Currency note kay masail (Currency Problem)

mg9*îGZ°Ý fYl()Æ»½~â^Ð0ÎZÑ]Zzg¦~Z‘Í-B¸ç GWE]Æó�Z!*]6,Œg‚!

ZZÒËØ]ÖËÏnä]ÖËâÜÊ±uÓ^ÝÎ^]Ö]âÜXX

Å÷¯x

™â^ÆÑ¦Z©â]…uÛè]Ö†uÛà Â×nä ]Â×oFu–†l(]Ú^Ý]uÛ‚…•^ì^á i’ßnÌV

…uÛè]Ö×äiÃ^ÖoFÂ×nä ÚçŸÞ^ÚvÛ‚#â‚Î^&…p iŠ`nØV

æ¾

)Šú]Zsò( ]]]]ÖÖÖÖÛÛÛÛ‚‚‚‚mmmmßßßßèèèè]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃ××××ÛÛÛÛnnnnèèèè >:g9*îGZv¬\m £ÃèZd|]

Þ^#†

ÚÓjfè]ÖÛ‚mßä(e^h]ÖÛ‚mßäÒ†]2o

ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωω

ωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωω

)Šú‹Zsò( Úr×‹]ÖÛ‚mßè]ÖÃ×Ûnè 7¿:

ÒËØ]ÖËÏnä]ÖË^âÜÊ±œuÓ^ÝÎ†›^Œ]Ö‚…]âÜ1θ ε

χζ

www.dawateislami.net

æÂ×Fo�ÖÔæœ‘vêÔmûfng]Ö×#ä ]Ö’¡éæ]ÖŠ¡ÝÂ×nÔm^…‰çÙ]Ö×#ä

]£te**Ñôp�

»»»»ZZZZÅÅÅÅ©©©©©©©©0000îîîî EEEEGGGGGGGGZZZZÖÖÖÖëëëë°°°°ZZZZ©©©©xxxxŒŒŒŒÛÛÛÛ¤¤¤¤kkkkZZZZ−−−−ggggZZZZëëëë :::: **xÂ[

mg9*îGZ°Ý Zd|]ZâxZ£gŸ{y :::: '

™â^ÆÑ¦Z©â] :::: Cóz÷¯x

g9*îGZv¬\m ñÑ**·á@‡Šg~ :::: ðzáW

8241|ì.7002Y :::: _èELS®)Îx

$»40î GEGZ=Ü!*[Z=Ü™Zc :::: **ÑYÆí

$»40î GEGZ=ÜLK3gZŠg™Zc$»40î GEGZ=ÜŠg!*gâgLmjgzeÔÑƒg$»40î GEGZ=ÜZûâwgze4,ŠÏÇ{ÔgZzf~$»40î GEGZ=ÜZ}7g!*iZgÔuŠZgW!*Š)ßW!*Š($»40î GEGZ=Ü4,Š{èzZàKZ0+gzy1EÙ�ÔMy$»40î GEGZ=ÜgIFbÔ©gW!*Š$»40î GEGZ=ÜÃ@4,Šgw}ZøÔe~ZöW~$»40î GEGZ=Ü?zgéyæÜçv�11ÔZ‡gZ7f$œg$»40î GEGZ=ÜWiZŠòaußZV÷7g





χζ


]øÖûvøÛû‚öÖô×#äô…øhôù]ÖûÃF×øÛônûàøæø]Ö’$×Fçéöæø]ÖŠ$¡øÝöÂø×Fo‰ønôù‚ô]ÖûÛö†û‰ø×ônûàø

]*Ú$êøÃû‚öÊø*Âöçûƒöeô^Ö×#äôÚôàø]Ö#$nû_6àô]Ö†$qônûÜôeôŠûÜô]Ö×#äô]Ö†$uûÛFàô]Ö†$uônûÜô

]]]]ÖÖÖÖÛÛÛÛ‚‚‚‚mmmmßßßßèèèè]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃ××××ÛÛÛÛnnnnèèèè µ3ï NGNELZd|]mZ°9*îGZzgZi:!*ë

ELŠú‹ZsòÔ¬^þILZd|]Ôd-÷

IGEL§gÔZ(.çGLZ\ŠZ#Ö',»(:ê

GXZ°D ‡Šg~gç~Mð ····ZZZZ1111kkkk««««""""gggg ñÑ**Z1šw |]‘Õä O)‘×ùo]Ö×#äiÃ^ÖFoÂ×näæ‰×ùÜ ]ÖvÛ‚Ö×#äÂ×Fo-ôuûŠø^ÞôäæøeôËø–ûØô…ø‰öçûÖôä

nÅ óó ŠŠŠŠúúúú‹‹‹‹ZZZZssssòòòò LL "5Ò3üGEGELŒÛWyz]4ïEOGÅ¬K)(Ï’q-

Šú]ÔS§ñ]4ïEOGZzgZ�á“ïGL‘ÐêLÑ<ÃŠ*½~¬x™ä»³Ä!|+ê NOgBb

Ñc* ìÔSyÓxQñgÃ+Bjè EELp!uZ�xŠ¶Æn!3›å G‡ŠWÖ»ªx¿~

Zsò Šú‹ Ìì� ZZZZZZZZ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³ÛÛÛÛ‚‚‚‚mmmmßßßßèèèè]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃ××××ÛÛÛÛnnnnèèèèXXXXXXXX ŠHìX~ÐZq->

ŒìÔTä{ØdÔó 6, ÒÒÒÒøøøø%%%%$$$$³³³³††††øøøøââââöööö³³³³ÜÜÜÜöööö]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³××××####ääääööööiiiiÃÃÃÃ^ÖÖÖÖFFFFoooo Æ‘Ð)é NYz!¨45é NEGGÈ™ZxZzgZ�á�»x»ÚZQVc*ìXZkÆqgzfsb�:

)2(£ŠgÏµ3ï NGNE g9*îGZv¬\m )1(£µ3ïGNELZd|])4(£F,Z9êELÃ )3(£Z&kµ3ï NGNE)6(£

$©54øGEGGILµ3ï NGNE )5(£Có

Zd|]ÔSâÄR\Ôx ÅZÍAF,ßu»§ ZZZZZZZZ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³ÛÛÛÛ‚‚‚‚mmmmßßßßèèèè]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃ××××ÛÛÛÛnnnnèèèèXXXXXXXX





χζ


6,zZU\.üI

L§‚ªÔ&Cå NEMLO›Š+z$Òï L‡GÔq&ö0]4ïEOGÔâ9ö0&åEL®)Ô ZË.çEMM•Ô“‹-êEGNZÔ;MÔ

!*“ïIL;.ç EMGQz%æEMM•Ô|‹‘ÕäO)ñÑ**ZÒ`ZÒ¢ûELEZØg~ ¬Åê LLaçIML$šïGQMGÔ*.çFGL§gÔÅ°æ YLZVât£?Ã“¸çLq¢Æ ‘Ò0î MMGQL¦9*î QMGNZÇæ‡9.è QWE ZÅhéIO{ZâxR£¦Ÿ{y

\<ÿ MXQQ]Òð N[~7™**ìXÓxZsò¸ð uuuujjjj$$$$³³³³³³³³oooo]]]]ÖÖÖÖûûûû³³³³çççç‰‰‰‰ÄÄÄÄ »çVÆ_.

ZzgZsòäSk‘Ð+ö LÔóZzgZ�á�æã»x~CÙe¬zy�ÛâNZzg>

Å§sÐ�áùƒäzZàµ3ï NGNE»pŠÌ_Åœî M�ÛâNZzgŠzuzVÃÌSkÅF,(ŠÑNX

Ã›y XXXXXXXX ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³³³³³ÛÛÛÛ³³³³³³³³‚‚‚‚mmmm³³³³³³³³ßßßßèèèè]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³ÃÃÃÃ³³³³××××³³³³ÛÛÛÛnnnnèèèè ZZZZZZZZ ÅÓxWÖ$g.ð EMINNw óó ŠŠŠŠúúúú‹‹‹‹ZZZZssssòòòò LL •çEOzV ZvŠHgƒ,ZzggZ]!*gƒ,F, ö

GO«�ÛâñZzgøg}CÙ’)ÿLíÃi-§ZÜmÐWgZ3�Ûâ™ŠzâV˜VÅ>ð»:L¯ñX…i%æGL±45å YEELåZÞŠ]Ô

» -Zv¬\mzK!zÅ ¼AZÅ3©3ü EGG~æ®Zzg¼AZÁŠzk~ZLæãÔ

-Zv¬\mzKhz]Ðê ‡ 7,zk‚�ÛâñXW}O{Z#ZÑ}

gpyZMgu5241|





χζ


eeeeŠŠŠŠÜÜÜÜ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ××××####ääää]]]]ÖÖÖÖ††††uuuuÛÛÛÛFFFFàààà]]]]ÖÖÖÖ††††uuuunnnnÜÜÜÜ

&&&&4444øøøøFFFFGGGGIIIILLLLÂÂÂÂÃÒg„ì�ZL),gÍVÅÂÁ !øg~ ]Ö³v³Û³Ö³×#³³äÂùæqùØ

W‚yÐW‚yZ0+Zi~7™äÅXŠ]qÝ™Dg�OçZke

~¦~ZZ|]ÔZâÄZ3ÿXL<LÔg9.ç XELÑ<ÔZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°ÝÆF²!ÔZgŠzZzgÃgÏg‚bTƒ™úZxzpZmÐyZ•d0*`�ZÏe

ÅZq-Zzg°æ MH~¦~ZZ|]mZ°9*îG»²[zY~.e$„�gzczsg‚!Ô óóóóóóóó LLLLLLLL™™™™ââââ^ÆÆÆÆÑÑÑÑ¦¦¦¦ZZZZ©©©©ââââ]]]] ¯x ZZZZZZZZÒÒÒÒ³³³³ËËËËØØØØ]]]]ÖÖÖÖËËËËÏÏÏÏnnnnääää]]]]ÖÖÖÖËËËË^ââââÜÜÜÜÊÊÊÊ±±±±œœœœuuuuÓÓÓÓ^ÝÝÝÝÎÎÎÎ††††››››^ŒŒŒŒ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ‚‚‚‚…………]]]]ââââÜÜÜÜXXXXXXXX

&4øFGIL}.#ÖìÔT~W\mg9*îGZ°ÝÐZ,!*g{ÎZÑ]K‰�X»m™â^Æ)bÐåOçW\mg9*îGZ°ÝäZyÎZÑ]Æ�Z!*]ŒÛWyzug$ZzgMµ3ï NGNEL¢§;0î EGXGÅgzÝ~]:Z0+Zi~«�Ûâ™8þLï

ZŠZ™Šc*²ZÏ™â^ÅÑ¦wY+~Z3ÿXLD|Z]²dŠgZiÐ!5åGMEM&åEEL[z(.çGMMá…Š¦~ZZ|]mg9*îGZ°ÝÆZyó�Z!*]ÅgzÝ~

z{ZDÑ]Ìg«ƒ‰X¾qwPë)fYäÌ™â^Ð0ÎZÑ]Æ�Z!*]

ŠbpZyÅï¸Z&4èEGELÑÜÆ7Ã**³z$zg¶XOç¦~ZZ|]mZ°9*îGäZkLLg‚áóó~ZyÆÒy™Š{

®ŠÑb»¬Ü�Ûâ™¬Ñ¦p[ZiZ0+Zi~zZã�ÛâŠc*X





χζ


ÎŠÅuÈ~™ÆY,§hV6,œqÝ '×h+t�ZkLLg‚áóó~

Zºn!¦~ZZ|]mg9*îGZ°Ý» ™äÅZßg'Ì’k,�Ûâð�ÔtLLg‚!óóŠÑbz',Z�Ð'çEO+zWgZ3ìXZzgZkLLg‚áóóÅZÌZzgZÃŠe$»Z0+Zi{Zk!*]ÐÌÎc*YYì�tLLg‚!óó™ZcLL-Eg;óóÆZ*ÔZ}ÔÆ»[~Ì�áïìX¾qw¬x‡gMÅW‚ãÆaLLl)óó

~ZkLLg‚áóó»Ü�Ì7™Šc*ŠHìXZkLLg‚!óóÃ].h+§iZzgZiZ0+Zi~7™äÆa"5Ò3ü

GEGELŒÛWyÆ$å MMãfY XX ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³ÛÛÛÛ³³³³‚‚‚‚mmmm³³³³ßßßßèèèè]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃ××××ÛÛÛÛnnnnèèèè z<LÅ¬K)(Ï’q-Šú]èZsòÅ>LL

äp[ÃlÅ�T»Z0+Zi{fs~Š~»xÅ,ÐÎc*YYì:

Wc*]zZqŠg$ZzgŠv„gZ]ÆjZ!Y]Ålzg½CóÅìX 1111XXXXÂZÖpZzgZ˜q]Æ&4øFGILÃF,3ÃW‚yZgŠzi!*y~™äÅ 2222XXXXÃÒÅì@*�¬x‡g~ÃÌtLLg‚!óó7,"~ŠØZg~:ƒX

Â¨Z˜q]»Z‹~F,À™Šc*ŠHìZzg ²!ZÖpZzg (( 3333XXXXLLg‚!óóÅZ’ZY„~ZyÓxZ&q]ÃPÃZ+zVÆ‚B¦™Šc*ŠH

ìÎc*ŠgÄ™tLLg‚!óó7‚ãŒYYìX5W5S~ŠgÅì@*�7,"zZßVÃ!*W‚ã)b™WÃX XXXX4444Wc*‹ŒÛW6Ã‚',lüûÔ$4èGELZqŠg$Ãe.Þ',l))((Ô 5555XXXX

Ð LLLLLLLLóóóóóóóó Inverted commas Â1VÆ**xZzgŠvZë„gZ]Ã





χζ


zZãHŠHìXXWy~â~.z%ZUÅz„Ô!{3¨4è EEGEz5Æ**ñVÔZyÅ_èELzÃ] 6666Zzg_,Æ‚Bf™™Š~ˆìXZÏ§bZkLLg‚!óóÃW\J-àäÐ¬F%û6,zsgi+HŠHìZzg‚B„ZôoÆ‚B)bÌŠNa‰�@*�tLLg‚!óó‚ZYzg

¨)b~!VÔ/]gZzgŠvÕ÷ÐôpgìOçZkLLg‚!óó~

W\|Z]Ã�pÒVŠ3ðŠ,z{Zv³zVÅ«ÔZkÆ\g}ÔÑ™*gƒsg°-Zv¬àmzÅÅÃ™xÔfY™ZxgÂZvZzg�§gZ÷

Z3Òh4ï XEG|]´)ñÑ**Z1šw·Z1k«g‡Šg~ŠZxØZ°àÆ;Ð�

Zzg�{xVÃWNZy~Gøg~Ã@*„ìXZkg‚!ÅZ�á®)èZzwÅ÷ñÑ**·�á@ZÅšŒég~Z=ã0Ô

äÅ¶Xñßs‚O¼0*gu)7241|(~Lƒ‰¸X g9*îGZv¬àm ¬ÝZv¬àZyÆŠgY]Ã—�ÛâñZzgZy6,ZKg8V»4,zw�ÛâñX

BÚnàer^å]Ößfo]¢Únà‘×o]Ö×äiÃ^ÖoFÂ×näæ‰×Ü

ñßsäŠgµÂò)¬ÝÃgk(Å½Šú‹ZsòÆZŠZg}LLY!œîGZ=Üóó~åÅÔZzg4002Yâ~_5åEL�ÛZº)qÝÅXZkÆˆŠú]è

~ZK}.â]Z�xŠïgìZzg ]]]]ÖÖÖÖÛÛÛÛ‚‚‚‚mmmmßßßßèèèè]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃ××××ÛÛÛÛnnnnèèèèXXXXXXXX ZsòÆdzóZŠZg}LLZZZZZZZZ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³ÛÛÛÛjjjj³³³³rrrr³³³³³³³³††††]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³††††]]]]eeeexxxxÊÊÊÊ³³³³oooo FÂ1VÆF,ZWÆãCŠ~%ZiðGX~

óó eeeevvvv††††]]]]ÖÖÖÖ‚‚‚‚ÚÚÚÚççççÅÅÅÅ ÔLL LLLLLLLL¼¼¼¼AAAA~~~~ááááYYYYääääzzzzZZZZááááZZZZqqqqwwwwóóóóóóóó ¯x $$$$³³³³çççç]]]]hhhh]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃÛÛÛÛØØØØ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ’’’’^ÖÖÖÖxxxxXXXXXXXX





χζ


LLLL3333~~~~ááááYYYYääää ¯xL ZZZZZZZZ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³ææææ]]]]qqqq††††ÂÂÂÂàààà]]]]ÎÎÎÎjjjj††††]]]]ÍÍÍÍ]]]]ÖÖÖÖÓÓÓÓffff^ññññ††††XXXXXXXX ¯xLLZ“V»Šgc*óóZzg»¼F,À�áïìX zzzzZZZZááááZZZZqqqqwwwwóóóóóóóó

Ð¦/Zglì�ZkLLg‚!óóÆ£gÃ ŠZ#ÖAt�êE

‡gMSîfY™Zx'×h+4¯äÆ!*g}~…ZKËWgZYZzgzm,Ð’k,~îg6,i

�ÛâNXŠ¬ì�Zv¬\ZkLLg‚!óóÃúZxzpZmÆaœj¯ñ!BÚnàer^å]Ößf±]¢Únà‘×ùo]Ö×äiÃ^ÖFoÂ×näæBÖäæœ‘vêäæe^…Õæ‰×Ü=

))))ZZZZ====""""0000îîîî GGGGEEEEGGGGZZZZÅÅÅÅ››››ÐÐÐÐ....0000îîîîGGGGGGGG(((( mmmmgggg9999****îîîîGGGGZZZZ°°°°ÝÝÝÝ ££££ÃÃÃÃZZZZdddd||||]]]]





χζ


Ê`†‰k

™� zzzz„„„„èèèèpppp}}}} �Ñg

91 .............................. P¢zg~Z˜q] 102 .............................. ZçqÅ°d] 212 ............................................. ÃZ+{ 332 ............................................ ¼* 464 ........ »½~â^Æ!*g}~fYl()ÆÎZÑ] 584 ................................................ è

'+Ÿ5åG

G 605 ..................................... â^Å| 715 ...................................... âwÅ°p 815 ...................................... â^»b× 925 ........................ â^Æg¦ƒä»È 0155 ....................... ™â^ÅZZ†V»Òy 1175 .................................... Â"$âw7 2195 .................. âwÅegZlxZzgZy~c 3195 ..................................... âwÅ«n 4106 ................................... âwÅŠzu~n 51

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w


ÒËØ]ÖËÏnä]ÖË^âÜÊ±œuÓ^ÝÎ†›^Œ]Ö‚…]âÜ9q e

cz


06 .................................... áò6,cz£ 6116 .................................... âwÅŠ~n 7116 ....................... àk,ZÆIwg6,$‹¨ÿ

GEO)cz£( 8146 ..................................... âwÅa¶n 9156 Z˜b~yìYèZkÆ‚By6çnH â^

.............................................. Y@*ì02

56 ......................................... ÎZw�1 1266 ........................................ ÎZw�2 2266 ............ i2>ÅÑZ_0*ðYNÂâ^6,i2>ì 3276 ........................................ ÎZw�3 4276 .................................. â^$ƒYì 5276 ........................................ ÎZw�4 6276 ............ ââg~™ä6,qÁZsx;B»LÇ 7286 ........................................ ÎZw�5 8286 ................. â^Ÿù™Š¶6,â^„ŠbƒÇ 9296 ........................................ ÎZw�6 0396 â^Ãe0+~Ægz7VZzgÎäÅZÑAVÐŠ

