Coleccion bicentenario-libro-de-ingles-4to-ano

Hugo Rafael Chávez FríasComandante Supremo de la Revolución Bolivariana

Nicolás Maduro MorosPresidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Jorge Alberto Arreaza Montserrat Vicepresidente Ejecutivo de la República Bolivariana

de Venezuela

Maryann del Carmen Hanson FloresMinistra del Poder Popular para la Educación

Maigualida del Valle Pinto IriarteViceministra de Programas de Desarrollo Académico

Trina Aracelis ManriqueViceministra de Participación y Apoyo Académico

Conrado Jesús Rovero MoraViceministro para la Articulación de la

Educación Bolivariana Viceministro de Desarrollo para la Integración de la

Educación Bolivariana

Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte Directora General de Currículo

Neysa Yrama NavarroDirectora General (E) de Educación Media y Técnica

InglésCuarto Año

Nivel de Educación Media del Subsistema de Educación Básica

Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este material sin autorización del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación

DISTRIBUCIÓN GRATUITA

© Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educaciónwww.me.gob.ve

Esquina de Salas, Edi8cio Sede, parroquia Altagracia,Caracas, Distrito Capital

Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación, 2013Primera edición: Mayo 2013

Tiraje: 400.000 ejemplaresDepósito Legal: lf51620134281791

ISBN: 978-980-218-364-7República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Coordinación General de la Colección BicentenarioMaryann del Carmen Hanson Flores

Coordinación Pedagógica de la Colección BicentenarioMaigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte

Coordinación General Logística y de Distribución de la Colección BicentenarioFranklin Alfredo Albarrán Sánchez

Coordinación Logística Deyanira D’ Jesús Urbáez SalazarJhonny José Quintero PáezYrene Lucrecia Duarte Hurtado

Coordinación General de la serie InglésRosa López de D’Amico

Coordinación EditorialIsabel C. Faneyth Serrano

Autoras y AutoresIsabel C. Faneyth SerranoRosa López de D’AmicoYvemar Peraza M.Yvonne SaulnyManuel Adrián ArriojaLigia ÁlvarezIsabel CarrilloBelkys BlancoGretel HernándezJosil Jose8na Murillo

Asesoría CurricularIsabel C. Faneyth SerranoRosa López de D’AmicoJorge Enrique GonzálezAndrés Carmelo AlgaraLigia Álvarez Yvemar Peraza M.Isabel Carrillo

Corrección de LenguajeMark Gregson

Coordinación de Arte Gilberto Abad VIvas

Diseño Grá8coGilberto Abad Vivas

DiagramaciónKelly Gerardin Calderón Labrador

IlustraciónBraulio GonzálezJosé Alberto LostaléJosé Ángel DíazJulio César AguiarMorelys Rivas FonsecaRafael Pacheco RangelRosanna GalucciSamuel GonzálezVíctor Silva Yassamy Moreno Pérez

Suministro de papel: INVEPAL

A las y los docentes

My Fourth Victory es un libro hecho con mucho amor y profesionalismo, especialmente para

nuestras y nuestros estudiantes, así como también para ustedes estimadas y estimados colegas.

Como docentes especialistas en la enseñanza de idiomas modernos, nos ha preocupado la

enseñanza del idioma inglés, en nuestros centros educativos desde hace algún tiempo. Es por esto que nos

hemos esmerado en elaborar este hermoso material para ayudarles, junto con su experiencia y su bagaje

de conocimientos, a cumplir con esta ardua tarea, como es el enseñar un idioma extranjero. Es algo que

va más allá de plani8car las actividades, dar una clase, asignar una tarea, evaluar a través de una prueba,

de reunirse con las y los representantes para conversar acerca del rendimiento estudiantil. Se trata de que

a esta persona que tendremos en nuestras manos, la ayudemos a conocer sus talentos, a desarrollar sus

habilidades, a potenciar sus conocimientos, a valorar lo suyo y a trabajar para mejorarlo y hacerlo más

grande al pasar el tiempo. En este libro, creamos diferentes actividades y temas para lograr tales objetivos,

asumiendo que nuestras y nuestros estudiantes son cada vez más exigentes y que podemos hacerlos

conocedores de sus deberes y derechos, merecedores de lo mejor.

Cada tema introductorio fue seleccionado con tópicos interesantes para ser desarrollados con

sencillez en una discusión sana y enriquecedora, en la cual se promueva la exposición de opiniones con

respeto a las opiniones de los demás. La idea es que vean el idioma inglés como un medio para adquirir

conocimientos. Que podamos transmitirles el mensaje de que al hablar, entender, leer y escribir en inglés,

aumenta su nivel de comunicación, a tal punto, que puedan estar al día con lo que ocurre a nivel mundial

y a su vez puedan transmitir lo de su entorno a personas de otros países, pues este idioma nos abre las

puertas al mundo.

Así, pues, estimadas y estimados colegas, aquí está el fruto de un gran esfuerzo para contribuir en

esta loable labor de educar y formar al ciudadano que nuestra patria necesita, los cuales sean proactivos,

comunícativos, reMexivos, que amen y de8endan la patria venezolana, para hacerlo cada vez mejor,

tomando en cuenta lo importante que es el vivir bien.

A el (la) estudiante

Querido (a) estudiante:

Bienvenido a cuarto año! Un año maravilloso donde vas a continuar aumentando tu nivel de

conocimiento, conversarás sobre las diferentes carreras que te ofrece nuestro sistema de estudios y

de otros temas que ocurren a nivel mundial que nos afectan como habitantes de este planeta.

Este libro fue especialmente diseñado para ti con mucho amor y dedicación. Contiene temas

actuales, sencillos y sobre todo de interés para ti y para todos. Cada lección tiene el propósito de mostrarte

la información de manera sencilla para que accedas a los contenidos con facilidad. Podrás notar que se

presentan varios temas con diversos tipos de ejercicios que ayudan a desarrollar y 8jar cada situación.

El idioma inglés, como ya lo sabes, tiene varias características que debes recordar siempre para facilitar

su adquisición: se escribe de una manera y se pronuncia de otra, la(s) palabra(s) que describe(n) va(n)

delante del sustantivo, y algunas otras que seguramente ya has ido descubriendo. Lo que debes tener

presente es que es un medio para comunicarte diferente al tuyo. Y que como tal, debes familiarizarte con

todos los aspectos aunque te parezcan extraños. Solo ten en cuenta que son diferentes.

Este año que ya tienes conocimiento del idioma que has adquirido en primero, segundo y tercer

año, tenemos el GLOSSARY en inglés y unas interesantes lecturas adicionales al 8nal del libro. Todo esto

para complementar tu formación integral.

Es importante que estés enterado de todas las posibilidades que tienes cuando hablas, comprendes,

lees y escribes en inglés. Además de estar en armonía con tu entorno escolar, pues es una asignatura más,

estás en contacto con el mundo entero: puedes recibir y dar información a nivel mundial. Este es el idioma

que se usa para todas las transacciones comerciales, comunicaciones en el campo aeronáutico, cientí8co

y en todas las carreras donde pueda tener inherencia la tecnología actual. Así pues, te invito a aprovechar

disfrutar esta edición y, a la vez te exhorto a que te prepares cada vez mejor para que asumas tu rol en

la sociedad que tanto te necesita y espera por ti y tu aporte para hacer de esta una PATRIA GRANDE,

segura y productiva.

Índice

Lesson 6 - I haven t / She hasn t / I hadn t 48

CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO

UNIDAD PROPÓSITOS LECCIONES GRAMÁTICA

1

I will…

REPASO DE 3er AÑO:

Futuro.

01- I’ll be a great…

Presente continuo.Futuro “going to”. Will.Cláusulas with “if” and “when”Where…?IWhat…?Who did you… with?Should Have to…

02- I’ll be…if I…

03- My holidays…

2

…but not anymore.

Hablar y escribir acerca de eventos que solían llevarse a cabo en el pasado, causa y efecto, experiencias.

ReMexionar acerca de experiencias y eventos del pasado su relación con la realidad y que podemos hacer para transformarlo.

04- Did you know what…?

Used to. Pasado simple. Presente perfecto. Pasado perfecto. Por qué…, porque… Conjunciones: Conectores: según su función: adición, contraste, resultado, propósito.Adverbs: ever, always, never, etcPrepositions: for since

05- Joining…

06- I haven’t / She hasn’t / I hadn’t…

3

Who…?

Comentar y escribir acerca de conMictos comunes entre padres e hijos.

Valorar la buena comunicación en la familia y la comunidad para fortalecer valores de amor y respeto hacía una cultura de paz

07-…by yourself.Pronombres: reMexivos, posesivos, objetivos, etc. Adjetivos. Pronombres relativos: who, which, where, whose, etc. Primer condiciona: If I… verb (present tense) …I will+verb (base form)…Cláusulas negativas y a8rmativas. Preguntas (simples y de información), respuestas.

08- He is the one who…

09- Who…?

4

Connditions…?

ReMexionar acerca de situaciones probables y condiciones.

Comentar y escribir oraciones acerca de situaciones imposibles de modi8car pues ya ocurrieron

Analizar y buscar posibles soluciones a situaciones presentadas que puedan contribuir con la transformación de la realidad.

10- If I…

Segundo condicional:If … +verb (past form)…, … would+verb (base form)…Review of past tense verbs.Review of past participles.Tercer condicional If …had +verb (past participle form)…, … would have +verb (past participle form)…

11- What would…if…?

12- It wouldn’t have happened if I…

CONTENIDOS Y PROPÓSITOS DE 4° AÑO

5

It…

Utilizar Valorar el uso “it” en expresiones que muestran habilidad, percepción, arrepentimiento y acuerdo.

Utilizar otros usos de “it” en diálogos y párrafos cortos.

13- It’s easy for me to…

It+verb to be+adjective to…

It +verb+to me(that)It+verb to be+adjective/ adverb.It+verb to be+adjectiveWhat is the weather like?

14- It seems to me (that)..

15- It’s sunny.

6

Actions

Utilizar estructuras en forma tanto oral como escrita con verbos seguidos de:

-in8nitivo

-nombre o pronombre

-verbo-ing

16- She oWered to…

…o.er to (verb)…

…makes me to (verb)…

…mind verb-ing …

17- He wants me to…

18- We enjoy reading …

7

…,right?

Usar preguntas de con8rmación al 8nal de la oración.

19-…,are you?

…,aren’t you? …,are you?…,is she? …,isn’t she?…,don’t you? …,do you? ...haven’t you?´…,hasn’t she? …will you? …,won’t you? Todos los tiempos verbales estudiados.

20-…,do you?..

21-…,have you?

8

…built by…

Utilizar la Voz Pasiva en conversaciones y párrafos para relatar hechos que “alguien” lleva a cabo. Asimismo, contrastar con Voz Activa.

22- …is made by… …is made by… It is made of……is being made by…was made by……was being made by……has been made by……willl be made by…Is … made by…?Was… made by?(Todos los cambios en los tiempos verbales señalados)

23- …was made by…

24- …willl be made by…

Unit One: I will...8

Read the following paragraph

“The future starts today, not tomorrow”.

When choosing a career, students should consider certain aspects related to their interests, abilities, and working preferences. Therefore when selecting a career, students should not choose a career at random or based on tradition. It must be the result of a reMection about knowing themselves, the current study opportunities locally and nationally, motivation, awareness of the occupational world, and so on. When choosing a career, they are also deciding what their future job will be and how they will be part of the working force for the development of their country. For further information they can visit the web site of the National Universities Council in which they could 8nd the universities, careers and national training programs available in Venezuela.

http://loeu.opsu.gob.ve/

AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE

1. When choosing a career you should follow your abilities.

2. You have to ask your friends for their preferences, when choosing a career.

3. You have to study the most common career in your country.

4. There are two areas of knowledge.

5. There is no webpage information about careers in your country.

6. The study opportunities information in Venezuela is restricted.

Basic Sciences

Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Based on the previous paragraph, write T (True) or F (False) in the following statements. Correct the false ones. Support your statements.

A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Sea and Agro Sciences

Health Science

Education Science

Social Science

Humanities, Letters and Arts

Science and Military Arts

B. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

Unit One: I will... 9

Alicia I really don’t know what to study.

Diego Where would you like to work?

Alicia You mean, where will I work?

Diego Yes, where do you see yourself in the future?

Alicia Um… I am curious about oil. I’d like to work at PDVSA.

Diego Good point! Now, there are many working areas in PDVSA.

Alicia Where can I get that information?

Diego Check the webpage of PDVSA and later visit the

webpage of the OPSU study opportunities book.

Read the dialogue. Practice it with a partner.

PURPOSE EXPLANATION

1. PREDICTIONS WILL + VERB is used for predictions or statements of facts about the future.

2. INTENTIONS BE + GOING TO + VERB is used in talking about a plan for the future that somebody had in mind.

3. ARRANGEMENTS BE + VERB-ING is used in talking about a plan for the future that somebody discussed with someone else.

C. NOW LET´S PRACTICE

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS: FUTURE TENSES

10 Unit One: I will...

EXAMPLES

1. Will all the students register at the OPSU national university entry system by the end of this week?

- Yes, they will. They will register in the OPSU web page.

- No, they won’t. They will do it next week.

2. Are you going to study engineering? - Yes. I am going to study chemical engineering.- No, I am not. I’m going to study law.

3. Are you doing anything special tomorrow?- Yes I’m taking the vocational test tomorrow

morning.- No, I’m not. I’m staying home.

Some Technical Careers

Air tra>c controller

A person who controls the Mow of airplanes in an airport.

Aeronautical Station Operator

They receive and send messages in the airport.

Search and Rescue O>cer

They organize special operations of rescue after an air accident.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. ReMect about it

There many universities and technical institutes in Venezuela where you can study many diWerent careers. They are classi8ed in public and private universities / institutes. The list is extensive and you can 8nd them in the OPSU study opportunities book. You will be surprised by the variety that you can 8nd there.

UBV – UCV – UNERG – UPEL – UNEFA - UCLA - UNES ULA – UNELLEZ – LUZ– UDS – UNEY – UNEXPO – IUAC – UC– USB - UMC – CULTCA – UNA – UPT – UNESR – CUC – UDO -UMBV – UNEFM – UNEG – UNEARTE – IUTB – IUTET – CUHELAV

Why do think people study short or long careers?What does each acronym stand for?

F. READING AND REFLECTING

E. VOCABULARY

11Unit One: I will...

Complete the following statements with a career and the name of the university or institute.

1. I am going to study _______________ at __________________________.

2. Berta is going to study _______________ because she is good at_______.

3. Elvis will study _______________ because __________________________.

4. Luis is checking the web page for technical careers. He’d like __________.

Inés Will you take the vocational test?

Alberto Vocational test? What test is that?

Inés It is the test that helps us to identify our abilities!

Alberto Really? How come?

Inés It is an electronic test with items that will show your

tendency for a speci8c area of knowledge.

Alberto That will be helpful. I’ll take it.

Inés We all have to take it!

G. LET’S APPLY

According to a report by UNESCO, Venezuela has Latin America’s second-highest rate of enrollment in higher education: 83 percent. This 8gure rivals that of developed countries like Finland (92 percent). The average rate of enrollment for the region stands at 29.6 percent.

http://venezuela-us.org/educacion-en-numeros/

H. DISCUSS AND REFLECT


Complete the chart in your notebook. Write the statement in the required tense.

FUTURE GOING TO SIMPLE FUTURE

1. I’m going to study Chemistry. 1.

2. 2. She will enroll in UNEARTE.

3. He is going to study at the Venezuela Military Academy. 3.

4. 4. They will study environmental engineering.

Listen to the teacher and identify the statements according to the purpose of the speaker.

Prediction Intention Arrangement

Check about Venezuelan’s universities in the following link. You will 8nd a list of public and private universities / institutes.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Universidades_de_Venezuela

I. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND

J. ALL EARS


Medicine

Telecommunications Engineering

Special Education

International Studies

Political Science

Computer Science

Management Disaster

Sports Science Sociology

International Business

Civil Engineering

Physical Therapy

Physical Education

Social Work

Law

Biology Architecture Languages Arts

Journalism Psychology Veterinary English

Education Biochemistry Pharmacy History

Economy Administration Mathematics Statistics

Nursing Accounting Nutrition Geology

Agriculture Management Dentistry Music

Choose one of these careers and write about it. Then report to the class.

In your notebook, write questions to the following answers.

1. _______________? 1. I’ll study in my hometown.

2. _______________? 2. He’s going to study to be a 8re8ghter.

3. _______________? 3. Yes. She is going to choose accounting.

4. _______________? 4. No, they won’t. They will study hospitality and tourism.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET S CREATE


Read the proverbs and talk about them. Support your statements.

LET´S HAVE FUN

b. Taxi driver d. Fisherman c. Hairdresser

g. Cook h. Tailor

e. Seamstress

i. Plumber j. Farmer

a. Homemaker

f. Janitor

“Whatever your life’s work is, do it well. A man should do his job so well that the living, the dead, and the unborn could do it no better”.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

“Work digni8es a person’s life, or at least it should”

Proverb.

Match the pictures with the jobs. Write the letter on the line given.

16

Look at the mind map.

“A sound mind in a sound body”.“Mens sana in corpore sano”.

“The greatest wealth is health”Virgil

Health is the general condition of a person’s mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain (as in “good health” or “healthy”). The World Health Organization (WHO) de8ned health in its broader sense as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or in8rmity”. Health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the eWorts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. The main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person’s individual characteristics and behavior.

What is this reading about?

Now answer these questions.

1. What does it mean to be in good health?

2. Are you in good health?

A. LET’S EXPLORE!



Jorge Lifestyle is very important to have quality of life.

Josil What do you mean?

Jorge We need to practice exercise, eat healthy food and have a positive attitude.

Josil So if we eat healthy food and exercise regularly we will have good health.

Jorge It does help, but there are other elements.

Josil Like what?

Jorge You have to reduce stress and get enough sleep at night.

Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner

CONDITIONAL IF CLAUSE Type I: condition possible to ful8ll

if clause main clause

Simple Present will-future (or Modal + verb)

EXAMPLES

1. Will you change your eating habits if your doctor asks you to go on a healthy diet?

Yes. If my doctor asks me to go on a healthy diet I will change my eating habits.

2. What will you do if you want to lose weight very soon?

If I want to lose weight very soon, I will start doing regular exercise .

QUESTION

Will + subject+ verb + complement if + subject + verb + complement?

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



Read the following quote.

Live in rooms full of lightAvoid heavy food

Be moderate in the drinking of wineTake massage, baths, exercise, and gymnastics

Fight insomnia with gentle rocking or the sound of running waterChange surroundings and take long journeys

Strictly avoid frightening ideasIndulge in cheerful conversation and amusements

Listen to music.

Aulus Cornelius Celsus

What elements do you need to consider if you want to have a healthy life according to Cornelius? Is there a balance in the activities he mentions?


E. VOCABULARY


Read the following clauses. In your notebook write the other clause to get meaningful statements.

1. If I want to be healthy,________________________ .

2. Will you exercise daily ________________________ ?

3. If Thomas gets enough sleep every night,________________________ .

4. What leisure activity will you do________________________?

Look at the picture. Read the following quote.

