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DYNAMICS OF GREEN DESIGN IN MACRO SCALE – A QUESTION OF SUSTAINABILITY
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CONSCIOUS URBANISM
DYNAMICS OF GREEN DESIGN IN MACRO SCALE – A QUESTION OF SUSTAINABILITY
Nilanjan Bhowal
Arunima Chatterjee
Any discussion of urban design which does not address environmental issues has little meaning at a time of declining natural resources, ozone layer destruction, increasing pollution & it’s far reaching impacts on the pattern of living in the urban fabric.
• IS THERE AN ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS ?
• WHAT IS THE NATURE & EXTENT OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ?
• WHAT ARE THE UNDERLYING CAUSES ?
• WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS TO IMPROVE URBAN ENVIRONMENT?
POLLUTION CONTROL IN CITIES
BIKE PATHS & PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC IMPORTANCE
USABLE PUBLIC SPACES
GREEN POCKETS TO REDUCE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
INTEGRATED APPROACH
URBAN ENVIRONMENTALISM
• Ethics and respect for the individual.• Participation and democratization.• Structuring through networks.• A return to the natural world and sensory experience.• Controlled urban density and mixed development. • Respect for the genius loci , or spirit of place.• Ecology and economy.• International co-operation.
ENVIRONMENTAL HUMANISM
• Equilibrium between the built & open
spaces• Preservation• Urban diversity.• Social & community mixes.• Traffic control• Protection of water & air quality.• Waste management• Conservation of urban heritage.
CIVANO : An experimental community development in American Southwest The Problems
– Sprawl– Predominance of the
automobile– Lack of community– Destruction of
ecosystems, green spacesTechniques
– Considering energy in Planning
– New Urbanism – Transit-Oriented
Development– Conservation Subdivision
Design– Smart Growth
Sustainability goals include:• Reducing potable water
consumption by 65 %• Reducing home energy
consumption by 50%• Reducing internal vehicle miles
by 40%• Creating one job onsite for
every two residences• Reducing landfill-destined solid
waste• Providing 20 percent
"affordable housing“• Developing a cooperative city
Civano site plan : neighborhood growths
- Pedestrian streets within community
& parks /natural green spaces
- Peripheral vehicular movements
• Distinct separation of vehicular & pedestrian movement.
• Green buffers.
Principle 1: Manage Congestion
Principle 2: Balanced/Active Streets
Principle 3: Streets as Places
Principle 4: Interactive Streets
Principle 5: Pride of Place
Principle 6: Public Art to enhance
community integration
Functional open space
Natural open space
Existing multi-use trailEnhanced side-walkDivided urban pathwaysProposed multi-use trailsPedestrian connections
Main roadway Arterial roadway
MASTER PLAN & ROAD NETWORK
MICRO & MACRO GREEN STRATEGIES
SOLAR POWER GENERATION IN COMMUNITY LEVEL DESIGN
GARAGES AS BUFFER ZONE WITH PV CELLS AS GREEN ENERGY DESIGN
WATER CONSERVATION/RAIN WATER HARVESTING & PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
XERISCAPE & INDEGENIOUS PLANT LANDSCAPING IN COMMUNITY LEVEL TO CONSERVE WATER
ARCHITECTURAL VENTURES – Low Energy, passive design
MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION
DESIGN
PLANNING
STRAWBALE ADOBE RAMMED EARTH PRE-FAB CONSTRUCTION
AUROVILLE : An experimental township in South India
Centrifugal plan with Spiritual foci.
Lines of force separating different zones surrounded by a natural green belt.
EVOLUTION OF THE URBAN FORM
Four-part master plan idea by Mirra Alfassa, "the Mother“ of Auroville.
1966 Nebula
1967 Emerging Galaxy
1967 Galaxy Master Plan
Roger Anger:"Mother had given a couple of parameters: the division of the city into four areas, or zones, and the number of people for whom the city is envisaged (50.000). The division into those four zones (industrial, residential, international and cultural) is unique, and has no precedent in town planning.
• Auroville is an attempt to develop a utopian city with an ideal community and self sustenance were the driving force would be to realize human unity in diversity.
• This concept reflects in the city planning which integrates the new age metropolis as a mean to exercise ecological sustenance in living.
• The Green Belt is a fertile zone for applied research.
• The resulting innovative methods can be applied/extended in both rural and urban areas everywhere.
PRINCIPLES
CENTRAL ZONE GREEN BELT
RESIDENTIAL ZONE INTERNATIONAL ZONE
Spiritual center
Visitor’s activity zone
Experimental architecture
Apartments & single dwellings
International Pavilions
Exploring global parameters
matr
iman
dir
resi
dence
s
bh
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t niw
as
INDUSTRIAL ZONE
CULTURAL ZONE
research facilities, factories
recr
eati
on,
art
& c
ult
ure
Social Development
Cultural Development
Human Development
Environmental Development
Climatically responsive, energy efficient architecture
Low energy content building materials
GREEN ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING STRATEGIES
COMMUNITY WITHOUT BOUNDARIES
STREET SCALE & TRAFFIC SEGREGATION
PUBLIC CONVENIENCES IN VARIOUS SECTORS
RAMMED EARTH STRUCTURE
RECHARGE RESERVOIR
THATCH, WATTLE & DAUB, ADOBE & ORGANIC STRUCTURES
Civano was designed to protect the environment and, every home at Civano is certified by the US Government to reduce the energy costs for heating and cooling by at least 50%.
Civano is a direct implementation of a new development pattern allowing people to meet economic needs while maintaining social values and ecological harmony. Civano's master plan anticipates construction of about 2,000 homes and apartments using significantly lower natural sources than conventional homes within a broad price range.
Harvested and reclaimed water is promoted. Extensive walking and biking paths reduce auto usage for internal circulation and create a livable community.
TWO GEOGRAPHICALLY DIFFERENT URBAN EXPERIMENTS WITH SUSTAINABLE GOALS Conscious Urbanism in Auroville
addresses issues – from organic food generation to water, energy, architecture, construction materials, technology, waste management, pollution, traffic and even self – governance.
Although originally intended to house 50,000, the actual population today is 1,829
Vehicular traffic (quantity, movement) needs to be planned and controlled (Civano is a good example for pedestrian and vehicular traffic segregation)
Low-energy building materials and sustainable techniques adopted at the micro scale. (rammed-earth, compressed earth blocks, ferro cement, funicular shells etc. have been extensively tried at Auroville by various architects)