......................................... Y,ì13


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


96 ............................................ Ò 2307 'Åïyh+z�Ûz|#Æ9ƒäcÁÐÁ

.................. Zq-…Å7ƒ**¼¢zg~733

07 Zßwtì\öI0Åñ�Š{qª»Z±gHY@*ìÔt...................... 7Š¬Y@*ZÝ~H¶

43

27 ....... âqc¢zg~7z{qCÙ(âwªYñ 5347 ................................ àk,ZÆIwg6,$‹¨ÿ

GE 6357 ..................................... PWŠZƒZëY 7357 .................... ¢40î GEGÅgzZc*]®ƒZ™C� 8357 ¢40î GEGZ#�gÂ1VÅ#¿™}ÂZk»¸w=w..............................................7

93

57 ¢40î GEGZ¤/¸Z°ÆÜsXÒy™}Â‡&ÿELJw7Z#J-ZkÅ@*G~ÃðZzg‡&ÿELZOŠÜ:0*ð

............................................. Yñ

04

57 Ü~**�»7ÉTÆjZáÐÜHYñ

................................. Qk»Z±gƒ@*ì14

67 ..................... ¢40î GEGÆZ»ŠÅ5ÿGL{Ð�Z[ 2467 ~@*Yzu]Ñä»ÃZ+{ Ò^Æ„é „gZ]è�Y~Â 34


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


87 ..................... ¢40î GEGÆZ»ŠÅ5ÿGL[Ð�Z[ 4408 ...... oèyÅzÝZzgZkÆîwz²nÅu, 5408 ......... ¬Š]»gh**pŠZL‚B°Zz]™**ì 6408 ........................... „â‰£ÅïOGzwZxì 7418 .................. ŠzuzV»âw8¢~JwZì 8428 ßÃY,ŒÛZgŠ¶~¾d$›âVÅ’ZzgZŒ

.............. §jÐZyÅq�VÃ7gZ™**ì94

38 ..... Ë\öI0Ãâw¯äÐÌâqU*"$ƒYCì 0548 ........................... X¢40î GEGÅZq-%Âä 1568 ...................................... ÎZw�7 2568 .............. âÃÀzVÆúnŠßÇì 3578 ...................................... ÎZw�8 4578 ......................... âÃ�gŒÛnŠbY,ì 5588 ........................................ ÎZw�9 6588 .. gz9Æ$+á~™âÃ�gŒÛnŠY,ì 7588 gz7VÆ$+á~â^Š"3ü EGLÜs7Zk~

...................... ŠzâV§sÐï™**Ñoƒ85

88 ................................. ßÜsÅ°p 95


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


88 â^Zzg¦V»yƒ**ßÍVÅZ˜bÅzzÐì 0698 ....................... š+ÐŠNqì š+Ã 1639 ZkZ%Åïjk)¦V(ÃÎäc*e0+~Ð$+Ü

.............. ²Zq-§sÐïƒŠHƒÂY,ì26

49 ............ ‡g~Z†Ztg9*îGZvmÆXÅ${š3ý GEG 3659 ZkpÅ${š3ý GEG�fYäYìRÅ„g]ÐŒ

Zzg´)áòä‡g~Z†ZtÅZkÐ@*GÅÔZzg........................... fí{zdz){6,$‹¨Õä GE]

46

79 .............................. h+U"5å EGK)ï(Åï 56801 ........................................ ÎZw�01 66801 ............................ â^~"3ü EGLÅY,ì 76801 ..................... ¦V~"3ü EGLÅÆ�ZiÅï 86011 ................................... ìZ;k,6,$‹¨ÿ

GE 96311 ........................................ ÎZw�11 07311 âÃZkÅâqÐiZZ+7Æ$+áŠY,ì 17411 ................. ñß~†ZÄAö©~™r#Å¬Š] 27411 â^ÃQkÅâqÐic*Š{76,&Æ8ðEMZi

.......................... )Y,ƒä(Å«Š?

37


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


411 ÆÓx (Usury) Zq-¬xZzgZë‡°{T6,ÎŠ............................. )b»ŠZgzæZgì

47

511 ................................ �ZiÅŠzu~Š? 57611 ................................ �ZiÅŠ~Š? 67611 ................................. �ZiÅa¶Š? 77711 ................. ©~™r#Å§sÐZq-µ 87711 ............................... Zkµ»ª�Z[ 97811 ....................................... ŠzuZ�Z[ 08911 ...................................... ŠZ�Z[ 18021 .............................. Zq-Z‹ZnÅ½k, 28221 ........................................ ª�Z[ 38321 ...................................... ŠzuZ�Z[ 48421 ..................................... ÎŠÅ°p 58421 ....................................... ŠZ�Z[ 68621 ....................... :òÞZâxÆw6,ì 78621 ....................................... aå�Z[ 88621 ZkZ%ÆŠÑbâq~$¨é GEMuÿ EN)ic*ŠC((zÓ

..................................... è’a7ì98


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


621 ......................... ™Z>ØÆZZ:‡] 09231 ............................. ÎŠÐvÅD+Û:1 19331 .............................. ÎŠÐvÅD+Û:2 29431 ............................. ÎŠÐvÅD+Û:3 39531 .............................. ÎŠÐvÅD+Û:4 49631 ...................................... ß‘40îGE»Òy 59631 ............................. ÎŠÐvÅD+Û:5 69631 .............................. ÎŠÐvÅD+Û:6 79831 .........................

"3ü EGL‘40îGEÜs(z{Ý¸ì 89931 ‘ÐêLZßÁ}Zzg‘ÐêLug$~'ç N]ÿ MÅ°p~�Ûtì 99931 ................................. ug$è‘40îGEÅ6,Ä 001141 $»Ëug$ÐZ+Ñw™**„Zkug$Æ9.................................. ƒäÅŠ?ì

101

241 ...................... ƒÐZa�Ãy‚ì? 201441 ....................... yh+Dz‰Ü¶™Z**<Lì 301541 âq~·å)ic*ŠC(Æ(zÓ’a:ƒäÅ

....................................... Šzu~Š?

401


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


541 lZg~¶�Åegßg'�Zzg½ZƒÂ

................................... egzVY,�501

641 ... âq~·åÆ(zÓ’a:ƒäÅŠ~Š? 601741 .... âq~·åÆ(zÓ’a:ƒäÅa¶Š? 701741 . âq~·åÆ(zÓ’a:ƒäÅ0*v,Š? 801841 ........... (zÓ’akH{èR{ìZzgÝ¸Ibì 901841 ................... Ãå©~Å»lÅ§sZág{ 011941 ....... âq~·å(zÓ’a:ƒäÅ”Š? 111941 ...... Zq-…Î¥¦VÆ$+á~Š'wì 211941 .. âq~·åÆ(zÓ’a:ƒäÅ‚Â,Š? 311941 ......................... ìZ;k,6,$‹¨ÿ

GE)cz£( 411151 ...... âq~·åÆ(z{:ƒäÅW^,Š? 511251 ........ âq~·åÆ(z{:ƒäÅâ,Š? 611351 ....... âq~·åÆ(z{:ƒäÅŠÎ,Š? 711351 ...................... �†Z>Æ¯x»ª�Z[ 811451 ....................................... ŠzuZ�Z[ 911451 ...................... LïÃÌzZZ#ë� 021


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


551 (( ›âVÆ›y6,b£tzZZ#� )) ug$

......................... ~zZZ#ÐH%ZŠì?121

551 ..................... �†Z>Æ¯x»ŠZ�Z[ 221551 ........................... Šzªè¢6ÆzZ§»f™ 321951 ........................... Ãå©~6,0*vZVgœ 421061 .............................. Ãå©~6,Ùgœ 521161 ........................... Ãå©~6,‚ÂZVgœ 621161 ........................... Ãå©~6,W^ZVgœ 721161 .............................. Ãå©~6,âZVgœ 821261 ............................. Ãå©~6,ŠÎZVgœ 921261 ......................... Ãå©~6,ŠHgƒZVgœ 031361 ......................... Ãå©~6,!*gƒZVgœ 131461 ZkZ%»ÒyZ×Z#âqZzgª~',Z',ƒV

......... ÂZ(gìT~Ðeì7ZŠZ™}231

761 ........................... Ãå©~6,¾ƒZVgœ 331861 Ãå©~6,aŠƒZVgœZkZ%ÆÒy~Ãå

............ ©~Æw6,ÑixW@*ìÎŠ'wƒ431

961 .......................... Ãå©~6,GgƒZVgœ 531


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


071 ........................................ ÎZw�21 431171 Škgz9»â^!*g{Æ$+á‚w½Æz°{6,m..................... È~ÐŠY,ìÎŠ7ì

531

271 .... ŒÛnZŠZ™Dz‰ÜZK§sÐiZZ+Š¶»Òy 631371 ...... ŒÛnhezZá»ŒÛnpZ{ÐŒÛnyh+¢8÷? 731571 .............................. ÎŠÐvÅF,^ 831771 ............... ô!îE0™ZxgèZv¬àeäß‘40îGEÅ 931771 ..................... ß‘40îGEÆ�Zi6,Z)q‡ìì 041771 ................. ßZzgŒÛn¦ƒYNÂH¬ì? 141871 .............. ZknÆ.»ŒÛWyzug$Ðo] 241181 ........................... ßZzgÎŠ~H�Ûtì? 341481 . |]ñÑ**ZgáŠ@™r#g9*îGZv¬\m»:~ 441581 Z¤/Ãð»½»Zq-•ZZq-DÙZgÆúnmÂtš™Z>Ø

......................................... Y,ì541

681 ............................... ¤‹‹fY™Zx 641781 ....................................... â~.z%ZU 741


ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

ww

w



cz


ZZZZkkkkÂÂÂÂ[[[[~~~~ññññ��ŠŠŠŠ¢¢¢¢zzzzgggg~~~~ZZZZ˜qqqq]]]]ÅÅÅÅ°°°°dddd]]]](DEFINATIONS OF ESSENTIAL TERMINOLOGIES)

ŠzV»!*ëgŸq~ÐZq-ºmßg]Æ‚Bâw»âw :::: """"3333üüüü EEEEMMMMGGGG )1((SALE) ÐnŠ!™**X

z{qTÃœYìX $$$$44443333üüüü MMMMEEEELLLLGGGGQQQQ:::: )2((SOLD THING)

ë�X " !*ù " ËÌqÆ&zZáÃ : !!!!****ùùùù )3((SELLER)

ë�X " œ~ " ËqÆyh+äzZáÃ !!!!nnnn....çççç NNNNIIIIQQQQGGGGMMMMLLLL~~~~:::: )4((PURCHASER)

ì" Š+ " Z+q�ËÆf)Ë-c*÷Æ:LÑixƒYñ šššš++++:::: )5((FINANCIAL CLAIM)

ë�X " š+ " }:QŠJgyh+zÛz|#ÅzzÐ�qf)6,ÑixƒÔQÐ

" Š+ " Z,„ËÅqÃhu™ä6,�Jy)@*zZy(ÑixW@*ìÔZÐÌ

ë�XZzgZÏ§bËÐÃðqŒÛnheÅßg]~�qf)6,zZ:

ë�X " Š+ " ŠbÑixI}ÔQÐÌ

ŒÛnŠ¶zZÑþÔŒÛnpZ{X š+Š¶zZÑÔ ŠŠŠŠZZZZíííí:::: )6((CREDITOR)





χζ


(DEBTOR) :T¿6,š+ƒÔHznÔŒÛ¡ZgX ææææ----yyyy )7(>qzV~ÐÃðqËÃŠbZk¾nÐ�ˆ~ZÏ ŒŒŒŒÛÛÛÛnnnn:::: )8(

(LOAN) B@*ìX " ŒÛn " Æéqzßw™}~’.ð NNx8{ð ENNm!ŒÒþ NQMÅÚìªCÙŒÛn " š+ " Zzg " ŒÛn " : ÃÃÃÃZZZZ++++{{{{

š+ìpCÙš+ŒÛn7X" âw " CÙz{qTÅ§sËâbƒZzgZk»¦™Ægeƒ ââââwwww:::: )9((PROPERTY) BCìX

ZkâwÃë�TÐœZVc*Y**eƒX ââââwwww!!!!3333©©©©ðððð GGGGGGGGxxxx:::: )01((THINGS WITH COMMERCIAL VALUE)

âwì�yh+äZzg&zZáÆŠgxyŠÆ$+á~ð z{ yyyy:::: )11((PRICE) 0*ñX

:z{yì�Šg|Oq)‚ây(ìpßÍVÅ yyyyZZZZ˜kkkk )21(y¯Šc*ƒ‰™â^Zzg@*Æc*|èÆnX ZÐ Z˜bä

(TERMINOLOGICAL CURRENCY)

z{yì�aZ›îg6,yƒZzgz{CÙqw~y„gT yyyyûûûû:::: )31(ƒVªZyÅ')43ï IEGGÃÃð!*ë„:™n‰XÎ**e0+~X

(REAL MONEY)

(VALUE) Ëq»¸î�!*iZg~gZòƒ7B@*ìX 7777:::: )41(





χζ


(GOLD COIN) ÎäÆ]Áõ OÃë�X ZZZZÑÑÑÑ°°°°:::: )51((GOLD COIN) ÎäÆ]Áõ OÃë�X ŠŠŠŠbbbbgggg:::: )61((SILVER COIN) e0+~Æ]Áõ OÃë�X ŠŠŠŠggggëëëë:::: )71(

»½~™Ãâ^ÐHY@*ìX ââââ^:::: )81((NOTE / PAPER MONEY)

gzBÐ%ZŠe0+~»¯ƒZ]Âî OìX ggggzzzzBBBB:::: )91((SILVER COIN)

e0+~» " Wc*ìZkÐ%ZŠ " gzB " ZkÂ[~˜V}Â ÃÃÃÃZZZZ++++{{{{::::1w™ " gzB " ìYèTiâä~tÂ["Å¶Qkz‰Ü " gzBWc*ì " gzB " %ZŠ1Y@*å¾qwÂ[~˜V}Â " e0+~»gzB "

™ÅÃÒÅì@*�Â[W‚yÐW‚yƒYñ " e0+~»gzB " z;V(COIN) ‚Å¦ìËÌnÆnÃë�X jjjjkkkk:::: )02((COIN) @*Æc*|èz){Ð¯ñƒñ]Áõ OÃë�X …………:::: )12((GOLD & SILVER) Î**Zzge0+~Ãë�X ××××++++:::: )22(

ZkßÃë�T~gz9Æ$+áÃð‚âyz){ ßßßßÇÇÇÇ:::: )32(yh+Zc*œY@*ìX

(UNCONDITIONAL SALE/ABSOLUTE SALE)





χζ


:Z+ßÃë�T~yûÆ$+áyûÃyh+Zc* ßßßßwwwwçççç MMMMQQQQssss )42(ÅßX œY@*ì‰×+)ÎäZzge0+~(Æ$+á×+

(MONEY EXCHANGE)

ZkßÃë�T~gz9ZÑ°7sZq-‚ây ßßßß££££9999:::: )52((BARTER SALE) ŠzuZ‚âyyh+ZœY@*ìX Æún

ZkßÃë�T~y¬Šc*Y@*ìZzgŠ¼æ]ˆ :::: ßßßßÅÅÅÅ )62((V.A LIVRER) Š~YCìX

ÐÌHY@*ìX " $+à " ßÅÃÂ ÃÃÃÃZZZZ++++{{{{::::Ãð¿Zq-qZŠJgmZzgyh+äzZáÆï~Š}Zzg ßßßß‘‘‘‘44440000îîîîGGGGEEEE:::: )72(

Qyzßw™äÐ¬&zZÑpŠZkqÃÔyÐÁ6,×yh+áX(SALE ON CREDIT)

!*ùZzgœ~~ÐCÙZq-»yZzgŠ6,ï™¢8 ¢¢¢¢3333~~~~îîîî GGGGEEEEEEEE0000§§§§@@@@:::: )82(~ÑoìX "

"3ü EGLwç Ms " ¢3~î GEE0§@B@*ìZzg¢3~î GEE0§@wç Ls(CUSTODY FROM BOTH SIDES)

ç)Š„$+„(Ð�Y™ZxÅ%ZŠtì�ŠZzgyŠzâV &&&&ååååGGGGMMMMMMMMUUUU""""5555åååå EEEELLLLGGGGMMMM )92(q,!›4èGOEƒYNª!*ùZzgœ~6,Ë§b»š+)ŒÛn(:gìX





χζ


ÚÏ‚Úä

ÞçHÒoÊÏòun%nk

]øÖûvøÛû‚öÖô×#äô…øh(]ÖÃø^ÖøÛônûàøæø]Ö’$¡éöæø]ÖŠ$¡øÝöÂø×Fo‰øn(‚ô]Ÿ*Þûfônø^ðôæø]ÖûÛö†û‰ø×ônûàø

Êø*Âöçûƒöeô^Ö×#äôÚôàø]Ö&ønû_6àô]Ö†$qônÜ æøÂø×Fo*Öôäôæø]*‘ûvøêôäô]*qûÛøÃônûàø]*Ú$êøÃû‚ö

eôŠûÜô]Ö×#äô]Ö†$uûÛFàô]Ö†$uônûÜôâ^��Šg|»½»Zq-•Zì»°²�Ð�gâwZEwH

Yg;ìßvZkÆfg)ÐZK¢zg'7g~™D�Ôyh+z�Ûz|#

™D�ÔZkÅ™«™D�XZºnâwƒäÅwÐZÐCÙ(ZEwHY@*ìpZkÅwÆ!*g}~fY™ZxgÂZvÆ

HZzgÃð'.èIEL (Receipt) Šgxy»°Z%sg;ÃðZÐÎäÅg¦

z{yì�Šg| (Terminological currency) Z˜k)yZ&käZÐy (Terminology) Oq)‚ây(ƒ@*ìpßÍVÅZ˜b

¯Šc*ƒ‰™â^Zzg@*Æc*|èÆn(XfYÆŠgxyZkZ%sÅZÝzz&+Z]pŠâ^åYèâ^Z’ZYêÎäÅg¦ (Confilict)

ZzgZ7JÆ4Š™ÆÎ**ÌzßwHYYåX²$+sƒñZOŠ~zçÙqÑ]Æ7ÃÓáVäZk

!*]Å¢zg]CkÅ�ZK¢zg'ZzgqD7g~™äÆnic*Š{Ð

ic*Š{â^Yg~KYNOçZ(„HŠHXZzgW×W×ZyâIVÅ®ZŠ

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωω




χζ


(,fˆÔŒVJ-�ZyâIVÆ£«~ÎäÅlZgÓ#ÖÆ0*kZ•ðÁƒX

ZzgZ[ÓáVÃt„Ñhƒ�Z¤/ßÍVäZyâIVÆ$+áÎä»_cHÂZyÆ_«ù7g}KYNÐ?Yèâîc*Š{®ZŠ~�ZzgZyÆ£«~Î**ÁlZg~X

