays a role.

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The impact of dissatisfied and satisfied employees on the workplace？

• Exhibit 3-5Active

Destructive

Passive

Constructive

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Active/ passiveConstructive/ destructive• Exit

– Behavior directed toward leaving the organization.

• Voice– Actively and constructively attempting to improve

conditions.

• Loyalty– Passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to

improve.

• Neglect– Passively allowing conditions to worsen.

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Job satisfaction and job performance• “Myth or Science ？”

- Organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with fewer satisfied employees.

Job satisfaction and OCB• Job satisfaction should be a major determinant of an

employee’s organizational citizenship behavior （ OCB） .

• But satisfaction is unrelated to OCB when fairness is controlled.

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Job satisfaction and customer satisfaction• Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction

and loyalty.• Dissatified customers can increase an employee’s

job dissatisfaction. - Service-oriented bussiness obsess about pleasing

their customers.

Job satisfaction and absenteeism• There is consistent negtive relationship between

satisfaction and obsenteeism.

-The relation is moderate to weak： organizations that provide liberal sick leave benefits.

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Job satisfaction and turnover• Satisfaction is also negatively related to turnover. -Some factors are important constrains on the actual

decision to leave one’s current job.

Job satisfaction and workplace deviance• Job dissatisfaction predicts a lot of specific

behaviors.• The key is that if employees don’t like their work

environment, they’ll respond somehow.-It is not always easy to forecast exactly how they’ll respond.

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