“Everyone should be his own physician. We ought to assist and not force nature. Eat with moderation what agrees with your constitution. Nothing is good for the body but what we can digest. What medicine can produce digestion? Exercise. What will recruit strength? Sleep. What will alleviate incurable ills? Patience”.

Voltaire

Why do you think Voltaire refers to nutrition, exercise and patience as related to health? Support your statements.

G. LET’S APPLY



The groundwork of all happiness is health.James Leigh Hunt

To keep the body in good health is a duty, otherwise we shall not be able to keep our mind strong and clear.

Buddha

“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.”

Hippocrates

“Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it.”

Plato

“The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather will cure and prevent disease with nutrition.”

Thomas Edison

Translate the following quotes into spanish. Discuss them. In your notebook, write a list of the pieces of advice they suggest.

DictationListen to your teacher carefully and write the sentences in your notebook.

J. ALL EARS



Key determinants of an individual’s health.

�� Lifestyle: personal decisions that can be said to contribute to balance, or lead to unhealthy imbalance.

�� Environmental factors: all those related to health external to the human body and over which the individual has little or no control;

�� Biomedical factors: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as inMuenced by genetic characteristics.

In your notebook, write a dialogue based on the following quote.

“If you have health, you probably will be happy, and if you have health and happiness, you have all the wealth you need, even if it is not all you want.”

Elbert Hubbard

K. LET’S CREATE


In your notebook write three questions related to the following passage.

Recreation is an activity of leisure (or free time, which is spent away from business, work, and domestic chores). It also excludes time spent on necessary activities such as eating, sleeping and, where it is compulsory, education. Recreation is an essential element of human being. Recreational activities are often done for amusement, or pleasure.

Read the following rhyme and practice it with your partner. Then create or 8nd a rhyme based on the topic of this lesson.

The best six doctors anywhereAnd no one can deny itAre sunshine, water, rest, and airExercise and diet.These six will gladly you attendIf only you are willingYour mind they’ll easeYour will they’ll mendAnd charge you not a shilling.

Nursery rhyme quoted by Wayne Fields, What the River Knows, 1990.

L. ASK ME...

LET´S HAVE FUN

24

Lesson 3 My holidays...

I will...

“Actions speak louder than words”.

Look at the following words.

RELIGIOUS CELEBRATION OCTOBER 12th

FUN VACATION

EASTER MARCH 19th

CARNIVAL NICE JAN 1st

MAY 1st

JUNE 24th

JANUARY 15th

COOL MARCH 8th

TRAVEL PUBLIC HOLIDAYS SHARE DEC. 31st

JULY 5th

APRIL 19th

AUGUST 3rd

ENJOY APRIL 23rd

NATIONAL DAY DECEMBER 17th

RELAX APRIL 22nd

NOV. 18th

FEB. 12th

JULY 24th

SLEEP CHRISTMAS

Read the passage and answer the questions below

A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law in which normal activities, especially business or work, are suspended or reduced. Generally holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate something of cultural or religious signi8cance. Holidays may be designated by governments, religious institutions, or other groups or organizations. The concept of holidays has most often originated as religious observances. The intention of a holiday was typically to allow individuals to tend to religious duties associated with important dates on the calendar. In most modern societies, holidays serve as much of a recreational function as anything else.

What is a holiday?Who designates a holiday?What was the purpose of celebrating a holiday in the past?What do people do on holidays?

What do they suggest to you?

A. LET’S EXPLORE!



Practice the following dialogue with a partner.

Alex Where did you go on your last vacation?

Yanire I went to Mochima National Park.

Flor Cool! In my case I went to the Andes.

Ciro How nice! We breathed pure air in Canaima.

Alex Great! You all had time to visit nice places. We went to the Capanaparo river.

Ciro If I have the chance next year, I’ll go there. I love rivers.

INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH IF CLAUSE TYPE I

WH - WORD + WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + IF CLAUSE?

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



1. What will you see if you go to the Capanaparo River?

If you go to the Capanaparo River, you will see a very diverse fauna and the Marisela monument, the one from the famous Rómulo Gallegos’ novel.

EXAMPLES

2. Where will you go for carnival if you have the opportunity to decide?

If I have the opportunity to decide, I will go to El Callao to enjoy the famous carnival.

3. What will Henry have to do if he wants to get to the highest station in Merida’s cable car?

If he wants to get to the highest station, he will have to remember to slow down the pace to get used to the altitude.


Now, let’s learn about the diWerent holidays we celebrate in our country.

Read the following passage about the classi8cation of holidays.

National holidays: Nations and territories observe holidays based on events of signi8cance to their history. For example, Venezuelans celebrate Independence Day, on July 5

th with military parades.

Secular holidays: Several secular holidays are observed, such as EarthDay or Arbor Day, internationally, and across multi-country regions, often in conjunction with internationalorganizations. But they are not strictly holidays as time oW work is rarely given. E.g., World Physical Activity day is April 6

th

Religious holidays: Many holidaysare linked to faith and religion.Christian holidays are de8ned as part of the liturgical year. The main ones are Easter and Christmas.

Name some other holidays in Venezuela, when and how we celebrate them.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate information.

1. If you go to La Victoria, Aragua State on February 12th

, you ________(see) the parade.2. We will participate in La Paradura del Niño if you __________ in The Andes on February 2

nd.

3. If people want to ________the beach for carnival, they will have to plan it in advance.

National holidaySecular holiday Religious holiday

April 19th

,1810 Independence day.

Woman’s day March 8th

The Nativity scene / The Manger (Christmas) December 25

th


E. VOCABULARY

G. LET’S APPLY


‘holiday’ Etymology:

The word holiday is derived from the notion of “Holy Day”.

It originally referred to special religious days. In modern use, it means any special day of rest or relaxation, as opposed to normal days away from work or school.

In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.

1. ¿Dónde está el aeropuerto más grande de Venezuela?

2. ¿Tomará usted un vuelo si tiene que viajar a Puerto Ayacucho?

3. ¿Cuándo tomará usted sus vacaciones?

4. Si desea acampar en nuestro hermoso país, usted encontrará magní8cos parques nacionales.

Some people in Venezuela like to travel by plane when they go on vacation. So they use our modern airports very often. We have national and international airports. Our biggest one is Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía. But we also have others that receive international and national Mights such as Santiago Mariño, Arturo Michelena, La Chinita, Jacinto Lara, to mention but a few.

Now it is your turn to share information about other airports in our country.




Dictation

Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.

In English we can 8nd two connotations of the word ‘holiday’:

a. ‘a day oW’. July 5th

is a National Holiday.

b. ‘vacation’. Where will you go on summer holiday this year?.

Petrica Let’s go to FITVEN this afternoon.

Aníbal FITVEN? What does FITVEN stand for?

Petrica It stands for Venezuela’s International Tourism Fair!

Aníbal Tourism? I didn’t know anything about it.

Petrica It’s wonderful! ______________________________.

Aníbal If I go there, what ___________________________?

Petrica If you go there, you will _______________________.

Aníbal __________________________________________

Read the following conversation and complete the missing information.

J. ALL EARS

K. LET’S CREATE


1. ____________________________________________________________? Yes, it is. Recreation is very important for our health.

2. ____________________________________________________________? Leisure activities provide relaxation and happiness.

3. ____________________________________________________________?No, we won’t. We will travel by bus.

4. ___________________________________________________________ ?One of the goals of FITVEN is bringing together an exhibit of all of the Venezuelan cultural diversity and the warmth of our people in one place.

Write an acrostic poem.

H-

O-

L-

I-

D-

A-

Y-

L. ASK ME...

LET´S HAVE FUN


Unit Two: ...but not anymore.32

“The past remembered is a good guide for the future”.

Look at the picture. Read the following dialogue.

Did you know that Venezuela’s 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela?Wow! I didn’t know that.Yes. And did you know that we used to have more land than what we have now?Really? How is that?Well, in 1941, President Eleazar López Contreras signed a land border treaty with the president of Colombia and we lost 108,000 km ². That’s a pity!

Map of Venezuela of 1890

1. ____________________________________________________________? Venezuela’s 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela.

2. ____________________________________________________________? We lost 108,000 km ² of land.

3. ____________________________________________________________? Eleazar López Contreras was.

Write the questions to the following answers.

A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Isabel:Diana:Isabel:Diana:Isabel:

Diana:

Eleazar López Contreras


Unit Two: ...but not anymore. 33

Manuel: Did you know that Venezuela used to have a diWerent constitution?

Daniel: Yes, the one from 1961.

Manuel: Yes, but there used to be others.

Daniel: Really? How many constitutions have we had?

Manuel: We have had 20 constitutions.

Daniel: Wow, that’s too many!

Manuel: Yes, I know.

Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner.

Constitution of the States of VenezuelaFirst Federal Constitution

December 21 1811

USED TO

EXAMPLES

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


used to + in8nitivedidn’t use to + in8nitiveDid + subject + use to + in8nitive

Used to:� to talk about a habit or regular activity in the past that doesn’t happen now.� to describe situations in the past which don’t exist now.

Abrmative: Venezuela used to have another name.Negative: Venezuela didn’t use to be the size it is now.Questions: Did we use to have another constitution?

� He used to collect stamps.� Our Mag and shield used to be diWerent.� There used to be less trabc than today.

34 Unit Two: ...but not anymore.

This used to be the Manzanares River in the 1900s.

Essolene used to bring gasoline to Venezuela.

Caracas used to have a trolley.

E. VOCABULARY

35Unit Two: ...but not anymore.

Read the paragraph and complete the sentences.

The United States of Venezuela was the obcial name of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela between 1864 and 1953. In 1830, when it is separated from Great Colombia, the country’s obcial name is identi8ed with the Republic of Venezuela. Its 8rst capital was Valencia and its 8rst president, José Antonio Páez. In 1864, with the triumph of Federalism, the obcial name became that of the United States of Venezuela, and remained so until 1953, year in which it retook the name of Republic of Venezuela. In the government of Hugo Chávez Frías, the name of the nation became Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

1. The 8rst capital of the Republic of Venezuela was____________________.2. The obcial name of Venezuela in 1864 used to be____________________.3. Venezuela separated from Great Colombia in_____________________.

ReMect about:

What other things did Venezuela used to have besides a diWerent name?

1.____________________________________________________________.Abrmative

2.__________________________________________________________.Negative

3.__________________________________________________________.Question


G. LET’S APPLY

Follow the instruccions below and write three statements in your notebook.


Roberto: I didn’t know Venezuela’s Mag used to have seven stars.

Susana: Yes. Venezuela also used to be diWerent.

Roberto: What do you mean?

Susana: I mean, it didn’t use to have so much trabc.

Roberto: Yeah, I know. It didn’t use to be so noisy.

Susana: What about what people used to eat then?

Roberto: I don’t know. I guess they used to eat the same food we eat now.

1863 1905

� Great Eastern State (consisted of Barcelona, Cumaná an Maturin).

� Great Guzmán Blanco State (Bolívar, Guárico, Guzmán Blanco and Nueva Esparta.

� Great Carabobo State (Carabobo and Nirgua).� Great State of Los Andes of North West (Barquisimeto

and Yaracuy except the department of Nirgua).� Great State of South West (Cojedes, Portuguesa and

Zamora (Barinas).� Great State of Los Andes (Mérida, Tachira and Trujillo).� Great State of Bolívar (Guayana and Apure).� Great Satate of Falcón Zulia (Zulia and Falcón).



Match the sentences on the left with the sentences on the right. Write the letter on the line given.

1. I used to eat a lot of chocolate but ___ a. now she works in Maracay.

2. Caracas used to have a trolley but___ b. now it has 8.

3. When I was younger, I didn’t use to eat cheese but ___ c. I often used to go to the theater.

4. Venezuela’s Mag used to have 7 stars but ___ d. now it has a subway.

5. When I lived in the city ___ e. now I eat it a lot.

6. Carmen used to work in Caracas but__ f. now I’m on a diet.

Listen carefully and 8ll in the blanks.

Mr. Sánchez ______ ______ collect Venezuelan stamps. He _____ _____ put them in a _______, and his wife ______ _____ throw them away. Mr. Sánchez _______ them out of the garbage and _______ them back in the drawer one day _____ ______ to put them in the scrapbook left some ordinary pieces of paper and his wife ______ _____ them ______. That was the end of this story.

“Used to” vs. Simple PastBoth Simple Past and “Used to” can be used to describe past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however, “used to” is preferred when emphasizing these forms of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other hand, when asking questions or making negative sentences, Simple Past is preferred.

Examples:

��used to play the piano.�� you play the piano when you were young?��did not play the piano when you were young.

J. ALL EARS



Estefanía and Pablo used to go out together. But then Estefanía got tired of Pablo. Describe how things have changed.

1. __________________________________________________________.

2. __________________________________________________________.

3. __________________________________________________________.

4. __________________________________________________________.

Write questions to the following answers.

1. ___________________________________________________________? Venezuela used to have eight major states.

2. ___________________________________________________________? No, she didn’t. My grandmother didn’t use to drive.

3. ___________________________________________________________? She used to work for PDVSA.

LET´S HAVE FUN

I used to But now I always But I never I once But now I If I could I would I never But I might I can't But I can I won't But I might I used to But now I

Write your own ‘used to’ poem

L. ASK ME...

K. LET S CREATE


“There’s no place like home.”

Read the f

According to the reading, are the following statements True (T) or False (F)? Correct the false ones. Support your ideas.

1. Venezuela is mostly bilingual.

2. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes three indigenous languages.

3. Arab people, in addition to Spanish, speak Italian.

4. Less than 1% of the population speaks indigenous languages.

A. LET’S EXPLORE!



Complete the sentences with these linking words: as a result, so, but, also.

1. I would like to see an old Venezuelan map, _______ let’s go to the library.

2. We want to go around Venezuela; _______ we don’t seem to 8nd the time.

3. Venezuela lost some land. _______, today’s map is diWerent.

4. Our country _______ experienced immigration from other Latin American countries.

Expressing Contrast But, however, although, though, even though, in spite of.

Stating Results Thus, as a result, so.

Adding Further Support Besides, also, moreover, in addition to.

Providing Reasons Because, in order to, so that, since, as, for this reason, therefore.

EXAMPLES

Expressing contrast Although Venezuela lost part of its border, it still has a lot of land.

Stating Results Venezuela is divided into 8 regions As a result, the Mag has 8 stars.

Adding Further Support In addition to the 23 states, Venezuela has 12 Federal Dependencies.

Providing Reasons The stilt houses reminded Américo Vespucio of the city of Venice. For this reason he named the region Veneziola.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



Read the paragraph and answer the questions below.

Hinterland is a tributary region, either rural, urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a nearby town or city. The term is also used to refer to the rural area around a city or town. It is characterized by a less dense population and infrastructure. In shipping usage, a port’s hinterland is the area that it serves, both for imports and for exports. The size of a hinterland can depend on geography, but also on the ease, speed, and cost of transportation between the port and the hinterland. George G. Chisholm (Handbook of Commercial Geography, 1888) transcribed the German word hinterland (land in back of ), as hinderland, and used it to refer to the backcountry of a port or coastal settlement. By the early 20th century the backcountry or tributary region of a port was usually called its hinterland.

http://www.britannica.com

1. How is a hinterland linked to a city? ____________________________________________________________.

2. How is the word hinterland used in shipping? ____________________________________________________________.

Which areas does Venezuela have as hinterlands?

Complete the following sentences in your notebook..

1. President Chávez changed the Constitution although…

2. The Constitution says that justice is important as well as…

3. The state is committed to not only protect, but…

4. In addition to the usual three powers, legislative, executive and judiciary, the new constitution adds…

G. LET’S APPLY



The fauna of Carabobo state mainly inhabits the tropical forests, surrounding grassland and mountainous landscapes. Though a richly inhabited land, the pollution of many of its lakes and rivers has caused the wildlife of Carabobo to be transformed and mutilated, adapting itself in order to survive. The vast majority of wildlife that remains is predominately birds due to their ability to be able to My in search of cleaner water.

What can you do in order to save Valencia lake?

Nueva Esparta State (“New Sparta”) is named for the heroism shown by its inhabitants during the Venezuelan War of Independence, deemed similar to that of the Spartan soldiers of Ancient Greece.



In your notebook, translate the following sentences into English.

1. Además de Los Roques, Venezuela tiene otras islas.___________________________________________________________.

2. La gasolina en Venezuela es barata porque está subsidiada.___________________________________________________________.

3. Aunque Venezuela tiene mucha tierra desocupada, la mayoría de su gente vive en Caracas.___________________________________________________________.

Dictation

Listen to your teacher carefully. Write the sentences in your notebook.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________.

Linking words for comparison

as well as, both... and, compared to, in the same way, likewise, as well, by comparison, similarly.

Example: Carabobo State is a Central State as well as Aragua State.

J. ALL EARS



Use the linking words: although, therefore, because, in addition to, besides, but, as a result and so, to write a paragraph in your notebook about Venezuela.

1. ____________________________________________________________. No, I don’t. Although I live in Venezuela, I don’t know my territory well.

2. ____________________________________________________________. In addition to oil, we also export plantain.

3. ____________________________________________________________. In the 17th century, indigenous people lived in Venezuela as well as many Europeans.

4. ____________________________________________________________. Venezuela changed as a result of the expansion of the colonial system.


K. LET S CREATE

L. ASK ME...


“No bees, no honey; no work, no money”.

Read the following dialogue.

Renato is having an interview about a job at a restaurant.

Answer these questions about the interview in your notebook.

What jobs are available at the restaurant?____________________________________________________________.

What position does Renato want to apply for?____________________________________________________________.

Has Renato had any experience as a waiter?____________________________________________________________.

What is the main requirement to get the job?____________________________________________________________.

Interviewer:Renato:

Interviewer:

Renato:Interviewer:

Renato:

Interviewer:Renato:

Interviewer:Renato:

So, you´re here to apply for the cashier’s position.Actually, Mr. González, I’d prefer the waiter’s position, instead.Have you worked as a waiter before?Yes. I’ve worked at some restaurants and cafes around here.Have you taken any courses related to it?No, but I’d be willing to.Well, 8rst of all you need to update your food handling course. Then we’ll talk again.Do you mean you’ll hire me?Only if you have taken the course. Come back as soon as you do that.Thank you.

A. LET’S EXPLORE!



Read the dialogue and practice it in groups of three.

Renato is talking to a couple of friends about the job interview he had.

Carlos: Hey! There you are. Where have you been? We’ve been looking for you high and low!

Renato: Hi, Carlos. Hi, Miguel. Really? I had told you about the interview for the part-time job, guys.

Miguel: That’s true! We forgot that. How did it go?

Renato: Not bad. But I have to do a food-handling course before applying for the waiter position.

Carlos: Waiter? I thought you wanted the cashier’s position.

Renato: I made up my mind. I’d like to work in something more dynamic where I can be closer to people.



Present Perfect

Have / Has + past participle

A>rmative form Negative form Interrogative form

You have

done it.

You haven’t

done it.

HaveI

you

done it?

He

She

it

has

He

She

it

hasn’t Has

he

she

it

We

You

They

have

We

You

They

haven’t Have

we

you

they

Examples

A: Where have you worked?

B: I have worked in some hotels since I turned 16. What about Tina? Hasshe ever worked?

A: No, she hasn’t. She has only helped me at the restaurant for a couple of weeks.