OçÓáVäZkç{Æ7Ãâ^ZLïz¥s~á™Zq-ºmZzg£g~ßg]Šh+~Zzg!*¹ÓxËV6,ZknÆâIVÆ

YL6,0*È~¬Z+™Š~XZÏ§bÓáVÅY+$Ðâ^ÅÎäÐp~Ãgz1ÆnZnÆZŠZâ]K‰Wy»gâ^ÅÎäÐp~Ãåîg6,gzu

Šc*ŠHXOçZ[â^Æ$+á~â^„ïYì:�Î**Ôe0+~XZzgZ[ÓáVÆ4,Šq-â^Îäc*e0+~Åg¦7ÉZµÐZq-âwªy

ìX (Terminological currency) Z˜kOçZkzŸs#Æ!*z�Š‰fYÆ4,Šq-âŒÛnÅg¦¶

XfYäZÐŒÛnÅg¦ŒÛZgŠc*åZyÆ4,Šq-Zkâ^ÃYg~™äÅÏ¶ÔZzgTÆ0*kâ^¸z{ (Debtor) zZáJÅwHzn

Åwg‚råX (Creditor) ŠZí‰fYÆ4,Šq-âyZ˜k„åZzg¸â^Å|ì

Oçâ^ÅwÆ³:ƒäÅzzÐfYÆŠgxyâ^Æ





χζ


fg)yh+z�Ûz|#ÔiÃ>ÅZŠZ5ÔZzgŠvç5]~Z%Ã]gzúƒñXÞçH]æ…ì†m‚æÊ†æìk]æ…‡ÒçFéÒ1œuÓ^Ý

OçXfYäâÃg¦ŒZyÆ4,Šq-â^Æ$+áZâYÅÅwg‚råXªâ^ÅZŠZ5 " jZ! " yh+z�Ûz|#~â^»ZŠZHY**

Jc*Ó#ÖÆËZ,ZŠZg}6,™Šêå˜V " jZ! " ™äzZÑ7»Æ " jZ! " Ðâ^�áùƒD¸XOçZy|Z]Æ4,Šq-â^6,

Z©â]¬Z+ƒD¸XZÏnZyÆ4,Šq-â^Æfg)ÐKYäZŠJgƒZ™DÔZzgZyfYÆ4,Šq-â^Æfg)Ð zZáÓxÎŠ}

Îäe0+~Åyh+z�Ûz|#**Y,¶;Yèâ^Æfg)ÐÎ**e0+~Åyh+z�Ûz|#™**Šg|ZkÎäe0+~Åyh+z�Ûz|#¶TÅtâ^g¦¸X

)ªZ+ßT~yûÆ$+áyûÃyh+Zc*œ ''"3ü EGLwç Ms '' Oçt

Y@*ì‰×+)ªÎäZzge0+~(Æ$+áÎäZzge0+~Åß(¶Ôªyh+~Zzg�YäzZàŠzâV " $+É4è MGE " ~t¢zg~ì� " ßwç Ms " Zzg

qzV6,ZÏ>~yh+äZzg&zZá»ïƒYñZzgâ^Æfg)Ð

¶X (Lost) ~tÑo®Š (Sale) Î**e0+~ÅßZÏ§bZy|Z]Æ4,Šq-â^Åñ�ŠÏ~i2>ÅZŠZ5Ì

zZZ#:¶ÔZ¤/pÑÅVgz7VÆâ^ñ�ŠƒVXZzgZÏ§bZ¤/Ãðâ^Æfg)Ði2>ÅZŠZ5™@*åÂZkÅiÃ>Zkz‰ÜJ-ZŠZ7ƒC¶





χζ


Z#J-�MZyâIVÆ$+á~Ãðqyh+:©8ZzgZ¤/MÆZEwÐ

¬tâËƒYDc*ŸùƒYDÂÌZkÅi2>ZŠZ7ƒCXZzgXfYÅgZñ~â'.è

IELZ˜kìQyÆ4,Šq-â^Æfg)ÐyûªÎ**e0+~ÅßšµY,ìXZk6,iÃ>zZZ#ƒCìZzgâ^ÅZŠZ5Ði2>ÌZŠZƒYCìX

ZÏ§bZzg¹‚g}Z,)b¸�Üsâ^Å¨

wÆ³:ƒäÅzzÐfYÆŠgxyZgìXOçâ^ÅwÆ³:ƒäÅzzÐ²[zYÆfY

ªZyz6,.y¸ÔZ#L¤È«JxÐâ^ÅÑ¦wÆ!*g}~

‡].â³³^]Ö³×³ä Šgc*ÄHY@*ÂÃð{§pZ{�Z[7MåŒVJ-�l()

Æ?!Z¦sÔ)w0†Zvg9*îGZv¬àmäZk»Ñ¦¬ 1³†Ê÷æiÃ¿nÛ÷

'' ]Ö³Ã³×³ÜœÚ³^ÞèÊ³±œÂ³ß^Ñ]ÖÃ×Û^ð '' Òy™äÐZC±gtÈ™7™Šc*�

X" DfYÅ¤/ŠâV~Zâ-$ì "ª

¾qw3231â|~¦~ZZ|]ÔZâÄZ3Òh4ï XEGÔg9.ç XELÑ<Ôë›èŠ+zIÔZ{ZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°ÝŠzu~%ûešMZvÑpÆ

nl()q¢ƒñÂz;VÆfY™ZxgÂZväZkñµÃÔYy™W\mg9*îGZ°ÝÅ}.#Ö~â^Ð0!*g{ÎZÑ]7™ŠbX

Oç¦~ZZ|]ZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGmg9*îGZ°ÝäZK¬Š]™`

Æ_.Zkñçq6,ÌZVc*ZzgZyÎZÑ]Æ�Z!*]ÃŠÑbz',Z�





χζ


Ð'×+zWgZ3™ÆZ›¾h�ÛâŠc*XZzgZ#W\mg9*îGZ°ÝÆ’k,™Š{�Z!*]¬ÝZsxÆÇgzdi

fY™ZxgÂZvÆ‚tWñÂƒ|Z]äW\mg9*îGZ°ÝÅZkJwHÉW\mg9*îGZ°ÝÃi',Š„�ZzgŠ¬ÅêL i',Š„ïÃ**Üs

Š+¤/ŠZ**Zzg‚B„W\mg9*îGZ°ÝÅZk"Ã¬ÝZsxÆnZˆyxŒÛZgŠc*XZzgZÏïÃ&¦~ZZ|]mZ°9*îGäW`Ð½ã

(Modern Economics) Î‚w¬„7�Ûâ`W`Å].h+Z)d

Ìt™g„ìXZÏ§b¦~ZZ|]ÔZâxZI<LÔg9.ç XELÑ<Ôë›èŠ+zIÔZ{ZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°ÝÆZk:òÐ°iâ:â^Å

»¬ÌzZã (Exchange of Money) â^Æfg)ÅYäzZàßƒY@*ìX

ÞçHÒoÞçH‰1enÄÒ^)†ÂouÓÜ°iâ:™â^ZKZÝÆZ±gÐÂ»½»Zq-•Z„ìÔ

pCÙoÅ™°ŠÆZƒäÅzzÐZq-e{½ì;Yè™Ð°Š»½»•Z7ÉZkÐ‹yh+»Zq-ºm£g%ZŠƒ@*ìXZzgÑƒ¸!*]ª°Šc*ZÝ»Zƒ**„Z»kÆZƒä»æZgì6�WN*ÔgzKZzgnxCÙZq-e{e{½ÑgKYD�Z¤/pZÝÆZ±gÐtƒZq-„qªnx�XOçZ˜´Å™Z**ñV

Æ‚B‚B¸‹yh+»Zq-e{Zzgºm£ggBb�





χζ


Zzg¸zzì��q0*ÎãZq-gzBÆ$+á~Zq-QìÔz„qZq-

Z%keZ°Æ$+á~½ã‚JÅ®ZŠ~ïYCìÔZzgZq-:Š~gc*wÆ$+á~½ãGg{c*Î!J-ï$ËìXZÏ§bz{qZ˜´Å™ÆZ±gÐZ®ZŠ~yh+~Y$ËìZzgt®ZŠ]yh+Åp~Æ‚BpsÌƒYCìX

OçZ&4è EGELÑÜÅgzÝ~Z#ËqÆ°Šc*ZÝc*¯z^~Z+p~WYñ�TÅzzÐZk»**xZzg»x$+wYñÂZm½Æ$+%»¬ÎŠc*Y@*ìÔ6�)�áòg9*îGZv¬\m�ÛâD�:

!'' ;á]Ÿìj¡Íe^ìj¡Í]¢‘Øœæ]ÖÛÏ’ç.œæejf‚Ù]Ö’Ëè ''

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tS(”SOPD '' ….]ÖÛvj^… '' ÚÄ '' ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… ''E

X" ½~Z%sZÝc*°Šc*ÚÆ$+%Ðƒ@*ì " F,À:ZÏ§bœgZÕ=$+gZÖiñÑ**?·ZëZZpg¶Zv¬à

ZkXÃ,ÐZg�áŠ�ÛâD�:Z%sx7 Ñtì�½ÆZ%szZ�Š~ZÝ»Z�Šz ''

É°Š»Z%s½ÃZ™ŠêìÔZ¤/pZÝZq-ƒÔZzgt!*]ªCÙì�gzðZzgÎ]ZzgÀ}Æ£œZ�Ô-4[VZzgZkÆWLÃgzK

X'' Ðß™Mh��ZyÅÌ½Zì(tN(u’äMM(”TUD '' e`^…1†mÃk ''E

OçËÌŠzZâYÅZÆZ¤/pZq-„YV:ƒZ¤/ZyÆ°Šc*





χζ


Ú~p~ƒYñÂZyÅòZƒYNÏX6�œgZÕ=$+gZÖiñÑ**ZëZZpg¶Zv¬àÅ„g]ÐªCÙì�gzKÅßnxÆ‚BZŠJgZzg¶�Æ‚BY,ìÔqÑèZyÅZÝZq-ìÜs¯z^~p~ƒäÅzzÐZyÆ**xZzg»x~p~aZƒX

OçZyŠzâVÃe{e{½ÑgHŠHÔZÏXÃ'×h+,ÐÒy™DƒñZâxuZ`Z−+/Z0

+B-êEEG4g¶Zv¬\�ÛâD�:

m³’³xœm³–÷enÄ]Öífê^Öf†æe^Ö‚ÎnÐÚjË^•¡÷Ê±œ‘x]Ö†æ]mjnà ''

Â³à]¦Ú³^Ý(În³ØVâ³ç¾^â†]ÖÛ„âgÖÃ×Û^ñß^]Ö%¡$è(æÂ×nä]ÖËjçpÂ‚.]÷æ

!'' æ‡Þ÷(ÒnÌÚ^]‘_×vç]Â×näW¢Þä‘^…e^Ö’ßÃèqßŠ÷*ì†

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tO(”TSPD '' ]Ößã†]ÖË^ñÐ ''E

ZâxZWgèZv¬àÅÐ®wŠzgzZìV~ÐZÛ '' F,À:gzZe$Æ_.gzKÅßnxZzgWLÆ‚B¶�Æ‚BY,ìÔßÍV~T§bgZòƒpZ{Zigzñ°ŠßÅYñc*ZigzñziyÔZzg¹ŠHì�øg}fY�X)ªZâxZWZ1�ÔZâxZ1-ŠÔZâx·gèZv¬àe(»¸ªCÙè<ØìÔZzgZÏ6,¢3ð EGW~ì;YègzK¯z^Åp~Å

X'' zzÐZ½ƒ1ZyÆ°Š~p~ ZÏ§bZ¤/ÃðŠzZâY�XÅZÝZq-ƒ

WYñÂZ½ÑgÅYC�Ô†êŠÆ»Í“Zzg+XZzgùÅl!�Zy~CÙZq-e{½ìX





χζ


6�ZâxuZ`Z−+/Z0+B-êEEG4g9*îGZv¬àm�ÛâD�:

‘³xœm³–³³÷en³ÄE1³v³Ü]Öf³_³àe³³^¢ÖnèDÚ³í³ËËèEœæe³^Ö×vÜD ''

Új³Ë³^•¡÷W¢Þã³^æ;áÒ³^Þ³kÒ³×ã³^Ú³à]Ö³–³ªá;ŸùœÞã³^œq³ß^ŒÚíj×Ëè

!'' Ÿìj¡Í]¢‰Û^ðæ]ÖÛÏ^‘‚

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tO(”TSPD '' ]Ößã†]ÖË^ñÐ ''E

ùÅl!Ã+XÅl!ZzgÍ“Æ$+á~¶�Æ '' F,À:‚BŠÌY,ìÔ;YètƒZâYZ¤/pŠÆ„Ð�1**xZzg°Š

X'' ÆZƒäÅzzÐZ½�OçZÏ§bCÙoÅ™ÅZÝÂ»½„ì1ZyÆ**xÔÚ

Zzg£œÆZƒäÅzzÐZZ»k�X]mÔ]aÜÚŠò×ä

OçZ#t!*]zZãƒ_�CÙoÅ™Zq-e{½ìÂtÌc*Šgì�°iâ:gZòâ^jk)ª@*ÆZzg|èÆjV(Æ¬~�XZzgZ2ÑÜÅgzÝ~Zq-„oÆjVÅW:~¶�Æ‚Byh+

**Y,ìX6�}4Å�gzczsÂ[ z�Ûz|#Y,ìÔZ%!ZŠJg!'' mrç‡enÄ]ÖË×‹eË×ŠønàeªÂn^ÞãÛ^ '' ~ì: " @ZtÑp ''

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(]Örˆð]Ö%^Ö&(”ORD " ]Öã‚]mè "E

!" Zq-³nÅßŠz³jVÆ‚BY,ì " F,À:Ô'' ZsZ°Zë ''(" ñt ''Ô" Át ''Ô" ìZ;k, ''Ô" +Z−‡ë '' ZÏ§b





χζ


~ìX '' gŠZÅ+B5éGg '' Zzg '' „BŒéz~ZZ−g ''Ô'' Z−gZêg "Ô'' ZÊ-¡çE

ZÖë ''

Å{ZknÎðìÔ�CÙo ''³'' ¾qwèÃg{!*Ñ„g]~

ìÔOçZ#Zq-„oÆâIV»W: (Species) Å™Zq-e{½(Dimension/Weight And Measurement) ~nŠ!HYñÇÂŠg

Æ:0*ñYäÅzzÐ¶�Y,ÔZzg½Æ0*ñYäÅzzÐZŠJg**Y,ƒÇ;YèZ#ÎŠÅŠz=Vª½ZzgŠg~ÐÃðZq-A0*ð

**Y,ƒ@*ìX6��ZÑsx',JyZ−+Zâx YñÂ¶�'wZzgZŠJgZ1ZdZ0Z!–%‘45é EGEãg¶Zv¬à�ÛâD�:

;ƒ]æq³‚œu³‚â³Û³^æÂ³‚Ý]¤ì³†uØ]ÖjË^•Øæu†Ý]ÖßŠªÚ%ØœámŠ×Ü ''

!'' â†æm÷Êoâ†æpôœæuß_èÊo1Ãn†

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(]Örˆð]Ö%^Ö&(”NRD " ]Öã‚]mè "E

Z¤/ÎŠÅŠzâV=V~ÐÃðZq-0*ðYñZzgŠzu~: " F,À:0*YñÂic*ŠC)¶�(Y,ìZzgZŠJgwZxìÔ‰�CÙZ]Æ¶

X" ƒñÀ}ÃCÙZ]„ÆÀ}Æúnmc*nxÃ�Æ$+á~

OçZq-„oÆâIVÆW:~nŠ!Æz‰ÜŠgÆ®ŠƒäÅzzÐ¶�Y,ƒÏÔZzg½Æ0*ñYäÅzzÐZŠJg**Y,Ô†êŠkgz9Æâ^Ãägz9c*ZkÐÁc*iZZ+~;ðV;BŠY,ƒÇXZzgZ¤/ŠzZ˜´Å™$n.ç E

GE»W:~nŠ!HYñÂ¶�Ì

Y,ìZzgZŠJgÌY,ìÔÜsZq-Y+$Ðï»°ìX





χζ


Zâx´ƒZ−+8}½§öE

g¶Zv¬àZkXÅ " ŠgUg " Oç™r#

,Òy™DƒñZg�áŠ�ÛâD�:Ee^ÅÊ×ç‰÷eÛ%×ã^œæe‚…]âÜœæe‚Þ^Þn†(Ê¬áÞÏ‚œu‚âÛ^q^‡D ''

'' æ;áiË†Îê¡Îf˜œu‚âÛ^ÖÜmrˆ

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tS(”OOPD '' ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… ''E

Z¤/ËäjkÃjkÆúnc*ŠgûVc*ŠbgzVÆúnœ '' F,À::Zy~ÐËZq-6,ïƒŠHÂY,ìÔZzgZ¤/Y"54è EEGE~ÐËZq-6,

X'' Ìï:ƒZÂY,7ìYèâ^°Š~)±è

YLE™yh+~Zzg�YäzZàq(ìZzg°Š~ÒÛ^Î^Öç]‰^.]iß^]ÖvßËnè…uÛãÜ]Ö×äiÃ^ÖoV ~¶�Y,ì

'' Ÿ…e^Ê±ÚÃ‚æ.]l "

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(…e^]ÖßŠnòè(tP(”PLP(RLP(Ú×í’÷D '' e‚]ñÄ]Ö’ß^ñÄ ''E

X" Ñg™Æ�YäzZàZâY~ÎŠ7ƒ@* "ª

ƒäÅzzÐZy~ 2Z˜´Æ™â^ÅòZ

g¶Zv'×h+�ÛâD�: " @Zt " ZŠJgÌY,ìÔ6�™r#

" æ;ƒ]Â‚Ý]Öç‘Ë^á]Örß‹æ]ÖÛÃßo]ÖÛ–ÛçÝ;ÖnäuØù]ÖjË^•Øæ]ÖßŠª "

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(]Örˆð]Ö%^Ö&(”NRD " ]Öã‚]mè "E

ZzgZ#ÎŠÅŠzâV„‘Ò54è GGª½ZzgŠg:0*ðYNÂ¶ " F,À:X" �ZzgZŠJg'wì





χζ


‰ç]ŸlÚÄì¡‘äÿqç]e^lZ[fs~¦~ZZ|]ZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°ÝÐK‰ÎZÑ]ZzgZyÆ�Z!*]Ü�Æîg6,&4øFGIL}.#Ö�:X

(Stamp Paper) ìc*’k,~ZŒÛZg**) (Property) Htâ^âw ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��1111ì? (Cheque) Å§bÃð�

¦~ZZ|]ÔZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGgèZv¬àÅäZkÎZwÆ�Z[ ��ZZZZ[[[[::::c*Z)dÅÂ[»jZ!Š¶Æ (Encyclopedia) ~ËZKebc*

: Oñ¨�zZâxz�ZÑsxZßwzZ2ÅgzÝ~Zg�áŠ�Ûâc*�

ìÔ (Valuable Property) â^Å|»½»Zq-•Zì�âÁ!3©ð GGMOx "

ƒäÅzzÐßÍVÅgÉZkÅ§s(,|Zzgt (Currency) Zzg]Âî Oq~#z¢zg]Æz‰Ü»xMäzZàZzg¢zg]Ænew™g¿Yä

Å°pÅˆ " âw "~'' ZzgŒô ''Ô '' dZ°Zë ''Ô'' gŠZÅ+B5éGg '' zZàqƒXz){X (Receipt) ìÔ:�'.hë

GOc*g¦ " âw " ì®Zâ^ÑƒÔYZzg²8~�ÛâD�: '' ìZ;k, '' Oç)¾wZ−+†ZßZuZ0øx

!'' mÓ†å Ÿ eªÖÌmrç‡æ Öçe^ÅÒ^Æ„é ''

EÊjx]ÖÏ‚m†(Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(tR(”PNOD

Ãð¿ZL»½»Zq-•ZDÙZggz9Æ$+á~mÂ Z¤/'' F,À:X'' tyh+z�Ûz|#š™Z>ØY,ì





χζ


¾qwZk»½Æ•}6,–ðz){ÅzzÐZkÅZâ7ƒ~zZãŠ?ñ�ŠìX " ŒÛMy™* " ìZzgÑƒZkÅÆÌ7ÔÉ

D ]ÖßŠ«ðVUN ¸Q( Eû ]ô$]øáûiøÓöçûáøiôrø^øé÷Âøàûiøø]õÚôùßûÓöÜû ™

X'' 1t�ÃðÎŠZvg~!*bgŸq~»ƒ '' F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:QW\mg9*îGZ°ÝäzŸs#�Ûâð�âwegn»ƒ@*ì:X

g�Ô‰Î**Ôe0+~z){X (Money) 1'z{ZâY�CÙqw~yg�Ô‰À}Zzga0*ñz){X (Sold Thing) 2'z{ZâY�CÙqw~Š

ƒ(Description) ÃðZ(z2 (Infocus) 3'z{ZâYXÅfZ]~

TÅzzÐz{qLyBCƒZzgLŠXÔ(Currency) ƒVZzgZ˜7éSy (Chattel) 4'z{ZâY�8©3ªî GGGGSOq

‰b�Z#J-Zy»gzZ`gìy�zg:ZKZÝÅ§sß^YîX(Chattle) Zzgâ^ZÏa¶nÐì;YèZÝ~ÂtZq-Oqz¤ c*(Receipt) ìZzg¬x1wew~yìZÏnâ^Æ‚B'.hë

G

6çn7ÔÉy»‚çnHY@*ìX (Written Agreement)

ÅèÃg{!*Ñ„g] '' ìZ;k, '' ¾qwñµÅo9LÐëŒVÐ0Zq-ŠNzZ§7™D�Ô5±ƒ:X

Æ'' Ò³³Ë³Ø]Ö³Ë³Ïn³³ä '' 4B#4231|âÃ¦~Zd|]g9*îGZv¬àm$43~î NEGMOEM)«%ûè’k,ÃF,KMŠbYäÆˆ(Å6,zsgi+8-Æn

Ã{Uwx~ãÔŠ¬�Zq-Ý¬ÝñÑ**†Zv0œ&?Ã





χζ


»_·™gì�X (First Copy) Æ!ið‡Š{ '' ÒËØ]ÖËÏnä ''ÆZ#z{Zk£x6,ã˜VZd|]ZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°Ýä

'' Öçe^ÅÒ^Æ„éeªÖÌmrç‡æŸmÓ†å '' Ðt„g]Ü�Ûâð� '' ìZ;k, ''

EÊjx]ÖÏ‚m†(Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(tR(”PNOD

gz9~mÂš™Z>ØY, Z¤/Ãð¿ZL»½»•ZDÙZg ''ª

ÂŸuZZzgZKgZy6,;Bâg™1á: "ì'' ]ømûàqøÛø^Ùö]eûàöÂøfû‚ô]²ôÚôàûâF„ø]]Öß$“ôù]Ö’$†ômûx ''

!ý'' )w0†ZvZkzZãŠ?Ð¹V¸…g{ŠH '' F,À:m- YèZ#¦/iâä~|]ñÑ**)w0†Zv0/V

?ÃÂZyÐÌâ^Æ!*g}~ÎZwƒZåXZrVä - Z°9*îG(Detail) DfYÅ¤/ŠâV~Zâ-$ìÔ=ZkÆb× '' �Z[~–�

ñ�Š{?ÃñÑ**†Zv0œ&»Z�ág{ '' »¼Ø7¸�H¬ŠzVX”PMOD ('' ‰ç]Þx;Ú^ÝœuÛ‚…•^ ''E Z7ÅY+$åX

¾qw²[ÆfY™Zxg9*îGZv¬à:äÂâ^Å|Òy™äÐmg]™ÆŠc*-$ŠZg~»o]Šc*Zzg–w|]¦**Z%y

È '' ª~7Y}IÛDì Ÿœ.…° '' ™xZv¬àzõZÆ*�Ñ$þJLdƒñXp#5~Ð‰Ã¦~ZZ|]mZ°9*îGÅ ™

ŠÑbÐ'×+zÞ‚tïZ@Ç7ƒðÉâ^Ð07i‰ÎZÑ]Æ�Z!*]~¥%‹Z[Å#¿™Æ7ÀêLÑq¼»¼™Šc*T





χζ


»gz×o]Š-È~fY»uîñß~gæZ£{q„ìÔ�Š-È~|Z]Æ4,Šq-ÓxExŠ&40î GEG~!3{ï EELZâ#Ö6,Ã,Ô2}~´)�áòg9*îGZvm

Æë?z�ZlåX)tƒ '' dZ°Zë '' ÐÌic*Š{Š¬ÝZzg™r#

ÆŠâd~’k,K‰�({q„ñßsÐâ^ '' ëzògæt '' Šú}Æ!*g}~7i‰ÎZÑ]~ÐŠzÆ�Z!*]5±ƒVX1:'â^Åyh+z�Ûz|#',Z',76,ÌŠg„71Zk~ÒjZ!ƒY

ìZzg+B5Ïî EG0“¨åGLjZ!ÆY,ì1Áic*Š{6,ß™**g$ðEWªÎŠZzg**Y,ìX”RSPD ('' Êj^æpF…1n‚mä ''E

2:'gzB−ÅM‚yF,Iâ^ÅgZ~c*Ý™ZŠbìX(”UTPD '' Êj^æpF…1n‚mä ''E

èÃg{!*ÑÂ[~{q„ñßsäZÏ§bÆ'×h+Zzg�Z!*]Ì]ŸÚ^á]ÖvËnÀ Šb�XÃÑ$šï GGL0{Ð¼0*k7X

]Ö³„m³Ø]Ö³Û³ßç½Ö†‰^Öè '' 9231|â~Zd|]gèZv¬àÅä»0ì–ÔZk '' Ò³Ë³Ø]ÖËÏnä '' Æ@*g]**xÐZq-xg‚!� '' ]Ößç½

~{q„ñßsÆèÃg{ëz~»��¥%‹Z[ÆÜs�XÔ'' Át ''Ô'' ìZ;k, ''Ô'' @Zt '' ('' Z£ ''Ô'' Kð ''Ô '' F,è~ '' µ3ïGELu&40î GIGz¢§;0î EGXG}'' ëzò‡è{y ''Ô'' �áò ''Ô'' 1ZÖë ''Ô'' dZ°Zë ''Ô'' ŠgUg ''('' ¬K~ ''

gœ�Ûâñ�ZID|Z]ÅM@Q~ z){ÅgzÝ~z{ZVg{]:

ƒIZzgz{Zvnguz¬à»]OÑñ�Z7Z,i',Š„Ôât**iÔ[





χζ


z�ZWÆAnz',»]Ðnƒä»Ñs5X´)†ZÄAR™r#©~äÌZk!*g}~Zq-îs:òYg~

Hå�ZyÆëzòÅ¢Šzx~ŸZV:òìXñßsZq-Š¬Ý¸Zk!*g}~Z[™ZxÅ¥%]ÆÜs (Research) pZyÅï

zZµƒðÔOçd!VÐ07Ù™Y**Zq-ëŠÅ�áyÐêì;YèZvnguz¬\�á:&Cå NEMO›Š+ÃaZ„Zkn™@*ì�Š+~Z#ß!*'�áïÅYg„ƒVÂ&CåELOŠZvg[Z+]ÅæŠz¾]ÐŠzŠ|»ŠzŠ|Zzg0*ã»0*ã™Š3ñX

Zd|]Šku{ä´)†ZÄARÆ:ò6,ŠÑbÅgzÝ~]:

7KZy—0*tZb_Ã (Objections) Z0+ZiÐZq-ÎäZ‹ZŸ]ŠN™'6,$ƒä»áy¦/g@*ìÔpM\mZ°9*îGäZkZÅx

zvZ:Ô!*,!q�á:M$ì:Z[$+Æ '' }.Zz0+~»ZÖg-V�Ûâc*:ZŠÌÝñV»0*�ÔZyÅ{¿ËÆ',Z',Ìì7g‚rÔ:çfZvÑqZÞ

~ZK=‡ÜÆ½zÐ6,¼(,JYìXZk:òZzgZyŠzâVg‚ßVX'' ~�¼ì4ZÅ.¨ÿG

ìªZq-"âZZ`ÅZK¤‰Ü½ÃÒ

(Minimum Amount of Z#â^Åâq»ƒi2> ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��2222::::J-VYñZzgZk6,‚wÌ Property Liable for paying Zakat)

¦/gYñÂâ^6,i2>�ÛnƒÏc*7?aè‰|Z]Æ4,Šq-â^Åwg¦ÅÏ¶ÔÅ<å XEZZyÆ ��ZZZZ[[[[::::





χζ


4,Šq-â^6,iÃ>ÅZŠZ5ÌzZZ#:¶;YèZ&4è EGELÑÜÅgzÐâwZ¤/ËÃŒÛnŠc*ŠHƒÂZk6,Zkz‰ÜJ-i2>ÅZŠZ5zZZ#7ƒC�Z#

J-ZkâwÆ0*v,z6,ï:™áXOçZkZÃf‚~gnp

ƒñ�Z[Zg�áŠ�Ûâc*�â^~i2>ZKÑîVÆ‚BzZZ#ì�z{pŠìŠ*zm,c*ŒÛnÅg¦7�Z#J- (Valuable Property) Ëâw

»[»0*vZVzŒ~:Mñi2>ŠbzZZ#:ƒÔZzgâ^~+Mg](Terminological ÅÌq~#7Zkn�:òZk6,ì�yZ˜k

Z#J-gZòìi2>Zk~zZZ#ìXZkÎZwÐZkzë» Currency)

ZiZ!Ì°Šå��‰ßÍVÆß:~ÅzzÐaZƒŠHåz{t�aèâ^Îäe0+~Åg¦ìZknMZ#J-Zyâ^Ãya:™áiÃ>ZŠZ:ƒÏZzgZ¤/!*Ñ·tMÆZEwÐ¬tâMÐŸùƒ‰ÂÌiÃ>ZŠZ:ƒÏXÅ<å XEZZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGg¶Zv¬àäzZã/V~�ÛâŠc*�â^pŠ

ËâwìÔÞMÃZigzñFjZá™**i2>ÅZŠZ5c»°ìX~ŠbŠg„ì? (Dower) HZÐ$ ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��3333::::

ìYè " âw " tÎZwZknHŠH@*�Dîg6,zZãƒYñ�â^ �Z[:Æ_.$~z„qŠ~Y$Ëì��ß~y“WÅ&¢A ¸Z2 Ñ¦

mg9*îGZ°Ý OçW\ ƒX " âwþ " gBbƒÔZzgß~yz„q0$Ëì��X" â^$~Šc*YYì " ä�Z6Zg�áŠ�Ûâc*�

Z¤/ÃðZÐôp£xÐag~™}ÂZe;B»RzZZ# :::: ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��4444





χζ


7? ƒÇc*â^Åag~~;B»N*YñÇ²7åOYg~ƒäÅŠvÑZ_Ì0*ð ��ZZZZ[[[[::::

ƒ**" âw " ìXtÎZwÌZÏaHŠHå�â^» " âw " YN;Yèâ^$43©è

GGGEƒYñXZ¤/Ãð¿Ë»â^Ÿù™Š}ÂZkÆ$+á~â^„Šb ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��5555::::

ƒÇc*e0+~Ægz9ÌŠØYMh�?ZkÎZwÐÌZk!*]ÅzŸs#Ô™**°Š¶�â^g¦ìc* ��ZZZZ[[[[::::yZ˜k?YèZ&4è EGELÑÜÅgzÐÜsâw„ÆŸù™ä6,@*zZyÑixW@*ìÔOçZ¤/â^âwƒZÂ@*zZyƒÇZzgÜsg¦c*'.hë GƒZÂ@*zZyÑix:ƒÇÔ2t�â^Å')43ï IEGGe0+~Å')43ï IEGGÅ§bìc*ZkÐŠgZ~

ÃðË " ÁìÔÂZZ|]ÔZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGmg9*îGZ°Ýä�Z6Zg�áŠ�Ûâc*�þ~â^ (Penalty) ™Š}ÂZkÆ@*zZy (Destruction) »â^Ÿù

„ŠbÑixMñÇÔZzgŸù™äzZáÃ{me0+~»gzBZŠZ™ä6,6gXZZ|]mg9*îGZ°ÝÆZk�Z[Ðt!*]zZãƒð " 7HYñÇ

â^Æ$+áâ^„Šc*YñÇ;Yè@*zZyÅZŠZ5~t!*]t "�

Šc*Y**eƒÂZkÅ7Å (Similar Thing) ”{ì�Z#Ëq»é

§sQ**Y,7Ô;V!Z¤/>qŠ¶6,‡Šg:ƒÂZk»$+wÌŠc*Y**Y,X" ìXOç¥xƒZ�e0+~â^»$+wƒ$Ëì

HZkâÃe0+~Ægz7Vc*ÎäÅZÑAVc*@*ÆÆ¦V ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��6666::::





χζ


Æ$+á~ŠY,ì?aè‰ßÍVÆ4,Šq-â^âw:åÔÉtÂÎäe0+~Åg¦ ��ZZZZ[[[[::::

¶ÔÅ<å XEZZkÆfg)ÐÎäe0+~Åyh+z�Ûz|#™**Y,7¶Ô6�ëäZ’ZðTg~Zk!*]Ãf™HìXÅ<å XEZZkÎZwÐßÍVÆ

Š+ ß:~ÅzzÐaZƒäzZázë»ZiZ!°ŠåÔOçZâxZ3Òh4ï XEG&CåEO›zIg¶Zv¬àä:ÜsZkzë»ZiZ!�Ûâc*ÉZkÆ´z{zZgŠƒäzZáZq-Z‹Zn»�Z[Ì!Šh+c*Xz{Z‹Zn¼Zk§bÐì��YäzZàÚÆn¢zg~ì�z{âw!3©ð GGxƒZzgZkÅÁZiÁ7Zq-…

ƒÔ²â^~�»½ZEwƒ@*ìZkÅ7Zq-bÆ',Z',Ì7ƒCÔ®Zâ^Åyh+z�Ûz|#Šg„7ƒãecX

W\g¶Zv¬àäZg�áŠ�Ûâc*�â^ÐÎäÅZÑ5VZzge0+~ÆnªŠgZëyh+**Y,ìÔ6�ÓxàzV~Zk6,cgMæìXZzgŠzu}Z‹ZnÃeg§hVÐg«�Ûâc*X

ZkÆ�Z[~Zg�áŠ�Ûâc*�[õ I0ÅZÝâq»Z±g7ÔÉM`À ZZZZzzzzwwww::::ZkÅ�7ìZk»Z±gHYñÇÔOç�ÛâD�:ZÝÆÒpÐ

Z¤/pz{»½»•ZzZªZq-b»Ì7ÔpZ˜kîg6,ÂM`ZkÅâqÎc*DÙZggz9ÅìÔ®Zñ�Š{âqÃŠ¬YñÇ:t�ZÝ~HìX

èÆ',@›âV~ˆZzgyh+}YD�ZyÅZÝèì ŠŠŠŠzzzzxxxx::::w7X Zzgèâ





χζ


pŠŠJ]Æ¶ƒñbÅ�%Íz7ìz{ZkÅZÝÆÒpÐ ÎÎÎÎxxxx::::7Ô-VÂbÅyh+z�Ûz|#ÌY,7gS�ZÝÆÒpÐpŠbÅ7ÌZq-…7ìX

¬ÝŠ+ÅÑƒY²8WÅYCìqÑèZÝ~z{ÌŠzu} XXXXggggxxxx::::MŠñVÅ§b"aZƒZåX

Ô'' ÙL ''Ô'' dZ°Zë ''Ô'' gŠZÅ+B5éGg ''Ô'' ìZ;k, ''Ô'' ñt '' '×h+',MVZzg '' „BŒéz~ ''Ô'' Ñ"5Õä EEà ''Ô''' ''Ô'' Šggz¾g ''Ô'' It ''Ô'' ¢40î GEG ''Ô'' àk,ZÑwg ''

z);ÃÐZkZ»−jZzgæÜ�Z[Šc*X '' ŠgUg ''

Z¤/â^ÆúnÀ}yh+}YNÂtyh+z�Ûz|#ßÇ ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��7777::::?(Barter Sale) B5c*£9 (Absolute Sale)

âyZ˜kìÔÂÀ}ÐZk»$+Ü£9:ƒÇÔÉßÇ ��ZZZZ[[[[::::ƒÇÔZzg{mz„â^ŠbÑix:MñÇÔÉ¦VÅ§bf)6,ÑixƒÇX

HZkâÃ�gŒÛnŠbY,ìZ¤/Y,ì?ÂZŠZ5ŒÛnÆ ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��8888::::�? z‰Üâ^„zZ:KYNÐc*e0+~Ægz9ÌŠØYMh

ìÔZzg (Similar Thing) âŒÛnŠbY,ì;Yèâ>[õ I0 ��ZZZZ[[[[::::ZkÅZŠZ5>ZâY„ÐÅYñÏÔÉCÙŒÛnZKé„ÐZŠZHY@*

ìX;VZ%!Z¤/ŒÛnŠïz‰ÜÑo:Å¶ÔÉZŠZ5Æz‰ÜZŠZ™äzZáäËZzgßg]~ZŠZ5™**e„ZzghezZÑÌgZèƒŠHÂY,ìX

H™âÃe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+á~Zq-¥æ]J-Æ ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��9999::::





χζ


nZŠJgŠY,ì?âÃe0+~ÆŠgZëÆ$+á~ZŠJgŠY,ìZ#�ZÏ> ��ZZZZ[[[[::::

~â^6,ï™1Yñ@*�§@š+Æ$+áš+Ö@™].Z:ƒVOçZkñ26,¦~ZZ|]ZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°Ýäµ3ïGEL¢§;0î EGXGÅgzÝ~i',Š„ŠÑbŠbZzgZkZÆ07g~}4»vhÒy™ÆgÄŠc*Ô¾qwZkÎZwÆ�Z[~W\mg9*îGZ°ÝäTZ0+Zi~ŠÑbÆZmgÎñ�z{W\Å'g]@*)»ì1mo]�X

Y,ì? (V.alivrer) HZkâ^~ßÅ ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��00001111::::Ñ¦ZßwzZ2ÅgzÝ~y~ßÅY,7;Yèt³7 ��ZZZZ[[[[::::ƒDÔZzgZÏzzÐÎ**e0+~~ÌßÅY,7ìÔZzgâ^ÌyZ˜k�ÔÅ<å XEZZkZ±gÐZy~ßÅY,7ƒãec1¦~ZZ

â^~ßÅY,ì " |]ZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°Ýä�Ûâc*�

YèZ#ZyÅ')43ï IEGG!*ë™Š~YñÂt»½Æ•}ƒäÅzzÐ³

~ZkÆ "d" ƒYNÐÔ;VZ%!Zâx·g9*îGZvmÐZq-gzZ"ìGGL**Šg{Ô " @ZtÑp " XQW\mg9*îGZ°ÝäZkñ26,Ì " ÜsMðìþ

ZzgŠvÃ¢§;0î EGXGÅgzÝ~cÅÔ2ŠÑ&ÿJL“¨Ò0î GGz$¨Ò0î EGG " ŠgUgþþ "Ô" ìZ;k, "

ÐZâxZWZ1�ZzgZâxZ1-Šg9+:)é XZvÆSm]ÃZâx·g¶ZvÆZïg6,F,ßŠ~ÔZzgU*"$H�Zk!*[~:òTg9+:)é XZvÆw6,ŠbecX

HâÃZkÅâqÐÁc*ic*Š{7Æ$+áŠY,ì?} ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��11111111::::





χζ


!*g{»â^Škc*äÆâ^ÆúnŠ?â^6,Îg¶èìZkÐÁc*ic*Š{æ6,Ìyh+äZzg&zZá ��ZZZZ[[[[::::

gZèƒYNÔZk»ŠY,ìÔZkn�t!*]l!zZãƒ_ì�âIVÅzz (Terminology) »ºm7ÐZ0+Zi{™**ÜsßÍVÅZ˜b

ÐaZƒZìÔªÎgz9»âÜsZknÎgz9»B@*ì�²s¬x~ZÐÎgz9Æ',Z',ŒY@*ìZzgyh+äZzg&zZá6,ÃðŠZi',Š4

(GuardianShip) 7™Y;YèZkŠ}ÃZyŠzâV6,ÃðzÑe$

ÆjZáÐ¦/g[�!*ùzœ~ " ìZ;k, " Zzg " @Zt " qÝ7Ô6�

ÃZ(gì�Ác*ic*Š{Î7e�Hg™BX (Seller & Purchaser)

(Usury) ÎŠ ¦~ZZ|]mg9*îGZ°ÝÆÒy™Š{ZÐ‰Ã»Z]45é IGE{ƒYåOçW\mg9*îGZ°ÝäZkXÅÌzŸs#�ÛâŠ~�

�ÔZq-½ZzgŠzu~Šg)ªËq»$½5ÐöGª (Causes) ÎŠÅŠz‘Ò54è GG**\™…c*ñizãªziyÐ…(ÔZ¤/ËqÆËŠzu~qÐnŠá

ŠzâV7VƒVÂ¶�Zzg (Species) Zzg½ (Dimension) ~ŠgZŠJgŠzâVwZxXZzgZ¤/½zŠg~ÐÃðZq-A0*ðYñÂ¶�'wZzgZŠJgwZxÔZzgâ^Åâ^Ðyh+z�Ûz|#~ÎŠÅŠz=V~ÐÜsZq-‘Òï OGª½0*ðYCìÔÅ<å XEZ¶�Y,ZzgZŠJg**Y,ìX

OçW\g9*îGZv¬àmäMÃè¢§;0î EGXGÅgzÝ~â^»ÁZzgic*Š{6,ŠY,U*"$HZzgñÑ**†ZÄAR™r#©~»:ò�ZkÆÜså





χζ


ZkÅZ&b�ÛâðXZzgMÐ^™Z&4è EGELÑÜÅgzÝ~Z,bÑ¦.