Past Perfect

Had + past participle

A>rmative form Negative form Interrogative form

I

You

He

She

it

We

You

They

had done it.

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

hadn’t done it Had

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

done it.

Examples

A: What had you done when our boss arrived?

B: I had changed the beds sheets. What about you? Had you doneeverything?

A: No, I hadn’t. I had only watched TV since I arrived.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


Some part hospitality time jobs

Chef F&B Supervisor Housekeeper Sales assistant

Read the following text and answer the question.

Centros de Capacitación Turística Regionales (CCTR)

CCTR are training centers created by the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela aimed at strengthening the skills and practical knowledge of the workers of the tourism and hospitality industry. They provide the tourism system with the necessary improvements to achieve high quality services outside and inside the country, through hands-on courses, in both operational and administrative areas, such as: cuisine, room service, marketing and sales, information management, entertainment and recreation, personnel management and operational training. CCTR oWer their courses in the following State-run hotels:Hotel Venetur Maracaibo in ZuliaHotel Venetur Puerto La Cruz in Anzoátegui.Hotel Venetur Margarita in Nueva Esparta.Hotel Venetur Alba Caracas in Distrito Capital.

��

��

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense.

1. Renato _____________ (8nish) his food handler course already.2. He _______________ (study) there since Mr. González ____________ (interview) him.3. Mr. González wanted to hire him that day, but he __________ (not/take) the course when he had the interview.4. He _________ (think) about taking a cooking course the following month.


E. VOCABULARY

G. LET’S APPLY


Here are some of the reasons why a career in hospitality is great. Read the six ones that are given and say what the last two refer to.

Reasons why hospitality jobs are great

You make people’s day

Your business is all about people. It’s about making people happy.

It’s creative

Hospitality is creative. You are creating a product — be that food, drink, or an experience — and there’s always new ways of making it more enjoyable for your customers.

It opens a door to the world

Every country has a hospitality industry, and the skills you learn here are readily transferable, meaning that a career in hospitality can very easily be the key to discovering new countries, new culture and new people.

There’s no need to get stuck

In the space of a few years, you may move between receptionist jobs, reservations manager to concierge and beyond. Where else could you get that sort of variety?

You can take on early responsibility

If you work hard, acquire your quali8cations, get on with customers and colleagues, and show initiative, very soon you’ll 8nd yourself in a senior position managing people and projects.

Not 9-5

It involves a great deal of variety, not only in terms of the hours you work, but also the work you do during those hours.

Explain:

Great atmosphere

It’s a safe bet


(Retrieved from: http://www.caterer.com/careers-advice/life-at-work)


Venezuela is one of South America’s most diverse countries, featuring 25 diWerent eco-systems that encompass mountains, rain forests, savanna and coastal reefs. The Amazon and the Orinoco, two of the world’s major rivers, are in our blessed country, too.

In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.

1. ¿Dónde has trabajado?___________________________________________________________.

2. Reina había decidido optar por el cargo de Gerente de Mercadeo y Ventas.___________________________________________________________.

3. Él ha contratado tres personas a medio tiempo.___________________________________________________________.

4. ¿Qué hace un camarero?___________________________________________________________.

Listen to the order in the description of these jobs and number them.

Housekeeper

F&B manager

Sales Assistant

Chef

J. ALL EARS



Present perfect:��An action that started in the past and continues to

the present:I have lived in this city for six months.

�� An action that happened before now (unspeci8ed time)I have been to Japan twice.

Past perfect:��An action that happened before a time in the past

This morning, I discovered that I had left my computer on the night before.

In pairs, write your own conversation in your notebook. You are in a job interview for a F&B position at a 5 star hotel.

Write questions to the following answers in your notebook.

1. ___________________? Yes. I have taken some hospitality training courses.

2. ___________________? He’d like to apply for the cashier’s position.

3. ___________________? No, she has never worked.

4. ___________________? Because he hadn’t taken the food-handling course.

5. ___________________? I like the marketing and sales area.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

Who?

Unit Three: Who?56

Lesson 7By yourself

Problems between parents and children education begins at home and all the family can solve them. Some years ago children who are now parents were mastered, controlled and manipulated by a punitive force. But today things have changed. Nowadays, communication can help us to solve conMicts.

ConMicts between parents and children are dibcult to control. Many parents recognize that the old methods of punishment based on fear, domination and guilt do not work. Parents who allow too much to their children do not oWer the parental control that they need. When children have the control they get out of the parents’ hands.

ConMicts between parents and children can have diWerent side eWects and the children of today are much more sensitive than the previous generations were as they are capable of more, but they are negatively inMuenced by the methods of education such as shouting, physical punishment, humiliation, shame and prohibition. In the past, punishing children with physical punishment for fear leads them to know and respect the rules. Today, physical punishment causes the exact opposite eWect and children respond to violence with violence.

http://whatafy.com/conMicts-between-parents-and-children.html

Unit Three: Who? 57

Answer the following questions related to the text above.

1. Where do problems of parents and children begin?2. Where must these problems be solved?3. Who can solve such problems?4. Is there any diWerence between children’s control today and yesterday?5. What are the methods of punishment mentioned in the text?6. What kind of eWects can physical punishment have?

Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with a partner.

MOTHER Good morning, Mr. Rondón. I have an appointment with you today.

COUNSELOR Yes, Mrs. Mijares. We have to talk about your son’s school performance. He has gotten bad grades during this term. He is neither studying nor doing his homework.

MOTHER I don’t know what to do. I have scolded and punished him but he hasn’t changed his behavior. He is at the computer until late at night every day. He isn’t getting enough sleep, either.

COUNSELOR First of all, it is necessary to speak to him. Don’t either scold or punish him. He needs help. Let me talk to him.

MOTHER Thank you very much, Mr. Rondón. I am really worried about him.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


Unit Three: Who?58

PRONOUNS

PERSONAL OBJECT POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

SINGULAR

I ME MINE MYSELF

YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELF

HE HIM HIS HIMSELF

SHE HER HER HERSELF

IT IT ITS( UNUSUAL) ITSELF

PLURAL WE US OURS OURSELVES

YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELVES

THEY THEM THEIRS THEMSELVES

EXAMPLES

1. Juan gave the pen to Paola.

2. Rodolfo looks at Betty with love.

3. Loida is doing her homework.

4. The house is Carlos and Miriam´s.

5. This is Roberto and Christian´s house.

He gave it to her.

He looks at her with love

She is doing it.

This house is theirs.

This is their house.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Unit Three: Who? 59

6. Emilia and I look at ourselves in the mirror before leaving home.

7. Give the piece of paper to Pedro and me.

8. This is her dictionary.

9. Whose pencil is this?

We look at ourselves in the mirror before leaving home.

Give it to us.

This is hers.

It´s mine.

My mother has too much work, so all of us are going to help with the household.

We have to turn oW the TV when we are doing our homework in order not to lose concentration.

The Moras are moving to a new house. All the family, including the dog, is helping.

The children don’t want to help with the chores. That’s why the parents are writing a schedule showing each shift.

E. VOCABULARY

Unit Three: Who?60

Read the following paragraph.

Helping out at home is a way of contributing to improve our family union. Our home is like a team, and in order to have it run well, it is necessary that all its members help. You can help in the following tasks at home:

Going to the grocery store, folding and putting away clean clothes, setting and clearing the table, washing and putting away the dishes, feeding and walking family pets, etc.

Do you help at home? What speci8c tasks do you do? What can you do to improve family life?

Substitute the underlined words for the corresponding pronouns.

María always helps her parents in the housework.Mildred sets and clears the table at dinner time. Pedro folds clean clothes. Manuel feeds and walks the dog.These clothes are my mother´s

Chores

Set the table Clear the table

Rake the leaves in the yard

Water the plants


G. LET’S APPLY

Unit Three: Who? 61

Having lunch

Communication among family members is really important. If one of the members has a problem, this problem will be less heavy if it is shared. Eating together sets the stage for conversation and sharing. While eating, it is advisable to turn oW the TV and enjoy the meal. If schedule permits, talk and enjoy the conversation. This must become a sacred ritual and in this way, parents and children will communicate with each other.

Does your family eat together? When? (every day/on the weekend / once a month)


1. Usualmente ayudo a mis padres en los quehaceres del hogar.2. Después de estudiar y hacer mis tareas tengo un poco de diversión.3. La comunicación familiar es realmente importante para nosotros.4. Los problemas de mis hermanos y hermanas son míos también.

Add three more of your own.



Unit Three: Who?62

With your teacher, write a dialogue in your notebook about the following situation: The Peñas are going to move out next week. Mr. Peña got a new job in another city. Ramón and Blanca are brother and sister, aged 15 and 16 respectively, who don’t want to move, because they think they will lose their friends. Their parents are trying to convince them that they won’t lose friends but will make new ones.


1. Yes, communication among family members is really important.2. Going to the grocery store, taking out the garbage, and setting and clearing the table are some of our tasks.3. No, it’s not yours. It’s mine.


Write these sentences in your notebooks. Listen to your teacher and 8ll in the blanks with the word(s) you hear.

To avoid that a ______gets worse when people are too ____to listen to one another, it’s necessary to pay attention to these suggestions:Try to_______.Put _____aside.Don’t _______the other person while he / she is speaking.Listen to ____________and try to understand what they mean.Communicate ____________.

J. ALL EARS

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

Lesson 8He is the one who...?

64

Who?

Unit Three: Who?

“A trouble shared is a trouble halved”.


A Problem is something which is dibcult to deal with. Having problems is part of the community. If you want to 8nd a good solution, it is necessary to analyze troubles. Dibculties sometimes begin at home and their solution has to come from home too. But when these problems aWect a community, solutions have to come from an organized group of people. They are the ones who will face the problem. Analyzing community problems means to think carefully about reasons why they exist and then identify possible solutions and a plan for improvement. These are the actions which will lead to community coexistence.

Circle true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones

T F

1 Problems don’t have solutions.

2 A 8rst step to solve problems is to identify how they are solved.

3 To solve a problem we have to identify why they exist.

4 Problems never begin at home.

5 Solving problems in a community will make its people get along well.


A. LET’S EXPLORE!

65Unit Three: Who?

Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with your partner.

Mother Do you want to talk to me?

Neighbor Oh, Yes! We are having some trouble in the community!

Mother Yes? Well, you know, I work all day. What is happening?

Neighbor We have loud neighbors.

Mother Really? Fortunately, they haven’t bothered me because I’m always out.

Neighbor But the music comes from your house.

Mother From my house?

Neighbor Yes, it’s your son’s music. When he returns from school he plays it too loud. You have to talk to him because he is the person that is disturbing the community.

Mother Oh! I’m very sorry. I didn’t know anything. I will talk to him right away.


Unit Three: Who?66

EXAMPLES

She is the mother who / that works all day.That is the house whose residents play music with loud bass.Were these chairs the ones which / that I brought for the meeting?

The following actions lead to a better community coexistence.

He doesn’t park his motorcycle on the sidewalk.

He gives her seat to the elderly on the bus.

When playing music, I use a reasonable volume level.

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES give additional information by using relative pronouns

Relative pronouns

Who is used for people Which is used for animals or things

That is used for people, animals and things

Whose is used to indicate possession

E. VOCABULARY

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Unit Three: Who? 67

Read the following text and think about it.

Education begins and ends at home. A child’s 8rst teachers and guidance-counselors are his / her parents. The teacher in school is his / her second teacher. Mom and Dad are primary 8gures in the children’s life at home.Sometimes, the youth of today think that if adults misbehave, then they have the right to imitate them, so it is convenient that adults give their children good examples.

What’s your opinion about the topic of this text?

Fill in the blanks with who / whose / which.

1. This is the girl ____________speaks English very well.

2. That’s the teacher ___________started the Conversation Group Match in fourth year.

3. That’s the leading group __________works for our community.

4. Are these the people ________ are going to be responsible for applying the project?

5. Those were the colors _________ we used to paint the classrooms last year.

There cannot be life or human existence without struggle and conMict. ConMict is part of our conscience. Denying conMict, we ignore even the most common aspects of our vital and social experience. Trying to escape conMict, we preserve the status quo. None of this is easily accomplished, and I would not like to leave readers with the impression that wanting is enough to change the world. Desire is fundamental, but it is not enough. It is also necessary to know how to want, to learn how to want, which implies learning how to 8ght politically with tactics adequate to our strategic dreams.

Adapted from: (pages 50-51) Paulo Freire’s Educational Theory. Analyst: John Lyons http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Freire.html

Are conMicts necessary?What’s important about them?What’s your opinion about this reading?


G. LET’S APPLY


Unit Three: Who?68


1. Aquellas son las personas que saben convivir en su comunidad.

2. Aquellos son los jóvenes que protegen a los animales en este lugar..

3. Esta es la comunidad que da el ejemplo de buen comportamiento.



Unit Three: Who? 69

Dictation


In your notebook, write your own conversation based on the following situation: Pedro is a widower who works all day long. His neighbors are complaining about his son because the boy plays music with loud bass at home while he’s absent. He talks to him to make him understand that his behavior is not correct. He oWers to spend more time with him.

J. ALL EARS

K. LET’S CREATE


1. No, he’s not the one that makes too much noise.

2. She is the one who gave her seat to that old woman.

3. Yes, this parrot is the one which sings songs.

Add three more on your own.

Read and enjoy the following poem.

I Cultivate a White RoseBy Jose Marti

I cultivate a white roseIn July as in JanuaryFor the sincere friendwho gives me his hand frankly.And for the cruel person who tears outthe heart with which I live,I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:I cultivate a white rose.

a. Find a sentence with a relative pronoun.

b. Translate the poem.

c. What’s the message of the poem?

L. ASK ME...

LET´S HAVE FUN

Unit Three: Who?70

Lesson 9Who...?

72

Who?

Unit Three: Who?

“No man is an island”.


Can you take William and me to the movies on Saturday?

No, dear. I will be busy. But I think you are old enough to go to the movies by yourselves.

Really? That’s great! Then, if I 8nish my homework, can we go today after class?

Don’t push it, my dear. Today is Thursday and you have a math test tomorrow morning.

Tina:

Mother:

Tina:

Mother:

Read the following sentences and select T for True and F for False. Correct the false ones. Use your notebook.

1 The girl asks her mother if she can go to the movies by herself.

2 The girl is old enough to go to the movies by herself.

3 The mother says that she can go to the movies any day.

4 She can go to the movies with her friend.


A. LET’S EXPLORE!

73Unit Three: Who?

Read the following dialogue in pairs. Practice it with a partner.

Teenage boy Dad, are we going to go to the baseball game next week?

Father Maybe, if you pass your English test and 8nish all your work at home.

Teenage boy Why are you concerned? I know I will pass the test.

Father I am worried because your grades are very low this term. So, if you work hard and pass the test and 8nish your work here, we’ll go to the game.

Teenage boy I see, dad. I’ll do my best. You’ll be proud of me.

Father I am already proud of you. I just want you to be aware that your family and your studies are your priorities.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1

A conditional sentence type 1 has two clauses:The if- clause and the main clause

If + present tense + will / can / may / must + verb

It is used when a situation is real or when it can be possible.

Conditional sentences can be declarative, negative and interrogative.

Declarative sentence: If you pass the subject, we will go to the baseball game.

Negative sentence: If I don’t go to the game, I will have to wait for one year.

Interrogative sentence: What can you do, if you want to improve your English?

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


Unit Three: Who?74

EXAMPLES

If I have money, I’ll visit my grandparents next week.If Leo doesn’t call you, you can call him.If you practice a lot, you may become a member of the team.If it rains, we must wear our raincoats and boots and take our umbrellas. Will you come back tomorrow if he is busy now?

Worried / ConcernedSatisRed

Tidy / Neat Messy

Proud

E. VOCABULARY

Unit Three: Who? 75

Read the following text and think about it.

If you think about relationships in your life, you will realize that you don’t just have a boyfriend / girlfriend. You have a mother and a father, brothers and sisters, neighbors, teachers, classmates and many others. Some relationships are good and positive; others, unfortunately, are negative or dibcult. If you have a good relationship, you will have respect, care, support and trust. If you are in a negative relationship, you will 8nd bullying, pressure, lack of con8dence, and abuse.

What kind of relationships are you in, good or bad?

In your notebook, change the following sentences into the negative form.

If she works hard, she will pass the English test.If you have positive relationships with your parents, you will be successful.If we respect our friends, we will be respected too.

Mom, I want to talk about a very important thing.I’m worried. What happened?Nothing really. If I get a tattoo, will you get mad at me?A tattoo? This is a very important decision. You have to consider that it will be permanent and dangerous for your health. Tattoos can cause problems in your future: you will never be able to donate organs, if you want to. Besides, some academies don’t accept people with tattoos. And there are some other things.Really? I didn’t know that. I will 8nd out a little bit more before making a decision. Thanks for asking and considering my opinion.

Girl:Mother:

Girl:Mother:

Girl:Mother:


G. LET’S APPLY


Unit Three: Who?76

Match the de8nition with the appropriate word. Write the letter of the word on the line given.

a) tidy - b) satisRed - c) worried - d ) proud

1. Pleased because you have achieved something. _______

2. Feeling pleased and satis8ed about something that you own or have done. _______ 3. Thinking about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen. _______

4. Arranged neatly and in order. _______

Dictation

Listen to your teacher and write the sentences in your notebook.

J. ALL EARS


Unit Three: Who? 77

In your notebook,

a. Change the following sentences to zero conditional.

1. She’ll be grounded for a month if she gets bad grades this term.

2. You will be respected if you show respect for the people here.

3. If I want to learn about technology I will read more research papers.

b. Write four sentences on your own: two with zero conditional and two with conditional type 1.


1. Teenagers ask their parent if they can get home late.

2. No, parents should not abuse their adolescent children.

3. If parents and children communicate, they will have good relationships.

Add two more of your own.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

Read and enjoy the following poem.

For Whom The Bell Tolls

John Donne

No man is an island,

Entire of itself.

Each is a piece of the continent,

A part of the main.

If a clod be washed away by the sea,

Europe is the less.

As well as if a promontory were.

As well as if a manner of thine own

Or of thine friend’s were.

Each man’s death diminishes me,

For I am involved in mankind.

Therefore, send not to know

For whom the bell tolls,

It tolls for thee.

LET´S HAVE FUN

Lesson 10If I...

Conditions...?

Unit Four: Conditions...?80

“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children”.

Look at the pictures. Describe them.

Planet Earth is our home, and people are damaging it, ignoring the consequences of their actions. The planet is home to millions of species of life, including humans. It means that the damage they cause aWects everything. The human perspective regarding the Earth is widely viewed from a globally integrated perspective. This is reMected in a growing environmental movement that is concerned about humankind’s eWects on the planet. There are serious environmental issues we are facing. Ignorance may be bliss, but it’s getting increasingly dibcult to ignore the damage we are doing to the environment, especially when we see and feel the eWects so close to us. These are some of the biggest environmental threats that Mother Earth and consequently society is facing: a) Climate Change; b) Deforestation; c) Pollution; d) Loss of diversity; e) Melting Polar Ice-Caps and Rising Sea Levels; f ) Oceanic Dead Zones; g) Explosive Population Growth.

Answer the following questions:

1. What consequences of climate change do you know?

2. Why is it important to know about the melting polar Ice-caps?


A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Unit Four: Conditions...? 81

Read the following dialog and practice it.