ÒyK�X6,¿™ÆMo«qÝKYMh�ZzgÎŠ (Stratagems)

ÐÌXYYìXOçZ¤/Y™ZxÆÒy™Š{Qy§hV6,øg}Zg!*[iz-Âz�ÛâBÂM`.e$M‚ãÐ<ÆÂxÃÑ$šï GGL0{

ÆÐ_.ic*Š{o«j¯c*YYìXHtßg]�ih+Z#/zÐŒÛn¢8eìÂ/z¾�e0+~Æ ÎÎÎÎZZZZwwww��22221111::::

gz9Â÷}0*k7Z%Šk»âê0+~Æ!*g{gz7VÆúnNZq-

6,‰ƒVZkÑo6,�?CÙ·=Zq-gzB (Instalment) ‚wJ-ÇV�gmZŠZ™zÐY,ì?c*Qtßg]ÎŠ»ÒƒäÅzzÐIìÔZzgZ¤/tßg]Y,ìÂZk~ZzgÎŠ~H�Ûtì�t'wZzgz{wZxìÔqÑè

iZZ+âw»”wìX (Intended) ŠzâVÐ°ŠèÃg{ÎZw»�Z[Šïƒñ¦~ZZ|]mg9*îGZ°ÝZg�áŠ ��ZZZZ[[[[::::

Z¤/ŠzâV8©3ªî GGGGSß„Å+MÐAŠ+™,ZzgŒÛnÅ+M: " �ÛâD�:(Term) ™,Âtßg]Y,ìÔ2Zkßg]~¶�Zzgæ]!›40î GOE

XYèâ^»½Å½ÐìZzggz9e0+~Å½ " J-QŠJgÌY,ìÐÔOçŠzâVÅòZƒNZzgZy~ŠgÌœu7;YèŠzâV„±è

YLE™ÌzZàq,�ÔZzg±èYLE™ÌzZàZâY~ÎŠ7ƒ@*Ô6�

Ñzq~,ÐÒyHY[ìÅ<å XEZZyŠzâVÆnŠá~¶�ZzgQŠJgŠzâV„Y,�X6�ëZyƒ!*ÂVÅïÒy™MñZzgm





χζ


È~ÌZq-nÅæ]!›4èGOE™**„ìtÌY,ìÔ;V'!Z¤/Šk»â^ŒÛnŠc*ZzgÑo™à�ŒÛnhezZÑ!*g{c*ŠHg{gz9Z[c*¼æ]mÈ~Ðc*šmzZ:Š}Ât¢zgwZxZzgÎŠì;YètZq-ŒÛnìTÐœqÝHŠHXZzg"—øg}gÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅä�Ûâc*�:

EEÒØÎ†šq†ÚßËÃèÊãç…e^DD

F,À:LL�ŒÛnÃðœé™Ññz{ÎŠìóóXEÒßˆ]ÖÃÛ^Ù(Òj^h]Ö‚màæ]ÖŠ×Ü(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VNMQQM(tR(”UUD

Íc*Zkßg]~g]Y,ZzgŒÛn**Y,ìXZkÆµ3ïGELu&40î GIGz¢§;0î EGXGÅgzÝ~ZâxZWZ1�Zzg™854è EGEgÂZvÆÃc*]zZã�ÛâñZzgCÙUÐXÅ|Ãgz×™Š3c*XÎŠÅuÈ~™ÆY,§hV6,œqÝ™äÅßg'Ì’k,�ÛâŠ,ZzgZk

»�Z[Ì " ÂZk~ZzgÎŠ~H�Ûtì�t'wZzgz{wZxì? " Z‹ZnZg�áŠ�ÛâŠc*X

Z[MØ!¦~ZZ|]ÔZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGÔZâxZ£gŸ{ymg9*îGZ°Ý»F,À ZZZZZZZZÒÒÒÒ³³³³ËËËË³³³³ØØØØ]]]]ÖÖÖÖËËËËÏÏÏÏnnnnääää]]]]ÖÖÖÖËËËË^ââââÜÜÜÜÊÊÊÊ±±±±œœœœuuuuÓÓÓÓ^ÝÝÝÝÎÎÎÎ††††››››^ŒŒŒŒ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ‚‚‚‚…………]]]]ââââÜÜÜÜXXXXXXXX ÆZkIgug‚á

5�ÛâNX LLLLLLLL™™™™ââââ^ÆÆÆÆÑÑÑÑ¦¦¦¦ZZZZ©©©©ââââ]]]]óóóóóóóó ¯x�ÃfäÿÒjgœÂ×ou–†l

]ÖÛ‚mßè]ÖÃ×Ûnè





χζ


ÒËØ]ÖËÏnä]ÖËâÜÊ±œuÓ^ÝÎ†›^Œ]Ö‚…]âÜ

™â^Æ!*g}~M\H " Zv¬\M\Å/ŠgZi�Ûâñ ": ‰þ³þ³ç]Ù

�ÛâD�?ZkÐ0P!*'Šgc*Ä™ã�Xìc*’k,~ZŒÛZg**)Å§bÃð�? (Property/Money) XHtâ^âw 1

(Minimum Amount of Property > XZ#â^Åâq»ƒiÃ 2

J-VYñZzgZk6,‚wÌ¦/gYñÂ Liable for paying Zakat)

â^6,i2>zZZ#ƒÏc*7?XHZÐ$~ŠbŠg„ì? 3

zZZ#ƒÇc*7? )1( XZ¤/ÃðZÐôp(Ðag~™}ÂZe;B»R 4

XZ¤/Ãð¿Ë»â^Ÿù™Š}ÂZkÆ$+á~â^„ŠbƒÇc* 5

ÌŠØYMh�? )2( e0+~Ægz9

û 46 ü

1'Z¤/Ãð¿ŠkŠgëÆ',Z',c*ZkÐiZZ+7Å—Ëôp£xÐag~™}ÂÑ<~Zk»;B»U»¬ìXZkÅ,Ã}~5±�ÛâNX

X 2'Qkiâä~gz9e0+~ÐÔZÑ5VÎäZzgbÀ˜@*Æz){Ð¯ñYD¸

ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωω

ωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωω



χζ


XHZkâ^Ãe0+~Ægz7Vc*ÎäÅZÑAVc*@*ÆÆ¦VÆ 6

$+á~ŠY,ì?ƒÏc* D1EÇ XZ¤/â^ÆúnÀ}yh+}YNÂtyh+z�Ûz|#ß 7

? )2( £9

XHZkâÃ�§ŒÛnŠbY,ì?Z¤/Y,ìÂZŠZ"5Àö JGYLŒÛnÆz‰Üâ^ 8

�? „zZ:GYNÐc*e0+~Ægz9ÌŠØYMhXH™â^Ãe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+á~Zq-¥æ]J-Æn 9

�§ŒÛnŠY,ì?Y,ìX D3E XHZkâ^~"3üEGL]Ðê M

10

XHâÃZkÅâqÐÁc*ic*Š{7Æ$+áŠY,ìÔ}!*g{» 11

â^Škc*äÆâ^ÆúnŠ?XZ#Zq-¿ih+Šzu}¿/zÐŒÛn¢8eìÂ/z¾�e0+~Æ 12

û 47 ü

ZkßÃë�T~gz9bÆ$+áÃð‚âyz){yh+Zc*œY@*ì " ßÇ "'1ZkßÃë�T~gz9ZÑ°7ÉZq-‚âyÆúnŠzuZ " £9 "'2

‚âyyh+Zc*œY@*ìX'yh+z�Ûz|#~Z¤/7¬ZŠZ™Š~YñZzg‚ây¼æ]ˆŠc*YñQÐ 3

ë�X " ß]Ðê M"





χζ


gz9Â÷}0*k7Z%!Šk»âê0+~Æ!*g{gz7VÆúnNZq-

6,‰ƒVÔZkÑo6,�?CÙ·= (Instalment) ‚wJ-ÆnÇVe0+~»Zq-gzB�gmZŠZ™zÐÂHtßg]Y,ì?c*Qtßg]ÎŠ»

ÒƒäÅzzÐIì?ZzgZ¤/tßg]Y,ìÂZk~ZzgÎŠ~H�Ûtì�t'wZzgÎŠwZx?qÑèŠzâVÐ°ŠiZZ+âw»”wìX…

�Z[«�Ûâ™',ziª#ÖZqÝ<X]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

]Ö×ãÜÖÔ]ÖvÛ‚m^æâêþ³þ³þ³

ZÞøg}uŠZg-Zv¬\mzÅ�¾~§s¹„g�q™ä

zZá�Zy6,ZzgZyÅMwzZizZ•0Z]ZzgÓxô/™Zx6,gØZzgsä**iw�ÛâÔ~�ÐhZzgŠg4ÅgÉð»ÎZw™@*ƒVX

Z}ÎZw™äzZá)Zv¬\ëŠzâVÃÂ=«�ÛâñZzgøg~ìÔ (New Invention) gÉð�Ûâñ(tYyß�â.e$].h+Zzg5q

»fY™ZxÅÃ~Zk»f™Ì7AÇÔŒVJ-�âèŒÛd$Æ

g9*îG - Z0¬$++�áò (The Religious Lawyer of Islam) �´)ZzgZyÆë)fYÅÃÌâ^Æf™Ð{à�1Zv¬\ - Zv¬àm

û 48 üω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωωω




χζ


ÅœJw�Ûâ™…ZyÅ',ÆVÐ - gèZve - øg}ZyZ[™Zx»[�ÛâñMVäZkŠ+ZsxÆ)b»°,ÐÒy�ÛâŠØ

�ÔZzgZ[tÑ<ZkŠggz×ƒ_ì�ZkÅgZ]ÌŠyÅ§bgz×F,KMŠØ�XÆfg) (Rules) ìXZ:v!fY™ZxäZ,Z°

Ð"ÑgZâmVÆ)bÆÑ¦Z©x¥xGYMh�ÔZ¤/p5ZXŠZ]»ŸYg~gìÇÔ1ZyÆÑ¦Z©xZyZ©â]ÆŠZ],{Ð!*CÙ:ìÐ�…Z[™ZxÐqÝƒñÔZzgZ¤/Zväe;ÂCÙŠzg~Z,fYñ�ŠƒVÐÎZv¬\Â[z<LZzgZ[Æ¯ñƒñZ°Ð5

ÅÂ=«�ÛâñÇX (Extraction) aZ”{qzVÆÑ¦Z©â]ï%‰ßvf‚Æ!ƒD�Zzg‰+f‚ƒD�ZzgZKy

J-(ìZzgDÂZÏâg»**xì (Accuracy) Lt™@*ìLŠg4&Zv¬\ZLTÈ}ÆŠw~eìeZwŠ}ÔZknZv¬\Ð

Â=Zzg@Ze$Ô™**.e$¢zg~ìZzg…Zv»°ìZzgz{H„ZY»g‚iìÔ…Zk6,ZzgQZkÆgÎw-Zv¬àmzÅ6,½z‚ìX

ZzgGZvnguz¬\),gvz',F,Zzgp[™x�ÛâäzZÑìÔZv¬\ZLÔ-Zv¬àmzÅ6,gØ**iw�Ûâñ'!





χζ


~Zv¬\ÅÂ=ÐHƒV;YèZÏÅÂ=ÐïÅ

—-VJ-)eì�M\»ªÎZwM\ÆÓxÎZÑ]ÅZÝzãCŠì;YèZ#â^Å|MDgƒYñÏÂZkÐ0Óx (Base)

Z©xÌzZãƒYNÐXÞçHÒouÏnÏkÒên^á

™â^Å|Âtì�t»½»Zq-•ZìÔZzg»½Zq-7

zZÑâwìÔZzgZk6,$•ÅzzÐßvZkÅ§sâbƒ‰ÔZzgZÐ

c¦™ÆgppÑX ¢zg]Æz‰ÜßvZkÅ§sâb " Ì¸ì� (Defination) ZzgâwÅ°p

6�}ÅxÃ Ô" ƒVZzgZÐ¢zg]Æz‰Üc¦™Ægeƒ

z)ø~ìX )1( " ëz~�áò " Zzg " dZ°Zë "

( (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(Ú_×gVÊ±iÃ†mÌ]ÖÛ^Ùæ]ÖÛ×Ô]ÖÛjÏçÝ(tS(”T( " …#ù]ÖÛvj^… ")

2t!*]ÂƒÃ¥xì�Ñ$šïGGL0{äT§b›âVÃÑZ[Zzgòk,ÐœZVäÐIHìZk§bÐ»½Æ•zVÐZK%èÆ_.œZVäÐI7HÔZzgËqÆ7zZáâwƒä»

û 50 ü

" gŠZÅ+B5éGg " Å¤/ZVŠg"ì�� - mZ°¶ - ´)Z0¬$++�áò " ëzò�áò " 1'þÆ**xÐñÎxìX





χζ


ŠZgzæZgZÏ!*]6,ì�Ñ<è0{äZkÐœZVäÐI:HƒÔ6

~ìX " ëzò�áò "�

Ú^ÙÒoiÃ†mÌÆjZáÐ– " Œô " ~Zßw}ÅxÂ[ " ëzò�áò " ZÏ

âwz{qì&z‰Üq~#Æn¦HYñZzgâwÆnZk» " ì�

X" 7zZÑƒ**¢zg~ì

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(Ú_×gVÊ±iÃ†mÌ]ÖÛ^Ùæ]ÖÛ×Ô]ÖÛjÏçÝ(tS(”T(D " …#ù]ÖÛvj^… ")

ÆjZá " ZÒz~Z;Ï "g Zz " dZ°Zë "~" ëzò�áò " ZzgZÏMŠòÆ´z{CÙz{qâwBCì&MŠòÆÃZ+}Æ " Ð®wì�

naZHŠHƒZzgZÐ™«Ðg3Y**eƒZzgMŠòZÐZK%èÐ

X" ZEw™n(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(Ú_×gVÊ±iÃ†mÌ]ÖÛ^Ùæ]ÖÛ×Ô]ÖÛjÏçÝ(tS(”T(D " …#ù]ÖÛvj^… ")

ÞçHÒ^qˆñnäZ¤/Ãð " ~�ÛâD�� )1( " ìZ;k, " [ZZÑ:t´)Z0ZÅ�)éx

X" ZL»½»Zq-•ZDÙZggz9~mÂtßš™Z>ØY,ìD (Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNO " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

û 51 ü

ÅÑbX " @Zt " '}4Å�gÂ[ 1





χζ


)1( ZzgZ¤/óÃÐŠ¬YñÂ&+Z]pŠ¸w™â^ÅZÝì

äâ^ZXŠƒäÐ005‚w¬„7�Ûâ - gèZvÅ - &ZâxZ0}xŠc*åÔZzgâÌÂ»½»z„•Zì�DÙZggz9~‚ìZzgtÃðª]Å

Ð™ŠgƒC - gÂZv - (Âøg}fY™Zx Miracles !*]7ÔZ+™Zâ])„gS�ÔZv¬\…Š*ZzgMy]~Zé',»]Ð»[�Ûâñ'!

5Únàý=

Zk~ÂÃð—7�â^&+Z‹pŠZq-7zZÑâwìZkÅ(HY@*ìÔZzgâ^~ Donate/Gift) yh+z�Ûz|#ƒCìÔZzgZÐS

ÌYg~ƒCìÔ2âwÆÓxZ©â]ÌZk6, (Inheritance) zgZV$

X Yg~ƒD�ÞçHÒ1…‰n‚açÞ1Ò^Ú_×g~HƒV�táy!*Çßì�â’k,~ZŒÛZg**)Å§bÃð

g¦ìXg¦»Ètì��ÍgZÐgZò™Cìz{â^hezZßVÐ)Î**c*e0+~(Ægz9ŒÛngìÔZzgZ7o]Æîg6,ŒÛnÅâq

Æâ^Š}ŠîìZzgZ#z{ßvÍgÃâ^zZ:™Š,ÂÍgZï

û 52 ü

'ªZÏZg�áŠÐ™â^ÆÑ¦¬»è^Y@*ìX 1





χζ


ŒÛnzZ:ZŠZ™ŠîìÔZzgZ¤/tßvúZx~ÐËÃtâ^Š}Š,ÂÍgZyŠzuzVÐŒÛná™Zy¬ßÍV»ŒÛnZŠZ™ŠîìÔÂz{ßvZyŠzuzVÃ�go]tâ^Š}Šï�@*�z{ZyâIVÆfg)Ð

HznÍgÐZCŒÛnzßw™ÃXZÏ§bÐŒÛnæßÍVÆƒ@*gìÇÔâ^Æ (Repetition) ;ðV~YñÇŒÛnZzgg¦»ƒZg

g¦ƒäÆÂp�XqÑèZq-fZgÌt!*]Y}ì��ßvâ^»AŠ+™D�Zy~ÐËÆŠw~Zy!*ÂV»ìwJ-7M@*ÔZzg:„LZkAŠ+ÐŒÛnc*’k,~ZŒÛZg**)»ZgZŠ{™D�Ô2M\äËÌZ,¿Ã

7Š¬ƒÇ�ßÍVÃŒÛnŠêƒZzgZLŒÛnÆgZ~Zk¿»**x‘Täâ^ŠnZkÐe0+~Ægz9zßwGƒVÔZzgZKi0+Ï½~

ZkÐt¹ƒ�?÷ZŒÛnZŠZ™ÆZKg¦íÐzßw™ßÔZzg:„ËZ,¿ÃŠ¬ƒÇ�ßÍV»HznƒZzgZLgZ~Zk¿»**xqƒ&

â^ŠnZkägz9zßwGƒVÔZzg%Dz‰ÜHƒ�#V»í6,ZÚŒÛnìÔZÐZŠZ™Æ÷~g¦ZkÐzZ:á¢8X





χζ


z{ªÝz"!*ußv�Z´6ÎŠ3D�ZzgŒÛnzßwƒäJ-

ÎŠÅâƒZgÑbHgG%ËÃZq-gzBÌŒÛn7ŠïÔz{ßvÌâ^á™e0+~»gzBŠï�ZzgZk6,Zq-…ÌiZZ+7â_Ô:¹Æˆ

Zzg:„‚wÆˆXZ¤/z{ZÐŒÛnBÂiZZ+g¶zßw™**CÙ¦/:ghDX:htì�ƒßvâ^ÐAŠ+Zzgyh+z�Ûz|#„»p

™D�Ôâ^Š¶zZÑGY}ì�~gz9á™â^ZKo

Ð{g`™[ƒVÔZzgâ^hezZÑGY}ì�~ (Ownership)

ƒŠHÔZzgz{¿â^Ãgz7VÔZÑAVZzg (Owner) gz9Šnâ^»â´

&ìÔZzgZÐ¦™Æg‚rìÔ (Wealth) ¦VÅ§bZCâwZzg7™@*ìÔZzgZÐœ‘™@* (Will) ZzgS™@*ìÔZzgZkÆ!*g}~z¤

ìÔZzgßvZÐyh+z�Ûz|#„B�ÔZzgg]„»p™D�XtZq-ð”{Zßwì�ßÍVÆç5]~ZyÅ¦V»Z±g

ƒ@*ì;YèZqw»ŠZgzæZg¦V„6,ìÔZzgCÙ¿Ænz„ìTÅ

z{+M™}X(Òj³^he³‚ð]Ö³çu±(e^hÒnÌÒ^áe‚ð]Öçu±=Öo…‰çÙ]Ö×#ä " ‘vnx]Öfí^…° "E

D "#(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VM(tM(”R





χζ


®ZU*"$ƒZ�ßÍVÆ4,Šq-â^Zq-7zZÑâwìÔZÐ

™«Ðg3Zzg¦HY@*ìÔZzgßvZkÅ§sâbƒD�ÔZkÅyh+z�Ûz|#ƒCìÔZzgZk6,7zZáâwÆÓxZ©x**ÇƒD�X

Ò†ÞŠoÞçHÒo]Â×oFÎnÛjç7Òên^á˜VJ-â^ÅZd†V»mìÔ}Zq-»½»•ZŠkgz9»Ô

" ìZ;k, " ŠzuZÎgz9ZzgŠZDÙZg»ÔÂ~ZkÆ!*g}~t¼VÇ�ë»½»Zq-•ZDÙZggz9~œYYìZzg " ÆjZáÐÒy™`��þ

Q" ZkÆY,ƒäÆn yh+ZgZzg�Ûz|#à{»gZèƒ**„»°ì

â^ÆÂHì�TÆ§TZEw6,ÓxßvgZèƒVÔZzg»½ÆZy•zVÅt7ZKZ˜b~Hg™BÔ2ÍgZ6"ÖÑ»0Æ

4,Šq-Ì‡&ÿELŠgìÔHM\7ŠÙ�Z¤/Ë¿ä$zZáe0+~ÆlZñÂZk»;B»N*YñÇÔqÑèZ¤/Ãð (Old Currency) Škgz9

¿Šk›gëÆziyÆ',Z',e0+~T6,$:ÐƒZzgZkÅ7ŠkŠgëZzg¬)Ã " Zt@" 6� )1( ÐÁƒag~™}ÂZk»;B7»N*YñÇ

û 55 ü

'Íc*ŠgûV~ñ�Še0+~�ŠgZÝ01ŠgëÐÁÅìp&=ç NX•ÐQkÁ7 1e0+~Å7ŠkŠgëâyàˆÔZÏ§b»½ÆZq-•}Å7!*ÁnZq-gzBì

= pZk6,&=ç NX•ÐZkÅ7}0001gz9âyàYñÂtŠg„ìZzgZ[Ñq





χζ


~Zk6,Š?èÃgìX(Òj^h]ÖŠ†Îè(tN(”NROD "° e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚ " J†|Ê± " ]Öã‚]mè "E

~$zZáæb (One Rupee of Silver) ZÏ§bÐZq-gz9Zq- ƒD�Z¤/?ZyÆziyÆ',Z',@*mÂßÔÂz{CÙ¦/ (Stamped Coins)

Å (Coin of 50 paisa) gz9Å7»7ƒÇÔÉ‰Zz‡]Âz{@*mZÃ

7»Ì7ƒ@*ÔZzg?e0+~ÆjV~ÌZ(Š/™MhƒX¼²1¬øg}o~e0+~ÆŠzgz9Åëziye0+~Zq-gz9~m¶ZzgYIßvZk~0*ñYäzZáÎŠÆz!*wÃ�ÛZñl™Æe0+~yh+D

Z#$•Ðe0+~Å7ŠtƒÂZ[ŠtZzgegkHic*ŠCƒ ( )1( ¸

',Z',ìÔZzgt!*]ÌCÙ“¨ÿGL`gppzZá6,ªCÙì�‰Zz‡]ÃðH

p!Å¯6,ZLÜDÙZgzVqzVÐPZzgic*Š{Ë —Ëz2c*ZŸ°

û 56 ü

Æ4,Šq-ÌZkÅ70001gz9ƒÏÔªe0+~Å7ÂŠkŠgZëÐÁìpZk» =

:ÐƒÂZÐ:æFNZäzZá»;B7 (Stamp) ziyŠkŠgûVÆ',Z',ìXÂZ¤/Zk6,&=ç NX»N*YñÇZzgZ¤/&=ç NXƒÂaè&=ç NXÅzzÐZkÅ7ŠkŠgûVÆ',Z',ƒYñÏÔ®ZZÐ:æFNZäzZá»;B»N*YñÇ;YèÑ»!Š=çXO~ÁZiÁŠkŠgëc*ZkÅâqÆ',Z',—lZä6,;B»N*Y@*ìX1'Z¤/e0+~Ãe0+~Æ$+áZzgÎäÃÎäÆ$+áœYñÂ¢zg~ì�ŠzâV

ÑgƒÏX (Usury) ziy~',Z',ƒVZ¤/ziy~¶�ƒÏÂÑ<~ÎŠ





χζ


ƒYCìÔ6�!*g;Z(ƒZ�ËOÃŠzÑÄÐiZZ+7~yh+ZŠHZzg~Ìyh+äÃ»g7ÔqÑèÑq~ Šzu~OÃÃðe0+~Æ03gz7V

ÅƒCìÔŒVJ-�Z¤/O (Infocus) Zz™sÅ77ƒCÉfZ]fZ]„»ìT (Cost) Æ;B0*îVYy1ú™hu:KYNÂz{y

yÃgµ(,"Æ:LZz™sä(,JŠc*ìXÚ^ÙÞ`n6 (Writting) Òjêk

ZLZkŠúò6,Š?Òy™gì�Šúòt - mZ°9*îG - )Z['

ì�ËÚ~Z¤/Ãðp!aZƒYñÂZÝÚÅ7(,|YCìÔOçµˆÂZkÅ7LÎÔLDÙZggz9J- (Stamp) •}6,Z# »½Æ

(Rare Knowledge) ƒÏ(7Í/õ FGtCØ�Z¤/Ë»½6,Zq-**Šgz**c*[D–ƒZzgÃðZkD»ŠgŠZyÔZk»¤gƒÔz{Zk»½ÃŠkDÙZggz9~yh+}ÔÂHZkäÃðÜsÑq»xH?CÙ¦/7ÔÉY,z'w§iÆ_.¿HÔZzgt!*]ŒÛMyxZzgZ!ïGL0ÆZ)qÐÌU*"$ìÔZv¬\Zg�áŠ�Ûâ@*ì�:

D ]ÖßŠ«ðVUN ¸Q( E — ô$]*áûiøÓøçûáøiôrø^øé÷Âøàûiøø]õÚ(ßûÓöÜû üX" 1t�ÃðÎŠZvg~!*bgŸq~»ƒ " F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:





χζ


ZzgtŠkDÙZg�Zk¿äZŠZGz{Zk‘ƒñDÅ77;ZzgZyŠvÃ~ÌZkÅ¥ô " @Zt " 6� ( )1( Yèz{Ââw„7

Å„g]t " @Zt " ñ�ŠìX~)bÃŠÑbÆ‚BÒyHŠHìÔZzgŒÛMy0*ulZä6,;B7»N*YñÇÔZ¤/pZk6,Î**mJƒZƒ " ì�þ

Yè–ðÆZ±gÐÂz{âw7ÔZzgZkÅ™«ÂZÖpŒÛM6ÅzzÐÅ

YCì:�¢ÔzgVZzgÎäÆÝlÅzzÐ;Yètq,ÂZÖpÆ@*,�ÔZzgËnÆgZ~Ì;B7»N*YñÇ;YègZÐ°ŠZk~èYäzZà’k,,ƒC�Zzgz{âw7ƒ'Ô1ˆ[zÂ[»gZ

lZäÅßg]~;B»N*YñÇ;YèZk~�–ƒ@*ìz{Šzu}ÆZzg»½âwìT " »x»7ƒ@*Ô®ZZkag~Ð°Š»½„ƒD�

ÆlZä6,ag~Å7åO»»[7gZƒäÅßg]~;B»N*YñÇX(Òj³^h]ÖŠ³†Îè(e³^hÚ³^m³Ï³_³ÄÊn³äæÚ^ŸmÏ_Ä(tN(”PRO(QRO( " ]Öã‚]mè "E

D Ú×jÏ_÷

û 58 ü

1'ÂT§bOÅ7~pzgCz){ÐZŸ†ƒY@*ìZÏ§b»½Å7

Ñ<~ "‘Ðê L" Zzg " pzgC " ÅÂ"$ÅzzÐZŸ†ƒY@*ìÔqÑè "

‘Ðê L"~

7ÔZÏ§b&=ç NX•Ð»½Å7~ZŸ†ƒŠHÔ&=ç NXÑ<Æ4,Šq-âw7 " âw "ÉZq-z2ì�7~ZŸ†»:LìX





χζ


®ZZ#»½ÆZq-zgtÅ7Zk’k,ÅzzÐŠkDÙZgJ-VˆÂZk~ÀÅÃ!*]ì�â^6,–ðÆ:LZkÅ7Škgz9c*iZZ+ƒÔZzgZkzzÐßvZkÅ§sâbƒñÔÑqä(£Õä EMZkÐ“

gz»ì'!Òo2^…]ÎŠ^Ý (Property) Ú^Ù

]æ…]áÒoÊÏòev&" dZ°Zë " Üd¯xtì�XzZãzgz×ìÔ!*]ŠgZÝtì�

z){Ã~ì�âwÅeg9�XXz{âw�CÙßg]~y„gìÔ‰Î**Zzge0+~tåy„g� 1

ÐeìZyÃË—ÆúnœYñc*ZyÆúnËqÃœYñÔZK½

Æ$+áAŠ+ƒc*)½Æ$+áÔZI²sZ7y}c*7Ô‰

Å (Designing) Îäe0+~Æ',@z){Ô�tZk~ƒäzZà¯z^:gìÔZÏnt“¨åGLß~³ (Pure Money) zzÐ{Øy

I}ÏX )1( ƒYNÐÔZzgZyÅßÑƒ"3üEGLwç Ms (Fixed)

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(ÎçÖäEâçenÄeÃ˜]¢$Û^áefÃ˜DtR(”MNO " ]Öfv†]Ö†]ñÐ "E

û 59 ü

Æún'.èIELûÃ (Real Money) ZkßÃë�T~'.è

IELû ""3ü EGLÜs " 1'

œY@*ì‰ÎäÆúnÎ**c*e0+~Æúne0+~ŠX





χζ


ZzgZk~"3üEGLwç MsÅÓxÑZ_Yg~ƒVÏ;YèÎ**Zzge0+~Ã')43ï IEGG„ÆnaZHŠHìÔZzgZvÅaZÅƒðq~p~7MCX

(Selling Good or Merchandise) z{âw�CÙqw~Š X2gìÔ‰À}Zzga0*ñ;YèZ¤/t¹Yñ�#VqZyÆ$+á~

c*ZyÃËÌqÆ$+áœYñÔz{qLÌf)6,š+)ŒÛn(ƒ™Ñix7ƒÏÔZzg')43ï IEGGÆpÌ¸��z{—f)6,š+ƒ™ÑixƒÔ®Z

Zq-ÒpÐ (Goods) ŒVtZ‹Zn7ƒY�"3üEGL£9~ŠzâVOq(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö³’³†Í(Ú³_³×gÊ±en^á " …#]Ö³Û³vj^… "E yƒD�X

D =Öî(tS(”PSQ(Ú×í’÷ ... Ú^mÓçáÚfnÃ^

ä´)„BŒéz~ÆZ‹Zn»�Z[Šïƒñ - mZ°9*îG - ´)�áòZÏ§bÅÂä�ÛâðìX

÷}ìw~ŒVZq-Z‹ZnƒYìz{t�ÎäÐ¯ðˆ~³ (Contract) ZâYÔ}',@c*;Ìf)6,Š+7ƒDÔÉ-

ƒYD�)ªX',àVc*@�VÆúnßƒðìz„ŠbƒV (Fixed)

ÆjZáÐ¦/gZÔ®ZZ¤/t!*]t™àYñÂZk " dZ°Zë " Ð(‰�

6,Z‹ZnzZgŠƒÇÔ÷}4,Šq-Zk»™s�Z[tì�"3üEGL£9~CÙ—





χζ


ŠƒCìÔ'.èIEL{Ø7ƒ$ËÔZ¤/pZq-ÒpÐyÌƒCì;YèßÆnŠZzgyŠzâV»ƒ**¢zg~ìÔgsMÒ{MäzZàn (Sale)

Æ;Yèz{L{ØyƒCìZzgL{ØŠÔZyŠzâV©VÆp¸��ZyÐZy»yc*Šƒ**Ëqª~Ì].Z:ƒnÔZ¤/p‰Zz‡]ZÐŠzuZ¥cÌ¬gnƒY@*ìÔ'äÀzVÅ¦/VwÃÇg3ZzgÑbzjZÙ~ÌZkÆS:tÃ',ŒÛZgg3ìÔqÑèZkÐ%ZŠz{

Š~nÐƒVÐ²Zy À}��âq~',Z',:ƒVÔzg:z{À}½f™™äÐƒÇ}gzðÔÂy ÀzV»‚)$›4è

GGOE(ƒnZzgt‚c*Â

c*»g{äÆf™ÐƒÇÔ}�áxz»»xÔc*!*gq-c*ñN*ƒäÐÔc*îwz²n)MðZzgahZð(ÅeöÐÔc*ziyÐ²z{À}Âw™mYD

ZzgZÏçÅzzÐZk~"3üEGLÅY,ìX (Quality) ƒVz{âwTÅfZ]~Z(z20*c*YñTÆ:Lz{LŠƒZzg X3

ÆZkwÅ§b7�Zq-ò " àk,ZÑwg " Ly0YñÔ÷ZtIÔ(Sold) ÐyƒZzgZq-òÐŠ

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö’†Í(tS(”QSQ( "… Ö‚ù…]ÖÛíj^ ]"E

@*�£9zZà!*]»Z¬Š{:ƒYñ)Yèt!*]ÂŠzu~n~ñ�Šì(





χζ


ZkÅfZ]~ÃðZ(z2ƒ):L "(Restriction) É~äZk{»þZŸ†ZknHì@*�tâwÅa¶nÐ{g` " z{LŠƒZzgLyþ

ƒYñ;Yèz{ZLZ0+g0*ñYäzZáz2Å¯6,7ÉZ˜bZzg°ÄZ˜bÅ¯6,LyƒCìZzgLŠX

ë (Similar Things) ZkŠ~nÆâwÐ%ZŠz{q,�XÃ>�)>Ð%ZŠz{ZâY�Î**\c*Âw™œY@*ìÔ}nxÔLgÔÎ**Ôe0+~ÔZzg>Æ£.Þ¢-+ö

GGZâY�ÔZkÐ%ZŠz{ZâY��**\c*Âw™7Y'Ô}ÀZÔYâgz){(ZyÆyh+z�Ûz|#ÅŠzßg'�:

t�ZyÅßÎäc*e0+~ÆúnÅYñZkßg]~t> ««««q,ÞŠƒVÏÔpZ{ß~únZ7IZc*ŠHƒc*ÎäÔe0+~ÃÔZzgtq,¥ƒVc*)¥Ô}Z¤/$ðGN-V¾�~ätÎ**Zã!è ME[VÆúnœc*Zk§b¾�Zk[VÆúnœ)ªc*ÂlZg»f™™Š}c*

YäzZà—ÃZ�ág{™Æ³™Š}(Â[VŠzâVßgÂV~ŠìÔZ¤/[V!›4èGOE)ñ�Š(ƒVÂßÇƒÏZzgZ¤/)!›4èGOE)ªyh+z�Ûz|#

X Æz‰Ü)ñ�Š(ƒVÂ"3üEGLÅƒÏÔZzgZk~ÅÅÑZ_»0*c*Y**¢zg~ƒÇßg]tì�>qzVÃÎäZzge0+~Æ´z{ËZzg— ŠŠŠŠzzzzuuuu~~~~





χζ


ÆúnœYñZkßg]~Z¤/>qzVÆúnËqÃŠ¹YñÂt

>q,CÙqw~y„g�ÏÔeì!›4èGOEƒVc*)!›4èGOEÔ}Ëä¹�~ätÀZZã[Vc*Zk[VÆ$+á~œÔ[V!›4èGOEƒVc*)!›4èGOEŠzâVßgÂV~ßÇƒÏÔZzgz{[Vf)6,ÑixƒYñÇÔZzgZ¤/t¹Yñ�~ä>qÃË—ÆúnœÂZ¤/tq!›4èGOEƒÂyìÔ

Æúnm)Â[Vy�(ZzgZ¤/ }-V¹�~ät[VZkÀ}xÆún Š�Ô}t¹�~äZãð[VZkÝ !›4èGOE:ƒÂ>q,

m)Â[VŠ�(qÑètßg]ÅÅÑZ_0*ñYäÅzzÐ"3ü EGLÅìX

tì�>qzVÃZ¤/ÎäZzge0+~Æúnœ cccc»»»»ÜÜÜÜ1111 ZkYñÂt>q,!ŒÒ¨éGêŠƒVÏZzgZ¤/Îäe0+~Æ´z{ËZzg—ÆúnÂZkÅ&ßg'ƒVÏX)1(Z¤/>qzVÆúnÃðqŠ¹Ât>q,ÞyƒVÏX)2(ZzgZ¤/>qzVÃË—ÆúnŠ¹YñÂZ¤/t!›4èGOEƒVÂy�X

Æ¯xÅzŸs#ìÔ - g¶Zv - )3(Zzg)!›4èGOEƒVÂŠXZzgt)�áò~Ì7X " ëzò�áò " ZkZ0+ZiÅzŸs#





χζ


ƒ1gzZ`Æ (Chattels) âwÅa¶nz{ì�|~ÂOq X4Z±gÐyƒÔ6�b�Z#J-ºg�ÐyÅ§b�ÔZzgZ#

»ƒYñÇÂtZKZÝÅ§sß^YNÐ)Zzg (Current) Zy»ªZyÅw¡ŠJ]Æ•zVÅÏg{YñÏ(ZzgšµZIZ˜bZ#

ËqÃyŒÛZgŠbe�ÂZyÆn¢zg~ì�z{ZkqÅ')43ï IEGGÅlZgÅ§sg�q (Real Money) Hg™ä~'.è

IELû (Quantity)

™,;Yè¬gèq»ªxÂfZC„Æ:LÐƒ@*ìÔZÏnZIZ˜baW46y~bc*ZR12²!3ÓÑõ X)n(Zq-e0+~Ægz9Æ',Z',ŒÛZgŠï�ÔZzgZ7tZ(gì��Z˜be�Hg™B;YèZ˜bHg™ä~ÃðgzuIu7X