César Did you watch the news about global warming?

Lina Yes, I did. I was surprised to know about that phenomenon.

César Now I know why we had such heavy rains.

Lina Yes, precipitation increased across the globe, on average.

César Besides, ice is melting worldwide.

Lina How does it impact us in Venezuela?

César The sea level gets higher and impacts the coastal area.

Lina If we knew about this issue, we would be more careful on how to use our resources.

IF CONDITIONAL TYPE II

If clause Main clause

Simple past form +

would

+ verb (base form)could

might

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


82 Unit Four: Conditions...?

EXAMPLES

1. If we knew about climate change, we would make a campaign about it.

What would you do if you knew about climate change?

2. The teacher could explain about global warming this week to the class if she had time.

When could the teacher explain about global warming to the class?

3. Yes. If people stopped throwing trash in the sea, diversity loss might decrease.

Might diversity loss decrease If people stopped throwing trash in the sea?

Greenhouse gasses

It is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range.

CFC - ChloroMuorocarbon

It is an organic compound thatcontains carbon, chlorine, hydrogen and Muorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane.

Ice-cap

It is an ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area.

Compact Muorescent light bulb Fossil fuels

E. VOCABULARY

83Unit Four: Conditions...?

Look at the picture. Read the passage and discuss it with your partners.

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are almost 95% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The 8nal objective of the Convention is to prevent dangerous human interference of the climate system.

Now that you know about global warming, please 8nd out about its eWects.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in parenthesis.

1. If people _______ (replace) regular light bulbs with compact Muorescent light bulbs, they would save energy.

2. Would you ________ (turn oW) the TV if you were not watching it?

3. If we _______ (plant) more trees, we might have better possibilities of breathing clean oxygen.

4. If you drove less, you ______ _______ (crate) fewer emissions.


G. LET’S APPLY


Read the passage, discuss with your partner

As the past two decades have shown, trying to get global agreement on tackling climate change seems to be futile. By comparison, more focused and limited interests of elites, however, are easier to push through, such as wars based on geopolitical threats (real and imaginary), or economic crises (where banks and other elites most responsible for the crises are bailed out by ordinary citizens). Furthermore, as the West has generally shown in the past decade or more (even when their economies were doing well) paying now for something that seems to be a problem in the future is hard to accept. It is easier, therefore, to stall and keep blaming China, India and other emerging nations despite the historical inequality of those emissions. But ignoring that makes it easier to hope these emerging nations will pick up the burden of addressing emission rises.

Doha 2012. 18th annual United Nations Climate Change Conferencehttp://www.globalissues.org/article/801/cop18-doha-climate-conference

a. Based on the readings, debate the topics in small groups.

b. List recommendations to avoid the eWects of the environmental threats.




Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones. Remember to use your notebook.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Discuss the meaning of the following proverbs. Then write your own reMection

“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.”

Mahatma Gandhi

Only when the last tree has died and the last river been poisoned and the last 8sh been caught will we realise we cannot eat money.

Indian Proverb

J. ALL EARS

K. LET’S CREATE


In your notebook translate the following answers in English. Then write the questions.

1. Muchas personas están preocupadas por los daños al ambiente.

2. Si, estamos sufriendo el aumento de la temperatura en el planeta.

3. En la convención del cambio climático las naciones toman decisiones.

4. Si. El aumento de los gases causa incremento en la temperatura.

5. El objetivo de la convención es prevenir la contaminación del planeta.

Read and discuss the following sayings. Practice them. Then, write one of your own.

“Green revolution a best solution to arrest pollution”.

“Modern technology owes ecology an apology”.

L. ASK ME...

LET´S HAVE FUN

Lesson 11What would...if...?


Conditions...?

“We never know the worth of water till the well is dry”.

Read the following passage.

Water is essential for all dimensions of life. Over the past few decades, the use of water has increased, and in many places water availability is falling into crisis levels. More than eighty countries, with forty percent of the world’s population, are already facing water shortages, while by year 2020 the world’s population will double. The costs of water infrastructure have risen dramatically. The quality of water in rivers and underground has deteriorated, due to the pollution by waste and contaminants from cities, industry and agriculture. Ecosystems are being destroyed, sometimes permanently. Over one billion people lack safe water, and three billion lack sanitation; eighty per cent of infectious diseases are waterborne, killing millions of children each year.

Taken from Water Policy Reform Program, 1999

Were you aware of this situation?

A. LET’S EXPLORE!


Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements.

1. Water is an essential element for human survival.

2. The world water crisis just started.

3. Millions of children die because of poor sanitation.

4. The quality of water in river has got better.

Read and practice the following dialogue

Antonio I didn’t know that there was a global water crisis.

Yanire How come? It has been on TV.

Antonio But I watch TV and I haven’t seen anything about tha

Yanire Well, the crisis is not just with water, our planet Earth has been aWected by human beings wrong doings.

Antonio So, it is something to worry about, because we live in it

Yanire Of course, it is a serious concern.

Antonio So we’d better start taking care of it as we do with our plan

IF CONDITIONAL TYPE III

If clause Main clause

If …had +verb (past participle

form)… +

wouldhave + verb (past participle

form)could

might

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS




EXAMPLES

1. If we had known about the water crisis, we would have made a campaign at school.

What would you have done if you had known about the water crisis before?

2. Governments worldwide could have prevented water pollution if they had controlled industries’ waste disposals long ago.

What could governments have done to prevent water pollution?

3. Yes. If people had had better living conditions, sanitation might have been improved.

Might sanitation have been improved if people had had better living conditions?

SANITATION

It refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. It also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

(Adapted from WHO) http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/

These are systems that protect human health, through prevention of human contact with the risks of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. If we hadn’t had the appropriate care with the sanitation service, we would have been openly exposed to risks that can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater, industrial wastes and agricultural wastes.

What would have happened in the world if we hadn’t had sanitation service?

E. VOCABULARY


Read the following facts.

Taken from United Nations report (2015)http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml

What does the article say about drinking water and sanitation facilities in our planet? Do you have this service in your neighborhood?

Target 7.C: (Millennium Development Goals)

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

�!� � �� "#$%�� "� �� source of drinking water and, at the current pace, 605 million people will still lack coverage in 2015.

�& �� %'�� ())*��+'�� ,*(*�� developing regions as a whole. The greatest progress was achieved in Eastern and Southern Asia.

�- �� ,.+�� .



Complete with the appropriate verb form.

Water ________ (cover) 71% of the Earth’s surface.

On Earth, 96.5% of the planet’s water is _______ (8nd) in oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and in the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air and precipitation.

Only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is _________ (consider) freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is _______(locate) in ice and groundwater.

Less than 0.3% of all freshwater _____(be) in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere.

Discuss the following two ideas.

1. “Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink”.

We are surrounded by things you cannot make use of. (There is so much salt water that you can’t drink. Freshwater is only 2.5%. Out of it just 1.3% is surface water, which serves most of life’s needs).”

“More than one-half of the world’s major rivers are being seriously depleted and polluted, degrading and poisoning the surrounding ecosystems, thus threatening the health and livelihood of people who depend upon them for irrigation, drinking and industrial water”

Serageldin - Chairman of the World Commission on Water for the 21st Century - (1999)

Write two conclusions. Report to the class.

G. LET’S APPLY



a. Based on the readings debate the topics in small groups.

b. List recommendations to have a rational use of water.

Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones.

1.

2.

3.

4.

J. ALL EARS



Write a short dialog based on the video suggested below.

Translate the proverbs and its meanings. Then write a question to each one.

Blood is thicker than water.(Family is more important than anyone or anything else).

In deep water.(In a place you are not feeling comfortable).

He is wet behind the ears.(He still has a lot to learn about life).

To discover warm water. (Something that is very obvious).

To be in troubled waters. (To be in a dibcult position).

To have water up to the throat.(To have few chances to succeed).

“Water is too precious to be wasted” (41”)

What can we do?

Translate these sayings. Can you 8nd a similar one in your own language?

“They are like water and 8re/ They are like devil and holy water”.(These two people are absolutely contrasting).

“It is raining cats and dogs”. It is raining heavily.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

LET´S HAVE FUN


“I make green look good because I recycle, reduce & reuse.”

Look at the pictures and read the passage.

The world population is growing, and currently each human being adds signi8cant waste to the planet over his or her lifetime. The natural resources on our planet earth are limited so we must do our best to conserve, recycle and reuse whenever possible. Not only are natural resources limited, but recycling eWorts can signi8cantly reduce additional waste that will not only harm the planet today, but future generations as well. The danger of global climate change has forced people to take drastic measures to cut down on pollution levels to slow down since we haven’t been able to eradicate this phenomenon. In view of this serious situation, necessary targets for recycling are also being set by governments around the world.

Adapted from http://www.earthsfriends.com/why-recycling-important

Are you familiar with the term recycling?

Do you recycle?

Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements. Correct the false ones. Support your statements.

1 The world population is getting smaller

2 There is not much waste.

3 Natural resources are limited.

4 Recycling is a way to cut down pollution.


A. LET’S EXPLORE!


Read and practice the following dialogue.

Luisy What is recycling?

Lina Recycling is to reduce trash?

Aless Well, it is a process to change materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials

Luisy But it is something very complex.

Lina No, it isn’t. Anybody can recycle.

Aless If we wanted we could recycle materials made of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles.

Luisy I understand, so recycling could be done at home but also industries could do it.

Alex If everybody had participated in recycling activities and programs, our planet would have been in better conditions.

“IF” CONDITIONAL TYPE 2 “IF” CONDITIONAL TYPE 3

if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + In8nitive)

if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I knew about recycling, I would recycle all the material I have at home.

Example: If I had had known about recycling, I would have recycled all the material I had at home.

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be ful8lled.

It is impossible that the condition will be ful8lled because it refers to the past.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



Exceptions for Conditional SentencesEXAMPLES

Condition refers to: IF Clause Main Clause

future action Simple Present If they want paper…

Future I …they will get it.

Imperative …get it.

Modal Auxiliary …they can get it.

action going on nowPresent Progressive

If Felix is taking a rest, …

Future I …I won’t talk to him now.

Imperative …don’t talk to him now

Modal Auxiliary …you cannot talk to him now.

8nished action Present PerfectIf Laura has got a new job,

Future I …I will call her

Imperative …call her.

Modal Auxiliary …we can call her.

improbable action should + InRnitiveShould Henry pass math this term, …

Future I …I will help him.

Imperative …help him

Modal Auxiliary …we can help him

present facts Simple Present If I get a good grade, Simple Present …I am happy.

Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)

Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)


past Simple PastIf I had a lot of time, …

Conditional I …I would help him.

consequence in the past

Simple Past If I saw her, … Conditional II …I would greet her.

Conditional Sentences Type III (impossible)


past Past Perfect If I had had them, … Conditional III …I would have handed them out.

past Past PerfectIf Ann had studied more

Conditional III …she would have passed the test.


The word WASTE

Uncultivated land Gradual loss or decrease by use, wear, or decay

Garbage, rubbish, excrement —often used in plural.

1. Bring your own reusable cloth bag to purchase groceries. If you forget it, insist on paper, and pack as many goods in one bag as possible.

2. Try to reduce the amount of packaging you purchase by buying products in bulk.

3. Have any paper statements that are normally mailed to you such as bills, 8nancial statements, newsletters, etc, e-mailed to you, instead.

4. Buy products that are packaged in cardboard or paper board insteadof Styrofoam.

5. Try to avoid disposable items, such as paper plates, cups, and utensils.

6. When wrapping presents, opt for reusable gift bags instead of wrapping paper - or maybe even reuse wrapping paper.

Ways to reduce the amount of trash we create


E. VOCABULARY


In your notebook, complete the sentences using “If” conditional II or III, according to the situation.

1 They are ecologists, so if they sent you a present, they …

2 If I had known about the damage caused by plastic bags, I …

3 I would have bought just recycle products if I…

4 If I had known that so many tress were being cut I …

Live greenLove greenBe GreenWe are just mankind…without the earth we’re nothing.

“One Man’s Waste Can be Another Man’s Treasure”.

G. LET’S APPLY


Read the poem. Talk about it.


Watch the following videos and write your impressions.

The origin of stuW (7’35”) Part 1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgZY78uwvxkThe origin of stuW (9’13”) Part 2 & 3http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHIO0in4vtghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgAU6ZdK4hU

What did you know about the story of things? What do you think about the story of things?

Dictation

Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.

J. ALL EARS


Write your own conversation

There are many things we can recycle. Look at the following videos:

How To Recycle HDPE Plastic (High Density Polyethylene) - a simple method (14’56”)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_XUJwINdLw

1000 creative ideas to recycle plastic bottles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU94rL6M-Cs

K. LET’S CREATE


In your notebooks, write questions to the following answers. Then translate them into Spanish.

�� .�&�� .��/ �� 0�� .��1�� (**2�� .��3�� 4�.�1�� 5�� .��,6�� .

The following stanza belongs to the song ‘Is this the world we created...?’ It was written by Freddie Mercury & Brian May. What do you think it is about?

Is this the world we createdWhat did we do it for

Is this the world we invadedAgainst the law

So it seems in the endIs this what we’re all living for today

The world that we created.

You can listen to the whole version in the following link:

L. ASK ME...

LET´S HAVE FUN

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MF9xu1UbFw

104 Unit Five: It...

“Step by step, one goes a long way.”

When you decide to practice a sport you have to evaluate what kind of skills you possess. You can practice sport for recreational or competitive purposes. Many competitive sports begin at early ages. For instance, gymnastics is a sport that girls begin when they are 4 or 5 years old and practice it for about ten or more years. There are diWerent disciplines within this sport such as: artistic gymnastics (men & women), rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline, aerobics, and acrobatics. In artistic gymnastics it’s easy for a gymnast to do wonderful exercises for example: cartwheel, round oW, Mic-Mac, and so on. In our country gymnastics has had an interesting history since the 1960s. In the last Olympic Games in London 2012, Jessica Lopez, from Venezuela, was the only Venezuelan gymnast in this event.

For more information check http.//www.mindeporte.gob.ve

Read the following passage …

Read the following sentences about the previous paragraph and write in your notebooks “T” for True or “F”for False. Correct the false ones. Support your answers.

1. Children begin to practice gymnastics at the age of 2

2. Gymnasts do Mic-Mac.

3. There are no disciplines in gymnastics.

4. Skills are not important to practice a sport.

A. LET’S EXPLORE!


105Unit Five: It...

Complete the following paragraph.

Jessica López practices _______________. Gymnastics is divided in diWerent disciplines such as:

____________________, ________________________, ________________, _________________ and

________________________. Some exercises in artistic gymnastics are: ___________________________

, _____________________ and ___________________. Jessica participated in ____________ Olympic

Games in 2012. She is from ________________.

USE OF “IT” IN IMPERSONAL STATEMENTS

IT+VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + FOR +PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO+

VERB TO BE+ IT+ FOR+ PRONOUN/NOUN+TO+?

IS IT EASY FOR YOU TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS?

NO+ IT+VERB TO BE+ NOT+ADJECTIVE+FOR+PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO

NO, IT IS NOT EASY FOR ME TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS.

EXAMPLES

1. Is it easy for you to practice gymnastics?

2. It`s not easy for me to practice gymnastics. It`s dibcult.

3. Is it easy for a fencer to play table tennis?

4. No, it`s not easy for him to play table tennis.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



Dalia Contreras - Taekwondoist Andreina Pinto - Swimmer Fabiola Ramos - Table tennis player

Daniela Larreal - Cyclist Alejandra Benítez - Fencer Leidys Brito - Archer

Angel Aponte - Karateka Oscar Monterola - Paralympic runner

Paralympic athletes

E. VOCABULARY

107Unit Five: It...

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions

In our country there are several sports that athletes are practicing in all states. Some sports are more popular than others; they could be practiced for recreational purposes or competitive ones if you want to get to international level competitions or even the Olympic or Paralympic Games. Some sports are: gymnastics (rhythmic and artistic), archery, swimming, fencing, table tennis, tae kwon do, boxing, athletics, cycling, and so on. To practice a sport you need skills and dedication. Sometimes when friends are having holidays you are training in the morning and in the afternoon. It’s normal for high performance athletes to do their trainings but it’s dibcult for their friends to understand it. But the satisfaction the athlete feels when representing his/her country is unique!

1. Is it easy to practice an Olympic or a Paralympic sport?

2. Do you think that practicing a competitive sport is easy?

3. Are you interested in practicing a sport that includes trainings six days a week?

4. Would you like to become an Olympic athlete?

1. – It’s _______for Jessica to take a 4 hour gymnastics training a day.

2. - It`s ______for a swimmer to train every day.

3. - It`s easy for a _______________ to use a sword, but it`s ______________ for her to practice archery.

4. - ______ easy for Dalia to practice taekwon do, but it`s ______________for her to swim.

Valeria Do you practice a sport?

Juan José Yes, I love swimming. And you?

Valeria I practice gymnastics. I’m training hard because I have a competition next month.

Juan José Really? You are a talented girl.

Valeria Well, It’s easy for me to train gymnastics every day, but it`s dibcult for me to play volleyball.

Juan José Ha, ha, ha. It’s easy for me to swim, but it’s dibcult for me to practice archery.

Valeria Ha, ha, ha! For me too.


G. LET’S APPLY



Naomi Soazo is the 8rst Venezuelan woman to compete in the Paralympic Games and win a Gold medal! She competed in judo events for the visually impaired and blind.

She is so far the only Venezuelan, in any sport, to have won a gold medal at the Paralympic Games.

Beijing 2008

Read the information above again and then, in your notebook, write:

a. questions with “what”, “when”, “where”.

b. a short paragraph about the athletes who participated in the Olympics.

Listen to your teacher and the select the appropriate option.

1 Swimmer ____ Player ____ Judoka _____

2 Fencing_____ Cycling ____ Wrestling_____

3. Cyclist _____ Archer___ Taekwondoist___

J. ALL EARS


109Unit Five: It...

Rubén Limardo in 2012 won Venezuela’s second gold medal in the Olympic Games. He competed in the individual épée competition winning Venezuela’s 8rst ever fencing medal.

Write about any of these athletes.

Medal Name Games Sport Event

3 Bronze Arnoldo Devonish 1952 Helsinki Athletics Men’s triple jump

3 Bronze Enrico Forcella 1960 Rome ShootingMen’s 50 metre riMe prone

1 Gold Francisco Rodriguez 1968 Mexico City Boxing Men’s light Myweight

2 Silver Pedro Gamarro 1976 Montreal Boxing Men’s welterweight

2 Silver Bernardo Piñango 1980 Moscow Boxing Men’s bantamweight

3 Bronze Marcelino Bolivar 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men’s light Myweight

3 Bronze Omar Catari 1984 Los Angeles Boxing Men’s featherweight

3 Bronze Rafael Vidal 1984 Los Angeles Swimming Men’s 200m butterMy

3 Bronze Adriana Carmona 2004 Athens Taekwondo Women +67 kg

3 Bronze Israel Jose Rubio 2004 Athens Weightlifting Men’s featherweight

3 Bronze Dalia Contreras 2008 Beijing Taekwondo Women −49 kg

1 Gold Rubén Limardo 2012 London Fencing Men’s épée

K. LET’S CREATE



1. _______________? 1. Noemi Soazo.