02‚w¬yz*y~Šz§bÆngZò¸)1(&=ç NXzZÑö)2(@*ÆÆ@ã^zZáE•}��ziy~&=ç NXzZánÐe.ÞƒD¸X&=ç NXzZá7g}46ne0+~ÆZq-gz9Æ',Z',ƒD¸²@*Æ

Æ•zVzZánÅ7~¶�ƒCgS¶ÔZzg‰Zz‡]ÂZq-gzB

ZknÆ08jVÆ',Z',ƒY@*åÔŒVJ-�ZyjV»gzZ`»ƒZZzgZyÅ')43ï IEGG)™ƒä(ÅwÌ»ƒZzgtƒZ˜b„Æ:LƒZ





χζ


ZzgÑ»0{Å§sÐ)Z˜bHg™ä(~ÃðgzuIu7XZâ,ÆˆtXzZãƒŠH�â^âwÅZka¶n~Ð

ì;Yè8©3ªî GGGGSt»½»•ZƒäÅzzÐOq)¡‚ây(ìZzgZ˜b~ZkÆ‚ByÅ§b»çnHY@*ìÔ®ZtZ˜kyìZzg�g¶

þªÎ**Ôe0+~Æ£«~ (Real Money) â^6,èƒCìz{'.èIELû

ƒ**aèZq- (Currency) â^Å')43ï IEGGÅlZgƒCìZzgâ^»y

ìÔ®ZZk~ÃðpB7Zzg:„ZkÅÂä (Terminology) Z˜b»:LŠgc*ÄHYñÇX

Zk½k,Ðâ^Å|zZãƒÔZzg e³v³Û³]²]ÖËj^|]ÖÏm

aèâ^ÆÓxZ©xZÏ|6,FF�Ô®ZZ[Zy�áYZv³zVË¬ÆZÖg~ÃðŠØZg~g»z7¶ÏX

Zzg"—ÓxpÒVZkZv¬\Æn��CÙq»˜yZzgÓVzZÑìX

:â^âwìc*’k,~ZŒÛZg**)Å§bÃð�? ‰ç]ÙM

:M\ÆÎZw»�Z[,ÐŠc*Y[ì'×h+ZŸ†Å¢zg]7 qç]h

)ªâ^âwìZzg¦/¸egZlx~Ða¶n»âw(X





χζ


(Minimum Amount of :Z#tâî2>Æ»[ ‰³³³ç]ÙN

J-VYNZzgZy6,‚w¦/g Property Liable for Paying Zakat)

YñÂZy6,i2>�ÛnƒÏc*7?]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

Y;V'!i2>ÅÑZ_0*ðYNÂâ^6,i2>zZZ#ì;YèM\Yy`��â^&+Z]èpŠZq-7zZÑâwìXŠ*zm,c*ŒÛnÅg¦

7�Z#J-»[»0*vZVzï~:MñÔi2>zZZ#:ƒ;YèŒÛnz){Åßg]~Z#J-»[»0*vZVzï~:Mñi2>zZZ#7ƒCÔZzgâ^~g]Å+MÅÌq~#7;Yè:òZk!*]6,ì�'.è

IELZ˜kZ#J-gZòg�ÐZy6,i2>zZZ#ìÔÉâ^Ðˆg]Å+M].Zƒ„7$Ë;YèAŠ+Æ%'.è

IELZ˜kÐœ1„7YYZzgt!*]!*ÇªCÙìX

bZ# " ~ì�:òZk!*]6,ì� " ëzò´)‡g~Z†Zt "

J-gZòg�ÐZy6,i2>zZZ#ìÆªz{ŠzÎŠgë)‚hñ!*zyX" Âá(e0+~c*ä¸w)‚hñ‚]Âá(ÎäÅ7ÃãƒV( (ÚŠªÖèÊ±‡Ò^é]ÖßÏç#(”UN " Êj^æFpÎ^…−]Öã‚]mè ")

Zzg�âî2>»‚wåƒäÐ¬AZÐZK½Æ»[





χζ


c*7Î™Îäe0+~Ð5Šc*Yñ6�gC‚ây»¬ìX:HâÃ&=ç LX~ŠbŠg„ì? ‰ç]ÙO

]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

~HƒV�Z¤/-èïbÆz‰ÜZkÅ7‚]¸w)ŠkŠgëe0+~(Æ',Z',ƒÂZÐ&=ç LX~ŠbŠg„ì;Yè$~Š~YäzZà—ÅâqÁZiÁŠkŠgëƒ**¢zg~ìÔZzgZkÅzzM\¦/¸Òy~Yy`�ÔZzgZ¤/â^Å7ÁƒÂ'×h+â^5™e0+~ÅèÃg{lZgÃ7gZHYñÇÔ‰‚âyÃ&=ç LXgppÅßg]~HY@*ìX

:Z¤/ÃðZÐôp£xÐag~™}ÂZk»;B»RzZZ#ƒÇc* ‰ç]ÙP

7?]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

Z#ag~~;B»LYäÅŠvÑZ_0*ðYNÂâ^lZä6,

;B»RzZZ#ìÔ÷ZÈì�Z#ag¬0!*ÚƒÔÍóc*Z0+J:ƒÔZzgâ^7g~™«Å(g3ƒÔ2ag~ÆŠyZzg;B»UÆŠyâ^Å

Æ',Z',ƒÂag»;B (Silver Coins) zZáŠk7}ŠgûV 7&=ç LX





χζ


wìÔ®ZZk »N*YñÇ;YèëÒy™`��â^&+Z]pŠZq-7zZÑâ~âwÆÓxZ©x**ÇƒfX

™Š}Â$+á (Destruct/Lose) :Z¤/Ãð¿Ë»â^Ÿù ‰ç]ÙQ

~â^„ŠbƒÇc*e0+~Ægz9ÌŠØYMh�?]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

Z¤/Ãð¿Ë»â^Ÿù™Š}ÂZÐZkÆ$+á~â^„ŠbƒÇZzgŸù™äzZáÃe0+~»gzBŠ¶6,6g7HYñÇ;Yèâ^»AŠ+Ì™ƒ@*ìZzgZq-„™ÆZ,Šzâ^XÅâqÌ',Z',ƒÔZyŠzâV~Ãð�Ût7ŒY@*Ô)}Škgz9Æ0*õâ^z„âq

gnp��0*õgz9ÆŠkZzgZq-gz9Æ�kâ^(;VZ%!Z#™

Z´VÅƒZ¤/pÓ#ÖZq-„ƒÂZÒZz‡]âq~�ÛtMY@*ì

ÆÑwæ¹´V~ " yz*y " »â^ "® " Zzg " Z!M!*Š " ;YèÆâ^Ðic*Š{¸ìÔZzgZÒZz‡]Zq-(»â^Šzu}´º "›"

~¼MâVÅ¶Ð1Y@*ìÔ®ZZyŠznÆŠzâIVÃ',Z',7ŒY@*

Z#J-ŠzâV»ª',Z',:ƒYñX





χζ


:HZkâÃe0+~Ægz7VÔÎäÅZÑAVZzg@*ÆÆ¦V ‰ç]ÙR

Æ$+áŠY,ì?]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

Y;V'!Y,ìZzgÓx”V~Zk»gzZ`ÌìZzg?ZkÅYy`ƒX (Research)ï

Ô¯x~�Z[zZãƒYäÅ¯Y6,~ZÏ�Z[Ã»°Œå

1Z#~tg‚!å™[Â=‰fYªÃåqæZ£·7åEOZŠ~Å§sÐt¥xƒZZrVäc*ŠŠ;ãÆn�Ûâc*�) - ‰³×³Ûã³Ü]² -

ßÂƒäÆn " ~ZkZßw " gŠZÅ+B5éGgþ "ä- g9*îGZvm - Z0¬$++Ð" ƒ**Ñoì (Things with commercial value) Š»âÁ!3©ð GGx

tXïÑì�gzKÆZq-•}Åß!*ëì;YèßÆY,ƒäÆ

nŠÅÁZiÁ7Zq-…ƒ**¢zg~ìXD (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(Ú_×gVJ†]ñ¼]ÖfnÄœÞç]Åœ…eÃè(tS(”OM(Ú×jÏ_÷ " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

Zzgt!*]!*ÇªCÙì�»½ÆZãÐ•}Å7Zq-…Ì

ƒãe’X!*ëƒäÐ%ZŠtì�ß (Null) 7®Zâ^Åß!*ë

Z¹ƒð„7pY<ëZÐwZxc*(z{ŒÛZgŠ,X





χζ


ì†m‚æÊ†æìkÒ1‘vnxaçÞ1Òn×ò1ÚfnÄÒoÎnÛkÒÜ]‡ÒÜ]mÔµnŠäaçÞ^•†æ…pÞ`n6

Â~Zv¬\ÅÂ=Ðt�Z[ŠêƒV�Zy¬Ý™r#ät

!*]÷}g‚á»_·™äÐ¬½¶Ô»l!z{÷}g‚á»_·™feZzgZkÆp}6,iƒYDÂZy6,MDgƒY@*�ZyÆZ‹Zn

" t»½»•ZZq-b»7 " »�Z[ÂpŠZyÆZk¸w� (Objection)

Ð„ªCÙì;YèZyŠzâVYV~¹�ÛtìÔZq-t�»½»•ZZq-

b»7ÔŠzu~t�Zq-b»:å)&=ç NXz){•Ð¬(Zkn�t»½»

•ZEx‘YäÆˆc*&=ç NXµYäÆˆZ[Îgz9ZzgDÙZggz9Å—Åñ�Š{qª»Z±gHY@*ìt7Š¬ " 7»ìÔZzgZßwtì�

X" Y@*�ZÝ~H¶

}M\Ã¥xì�Å5èÆgL(,}',àVÅyh+z�Ûz|#»

gzZ`›âV~¬xìZzgÃðZk»Zïg7™@*ÔqÑèZy',àVÅZÝ

èìZzgèâw7ÔÉ (Reality)

Z¤/ZÝ»Z±gHYñÂpŠ…6,ÌZ‹ZnzZgŠƒÇ;YèM\Yy`��…@*ÆÅTé~Ð¯c*Y@*ìZké~Å7CÙ¦/Zq-…





χζ


Æ',Z',7ƒCÉZq-Š¢)Û…(Æ',Z',Ì7ƒCÔZÏn¼"!*unÆßÍVÃP…¯äÅ¬Š]ƒCìÔZzgz{wÅ§b»

¯™@*ÆÃ»D�ZzgQZk"ƒñ@*ÆÃ (Die/Mould) ‚ç‚‘~eZw™…¯fe�ÔZk»x~ZyÅÎg¶yaƒCìZkÐ

ŠkHœZ7qÝƒY@*ìÔZzgz{ë��t»xe0+~Ægz9¯äÐ

ic*Š{œjìÔ®ZU*"$ƒZ�ZÝ6,Ã™äÐpŠ…ÌZq-…»7:ƒZÂQt (Things with commercial value) ®Z…âÁ!3©ð GGx

ZzgyùƒYì? (Cost)7

(Rare Knowledge) ¦/¸¯x~ëäZq-Ðz¾d$**c*[DÐ‚»½ÅVw7Å¶ÔZk6,g™äÐÌt!*]zZãƒYCì�

ZâYÅñ�Š{qªŠ@YCìZzgZyÅ‚—qª»Z±g7HY@*XHM\7Y…�fY™ZxÅWÑƒóYZzg²8Ñiòì!qÑèZÝ

ÆÒpÐfYÌZ4ßÍV~Ð�XÆ!*g}~Zv¬\äŒÛMy0*u~Zg�áŠ�Ûâc*:

— eö_öçûáô].Ú$ãFjôÓöÜûøiøÃû×øÛöçûáøønûò÷ Ý æø]²ö]*ìûøqøÓöÜûÚ(àû üD ]ÖßvØVTS ¸PM( E





χζ


Zvä»vg~âƒVÆùÐaZH Zzg " F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:X" �¼:Y…¸

(Description) ®ZfYÅWZy~aZƒäzZáZkDÆz2

Zzg‘tŠzâVÆ - ³zV - ÅzzÐÅYCìTÅzzÐZ7{Û4,Šq-z{³]qÝƒ�¬qÝ:¶ÔZ#z{¼:Y…ÂT

§bZkDÐ®l»½Å7Zk~‘‰DÅzzÐZâic*Š{ƒ!*ÇZÏ§bâ^~–ðZzgZ6"ÖÅzzÐZ+!*]aZƒ�ßvœ

Å¾nÐZkÅ§sâbƒ‰ZzgZk»AŠ+™äÑXÚ^ÖnkÒn×ò1•†æ…pÞ`n6Òäæå2nâ†q,äÚ^Ù‰Ûrãoq^ñ1

2ZkZ‹ZnÅ¼w7�:

;Yèâ^Æ7zZÑâwƒäÆn " âÓxàzV~7¸ "

Zk»ÓxàzV~»ËÆ4,Šq-Ì¢zg~7ÔÉ&=ç NXzZàZÒqzV»¸qwìX

~½zZán9.fõE

Ô‚} " ²[Ñp " HM\7ŠÙ�ŒVbá ~½zZ " yz*y " ~!*Ç7º!ZÏ§b " yz*y " Zzg3ÓÑõ X





χζ


²[ " ~7ºÔgsâ^Æ;Yèyz*y»â^ " ²[Ñp " ŒVÅ™Æ£«~Á7~…Ô " ²[ " ~Ì¸ìÔyz*ãâ^» "

½ÅÔ7™@*ÔZzgŠzu}àzV~â^»:»ÔZyàzV~â^Æ3231â|~Zk ÄA@îEG 6,ZW,Z0+Zi7ƒ@*˜Vâ^¸ìÔÉZÏfzZ (Use)ª

Zzg þ~0*õÎÆZôm,~âÃ~äpŠ33RÑAV " l() " ZâyzZáà™zZc*ÔZzgtg¶0*õÎÆâ^Å7g~7 (Exchange) 0*õgz9~ps

ì;Yè33RÑAVÅ7egÎ�â}594gz9k�¶ÔZzgtegÎX õÎgz9ƒ‰ 0* �â}594gz9Zy0*õgz7VÐp7g}

Æ!*[ßZÖ‡~t*yñ�Šì�Ãð " ñt " 2}Å�gÂ[qâwZkz‰ÜƒCìZ#Óxc*‰ßvZÐâwŒÛZgŠ,X

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖfnÄ]ÖË^‰‚(tR(”OP " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " ÚÄ " ]ÖÓË^mè "E

" dZ°Zë "~" gŠZÅ+B5éGg " Zzg " ìZ;k, " ZÏ§b)}ÅŠvRÂ1V(

âwz{ƒ@*ìTÅ§sË " ÆjZáÐèÃgì� " ÙL " ZzgâbƒCƒZzgZÐ¢zg]Æz‰ÜÆn¦™ÆgeƒÔZzgâqÆ

X" o]ÆnÓxc*‰ßÍV»ZÐâwŒÛZgŠb¢zg~ì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(Ú_×gÊ±iÃ†mÌ]ÖÛ^Ùæ]ÖÛ×Ô]ÖÛjÏçùÝ(tS(”T " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E





χζ


®ZzZãƒŠH�Zq-bÐÁ7ÆâwÅßzZÑX�Qy¬Ý™r#ä�gŠ?7Hìz{øg}â^zZáXÐ¼m7g‚rÔ1t$zgÈ{)ZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGmZ°9*îG(I™@*ì�ZkXÃ'×h+zZã™Š}@*�ÃðŠzuZ¿ZkXÐËZzg(Šð�:3Yñ;YèZk~Z+;ìTäÑ<ÅzWÅƒðqzVÃÌß™Šc*ìX

)}Å (Source) ®Z~Zv¬\ÅÂ=ÐHƒV:ZkX»â~.

Æ" ¢40î GEG" äZÐ "d" Zzg "d" äZÐ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg "ì" ¢40î GEG" Zq-Â[(jZáÐÜHìZzgZyÆ�á¤/Š‘Õä O)•çEME~äZécz~ÅÔZzgŒVJ-

Åº‡]ZÉ43ðEGq~Â[ " àk,ZÑwg " I¾H�ZkXÃZLQ

" ¾g "z" Šgg " Æâ~. " àk,ZÑwg " Z�sÐ¼¬ŠZ4�Ûâ1ÔqÑè„Å§s " ¢40î GEG " ~Zk»f™7ìZzgZkÆ�ágb‘ÕäO)´ðäZÐ

~Zk!*]»Z‹Zs "!-÷EZBg " ™[HìÔÉpŠ'äZkÅÑb

~®wìX " ¢40î GEG" HìZzgQÅZk„g]Æ�Ûâc*�tÌD" ]Ö‚ù…]ÖÛíj^… " J†| " Úßx]ÖÇË^… "E

~Zq-XèÃgì�½F,Å"3ïELGH " ¢40î GEG" ª6�ZkÐ¬ÌZ¤/MƒÂZÐŠZzgS™**Y,ìX





χζ


2ß‚TU]hô]Êj^ðÆ!*g}~t!*]�gì�ZkÅgzZc*] " ¢40î GEG " c*Šgì�

Z#�gÂ1VÅ " ¢40î GEG" ®ƒC�ÔZzgfYäzŸs#�Ûâðì�

:ƒÇÔÉŒVJ-¹ (Acceptable) #¿™}ÂZk»¸w‡&ÿELJwZ¤/Z°ÆÜsXÒy™}Â‡&ÿELJw7Z#J-ZkÅ@*G " ¢40î GEG"�

:0*ðYñÔZzgÜ~ (Reference)Ü(Reliable) ~Ãð‡&ÿELZOŠ»7ÉTÆjZáÐÜHYñZk»Z±gƒ@* (Reporter) **0

ìÔZzgZq-XZ¤/¼ŠfYËZq-„jZáÐKÂZkÐX»¾d$

»7ƒ@*Ô6�tÓx!*'~äMŠZƒ? (Strangeness) ƒ**

Æñçq6,èYäzZàZKÂ[ (Rules of Muslim Jurist)

~f™™Š~�X " ÊØ]ÖÏ^ðÊ±Ü]¦Êj^ð "

~Zq-X–ì�>Òˆz]Æˆ " ëzòIt " ZÏ§bÐ

" It " ªx™**ÌZÏ§bïì‰>{Ð¬ïìÔZkXÃ

äÌÜHìZzgZyÃ " �Z] " Zzg " ¢40î GEG"" @*@*g{6 " ÆjZáÐ

~tzŸs# "d" ~ÌèÃgì2 " ™¦g " Zzg "d" ÆjZáÐtX

�ÛâD - mZ°9*îG - ìÔ´)�áò ( Stranger) Ìñ�Šì�tX¾d$





χζ


„äZkXÃ " It " ��ZkXÆ¾d$ƒäÅzztì�Üs„Å§s™[H " It " f™HìÔZÏnfYOy+äZkXÃ

ìXD (Òj^h]Ö’¡é(e^h‰rç#]Öj¡æé(tN(”LLS " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

Ò1ÚŠò×äÒÛÖnØÞÏ×o‰1qç]h " Îßnä "

ÆbzZáXÃZãfYäÌÜ " ¢40î GEG " ZzgM\Y…��Æ" ëzòIt "Ô" ¢40î GEG" ÆXÃÜHìZzg " It " 7HæfYä

£«ÅÂ[ÌÂ7ìÔQZkÐ¾Z"$ùŠzgƒ$ËìX»l!tX

Å§bƒ@*1t (Irregular Tradition) Üs¾d$„ƒ@*Âu"ìGIL�áf(Denied Âµ3ïGEL�g{ZzgZ‘åLÑqÆÜsƒäÅzzÐu"ìGIL”G