2. _______________? 2. Judo.

3. _______________? 3. Fencing.

4. _______________? 4. He won a Gold medal.

Find the following sports: fencing, cycling, football, swimming, gymnastics, table tennis, archery, tae kwon do in the alphabet soup. Good luck.

G Y M N A S T I C S

F H T V P W C T E I

O E K A Y I Y A Q O

O B N R U M C B Z U

T L P C K M L L I L

B Z S H I I I E Y J

A C J E N N N T P T

L Q W R B G G E L E

L Y C Y I S T N F R

X T A E K W O N D O

G Y H N J O T I C S

P H G S X C L S N V

L. ASK ME...

LET´S HAVE FUN

Lesson 14It seems to me...It...


Read the following passage.

Mathematics is vital for any modern country. Economic success depends on technology, which depends on engineering, which depends on science, which 8nally depends on mathematics. Mathematics is at the end of this chain, though its importance is not always appreciated. Many people think that mathematics is what they were taught at school and do not have any idea of its true depth. Some people say that it seems to them that mathematics is only for mathematicians. The importance of computers, biotechnology, telecommunications, aeronautics or medicine is much more obvious to them. But many are unaware that without mathematics, none of these areas would exist. We all have to know that we need mathematics as a survival skill to understand the issues that we face in daily life.

Based on the previous reading, answer the following questions.

1. Why is mathematics important?__________________________________________________________

2. Is mathematics just a subject?__________________________________________________________

“Great minds think alike.”

A. LET’S EXPLORE!


113Unit Five: It...

Read the dialog. Practice it with a partner.

Pedro I want to register in the mathematics society.

Paola Really? What are you doing to join them? It seems to me that they are very demanding.

Pedro I am taking some extra classes.

Paola Congratulations! Do you think math is easy?

Pedro Yes, It seems to me that this subject is easy to learn.

Paola Oh, my God. It seems to me that it is very dibcult to learn.

Use of “it” as a subject

IT+SEEMS + TO+ ME (THAT)

EXAMPLES

1. It seems to me that mathematics is simple.

2. It seems to me that they are correct.

3. It seems to me that there is a mistake.

4. It seems to me that these mathematics problems are longer.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



BIOTECHNOLOGY AERONAUTICS TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Physics

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. ReMect about it.

In Venezuela according to the national curriculum, mathematics is focused on: logarithms, complex numbers, real numbers, equations, probability, and so on. Sometimes you have to practice it several times, because it seems to you that it is dibcult, but if you practice it frequently you will realize that it’s not.

Does logarithms seem to be dibcult you?__________________________________________________

Does an equation seem to be confusing to you?__________________________________________________

Does mathematics seem to be complicated to you?__________________________________________________

Fill in the blanks with the missing words to complete the following statements.

1. It seems to me that _______________ is _____________________.

2. ________________________________ that you are right.

3. It appears to me that the exercises are _______________________.

4. __________________________ that mathematics is boring.


E. VOCABULARY

G. LET’S APPLY

115Unit Five: It...

Read the following dialog.

Valentina Are you participating in the mathematics society?

Marialaura Yes, the preliminary exercise was last week.

Valentina Really? How many exercises do you have to do?

Marialaura Three: the preliminary, intermediate and the 8nal.

Valentina Wow. It seems to me that it is dibcult.

Marialaura Well, not for me! I really enjoy it.

Valentina Oh, my God! It seems so confusing to me!

Marialaura Maybe you think it is hard, but if you practice daily, it’ll be easy for you. I’ll help you.

Valentina Uhm Ok. I’ll give it a try.

The Man Who Counted is a book on recreational mathematics and curious word problems by Brazilian writer Júlio César de Mello e Souza, published under the pen name Malba Tahan. Since its 8rst publication in 1938, the book has been immensely popular in Brazil and abroad, not only among mathematics teachers but among the general public as well.

Read the following statement.

“Mathematics is everywhere, in every single thing”.

In your notebook, write a paragraph about it. Support your ideas.




Dictation


“Do not worry about your dibculties in mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater”

Albert Einstein

In your notebook, write a short dialog using the vocabulary of the lesson. Then practice it with a partner.

J. ALL EARS

K. LET’S CREATE K. LET’S CREATE

117Unit Five: It...

In y

L. ASK ME...


SORRY SEEMS TO BEby Elton John

It’s sad, so sad.It’s a sad, sad situation.

And it’s getting more and more absurd.It’s sad, so sad.

Why can’t we talk it over?Oh, it seems to me that

Sorry seems to be the hardest word.

[Repeat]

Read the song and talk about it.

http://www.google.co.ve/

LET´S HAVE FUN


“We will be known by the tracks we leave”.

Read the following information.

Venezuela is located in South America. It is considered a country with high biodiversity, with habitat ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, extensive plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. The climate is warm and rainy. With only two seasons, a dry season that runs from October to March and a rainy season from April to September. Venezuela has some of the largest oil and natural gas reserves in the world, and consistently ranks among the top ten world crude oil producers. Our country is divided into 23 states, a capital district, and the federal dependencies. Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipalities; these are subdivided into over one thousand parishes. The people of Venezuela come from a variety of heritages. The majority of the population is of mestizo, or mixed ethnic heritage.

According to the reading, answer the following questions in your notebook.

1. Is Venezuela located in the North of South America?

2. What’s the weather like in Venezuela?

3. How many seasons are there in Venezuela?

4. When is the dry season in Venezuela?

5. When is the rainy season in Venezuela?

A. LET’S EXPLORE!


121Unit Five: It...

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words to complete the postcard.

Dear________________.

This is a postcard of ________________ in Venezuela. It’s one of the most beautiful __________ in Venezuela in Falcón state. It is located on the way to Peninsula de Paraguana. These hills are of sweet and soft sand. It is considered one of the most important _____________parks. For me it was the most exciting experience in Venezuela. I will never forget it.

Now, write a postcard from any other special place in the country.

IT+VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE

WHAT+ VERB TO BE+ THE+ WEATHER+ LIKE?

WHAT IS THE WEATHER LIKE?

IT+VERB TO BE+ ADJECTIVE

IT+IS SUNNY / RAINY / CLOUDY / WINDY

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



EXAMPLES

According to the pictures select: sunny, cloudy, windy and freezing.

1. It ‘s _______________ in Los Roques Archipelago. 3. It`s ________________ in Los Andes.

2. It’s ______________ in La Colonia Tovar. 4. It`s _____________ in the Dunes.

Windy Sunny

Cloudy Freezing

E. VOCABULARY

123Unit Five: It...

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.

Venezuela is a place where you can 8nd diWerent climates. If you want to enjoy cold weather, you can visit the mountain range called the Andes. If you want to spend a sunny weekend, you can go to the coast and visit the beautiful beaches of Morrocoy National Park. If you are planning to have contact with nature and horseback riding you can visit the plains and enjoy an unforgettable experience. If you also want to go to the mountains to spend a fresh and cool day visit La Colonia Tovar. We have a country where you can enjoy various types of weather and beautiful landscapes that do not exist elsewhere.

How many types of climate can we 8nd in Venezuela?________________________________________________________.

What’s the weather like in los Andes?________________________________________________________.

What’s the weather like in Colonia Tovar?________________________________________________________.

According to the previous paragraph, answer the following questions by writing (T) True or (F) False in your notebooks. Correct the false ones.

1. Is it sunny in Los Roques?

2. Is it cold in the plains?

3. Is it cloudy in Morrocoy?

4. Is it windy in Los Medanos?


G. LET’S APPLY


Sofía Where are you going on vacation?

Gabriel We are planning to go to La Gran Sabana. And you?

Sofía La Gran Sabana? That place is amazing! We are going to Margarita.

Gabriel Fantastic! The beaches are wonderful there.

So8a Yes. We are lucky because all Venezuela is fantastic.

Gabriel I agree with you. It‘s one of the most beautiful places in the world.

In Merida we have the longest cable car of the world. Our cable car runs from Merida to the top of Pico Espejo within the Sierra Nevada National Park.http://www.telefericoenmerida.com/

In your notebook, unscramble the words to write questions. Then answer the questions.

1. Margarita/sunny/ is / place /a? ________________________________

2. Los Roques/ is / freezing/ ? _________________________

3. Venezuela /in/ it / March / in /Does / rain /? ______________________

4. is /Venezuela/ located/ Where ?________________________________

5. Where / cable car / is / the / longest /? __________________________



125Unit Five: It...

Listen to your teacher and 8ll in the blanks.

Margarita Island ___________ the largest island in Nueva Esparta________________. It`s ________________oW the northeastern coast of the ________________, in the Caribbean Sea. The _________________ of Nueva Esparta ____________La Asuncion and ____________ located in a beautiful place in the island. Primary industries are _____________________, 8shing and construction.

Write a short conversation about this wonderful place, it is a Tepuy.

Write a paragraph according to a place that you frequently visit in our country.

J. ALL EARS

K. LET’S CREATE



1. _______________________________________________________ Yes, it is.

2. _______________________________________________________ My favorite place in my country is La Gran Sabana.

3. _______________________________________________________ Yes, I know San Fernando de Apure.

4. _______________________________________________________ It´s sunny.

In pairs, write the names of the states and their capitals, in competition time. Do it in your notebook.

L. ASK ME...

LET´S HAVE FUN

Lesson 16She oWered to...

128

“A rolling stone gathers no moss”.

Listen and read the following dialogue.

A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Mom, dad, we want to talk to you about our vacation this year.

Do you have any ideas?

Well, you promised us a trip to the desert, mountain, beach and jungle.

Wow! That sounds great but expensive.

Oh, you’re right. I planned that when your boss oWered to raise your salary.

Oh, I see. Listen; why don’t youlet mom and I talk for a while.

Do you really think we’ll be able to aWord a trip like that?

La madre: I hope so. We all deserve it. I suggest…

Some minutes later…

We’ve decided to go to a travel agency and see what they have to oWer.

Perhaps we can visit a couple of places.

Cool!

Unit Six: Actions... 129

Organize the exchanges and then practice it. The 8rst one was done for you.

Raquel and José had a conversation after talking to their parents.

Raquel I’m so happy that we talked to them!

José If they said that, we can take it for granted.

Raquel I think they had already decided where to go but made us believe they hadn’t.

José Maybe we can help them 8nd information about trip oWers.

Raquel You’re right. Let’s go to the travel agency.

José Ok. Moreover, they never tell us lies. Now we can be sure that we’ll travel on vacation.

Raquel Great!

Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verbs on the list and practice in pairs.

get/ persuade / oWer / show / convince

Raquel and José got information at a travel agency. They’re telling their parents about it.

Raquel Mom, José and I ________ you some information about packages at a VENETUR Travel Agency.

Mom Oh, nice! Dad and I haven’t had the time to go there. What did they _______?

José Well, they ____________us to go to a couple of places: Mérida and Coro.

Raquel Yes! They_________ us some brochures of many interesting places that we can visit there.

José And the weather is pretty diWerent in both cities. We’ll enjoy the heat as well as the cold

Raquel And the landscapes are also unique in both!

Mom Wow, guys. You have already _________me. And I think your dad won’t be able to resist…


130 Unit Six: Actions...

verb + object + to-verb

persuade

help

tell

They persuaded us to go on that Might.

My brother helped me to pack *

Mom told us to talk to our father about our decision.*

verb + object + to - verb

make

help

Our parents made us decide at once.

My brother helped me pack.*

verb + indir obj + dir obj

show

get

tell

promise

A nice girl showed me the brochures.

We got them the information about the trips.

They never tell us lies.

They promised us a great vacation.

*Both forms are correct.

Observe the diWerent ways to express actions.

Verbs Examples

verb + to-verb

want

oWer

decide

seek

plan

promise

She wanted to buy a round trip ticket.

His boss oWered to increase his salary.

Raquel and José decided to go to Coro and Mérida.

Travellers seek to obtain a discount.

His family planned to stay for a month.

Dad promised to buy the tickets soon.

131Unit Six: Actions...

Read this information about Mérida.

Mérida city, in the state of Mérida, lies in the midst of two of Venezuela’s Andean mountain chains. Founded as Santiago de los Caballeros de Mérida in 1560, Mérida is the home of Venezuela’s second oldest university, the University of the Andes founded in 1785 and the longest and highest cable car in the world. Its mountains, including the snow-capped peaks of Bolívar Peak, Humboldt Peak, Espejo Peak and Bompland Peak, form part of the Sierra Nevada National Park, where there are also 12 state parks. The region is popular with climbers, backpackers, wildlife lovers, birders, and sightseers who enjoy the variety of scenery from lush rainforest, abundant waterfalls to mountain peaks permanently covered with snow, glacier lakes, and moors, or highland moors reaching from about 3300 m to the snowline. Earthquakes and wars of independence have taken a heavy toll on the city, but it cultivates a pleasant, quiet grace with plenty of cultural activities.

(Adapted from: http://gosouthamerica.about.com)

What do you think is the main attraction that Merida oWers to tourists?

In your notebook, write sentences in the past tense using the words given.

1. (They / want / buy some souvenirs)

2. (My friend / persuade / me / drive there)

3. (He / tell / them / the secret)

4. (She / oWer / watch our house)

5. (The hotel manager / make / my dad / sign a form)

F. LET’S APPLY


Heladería Coromoto in Mérida is a Guinness World Record holder for the number of ice creams they have to oWer (about 900). Among the strangest ones are black beans, shrimp, sausage, onion, and garlic.

Read this information. Discuss it with your partners.

Tourism Policy

The Ministry of People’s Power for Tourism (MINTUR) was created in 2005 to facilitate the development of a national tourist industry and promote tourism in Venezuela.

With this Ministry, the Bolivarian government seeks to position Venezuela nationally and internationally as a tourist destination through mechanisms that contribute to the endogenous development of the country and promote the well-being of the population.

(Retrieved from:http://venezuela-us.org/tourism)

What is MINTUR doing about tourism in Venezuela?

Get information about this.

1. De8ne tourism.

2. Why is it important?

3. Be ready to talk about it in class.

G. DISCUSS AND REFLECT

133Unit Five: It...


1. La agencia de viajes nos ofreció un tour excelente.

2. Mi mamá nos hizo decidir a dónde ir.

3. ¿Puedes ayudarme a buscar información sobre sitios turísticos?

4. El Ministro prometió aumentar el número de turistas este año.

Listen to the information and answer true (T) or false (F) in your notebook.

1. Coro was founded in 1726.

2. Its cathedral was the 8rst one built in the country.

3. It is a World Heritage Site because of its colorful houses.

4. It is one of the most religious centers in the country.

Remember: treat tourists with courtesy, honesty diligence, ebciency and respect. Show them the greatness of your town and its people with respect and honor. Then we’ll get that marvelous exchange of cultures that great places own.

I. ALL EARS

H. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND


In your notebook, write information questions to the following answers. Use Where, Who, When, What, How.

1. ____________________? My niece bought me the tickets.

2. ____________________? I think those landscapes are unique.

3. ____________________? I got it at a Venetur agency.

4. ____________________? We’re planning to go there next August.

5. ____________________? He oWered to feed my dog while I’m abroad.

Write the conversation that Raquel and José had at the travel agency.

K. ASK ME...

J. LET’S CREATE

Lesson 17He wants me to...

136

Actions...

Unit Six: Actions...

“Home is where the heart is”.

Read the following conversation. Then answer the questions.

Alcibiades: Hey, Rider, we’re planning to go some fun place on Saturday. Why don’t you join us?

Rider: Gee, I’d loved to join you, but I can’t. My father wants me to help him build the house.

Alcibiades: But I thought the government was building your house.

Rider: Yes, they are. The thing is that we promised to help on Saturdays. You know, volunteer work.

Alcibiades: Hey, I have an idea. Would you mind If we helped too? It would be fun. Right, guys?

Friends: Cool!

Rider: Fantastic! We’re going to work on the roof. Thank you so much. You’re the best friends ever.

Answer the following questions about the dialog in your notebook.

1. Why did Rider refuse the invitation?____________________________________________________________

2. What do you think about it?____________________________________________________________

3. What did Rider’s friends agree to do?____________________________________________________________

4. What’s your opinion about it?____________________________________________________________

A. LET’S EXPLORE!



Rider’s friends have arrived to help him build his house. Complete the dialog with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

Alcibiades: Good morning. Sorry for being late. How can we help?

Rider: Oh! There you are. It’s OK. We’ve just started. Would you mind _________ (get) the tools in the backyard?

Alcibiades: Sure. Do you ________ (want) me to ________ (get) you anything else?

Rider: Oh, yes. Get me a hammer, please. I think I left it in the driveway. And _______ (ask) my father to_________ (tell) you what to do.

Alcibiades: Ok. By the way, I _______ (tell) my sister that we were coming to help you, and she _______ (oWer) to _______(bring) us lunch.

Rider: Oh, she shouldn’t bother. My mom is making sancocho.

Alcibiades: I ______ (tell) her, but she _______ (insist). Let me remind you how stubborn she is.

Rider: OK. We’ll have more to eat then.

advise

allow

ask

beg

command

encourage

forbid

force

instruct

invite

oblige

order

permit

persuade

remind

tell

want

warn

Examples

1. Rider’s friend invited him to go some fun place.

2. Rider asked his friend to get him a hammer.

3. Alcibiades begged her to forget about the lunch.

4. Rider’s mom asked his friends to eat.

5. Rider’s father wanted him to help build the house.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS

Verb + object + to + in8nitive


What are these parts of the house?What parts can you add?

Read the text below. Then answer the questions.

Venezuela’s Housing Mission on Track for 2012 Construction Target

By EWAN ROBERTSON

Mérida, 27th

April 2012 (Venezuelanalysis.com) –

41,863 houses have been built so far this year as part of the Venezuelan government’s mass house construction program, equating to 21% of the 2012 aim of 200,000 new houses, according to the latest report from the government’s housing body.

Housing minister Ricardo Molina con8rmed that with the new 8gures, 188,851 houses have been constructed since the Great Housing Mission (GMVV) began in 2011, 53% of the combined 2011 – 2012 goal of 350,000 new homes.

April’s housing body report came as the Venezuelan government handed over 2,351 new houses to families across Venezuela yesterday. Families pay for the houses through government subsidized loans based on family income.

“Thanks to socialism and the [Bolivarian] Revolution, these families will sleep under a digni8ed roof as our people deserve,” said Interior and Justice Minister at a handover ceremony in the Western Táchira State.Adapted from: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6956



er the questions

1. How does the government expect the families to pay for their houses?2. What does a digni8ed roof mean?2. What’s your opinion about the housing projects in Venezuela?3. How would you compare this policy to those in other countries?

Read the 8rst sentence. Then rearrange the words and phrases in the box to complete the second sentence.

For each sentence, there are 2 words that you do not need to use.

1. “Remember you have to pick your sweater up from the dry cleaner’s.”... ... ... ... ............................................................... to the dry cleaner’s. to warned she me ordered reminded go

2. “It’s really cold in here. Would you mind closing the window?”………………………………………... ... ... ... ... the window. he asked begged her ordered open to

3. “Would you like to have lunch with us on Sunday? He ………………………………………... ... ... ... ... with them on Friday. invited persuaded commanded have them to lunch.

4. “We’d be glad if you could all be with us at the reception”They ……………………………………... ... ... ... ... attend the reception. warned their reminded to invited friends all

5. “Well, if I were you I’d start saving up for my retirement.”…………………………………………... ... ... ... ... saving up for my retirement.started me advised advise start he to

6. “Don’t drive too fast. The police are cracking down on speeding.”He ……………………………………………………….... ... ... ... ... too fast. drove warn not to warned drive him

7. “He’s just bought a car, so I can visit her any time”Buying a car ………………………………………….... ... ... ... ... her any time. reminded visited has enabled him visit to

8. “Come on, it’s about time you looked for a new job, you know!”Jack ................................................................................ ... ... ... ... a new job. look to me encourage encouraged look for

Retrieved: Grammar Challenge bbclearningenglish.com © BBC Learning English 2008

G. LET’S APPLY


Read the following news

Cuba Allowing Some to Build Their Own Homes

HAVANA – The Cuban government in April began granting licenses to people to build homes “with their own eWort” on the island, an initiative approved last year.

The granting of the permits was recently approved by the National Housing Institute for people who are the owners of land, homes or other areas included in the new resolution, state-run Radio Rebelde reported Tuesday.

Now answer these questions.

1. What do you think “with their own eWort” means?2. What are the advantages of this type of policy?3. Who builds the houses of the people in your neighborhood?4. What do you think about this policy?

The Upside-Down House, in Szymbark (Poland). The house was created by Daniel Czapiewski to describe the former communist era and the present times in which we live.

Complete the sentences with your own ideas and the verbs in parentheses.

1. Please tell _____________________________________________ (smoke)

2. Marta didn’t feel too good but we persuaded ____________________(come)

3. Nobody wanted to go to the conference but our boss______________(force)

4. I asked her ________________________________________________(call)

5. We showed them __________________________________________ (use)



Listen to your teacher and choose the most suitable verb to complete the sentences.

1. Ellie’s friend invited / instructed / obliged her to go to the party. 2. Ellie encouraged / begged / asked her mom to let her go to the party. 3. She forced / begged / persuaded her mother to let her go to the party. 4. Ellie’s mom forbade / forced / allowed her to go to the party. 5. Ellie’s mom advised / trained / ordered her to go upstairs and do her homework. 6. Ellie’s mom reminded / begged / instructed her to tidy her room. 7. Ellie’s mom advised / warned / encouraged her not to forget to clean under the bed.

Adapted from: Grammar Challenge bbclearningenglish.com © BBC Learning English 2008

I promise you to be careful. (wrong)I promise to be careful. (right)I promise that I will be careful. (right) I promise you (that) I will be careful. (right)

The friends are commenting on what they did that Saturday. Write your own conversation using the grammar and vocabulary practiced in this lesson.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

K. LET’S CREATE


Write questions to underlined words of the following answers.

1. _____________________________________________________My boss told me to do the reports before Friday.

2. _____________________________________________________My colleague asked me to send a fax to the customer.

3. _____________________________________________________Tomás wanted me to help him prepare his presentation.

4. _____________________________________________________I warned him not to drive too quickly because of the bad weather.

Read the tongue twister.

There was a writer called Wright; he taught his son to write Wright right:“It’s not right to write Wright ‘Rite’, please try to write Wright right!”

LET´S HAVE FUN

Lesson 18He is the one who..?

144

Actions...

Unit Six: Actions...

“Being honest never hurts anyone; being a liar hurts only you”.

Read the following dialog and practice it.

Yannireth: Hey, that seems to be an interesting book.

Amaleki: Yes. It’s by Noam Chomsky. Hegemony or Survival.

Yannireth: I enjoy reading about that. Where did you buy it?

Amaleki: I didn’t. I borrowed it from the library.

Yannireth: When do you have to return it? I want to borrow it, too.

Amaleki: It was due last week, but I’m going to keep it.

Yannireth: That would be a wrong thing to do. That’s stealing.

Amaleki: I’m kidding. I have to return it next week.

A. LET’S EXPLORE!


Are the following sentences true or false? In your notebook, write T for true or F for false in the blank. Correct the false ones.

1. Yannireth likes the book that Amaleki is reading.______

2. The author of the book is Noam Chomsky. ______

3. Amaleki bought the book. ______

4. Amaliki stole the book. ______

5. Yannireth thinks stealing is wrong. ______

Complete the text with the in8nitive (with or without to) or gerund (-ing) form of the verbs in brackets.

Alicia is studying law at university. She enjoys 1____________ (solve) people’s problems, and would probably

like 2_________________ (work) for the government. She’s sure about what she wants

3_____________

(do) after university. She’s thinking of 4__________________ (open) an obce and

5_______________ (help)

those who cannot aWord a lawyer. She hopes 6_________________ (be) useful for her country in that way.

Verb+to / ing

Verb+gerund Avoid, dislike, enjoy, 8nish… I enjoy helping my friends.

Verb+in8nitive Decide, promise, hope, want… I decided to study harder.

Verb+gerund/in8nitiveNo meaning change Start, like, love, hate… I started talking / to talk.

Verb+gerund / in8nitiveMeaning change Stop, remember, continue…

She stopped to smoke. �

She stopped smoking. �

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



Values:

What does the last symbol represent?

Read the paragraph below. How would you compare Sebastian’s interests and yours? What do you think of his interests? Support your opinion.

Sebastián likes to read detective stories and wants to be a police obcer. His favorite room in the house is the library, where he spends most of the day. “I love predicting the solution to the cases, especially the very dibcult ones. I have over a hundred stories. It’s so good to read when the honest cop catches the bad guys” Sebastián has decided to study at Universidad de la Seguridad, where he hopes to learn how to be an excellent police obcer.



Match the sentence pairs. You may have more than one choice.

A B

1. I want… taking a bath and cries a lot.

2. Dan has already begun… to rain.

3. Whenever I wash my car, it starts... hearing from her brother who went to England.

4. I love… applying for a position in a computer company.

5. The baby hates… to talk for several hours.

6. Angela and I continued… to graduate from university with a good degree.

7. My roommate is thinking of… collecting ideas for his new novel.

8. Would you like… to go to Sharon’s house next Saturday?

9. Andrés is looking forward to… to watch the football game on TV tonight.

10. Most students hope… typing the report yet?

11. Has the secretary 8nished… walking on the beach in the afternoon.

Social-cultural values

Social-cultural values are the prevailing values of our society, which change with time, and either coincide or not with our family or personal values. They constitute a complex mix of diWerent values, and at times they contradict one another, or pose a dilemma.

For example, if work isn’t valued socially as a means of personal ful8llment, then the society is indirectly fostering “anti-values” like dishonesty, irresponsibility, or crime.

Another example of the dilemmas that social-cultural values may pose is when they promote the idea that “the end justi8es the means”. With this as a pretext, terrorists and arbitrary leaders justify violence, intolerance, and lies while claiming that their true goal is peace.

Retrieved: http://signi8canceofvalues.com/types/index.html

Read the text below. What are the social-cultural values of our society?



Venezuelan values.

Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos thanked the government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for its willingness to help at any time with the peace process in his country. During a speech to the Colombian people, Santos said that and end is approaching in the country’s dark period of nearly half a century of violence.

Source: http://venezuela-us.org/2012/09/05/colombian-president-thanks-venezuelan-mediation-to-promote-peace/

Complete each sentence with a verb from the list, using the verb with an in8nitive (to + verb or without to) or gerund (-ing).

cook / become / have / eat / study / go / answer / do

We’ve decided __________________ to Margarita for a relaxing holiday. We really need _________________ some peaceful time by the sea.A: Do you like ______________?B: Oh, no. I only know how to make arepas.A: What job would you like _________________ after you leave school?B: Well, I want _________ an accountant. So I have to_________ math a lot.We can continue _______________ the questions after the lunch break.How many cachapas can you ____________ at one meal?

Adapted from: http://kuzeyhazirliksa.yeditepe.edu.tr/B%20web/in8nitive%20or%20gerund.htm

Listen and complete the paragraph in your notebook.

Personal valuesThese __________ considered essential principles on ________ we build our _________ and guide us to relate with other _________. __________ are ___________ a blend of _______ ________ and __________ __________, together with our own individual ones, according to our experiences.

J. ALL EARS



Contrary to values, there are anti-values that we have to stay away from. These are, for example, dishonesty, anger, frivolity, greed, hate, hypocrisy, among others.

There is another type of value, spiritual values. In your notebook, write a paragraph about them.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


1) We decided to buy a new car._______________________________________________________________

2) They’ve got some work to do._______________________________________________________________

3) Peter gave up smoking._______________________________________________________________

4) He’d like to My an airplane._______________________________________________________________

5) I enjoy writing picture postcards._______________________________________________________________

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

Unit Seven: ...,right?152

“There’s no time like the present”.

Listen and read the following conversation.

Wow! Look, mommy. A Mying saucer! That’s a Mying saucer A cable car? Where does it go? No way!

This cable car was restored a few years ago to make it more

It’s amazing, mommy, isn’t it? Way to go! You’re not kidding about the sweets, are you?

No, honey. It s our Waraira Repano cable car.

ight up ther op of the mountain. There’s plenty of fun in Waraira Repano mountain.

You’re surprised, aren’t you? Come on. Let’s take a ride!

Oh, yes. All Caraqueños are really proud of it. There are restaurants, shops, local sweets…

No, dear. I’m not. We’re going to have a delicious dessert!

A. LET’S EXPLORE!

Unit Seven: ...,right? 153

Read the text.

If you happen to visit Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, there is one attraction you can’t miss, our magni8cent Waraira Repano. The view from the top of this fabulous mountain is just unbelievable!

But hey, you are probably wondering how to get there, aren’t you? Well, in case you are, here is a good tip: take a ride on the Waraira Repano cable car.

The main station is located in Maripérez, at the end of the Boyacá Avenue. It’s a 20-minute journey to the top in a cosy, 8-passenger car. Sit back and relax. Once there, there are lots of fun activities waiting for people of all ages. You can enjoy the beautiful view of the city and the Caribbean while walking along the top, visit the famous Humboldt Hotel, have a delicious meal at the local restaurant or defy your own balance at the 470-square-meter ice skating rink. A great experience!So, what are you waiting for? Get to know all the natural beauty that our Waraira Repano is keeping for you. It’s something you won’t regret!

Waraira Repano Cable Car

Check the sentences True or False. Find supporting evidence in the text.

True False

a. There is room enough for ten people in each car. � �

b. The starting point is in Maripérez. � �

c. There is a restaurant inside the Hotel Humboldt. � �

d. Ice skating is probably dibcult for some people. � �


154 Unit Seven: ...,right?

Read and listen to the conversation.

Pedro loves adventure. Today, he’s inviting his friend, Luis, to go hiking.

Luis: Hello?

Pedro: Hi, buddy. It’s me, Luis. Any plans for the weekend?

Luis: You’re asking me to go 8shing again, aren’t you?

Pedro: Not this time. How about hiking in the Waraira Repano for a change? We can camp at La Silla.

Luis: Sounds good. But it’s not sunny today, is it?

Pedro: No, it’s not. Let’s leave tomorrow morning.

TAG QUESTIONS WITH “BE”

We usually use tag questions when we want to con8rm information.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM

Negative statement, BE + SUBJECT +? Abrmative statement, BE + NOT + SUBJECT + ?

EXAMPLES (simple present, past and future)

You’re not kidding, are you? That’s a Mying saucer, isn’t it?

She wasn’t here yesterday, was she? They were coming with us, weren’t they?

TAG QUESTIONS WITH “WILL”

Negative statement, WILL+ SUBJECT +? Abrmative statement, WON’T + SUBJECT +?

They won’t be there tomorrow, will they? He’ll be at work today, won’t he?

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


155Unit Seven: ...,right?

Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

cable car mountain top ice skating rink Humboldt Hotel

a. The ______________, built in 1956, is an exotic piece of architecture.

b. Looking at the city from the _________________ is really delightful.

c. Wow, learning to skate on the _________________ was hard, wasn’t it?

d. Our_____________ journey covers 3.5 kilometers.

Read the following text and answer the questions in your notebook.

A forest Rre is a destructive phenomenon that occurs in wild, forested habitats, like our Waraira Repano, especially during the hottest periods of the year. Normally, forest 8res start when heat waves dry out the plants; the 8re becomes uncontrollable and spreads very quickly though the area.

Even though forest 8res are mostly natural, inevitable events, we must pay attention to all safety measures displayed along the Waraira Repano paths, to avoid accidental 8res that could result in serious forest damage.

a. When do forest 8res occur most frequently?b. How do they happen?c. Think of non-natural causes of forest 8res. Any piece

of advice for hikers?


E. VOCABULARY


Complete with the correct tag question.

a. She was a famous mountain hiker, _______________

b. Forest 8res are not that common in cold countries, _______________

c. We won’t be staying at a hotel in Galipán, _______________

d. They’re not going on that expedition, _______________

1. Get in pairs and look at the images carefully.

2. Try to 8gure out the name of their corresponding institution. Use tag questions as in the example:

Student A: It’s not an international institution, is it?Student B: No, it isn’t.

In your notebook, write a short paragraph explaining what each institution is responsible for, and what all of them have in common.

The Waraira Repano cable car was built in 1955, during the rule of Marcos Pérez Jiménez. It worked until the late 70s, when it was closed because of deterioration. It wasn’t until the administration of Hugo Chávez that the restoration and modernization of all these facilities was accomplished. Today, our cable-car system is one of the city’s most popular attractions. Thousands of tourists come every year to experience the 1.100-meter ascent above Caracas.

G. LET’S APPLY



Create a possible statement for each tag question.

a. _________________________________________________, isn’t she?b. ______________________________________________, were they?c. _________________________________________________, are you?d. ________________________________________________, won’t he?

Look at the chart below. Then, listen to two radio commercials about hotels in Waraira Repano Mountain.

Low costs

Gourmet meals

Live shows

Beautiful natural views

Light food

Ideal weekends for couples

Relax and fun

Outdoor activities

Sauna

Waraira Inn Repano Hostel

a. Look at the chart below. Check the information in the correct space.

b. Get in pairs. In your notebook, write tag questions and answers using the information above. Follow the example:

Student A: Prices at Waraira Inn aren’t cheap, are they?Student B: No, they’re probably not.

Tag questions depend on their previous clause: If the 8rst clause is abrmative, then the tag question will be negative, and vice versa. These clauses are always separated by a coma (,).

Watch out for the following tag question:

I am coming next, aren’t I?

J. ALL EARS



Get in pairs. In your notebook, write a conversation using the information and vocabulary about Waraira Repano Mountain that you learned during the unit. Include as many tag questions as you can. Here is an idea to begin your text.

You and your best friend want to do something diWerent and fun next Saturday. You come up with an excellent idea: Going to Waraira Repano!

In your notebook, write tag questions to the following answers.

a. It isn’t located at the beginning of the La Costa mountain range,________?.

b. You are at the ice rink, __________?

c. It is called Waraira Repano now, ___________?

d. They aren’t at the coWee shop.____________?

Find the words in the word search puzzle

L. ASK ME...

G. LET’S APPLY

LET´S HAVE FUN

R A C E L B A C Z M

G H C U K I P L O N

D H I K I N G U T A

T A E V B X N W S F

A D V E N T U R E Z

R F D X A O Y A R N

Q W A I H C K L O U

J S N Y G M M E F V

Mountain

Cablecar

Hiking

Adventure

Forest


“Nobody can do everything, but everyone can do something”.


A. LET’S EXPLORE!

OK. Let’s start today with an interesting topic: Technology.

That’s the spirit! You know? When I was your age, there wasn’t as much technology as there is today.

You’re right, Juan. They appeared in the 80s, but were very exclusive, expensive devices. Only a few people had them.

Hahaha… All machines were bigger and less functional in the past: mobiles, calculators... Can you think of some others?

Wow! You guys know a lot about this, don’t you? But did you know we’re producing some of those technologies in our country?

Good. We’re also producing household appliances: washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, TVs, stoves…

Yes!Way to go! People didn’t have mobiles

back then, did they?They say the 8rst mobiles were this size!

Cars!Computers!Music players!

Yes, Mr. Guevara. My mobile is Venezuelan. It’s a ZTE smart phone II!

So, we don’t need to import those things anymore, do we?No, we don’t.


Read again and check True or False. Find supporting evidence in the text.

True False

a. The students are in touch with technology. � �

b. The teacher had a mobile phone when he was a teen. � �

c. Venezuela manufactures several electronic products. � �

d. In the past, technological devices were more practical. � �

Read and listen to the following conversation.

The class just 8nished. Manuel and Ana are leaving the classroom. They are still talking about local technology

Juan: I really enjoyed Mr. Guevara’s class today.

Ana: I’ll say! He knows a lot about everything, doesn’t he? By the way, I didn’t know we were producing computers here.

Juan: Oh yes. And I’m fan number one. Look: my cell phone, my laptop… I’m all equipped!

Ana: Wow. But I bet they cost a lot, don’t they?

Juan: Not at all. National products are always cheaper.

Ana: Well, that’s good news!




TAG QUESTIONS WITH THE AUXILIARY “DO”

We use tag questions when we need to con8rm information.


Negative statement, DO + SUBJECT +? Abrmative statement, DO + NOT + SUBJECT +?

EXAMPLES (simple present, past )

You don’t work at MAP, do you? She knows a lot about this, doesn’t she?

They didn’t come yesterday, did they? It rained all night, didn’t it?


washing machine stove mobile laptop

1. There’s too much noise at home. I’ll take my __________ and work at school.

2. We redesigned our kitchen, and bought a brand new __________.

3. The __________ at mom’s was broken, so I went to the Laundromat.

4. Communications changed dramatically when the __________ showed up.

E. VOCABULARY

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


Read the following passage and answer the questions in your notebook.

Local manufacture is a central issue in our country’s economy. National products are cheaper than impor-ted ones. For that reason, many people will prefer to buy them. Here comes the key factor: If there is a lot of demand for those goods, then the production will increase, and that helps to protect local jobs, because factories will need active workers to maintain production levels.

1. How does local manufacture protect our economy?

2. Group work. Think of one expensive, imported product. Discuss the reasons why people prefer to buy it, instead of one made in Venezuela.

Match each clause in Column A with one in Column B to make tag questions.

Column A Column B

Your computer doesn’t work, didn’t they?

Juan and Ana came early in the morning, doesn’t she?

You’ll buy a new car this year, will we?

Natalia works for Orinokia, does it?

We won’t have classes on May 1st

, won’t you?


G. LET’S APPLY


Read and listen to the following conversation.

The Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation is at a Bolivarian School, opening a new English Lab. Juan and Ana are in the event.

Juan: Minister, the lab has an internet connection, doesn’t it?

Minister: Absolutely. All our language labs are well equipped with cutting-edge technology.

Ana: You mean 8ber-optic cable, don’t you, Minister?

Minister: No. We are providing access to internet through our Simón Bolívar satellite.

Juan: Wow! So, in the future we will enjoy the bene8ts of tele-education, won’t we?

Minister: Young lady: that future you’re talking about is now.

Tele-education refers to a system in which students receive instruction via internet by using video-conferences and chat-rooms. In other words, students don’t need to attend to school. The system is also called e-learning, and is designed especially for people who live in remote areas of the country. This is now possible in Venezuela thanks to our Simón Bolívar Satellite, which serves as the technological platform to provide broadcasting services through Infocentros spread all over our national territory.



Create a possible statement for each Tag Question.

a. _______________________________________________, doesn’t he?

b. _________________________________________________, will you?

c. _______________________________________________, didn’t they?

d. __________________________________________________, do you?

PetroVictoria is the name of a Russian-Venezuelan joint venture.

The committee of 8nance and economic development decided not to invest any money in urban projects.

Surgical equipment and medical supplies are areas that the Commerce Minister included in his working group.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, 75% of Venezuelans eat three meals a day.

True False

Sometimes the construction of a tag question can be tricky. Here are some tips to help you out:Look carefully at the 8rst clause.Is it abrmative or negative?What is the verb tense?You worked in a hospital,a>rmative statementsimple past

Since there is no auxiliary, you might wonder how to construct the second clause of this tag question. But there is one simple solution: Just ask yourself how the 8rst clause looks in negative form:

You didn’t work in a hospital,

And then the auxiliary shows. Now you know how to construct the rest. Look:

You worked in a hospital, didn’t you?

Look at the chart below. Then, check the statements True or False.

It’s Friday evening. We are watching “The Week’s Progress Review”.

J. ALL EARS



In your notebook, write a short text explaining in what way technological development and general progress in your country have changed your personal life. If possible, include a couple of examples to illustrate the contrast between Venezuela before and Venezuela after the Bolivarian Revolution.

In your notebook, write tag questions to the following sentences.

a. The CANTV was nationalized in 2007.

b. Orinoquia is a China – Venezuela joint venture.

c. They are all about telecommunications.

d. People buy these cell phones because they are good and inexpensive.

e. The technicians worked hard to make all the appliances we needed.

Complete the crossword puzzle. There are some letters to help out.

P

A

O

A portable computer.

Something national or regional.

An appliance for cooking food.

The result of manufacture.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

LET´S HAVE FUN


“Leisure and pleasure with measure in all directions”.


A. LET’S EXPLORE!

I’m tired of watching TV. It’s so boring.

You’re right, but what do we do?

You’re a genius, Manuel!

Yeah, I do. I haven’t painted much lately, though. I’d love to take it up again.

Unbelievable! You have us both 8gured out.

OK. Our turn. I know: You like skateboarding!

How about searching in the net?

Thanks, Gaby. Now, let’s start the search. Gaby, you’ve always liked painting, haven’t you?

Maybe going to school with you guys since kindergarten explains it.

Lucía, you’ve been crazy about dancing since forever, haven’t you?

We need a hobby don’t we? Something to do in our spare time.

Girls, I’m disappointed. What I’m totally into is photography.


Read and listen to the conversation.

Manuel, Gaby and Lucía are searching for a place to carry out their favorite pastimes.

Gaby: So, we have decided what to do. But, hey! They’re totally diWerent activities. What can we do to stay together?

Manuel: Dear Gaby, you haven’t heard about the Arts Center, have you?

Gaby: Of course, the Arts Centre!

Lucía: There are plenty of them in the city. They oWer all types cultural activities to the people.

Manuel: Here it is. Look, this is the closest Arts Centre. Oh, cool! There are painting, dancing and photography courses open, and a bunch more. Ladies, set out to have fun!

Lucía: Manuel, we haven’t told you you’re a genius, have we?



a. I’m tired of watching TV. It’s so boring.

�� 7�� dull �� fun

b. Something to do in our spare time.

�� school days �� bed time

c. What I’m totally into is photography.

�� am really tired of �� really enjoy

d. Unbelievable! You have us both 8gured out.

�� You don’t understand us. �� You like our 8gures.

e. Lucía, you’ve been crazy about dancing since forever, haven’t you?

�� all your life �� from time to time

�� well.


TAG QUESTIONS WITH THE AUXILIARY “HAVE”

We usually use tag questions when we want to con8rm information.


Negative statement, + HAVE + SUBJECT

PRONOUN?

Abrmative statement, HAVEN’T + SUBJECT

PRONOUN?

EXAMPLES (present perfect and past perfect)

They haven’t arrived yet, have they? It has rained a lot lately, hasn’t it?

You had never been here, had you? We had seen that before, hadn’t we?


painting skateboarding dancing photography

a. When I started _____________ professionally, I discovered a non-verbal way of emotional

interaction. Moving your body to the music is also good exercise. Try it!

b. For me, _____________ is more than putting color on the canvas. It’s expressing myself through

an image.

c. Some people recognize _____________ as the street surf. It consists of jumping, doing tricks and

landing over a 4-wheel board.

d. _____________ is my passion. I can spend hours waiting for a good image to capture with my

camera.

E. VOCABULARY

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


Read the following text and answer the questions in your notebook.

Leisure time activities in Venezuela are becoming more and more diverse, thanks to the intense, indefatigable work that our Sports, Culture, Environment and Tourism Ministries have been successfully conducting. A great display of arts centers around our country, holiday outdoor activities open to people of all ages, sport and social sessions every weekend, among others, are just a few examples of the huge variety of choices that Venezuelans have now.

Our most popular touristic spots are way more attractive, since they are provided with proper children spaces, public bathrooms, trash cans, coWee shops and, of course, areperas. And if that weren’t enough, all of this healthy recreation is also more aWordable to people now. So, there is no excuse for more boring weekends, watching TV. We have a beautiful country, full of interesting places to visit and fun activities to enjoy.

a. What does the expression “there is no excuse for more boring weekends, watching TV” mean?

b. Why are sport and cultural activities important for people?

c. Think of the activities you would like to participate in, and discuss your reasons with your classmates.

Complete with the correct tag question. In your notebook, write them in the negative/abrmative from accordingly.

a. They’ve had a good time here in Morrocoy, _______________

b. She’s been a great tour-guide, _______________

c. You’d eaten by the time he arrived, _______________

d. We haven’t 8nished packing, _______________


G. LET’S APPLY


Morrocoy, Falcón State Sierra Nevada, Mérida State Las Aguas de Moisés, Sucre State

Create a possible statement for each tag question.

a. ________________________________________________, hasn’t he?

b. ______________________________________________, had you?

c. _________________________________________________, have we?

d. ______________________________________________, haven’t they?

English contractions are very frequent in informal contexts. Watch out for’ d and’ s. They can be tricky!

’d

I’d eaten there many times.

I had eaten there many times.

I’d like to go to Margarita.

I would like to go to Margarita.

’s

He’s been here for two hours.

He has been here for two hours.

He’s a good teacher.

He is a good teacher.

Find examples of both cases on exercise G.




Listen to the conversation and circle the correct option.

It’s Saturday morning. Lucía, Manuel and Gaby are in the Arts Center.

a. They get the information from

�� the information desk �� a poster on the wall �� a bulletin board

b. There are dancing classes on

�� Mondays at 2:00. �� Fridays at 5:00. �� Mondays at 4:30.

c. The only painting course available is

�� in the morning. �� for advanced students. �� for beginners.

d. Photography courses are

�� not available. �� Saturdays at 2:00 �� Wednesdays at 3:00

There is a big diWerence between boring and bored.

To be boring is a condition:Some TV shows are really boring.That situation might not change.

To be bored is a state of the mind:Manuel is bored of watching TV.He can do something to change that situation.

J. ALL EARS


Get in pairs. In your notebooks, write the name of a secret touristic destination, or a cultural/sport activity. Try to guess your partner’s secret. Take turns asking tag questions as in the example:

Student A: You’ve been there recently, haven’t you?Student B: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.

In your notebook, write tag questions to the following answers.

a. Venezuela’s touristic potential has increased since the last decade.

b. National parks’ facilities are no longer privatized.

c. In your town, people have helped the tourists a lot.

Get in pairs. Unscramble the letters in order to discover the word. Do it faster than your partner and win!

TESKADARBOING ________________ SELEIUR _____________

CERTIRAEON ________________ MOSRITU _____________

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

LET´S HAVE FUN

Unit Eight: ...built by...176

“Together we are stronger”.

In Venezuela many schools are repaired at the end of the school year. Their yards and gardens are renewed and also some new strategies are carried out related to the neighborhood. For instance, planting trees in each neighborhood is one of the strategies that are put into practice to 8ght global warming.

Another strategy consists of incentives that are oWered to Venezuelans by a program called Misión Revolución Energética to change their behavior and habits to bring about a more ebcient and rational use of energy and natural resources. This change is being generated by raising the consciousness of the population, stabilizing the supply of services, meeting the demand for power and reducing levels of pollution and environmental impact. That’s why, in some community centers, some of these activities are being organized by the community councils. School and community working together.(Adapted from Correo del Orinoco, March 1st, 2013)


After reading the paragraph above, answer the following questions:

1. How many strategies against global warming are mentioned in the previous text?2. Which strategies are put into practice to reduce levels of pollution in Venezuela?3. What are the strategies used in your community to reduce levels of pollution and environmental impact?

A. LET’S EXPLORE!


Unit Eight: ...built by... 177

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb to be.

Misión Árbol ______ promoted throughout the country since 2006. So far, more than 34,000 hectares of land ______ reforested regularly. CO2 emissions ______ _______ reduced by the program these days.

ACTIVE VOICE PRESENT PASSIVE VOICE

subject+ main verb+ direct object subject + be+ past participle of main verb+ by +

object

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A>rmative sentence

Our parents repair our school every year. Our school is repaired by our parents every year.

Negative form

Our parents don’t repair our school every year.Our school isn´t repaired every year by our

parents.

Question

Do our parents repair our school every year? Is our school repaired every year by our parents?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

subject+ be +main verb-ing+ direct object.subject + be+ being+past participle of main

verb+ by + object

A>rmative sentence

Our parents are repairing our school now. Our school is being repaired by our parents now.

Negative form

Our parents aren’t repairing our school now Our school isn’t being repaired by our parents now.

Question

Are our parents repairing our school now? Is our school being repaired by our parents now?

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS


178 Unit Eight: ...built by...

New Venezuelan 8lms are being shown in the Casa de la Cultura.

Guided visits to the Polvorín river are being organized by the biology teacher.

FILVEN is organized every year by the Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Cultura. FITVEN is being organized now.

Read the paragraph and answer the questions about it.

A new project is being implemented by our community now: a radio station is being inaugurated this week. This event is an important step towards the building of a better life for our community.

ReMect about these questions: What is being done in your community? Are you participating in any activity?

In your notebook, write 5 sentences about what is being done in your community.

1._________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________


E. VOCABULARY

G. LET’S APPLY

179Unit Eight: ...built by...

Listen to the following dialogue and after discussing about popular theater, practice it with a partner.

Juana Why are people gathered in the square?

Ramón Because a play is being performed there. Would you like to go?

Juana Of course! What play is being performed?

Ramón Lo que dejó la tempestad by César Rengifo. And it is being performed by the high school theater group.

Juana Great! Let´s go!

The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action of the sentence. It is not necessary to mention who or what is performing the action.



Listen to the paragraph. Then, 8ll in the blanks with the appropriate information.

1. - Some activities _________________ to take care of our school.

2.- The walls _________________________________________

3.- _____roofs ________________________________________

All regular verbs have the same form in past and past participle e.g. clean-cleaned-cleaned.

Some irregular verbs have the same form in past and past participle, e.g.,

Lose- lost- lost /hear- heard- heard

There are others that take a diWerent form, e.g.

Take-took-taken

There are some exceptions, for example:

Show-Showed - Showed / Shown (it can take both forms: regular or irregular).

In your notebook, change these sentences into active voice.

1. The new android phone is produced by Orinoquia.

2. The game on channel 4 is being watched by the students using their android cell phones.

3. Digital TV receivers are being produced by Movilnet.

4. National and international TV channels are provided by digital TV.

5. Cell phones with digital TV capabilities are being sold by Movilnet.

J. ALL EARS



Write your own conversation out of this situation: Carmela and Milagros are in front of La Cinemateca Nacional. Use the passive voice.

Milagros Let´s see a movie!

Carmela Which movie ______ _______ _______(perform)?

Milagros Miranda Regresa ____ _____ exhibited at La Cinemateca Nacional.

Carmela Tickets are ________sold right now.

Milagros Yes, they´re very _______. They´re only 20 Bs.

Write questions to the following answers

1. Yes, it is. A Román Chalbaud´s 8lm is being exhibited in our community.

2. Libertador Morales, el justiciero is produced by La Villa del cine.

3. El Caracazo is directed by Román Chalbaud.

4. No, they aren´t. Community radio stations aren’t being operated in our community yet.

5. Catia TV is programmed by a community group.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE


How do you want to be remembered? B´BOSS

“How do you want to be remembered?For your honor or your pride?

How do you want to be remembered?For your body or your mind...

How do you want to be remembered?For your anger or your love?

How do you want to be remembered?For your beauty or your blood?...

How do you want to be remembered?...For your passion or your faith?

How do you want to be remembered?For your father or your name?

Read an extract of the song: How do you want to be remembered? To read and listen to the whole song, visit this site: ww.michellehenry.fr/passif.htm#song

LET´S HAVE FUN


“Every cloud has a silver lining”


Natural disasters

An adverse event is de8ned as a natural process of the Earth that can aWect the lives of our families, neighbors and friends. Some serious adverse events are Moods, earthquakes, tsunamis, 8res, or droughts.

During the last twenty years, Venezuela was aWected by some of these events. In 2005, El Valle de Mocotíes, Estado Mérida, was Zooded by the rise of Mucuchíes and San Francisco rivers.

Due to extreme droughts that were caused bythe El Niño phenomenon and climatic change, great extensions of national forests such as Parque Nacional Henry Pittier and the Waraira Repano were destroyed by wild8res during 2010.

Do you remember any adverse event that occurred in your community?

After reading the paragraph above, answer the following questions:

1. What is the de8nition of an adverse event?

2. Name some adverse events occurred in the country or in your state.

3. Where is El Valle de Mocotíes located? What happened there in 2005?

4. What was destroyed in 2010?

A. LET’S EXPLORE!



Fill in the blanks with to be in the past tense and the correct form of the verb.

1. Cariaco ___ _______ (aWect) by an intense earthquake in 1997.

2. Unprecedented rains occurred in 2010 ____ ______ (cause) by La Niña.

3. La Fortaleza de Fuente de Jacomé ___ ________ (destroy) by a tsunami in the Cumaná area in 1530.

ACTIVE VOICE PAST PASSIVE VOICE

subject+ main verb+ direct objectsubject + be+ past participle of main verb+ by

+ object

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A>rmative sentence

Alexander Von Humboldt reported heavy rains that occurred in La Guaira in 1799.

Heavy rains that occurred in La Guaira in 1799 were reported by Alexander von Humboldt.

Negative form

The earthquake didn’t aWect some areas. Some areas weren’t aWected by the earthquake.

Question

Did the earthquake aWect the oldest buildings?Were the oldest buildings aWected by the earthquake?

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

subject+ be +main verb-ing+ direct object. subject + be+ being + past participle of main verb+ by + object

A>rmative sentence

Tsunamis were destroying great extensions of land.

Great extensions of land were being destroyedby tsunamis.

Negative form

Tsunamis weren’t destroying great extensions of land.

Great extensions of land weren’t being destroyed by tsunamis.

Question

Were tsunamis destroying great extensions of land?

Were great extensions of land being destroyedby tsunamis?

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



MORE EXAMPLES

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

The Bolivarian Government created La Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela in 2011.

Venezuelan nation passed the Ley de Gestión Integral de Riesgos socio-naturales y tecnológicos in 2009.

La Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela was created in 2011 by the Bolivarian Government.

The Ley de Gestión Integral de Riesgos socio-naturales y tecnológicos was passed by the Venezuelan nation in 2009.

Education for prevention was included in our schools in 2011.

Read the following paragraph and answer the question.

On April 5th

, 2009 according to FUNVISIS, a seismic storm was registered. The 8rst event occurred on May 4

th, a 5.4 Richter scale earthquake in Miranda State. The second event was recorded in Carabobo State, a

4.4 Richter scale event. And 8nally, the last event on September 12th

in Falcón State. Material damage and great alarm were caused by this last event.

(Taken from FUNVISIS site)

What kind of damage was caused by the seismic storm registered by FUNVISIS?

Children in our school were trained in seismic events two years ago

Our risk map was designed by our families, school and community


E. VOCABULARY


Complete the following sentences in passive voice, using the correct form of these verbs: locate – damage – raze - rebuild

1. The epicenter of the 1967 Caracas earthquake was __________ near the coast about 30 miles west of Caracas.

2. Many structures were____________________________.

3. Some buildings were____________________ afterwards.

4. An important bridge was__________________________.

Esteban Mom, have you experienced an earthquake?

Mom Of course, I have.

Esteban What was it like?

Mom Terrible! Some houses were destroyed completely.

Esteban What happened with our house?

Mom Fortunately, our house was not damaged!

Listen to the following dialogue and afterwards discuss its content.

G. LET’S APPLY



During the July 9th

, 1997 Cariaco earthquake, the small town of Cariaco and the capital city, Cumaná were the most aWected places. The damage in Cariaco was essentially restricted to one-century-old dwellings in the downtown area, but also three rather modern buildings collapsed.

Taken from h t t p : / / w w w. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m / s c i e n c e / a r t i c l e / p i i /S0013795203001704

Change these sentences into active voice.

1. Thousands of people were killed by the 1999 Vargas Tragedy.

2. Thousands of homes were destroyed by the mudslides.

3. The neighborhood of Los Corales was buried under 3 meters of mud.

4. A high percentage of homes were simply swept away to the ocean by the tragedy.

Listen and complete the following sentence.

Cranes ___________ _________by rescue workers to search through the debris for survivors or victims of the earthquake.

J. ALL EARS



Some time expressions used in passive voice in past tense

Some years ago, this area was aWected by a tsunami.

An earthquake was felt near the country yesterday.

A great extension of land was destroyed by a seismic event, at the time.

Write a brief paragraph in passive voice in your notebook. Use some the following words or expressions:

some years ago, an earthquake, a tsunami, a Zood, happened, occurred.


1. A dry area was covered by a Mood in 1900.

2. The earth’s surface was shaken by a quake in Venezuela.

3. A tsunami was caused by an earthquake in the sea.

4. Climate is the regular pattern of weather conditions.

5. Death and destruction are caused by natural disasters.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE


In small groups, search for information about one of the events below and do a role play the situation is an announcer commenting on breaking news / a newsMash, interviewing the victim (s)and the witness (es). Enjoy your performance!

a storm

a Mood

a wild8re

a tsunami

a drought

an earthquake

LET´S HAVE FUN


“With my resources and your resources everybody will bene8t”.

Read the following text.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international goals that were established by 193 countries in the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. By 2015, poverty and hunger will be eradicated. This will be achieved 8rst by improving people’s income. Second, universal primary education will be achieved by securing enrolment and completion. Third, gender equality and woman empowerment will be promoted by raising women’s education and political power. Fourth, infant mortality will be reduced by one third (1/3). Fifth, maternal health will be improved reducing maternal mortality. Sixth, AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis will be reduced and reversed. Seventh, environmental sustainability will be the ensured. And, 8nally, eighth goal: a global partnership for development will be established. In July 2012, The president of National Institute of Statistics (INE by its Spanish initials), Elias Eljuri, addressed the Economic and Social Council of the UN, and announced that the UN Millennium Development Goals will be achieved by our country before 2015.

Answer the following questions.

1. What do INE, MDG and UN stand for?

2. Is Venezuela represented in the United Nations?

3. Are MDGs one of Venezuela international agreements?

A. LET’S EXPLORE!



Fill in the following chart with the information from the text.

Dates Percentages Initials


Future tense

subject + will + verb + direct object subject + will + be + past participle + direct object

Our country will achieve the UN Millennium Goals before 2015

The UN Millennium Development Goals will be achie-ved in our country before 2015.

EXAMPLES


Education will promote gender equality.

Will Venezuela achieve the MDGs?

We will not achieve MDGs individually, we require solidarity.

Gender equality will be promoted by education.

Will the MDGs be achieved Venezuela?

The MDGs will not be achieved individually, soli-darity is required.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS



Match the following words with the images below: education, maternal health, hunger, gender, solidarity, environment, infant mortality

Use the following words to write the eight MDGs (you may repeat words). Use your notebook.

Verbs: Increase, promote, ensure, establish, reduce, achieve, reverse.

Nouns: education, income, maternal mortality, health, gender equality, malaria, tuberculosis, partnership for development, AIDS, environmental sustainability.

Answer the following questions in your notebook.

Which ones are being carried out by our government?What programs are currently being used to achieve them?


E. VOCABULARY


Change the following sentences into active voice.

1. To celebrate the end of the school year and the important dates in July four activities will be organized by the students.

2. A play will be shown by 8rst, second and third year students.

3. Our community will be invited to participate in all these activities by the organizing team.

To celebrate the end of the school year and the important dates in July, four activities will be organized. These activities will be oriented to increase students and community participation and to promote reMection and solidarity.

Advances in social policies and MDGs in our country will be discussed in a students’ forum. A play will be presented by 8rst, second and third year students. A musical concert will be performed by 4

th year students.

The school will be decorated with images related to these events by 5th

year students.

What activities will be held at the end of the year?

G. LET’S APPLY



Translate the following sentences into English.

1. El liceo será ampliado durante las vacaciones.

2. Las ventanas serán instaladas en los salones por la comunidad.

3. Seremos informados de los avances del país por el SIBCI.

Dictation

Listen to your teacher and write the dictation in your notebook.

The negative form of “will” is “will not”.

The contraction of “will not” is “won’t”, e.g.,

The teacher will not review the script today.

They will write a script for the play. They won’tact it out.

The play won’t be performed today.

The MGDs will be achieved through the social missions. They include programs created to bene8t all Venezuelans specially the poor by providing assistance in areas such as health, food, education, housing, social security, labor, social development, culture, communications, science and technology.

J. ALL EARS



In your notebook, write four sentences about the goals that will be achieved by your community in the next four years. And remember, don’t set limits to your dreams.

What happens after they write the sentences

Read the following sentences and write as many questions as you can. Use yes/no and Wh-questions.

1. Poverty and hunger will be eradicated from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by 2019.

2. Then we will march majestically towards that great prosperity for which South America is destined.

L. ASK ME...

K. LET’S CREATE

Read a fragment of the following song. Afterwards, visit this site to read the whole song: www.songs.net/m/songs/View/52043

By Prince Rogers Nelson Marta MarreroLove, thy will be doneI can no longer hideI can no longer runNo longer can I resist your guiding lightThat gives me the power to keep up the 8ght…

Then,

a. Talk about the message of the song. b. Select the rhyming words.

LET´S HAVE FUN

accounting (n) art of analyzing the 8nancial position and operating results of a business house from a study of its sales, purchases, overhead, etcachieve (v) to succeed in reaching a particular goal.addressing (n) the act of directing a remark or written statement to somebody.adverse (adj) negative and unpleasant.agreement (n) an arrangement, a promise or a contract made with someone.amusement (n) something that causes one’s time to pass in an enjoyable wayannounce (v) to tell people something obcially, especially about decisions, plans, etc. approve (v) to authorize.archery (n) sport practiced that uses special equipment such as arrows and a bow.average rate (n) a moderate value.be into (v.) to enjoy an activity that you practice. To be interested in something in an active way.beginner (adj.) someone new at doing something. Junior level.behavior (n) the way of behaving. To try to show one’s best mannersbilingual: (adj) someone who is able to speak two languages extremely well. blaming (v) to consider or say that somebody is responsible for something bad.bliss (n) perfect happiness.border (n) the obcial line separating two countries or statesborrow (v) to take and use something that belongs to somebody else.breath (n) air taking in to and breathed out of the lungsbridge (n) a structure that is built over a road, railway, river, etc. so that people or vehicles can cross from one side to the other.buddy (n) informal way to address a friend.bulk (n) not divided into parts, not packed in separate parcels.bunch (n.) a lot of something.burden (n) a heavy load that is dibcult to carry; a responsibility or dibcult task that causes a lot of worry.business (n) a person, partnership, or corporation engaged in commerce, manufacturing, or a service; pro8t-seeking enterprise or concern.

canvas (n.) a piece of cotton-made heavy fabric normally used for painting.carry out (n) to conduct or perform a project or plan.choice (n) selection.choose (v) select.climate (n) the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place.closest (adj.) the nearest in space or time.comfy mattress: comfortable situation.commit (v) to make someone agree or promise to do something.cosy (adj) warm and comfortable.couple (n) a pair. Two people or things together.coverage (n) the act or amount of reporting on or showing an event in the media.cutting-edge technology: the latest technology available. Modern and sophisticated piece of technology.cycling (n) the sport or activity of riding a bicycle.cyclist (n) a person who rides a bicycle. damage (n) a physical harm caused to something which makes it less attractive, useful or valuable.danger (n) the chance that a person or something might be hurt, killed or damaged or that something unpleasant may happen.death (n) the end of life, the state of being dead, the fact of somebody dying or being killed.deem (v) to consider that someone or something has a particular quality.deep (adj). Having a large distance from the top or surface to the bottom.deplete (v) to reduce the amount of something.design (n) the general arrangement of the diWerent parts of something that is made, such as a building, book, machine, etc.design (v) to decide how something will look, work, etc.develop (v) to grow, increase or become larger.development (n) the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced, stronger, etc.device (n) a machine or tool used for a speci8c task.disappointed (adj.) frustrated or disillusioned.disease (n) an illness of the body in humans, animals or plants.disposable (adj) intended to be thrown away after being used once or for a short time.

GlosarioG

draught (n) a long period of time when is little or no rain.dry (adj) (v) without liquid in or on it, not wet. To become dry.earth (n) the world, the planet we live on.earthquake (noun) a sudden, violent shaking of the earth´s surface.Easter (n) an annual Christian festival in commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.enough (pron) (adv) as much or as many of something as necessary. Subciently.enrollment (n) to make somebody obcially a member of a groupensure (insure) (v) to make sure that something happens or is de8nite.environment (n) the conditions in which people live, work, etc / natural world such as water, air, land in which people, animal and plants live.environmental (adj) of or relating to the natural environment; connected with the natural condition in which people, animals, and plants live.eradicate (v) to destroy or get rid of something completely.event (n) a thing that happens, especially something important.facing (v) To have or turn the face or front towards something or somebody. faith (n) strong belief. Trust in somebody´s ability or knowledge; trust that somebody or something will do what has been promised.fencer (n) an athlete who practices fencing which is a sport that needs swords and a special out8t. Rgure out (v.) to decipher someone or something with precision.Rre (n) the Mames, light and heat, and often smoke, that are produced when something burns.Zood (n) a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry.Zow (v) to move along in a stream; to circulate.Zying saucer (n) they’re also usually called UFOS (unidenti8ed Mying objects), and they’re said to come from outer space.forest (n) a large area of land that is thickly covered with trees.freshwater (adj) living in or containing fresh water, not salty or of the sea.frighten (v) to 8ll with fear.frightening (adj) to be afraid or fearful.further (adj) additional, moregarbage (n) waste material that you are throwing away.

gather (v) to come together, or bring people together, in one place to form a group.genius: (adj.) someone with extreme intelligence.global warming (n) the increase in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere.goal (n) something that you hope to achieve.goods (n) products or services that a given company sells.gourmet (adj): 8nest quality food.great (adj) very large, much bigger than average in size or quantity.groundwater (n) the water beneath the surface of the ground, consisting largely of surface water that has seeped down: the source of water in springs and wells.groundwork (n) the bottom or base of anything; the part on which something stands or rests.growth (n) the process of development, increasing.guess (v) to say or decide what you think is true, without being certain about it.guy (n) an informal way to address young people. gymnastics (n) practice or training in exercises that develop physical strength and agility or mental capacity.health (n) the condition of a person´s body or mind.healthy (adj) having good health.heavy (adj) weighing a lot, dibcult to lift or move.hike (v) to walk along sloping 8elds, for pleasure or exercise.human frame (n) human body.humankind (n) refers to everybody, men and women.implement (v) to make something that has been obcially decided start to happen or be used.improve (v) to become better than before, to make something/somebody better than before.income (n) the money that a person, a region, a country, etc. earns from work, from investing money, from business, etc.increasingly (adv) more and more. indulge (v) to yield too much to the desires of someoneinherit (v) to receive a property left by someone who has died.invest (v) to devote money or eWort in a plan or project.issue (n) an important topic for discussion or argument. joint venture (n) a business shared by two or more partners.journalism (n) the work or profession of producing writing for the media.

skills that a person has acquired through experience or education. lack (n) a state of being without or not having enough of something that is needed.landRll (n) an area of land where waste material is buried under layers of earthlandscape (n) everything you can see when you look across a large area of land, especially in the country.laundromat (n) a commercial facility where people wash and dry their clothes using coin-operated automatic machines.lead (v) to go before or with to show the way. leisure (n) time free from the demands of work or duty, when one can rest; enjoy hobbies or sports, etc.lifestyle (adj) pertaining to or catering to a certain lifestyle. lifestyle (n) the habits, attitudes, tastes, moral standards, economic level, etc., that together constitute the mode of living of an individual or group. live (adj) with people present.low cost(adj) cheap, not expensive.management (n) skill in dealing with a person; the art of managing business or money.meal (n) another word for food.melting (v) to melt, to become or make something liquid through heating.millennium (n) a period of 1000 years, especially as calculated before or after the birth of Christ.mind (n) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges.nearby (adv) a short distance from somebody or something, not far away.needs (n) circumstances in which something is lacking or necessary, or which require something to be done, a necessity.neighborhood (n) an area where people live.nourishment (n) something that nourishes; food, nutriment, or sustenance.oil (n) any of various thick liquids that do not mix with water and usually burn easily, obtained from animals, plants or minerals. Petroleum found in rock underground.outdoor (adj) that occurs, exists or is intended for use in the open air.partnership (n) the state of being a partner in business.pastime (n) a hobby.path (n) a way or track that is built or is made by the action of people walking.

work, task or duty.plantain (n) a type of banana used as a vegetable in cooking Caribbean foods.plumber (n) a man whose job is to 8t and repair water pipes.poison (n) a substance causing death or harm if taken into the body or absorbed.poisoning (n) an action or instance of giving or taking poison.pollute (v) to make something dirty or no longer pure.pollution (n) the process of making air, water, soil, etc. dirty; the state of being dirty.raise (v) to lift or move something to a higher level.rate (n) a measurement of the speed at which something happens.rebuild (v) to build or put something together again.record (n) written account of something that is kept so that it can be looked at and used in the future.record (v) to keep a permanent account of facts or events by writing them down, 8lming them, storing them in a computer, etc.recruit (v) (n) to raise (a force) by enlistment. A new member of a group, organization, or the like.redesign (v) make a new design.register (n) list of names, items, etc, a book that contains such a list.register (v) to record something or somebody’s name on an obcial list.relish (v) to enjoy or get pleasure from something.remain (v) to continue to be in a particular situation or condition.rescue (v) (n) to free or deliver from con8nement, violence, danger, or evil. To save somebody or something from a dangerous or harmful situation.resource (n) a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and can use, especially to increase their wealth.rise (v) to come or go upward, to reach a high or higher level or position.rocking (adj) to be moved or swayed powerfully with excitement, emotion.running water (n) tap water.scrap-book (n) a book in which you save pictures, articles, or other material.seamstress (n) a woman whose occupation is sewing.search (v) to look for, to investigate. To try to 8nd something or someone by looking carefully.set out (v) get ready for some activity.sewage (n) refuse liquids or waste matter usually

carried oW by sewers.shilling (n) amount of money equal to 12 penniesshipping (n) the business of carrying goods, especially in a ship.shortage (n) a de8ciency in quantity.show up (v): to appear in a sudden way.smooth (adj): having an even surface without sharply raised or lower placessoil (n) the upper layer of earth in which plants, trees, etc grow.stand for (v) support or defend statement (n) a thing that is stated; a formal account of facts, views, problems, etc.stilt (n) one of the set of posts that a house is built on to raise it above the ground or water.store (v) to collect and keep something for future use.storm (n) a very bad weather with strong winds and rain, and often thunder and lightning.strategy (n) a plan that is intended to achieve a particular purpose.styrofoam (n) polystyrene.summit (n) a meeting between the heads of two or more governments. The highest point of something especially the top of a mountain/ an obcial meeting between the leaders of two or more governments at which they discuss important matters.supply (n) an amount of something that is provided or available to be used provisions.supply (v) to provide somebody or something with something that they need or want, especially in large quantities.surface (n) the outside or top layer of something.surgical (adj) related to surgery; medicinal operation.surroundings (n) the place and conditions of life.survey (n) a formal inspection aimed at supporting an investigation. The information can be obtained orally or in writing.survey (v) to look carefully at all of something or somebody especially from a distance.survival (v) to continue to live or exist.swimmer (n) athlete who practices swimming table tennis (n) sport practiced using a table with a net and also a ball and a racket. tackling (v) to tackle. To deal with (a person) on some problem, issue, etc.tae kwon do (n) a Korean system of 8ghting without weapons, similar to karatetailor (n) a person who makes outer garments for others, especially for men.take up (v) to adopt the practice of an activity.target (n) a goal to be reached.teen (n) the short form for “teenager”, an adolescent.

therefore (adv) a consequence of; as a result; consequently.thicker (n) having a relatively great extent from one surface or side to the opposite; not thin.threat (n) a declaration of an intention or determination to inMict punishment, injury, etc., in retaliation for, or conditionally upon, some action or course; menace.throat (n) a passage in the neck through which food and air are taken into the body.through (prep) from one to the other of; between or among the individual members or parts of.throughout (prep) in or into every part of something.trash (n) objects of poor quality, garbage.treaty (n) an obcial written agreement between two or more countries.tricky (adj) that involves tricks or dibculties.tsunami (n) (from Japanese) an extremely large wave in the sea caused, for example, by an earthquake.unbelievable (adj.) very dibcult to believe.unborn (adj) not yet born; yet to come; future.underground (adv) (adj) under the surface of the ground.unprecedented (adj) that has never happened, been done or been known before.warming (n) the process of making something, or of becoming warm or warmer.warmth (n) the quality or state of being warm; moderate or gentle heat.waterborne (adj) of goods carried by water, of disease spread by water.weather (n) the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, such as the temperature, and if there is wind, rain, sun, etc.weight (n) the amount or quantity of heaviness or mass; amount a thing weighs.well (adv) in a good, right or satisfactory way.well-being (n) a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous.widely (adv) to a large extent or degree.wildRre (n) a 8re that is out of control.willing (adj) disposed or consenting; inclined.worship (v) the practice of showing respect for God o a god, by saying prayers, singing with others, etc; a ceremony for this.wrapping (n) a material used for covering or packing something.

Severn Suzuki’s speech

Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992.

Hello, I’m Severn Suzuki speaking for E.C.O. - The Environmental Children’s Organisation. We are a group of twelve and thirteen-year-olds from Canada trying to make a diWerence: Vanessa Suttie, Morgan Geisler, Michelle Quigg and me. We raised all the money ourselves to come six thousand miles to tell you adults you must change your ways. Coming here today, I have no hidden agenda. I am 8ghting for my future.

Losing my future is not like losing an election or a few points on the stock market. I am here to speak for all generations to come. I am here to speak on behalf of the starving children around the world whose cries go unheard. I am here to speak for the countless animals dying across this planet because they have nowhere left to go. We cannot aWord to be not heard.

I am afraid to go out in the sun now because of the holes in the ozone. I am afraid to breathe the air becau-se I don’t know what chemicals are in it. I used to go 8shing in Vancouver with my dad until just a few years ago we found the 8sh full of cancers. And now we hear about animals and plants going extinct every day - vanishing forever. In my life, I have dreamt of seeing the great herds of wild animals, jungles and rainforests full of birds and butterMies, but now I wonder if they will even exist for my children to see. Did you have to worry about these little things when you were my age? All this is happening before our eyes and yet we act as if we have all the time we want and all the solutions. I’m only a child and I don’t have all the solutions, but I want you to realise, neither do you!

You don’t know how to 8x the holes in our ozone layer. You don’t know how to bring salmon back up a dead stream. You don’t know how to bring back an animal now extinct. And you can’t bring back forests that once grew where there is now desert. If you don’t know how to 8x it, please stop breaking it!

Here, you may be delegates of your governments, business people, organisers, reporters or politicians - but really you are mothers and fathers, brothers and sister, aunts and uncles - and all of you are somebody’s child. I’m only a child yet I know we are all part of a family, 8ve billion strong, in fact, 30 million species strong and we all share the same air, water and soil - borders and governments will never change that. I’m only a child yet I know we are all in this together and should act as one single world towards one single goal. In my anger, I am not blind, and in my fear, I am not afraid to tell the world how I feel.

In my country, we make so much waste, we buy and throw away, buy and throw away, buy and throw away, and yet northern countries will not share with the needy. Even when we have more than enough, we are afraid to share, we are afraid to let go of some of our wealth. In Canada, we live the privileged life, with plenty of food, water and shelter - we have watches, bicycles, computers and television sets. The list could go on for two days.

Two days ago here in Brazil, we were shocked when we spent some time with some children living on the streets. And this is what one child told us: “I wish I was rich and if I were, I would give all the street children food, clothes, medicine, shelter and love and aWection.” If a child on the street who has nothing, is willing to share, why are we who have everything still so greedy?

I can’t stop thinking that these children are my age, that it makes a tremendous diWerence where you are born, that I could be one of those children living in the Favellas of Rio; I could be a child starving in Somalia; a victim of war in the Middle East or a beggar in India. I’m only a child yet I know if all the money spent on war was spent on ending poverty and 8nding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this earth would be!

At school, even in kindergarten, you teach us how to behave in the world. You teach us: not to 8ght with others, to work things out, to respect others, to clean up our mess, not to hurt other creatures to share - not be greedy. Then why do you go out and do the things you tell us not to do? Do not forget why you’re attending these conferences, who you’re doing this for - we are your own children. You are deciding what kind of world we will grow up in. Parents should be able to comfort their children by saying “everything’s going to be alright’, “we’re doing the best we can” and “it’s not the end of the world”.

But I don’t think you can say that to us anymore. Are we even on your list of priorities? My father always says “You are what you do, not what you say.”Well, what you do makes me cry at night. You grown ups say you love us. I challenge you, please make your actions reMect your words. Thank you for listening.