Å§bìÔ«z<îE0¾Z"$ªµ3ïGEL�g{Å#¿ÆnÂZÚ Hadith)

z){‡&ÿELZOŠ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg " Zzg "„BŒéz~ "Ô" Ñ"5Õä EEà "Ô" ìZ;k, " „»°ì�

X" Z¤/Ãð¿»½»Zq-•ZDÙZggz9~mÂY,ì " Â1V~ì�

D (Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNO( " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

~pZ{(Z{tÑoÎŠ~ì�z{âwÁZiÁZq-b»ƒ(ZzgZv " ¢40î GEG " )²

» " @*ñzu] " ¬\Z7bZñí«�Ûâñ�'×h+tH�»½6,My~





χζ


ZŸ†�ÛâŠc*)ª»½èS�Ûâc*(TÐ%ZŠZq-„»½ƒ@*ìÔ2ŒVZq-

!*]ÌÒy™@*gV�øg}/gZ'*î J0 (Irrefutable) xZzg**‡&ÿELF,Šh+

áyzÑzbZzgøg}è<ØÆëzò»Zk!*]6,Z)qzZ·tì�Zq-g;g}ÃŠzg;gzVÆúnZzgZq-ZyzÃŠz (Consensus)

(Addition) ~tZŸ† " ŠgUg "Ô" ìZ;k, " Zyz^ÆúnŠY,ìÔ2Ìì�ŠzÎÇVÆ$+áZq-ÎðŠY,ìX

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†ùe^(tS(”SNP " ]Ö‚ù…]ÖÛíj^… "E

qÑèCÙ¿Y}ì�ZyqzV~ÐÃðqÌZq-…Å7ƒCX~Zq-b~¹Ðg;g}ïYD�Ô " yz*y " øg}~Âg;g}'×h+Â�ZÏ§bÐZyzÌÔ " ²[Ñp " ²ŒV

~Zq- " yz*y " ~²[Ðic*Š{Â�X2 " yz*y " Zzgz{øg}bÅ8Ð52Î×VïYC�X

»tXT~ŠÅÁZiÁ7Zq-…ƒ** " ¢40î GEG" ®ZU*"$ƒZ�ÑoIZc*ŠHìÓxÃè�g{ZzgZ[Yè<ØÅgZñÆÜsìX

äZ¤/pZâx·Ð%z~ZâxvÅZk " ìZ;k, " Zâx[™8ïELgzZe$ÃgZSŒÛZgŠc*ìT~Šzg;gzVÆúnZq-g;gZ&Ã(z{¹





χζ


ŠHìÔ1t™Z>ØZkzzÐ7�g;g}Å7Zq-bÐÁìÉ

Zq-§sÐic*ŠCÅ¯Y6,ìÔ®ZZ¤/',ãLg»Zq-g;gZ743ï EEGEÆ

g;g}ÆúnœYñÂZk»mZâxvÅgzZe$ZzgZâx[ÅF,ßÐ

7ÔÉŠzâVY+$g;g}',Z',�ÔZzg CÙ¦/:ƒÇ;YèËY+$Ìic*ŠCz,ÌZâxvÅgzZe$~ÂZkßÃ(z{)**Ih+{(�Ûâc*ŠHìÔ²vgZŠúòÂtì�ß!*ëƒðÔª!*Ç„Â:ƒðÔÂZ[vgZŠúò¹VŠH?

Ò1ÚŠò×äÒÛÖnØÂÏ×o‰1qç]h " Îßnä "

˜VJ-Šzu~z<îE0¾Z"$ª¸Z‘åLÑqÐ#¿»mìÂ~t

¼VÇ�yz*y��ZÚzWì�Zk»²n8ûELZ2ZYÐÑwÅY+$8(Green Vitch ŠgZÐ53ŠgZJ-ìÔZzgîw¤/+zaßy

ÐætÅY+$66ŠgZÐ29ŠgZJ-ìÔZk~ZÒLZY London)

Åu…Æ”VŠè)Û…(9£å FMZx)aåð…(š&×~)Û9£å FMZx(z){Ðyh+z�Ûz|#™ä6,‡ììÔ¹Ðßv‚ÞåäÆ

nŠ¢)Ûb(Å!~yh+D�Zk~Ûb»&Òð GLV»%eZwfe�9£å FMZx)aåðb(ÆÐVrQZzg9£å FMZx„Ð¡Zzg\i2

9£å FMZx»#á™‚Þ»g™D�Zk§bÐ7äŠzb~Zï‚Þ





χζ


¦/Zg{™D�X »gƒY@*ìÔZzgZÏ‚ÞÐŠzz‰Ü»ZÏ§blZr~Zq-Šè)Û…(»%�áxÐMŠSgZ]

J-Æn»°ƒ@*ìÔZÏ§bÐ{0*ã»(,Z·{Zq-Š¢)Û

…(~ïY@*ì²¼„²1¬Zq-Š¢~&·}5™DÔâ\ÅeÒÌÛb~ïYCìÔ2yz*y»ƒÐ¯j+V&

" Mx " ZzgZgŠz~ " R= " )ÐÆìZzgây‚Á(ÃgÏ~ " “3ï MEEQ " ²!~

ë�Û…~¹ÐïYD�XZÏ§bÐYðZzgZPVZq-pZx)aåð…(~¹Ïï

ÆnZq-ŠèÆ0*y (Habitual) YC�ÔZzgÔÃzZá0*yÆ¬Š~Zq-pZx»sÔpZx»ÔÃZzgZq-pZxÅYDZq-ŠyZzggZ]Æn

»°ƒ@*ìXZk§bÐ ÎZb~0*yÆ¬Š~Åq~#7g~ƒYñÏÔ

Zzg8§õ NGÆ¬Š~ÆnZq-Šè»ÔÃ»°ìXZzg¹Ïq,Ì¦VÆ”V„ÐQ�‚�‰q,š&×~)…»MZVz(Zzg${ý EL

š&×~)bÆÎÛ,{(~Ìm�X®ZZ¤/tyh+z�Ûz|#Y,:ƒÂçn.e$ë{ƒYñZzg¾d$





χζ


¤»‚o™**7,}ÇÔZzgtyh+ (Intolerable) ßÍVÃ**‡&ÿEL',ŠZ“

z�Ûz|#��DÙZg;›âV~Yg~ìZ¤/ëZÐ!*ëŒÛZgŠ}Š,ZzgZy6,t!*]Ñix™Š,�ÃðqÌZq-…ÐÁ7~CÙ¦/:yh+,²ZyÅ¢zg]9£å FMZxÔZzgš&×~z){Ð7g~ƒYCìÂtÍc*ZyßÍV6,¸g~

ƒÇÔqÑèÑ$šïGGL!Š=çXMO{1úeZ% (Synonymous) 1úeZ%ÆáZŠsZVäÆnMðìÔÉZÒZz‡]ZyßÍVÆ0*k 1ú Æn7É

ZãbÌ7ƒÃÐ;Yè�‚Þ¬7äŠz¦V~»gƒY@*åZ[ŠzMâVÐÁ~:ƒÇÔZzgz{0*y�¬ÎZb~Šy½Æn»°¸

™DYNX (Estimate) Z[Zq-M:~�ÐÔ'×h+ZÏ6,ªkM\pŠÎvZ¤/ËÆ0*kŠz¦VÐiZZ+g¶:ƒZzgM\‚Þ

åäÆnZk6,ŠzMäya™**Ñix™Š,Âz{H™}ÇÔgz3MN*MêÇc*�ÅÈgzKçñÇÔZzgZ(‚Þ:3nÇ�ZkgzKÃè3Æ‡.Þ¯™ZÐÇ™ä~æŠŠ}ÔZzg‚ÞÆ¬Š~ßvZ¤/‚Þ3**ghŠ,ÂÎ¿gzKZ7CÙ¦/gZk:M5Zzgz{ßv§b§bÅFg-V~2

ƒYNÐ;Yè¬Š]»gh**Íc*ZLM\ÐŠ#ñw¢8ìXc*M\t}Ð�z{„âfqÑè„â‰fª»»xZzg





χζ


Ñ<~wZxìÔc*eZ�âg}1Zk6,ÌÑ<~JwZìÔc*!~�Ûzl@*zVZzg0*ã&zZáðVÃ¬Š,Ð�ZyLZYÅÓx¢zgc*]ÅZâYZ7jŠ}Šc*™,;YèZyZâYÅ7Zq-…ÐÁìZzgTqÅ7Zq-…ÐÁƒz{âw7ƒ@*ZzgZkÅÃð77ƒCìÔ®ZZ7jŠ}Šc*™,ÔZk!*]6,Â@*!*ÇgZè:ƒfZzgZ¤/gZèƒ

ÌYNÂZq-MÃŠzu}6,F,ßqÝ7X®ZZ¤/@*CÙMÃZm¢zg]Åq,jŠ}Šc*™,ÂZyÅ

ˆg]Â"ÃZ+{ƒYñÏÔ®ZU*"$ƒZ�øg}0*kZkß)Zq-…Ð

ÁÅyh+z�Ûz|#(ÃY,ŒÛZgŠ¶ÆÎZÃðeg{7ÔZzg"—ŒÛMy0*uäZÐY,ŒÛZgŠïƒñÇZg�áŠ�Ûâc*�:

D ]ÖfÏ†éVQSN ¸O( E —ø ]*uøØ$]²ö]ÖûfønûÄ üX'' Zv¬\ä'wHßÃ '' F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:

ZzgŠzu~(�Ûâc*�D ]ÖßŠ«ðVUN ¸Q( E — ô$]*áûiøÓøçûáøiôrø^øé÷Âøàûiøø]õÚ(ßûÓöÜû ü

X'' 1t�ÃðÎŠZvg~!*bgŸq~»ƒ '' F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:ZzgßÃY,ŒÛZgŠ¶ÐZy',ZÇV»{Ø„Â°ŠåÔ®ZZk¬Ã





χζ


™äÐz„‚—',Z×Vß^MNÏÔqÑèZv¬\ (Limited)È

ì"ä- g9*îGZvm - �Ûâc*ìX[ZZÑ:t (Unlimited) äZÐÇ

ŠzâVÅF (Estimated Cost) Z¤/ßÃŠZzgy " ~�Ûâc*: " Z;k,

»:L¯™Y,ŒÛZg:Šc*Y@*ÂZKyZk!*]»Z`ƒY@* (Ownership)

�c*ÂZK¢zg]Åq,á©8c*„â‡Ôzg:ñ™@*ŒVJ-�%Y@*ÔìÔZzg„â`~ (Incorrectness) 1aèZyƒ!*ÂV~îYŠ

�gÎZðzpZg~ìz{CÙMŠò',ŠZ“7™Y;Yèt¿È}Ã™ŠêìÔ®ZZkßÃY,ŒÛZgŠ¶~¾d$›âVÅ (Disgrace) gÎZ

X" ’ZzgZŒ§jÐZyÅqY]ÅŠì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(tQ(”QQP( " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

tÂ¥x„ì�Ñ»!Š=çX‡äßÆe~ÃðuHg7�ÛâðÔÉÇyh+z�Ûz|#Ã'w�Ûâc*ìÔZzgß»ÈZq-âwÃŠzu}âwÐ

âwz{qì " ìÔZzgâwÅ°pÂM\7,|`�� (Exchange) $+Ü

ÔZzgt " TÅ§sËâbƒZzgz¢ïGGL¢zg]ÆnZÐ¦™**eƒ°pGZyqzV6,7g~ZF,Cì�ëä»CNªXÅyh+z�Ûz|#Š¢Zzg9£å FMZxz){Æ$+á~ƒCìX





χζ


®ZZ¤/Zq-…ÐÁ~yh+z�Ûz|#:™äÃzZZ#™Šc*YñÂt

Ñ<6,ic*ŠCƒÏ�‡&ÿELJwùƒ$Ëì?Q�áh+Ãðt¾�Ñ<ä

Hg7�ÛâðZzg…z‰Üz(Æ$+% (Quantity) g bÅâqÅlZÐ$+wY@*ì®Z¢zg~ì�CÙ(ZÏ´º»…xƒÔ6�Zz6,¦/g[ì�‰ßÍVÆË—Ãâw¯äÐÌâqU*"$ƒYCìÔ®ZŠ*ÆƒÐgLbÃl™**zZZ#ƒZÔqÑèZk~w•xìZzgÑ<w`ÃŠzg�ÛâŠîìZzg¸!*]gÔìX

Æ!*[ZÉ43üEGZÖ‡ÅZ’ZY~–ì�‰Zz‡] " ñt " "—

Ë—»7zZÑƒ**%âqÆÌU*"$ƒY@*ì;Yè[V»Zq-

âw7ì®ZZkÅß97ÔZ¤/pZkÐœqÝ™**Ñƒ (Grain) ŠZ:Y,ì;YèßvZÐâw7BX

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖfnÄ]ÖË^‰‚(tR(”OP " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " ÚÄø " ]ÖÓË^mè "E

" ìZ;k, " ~ìZzg " gŠZÅ+B5éGg "z" dZ°Zë "z" ÙL " ZÏ§b~Zq-ŠZäÅ(PŠZä�Ûâc*Zzgëä‡&ÿELZOŠfYÐËÆ!*g}~7‹�z{�ÛâDƒV�Zq-…ÐÁÅqâw7ìX





χζ


Òo]mÔÞËn‹içqþ³nä " Îßnä " ÚŠò×äÿätXZk¯6,ÒyHƒ�ZyÆiâä~bÐÁ " ¢40î GEG" �áh+

äÑ»!Š=çX‡ÆHg™Š{ " ¢40î GEG" :¶c*™r# (Currency) 7Ãðy

~Ð…ÐÁËZzg™Ã:0*c*Ât¬ÎŠc*��qbÐÁÅ Z0+Zi}ÆjZáÐ®wì��Î**Zzg " ZuZg "~" ìZ;k, " ìz{¼7Ô‰

X e0+~¦C½ÐÁƒZkÅÃð77D( (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†ùe^(Ú_×gÊ±]¦e†]ðÂà]Ö†ùe^(tS(”RNP " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

YèZyfYäe0+~ZzgÎ**Æn¦CÐÁËeäÃ7Š¬

gCÆM^,{)Zq- (Measure) åÔ²øg}´º~Zk»e:ezw(J-czsìZzgøg}´º~M·ezwÆ',Z',ÎäÅ7

Šzb)²[~gZòö3ÓÏî XÆ',Z',(ìZzgšµtÎ**�ezwÆ',Z',ì

ìpY<ZkÐic*Š{�aåð¦C (Valuable Property) 7zZÑâwc*Û¦CZzgZkÐiZZ+Î**ƒX

2¹ÐfY™Zx�ÛâD��qÛ™qÐÁƒz{Ð!*CÙìÔ®ZZkßg]~Zq-qZK„ (Measurement) Z0+Zi}

(Hand Ful) Zq- " ½Æún¶�ÐŠY,ìÔZzgz{X�





χζ


ZÏZßwÆ'ïÑŠHìX " [VŠz[VÆ$+áŠY,ì

Zk6, " ~ZkX»gŠ™Dƒñ�Ûâc*ì� " ìZ;k, " ²[ä

Šwt7ƒ@*XÉZ#ÎŠÅw#ÖßÍVÆâwÅ™«Ænì

ÂzZZ#ì�ŠzÂLÆ$+áZq-ÂLZzgŠzÆ$+áZq-[VŠ

wZxƒÔZzgZ¤/Ë´º~Û™qÐgLeä0*ñYDƒV)6�øg}yz*y~™q»aåðZzgMZVzÌHgì(QÂ

Ñ$šïGGL!Š=çX‡{äâà " Zkic*ŠCÆwZxƒä~Ãð—7ÔZzgtI�zZ‚]}±¨éEMOg{Zzgœ£îG0¡~�eäHg�Ûâñ�Zy~Û™q

ÔZkÐtÑix7M@*�Zq- " Hg7H (Measure) ÐÁÃðe:

X" Æ$+áŠz&~�zZã�ÛtìZÐ8"ZW,™Šc*Yñ

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†eç](tR(”NQM(OQM( " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

Ô" Ñ"5Õä EED "Ô" 1ZÖë " Ô" dZ°Zë " [™r#ÆZk¯xÃZzgjZÙz){~ZÏ§bHgg3ŠHÔZzgt¹ZY¯xìX " ŠgUg "

ZÏ§bëÌ¸ë��XqzV6,ÌâwÅ°p™ŠtMCì

Z¤/pZyÅ7Zq-…ÐÁƒz{ƒ7zZáâwƒVÐÔ®ZZyÆfg)yh+z�Ûz|#ÆY,ƒä~Ãð—7Ô6�¦/¸¯x~P





χζ


qzV»f™ƒZÔ®ZZ¤/Ë´º~…ÐgK™gZòƒÔ6�øg}yz*y~9£å FMZx)aåð…(Zzgš&×~)…»MZVz(gZò�Ô2Ñ»!Š=çX‡~bÐÁ7™»f™:ƒäÐt!*]Ñix7MC��

(Certainly Apparent And Well Exposed) âqGªCÙzÎ

ìZÐ!*ë™Šc*YñÔt÷}4,Šq-ïìÔZzg|»DÂ÷}g[Æ0*kìZzgz„ƒÐic*Š{DzZÑìX - 4:z¬\ -

:Z¤/â^Æ$+áÀ}yh+}YNÂtßÇƒÏc*£9? ‰ç]ÙS


ëÒy™`��â^Zq-'.èIELZ˜kìÔ®ZZÐÀzVÆ

)Z+yh+z�Ûz|#T~Oq (Bar ter Sale) únŠ"3üEGL£9

Æ$+áOqœYñ(7ÔÉßÇƒÏZzgZkßg]~ (Chattel)

Ãð¥â^Šb¢zg~7ÔÉ!›40îG…Eâq»ÃðÌâ^Šc*YYìÔ6

�¦VÆAŠ+~ƒ@*ìX





χζ


:HZkâÃ�gŒÛnŠbY,ì?Z¤/Y,ìÂŒÛnzZ:™D ‰ç]ÙT

z‰Üâ^zZ:GYNÐc*e0+~Ægz9ÌŠØYMh�?]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

qì (Similar) Y;V!âÃ�gŒÛnŠbY,ì;Yèt>ZzgŒÛnzZ:™Dz‰Ü>q„Š~YCìÔÉCÙnÆŠ+~>q„Š~YCìÔ1Z#AŠ+™äzZáËŠzu~qÆheŠ¶6,gZè

ƒYN)ËŠzu~qÆheŠ¶6,gZèƒäÐ%ZŠtì�ŒÛnŠïz‰ÜZkÅÑo:ÎðˆƒXZ¤/âŒÛnŠïz‰ÜtÑoÎðƒ�ZŠZ5ËZzg½~ÅY5Â**Y,ìX}Î»âŒÛnŠc*ZzgÑoÎà�zZ3~

Zâe0+~c*ÀZŠ}ŠbAÎgz9~MìÂZ+Ño**Y,ìÔ6�ZkÔ¢8Ô™39~�ÛâðìÔÉZk " ëzògçt " Å¥ôZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGä

„g]Ðt%ZŠì�ZŠZ5Æz‰ÜŒÛnZŠZ™äzZáä¹�~Î»â7Š}YÉZk7Åe0+~c*eZ°ic*7&+iŠbeLƒVÔ:Z¤/ŒÛnzßw™äzZÑgZèƒYñÂY,ì(ÂŠzu~qÌŠ~Y$ËìX





χζ


:H™âÃe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+á~Zq-!›4èGOEæ] ‰³³ç]ÙU

J-�gŒÛnŠY,ì? (Fixed Term)


;V!Y,ìÆªâ^6,ZÏ>~ï™1Yñ@*�ŠzâVZkƒZzgZk (Debt/Credit) qª~].Z:ƒV�ŠzâV6,Zq-Šzu}»š+

X~ïtì�Z¤/âÃe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+áœYñÂtyh+z�Ûz|#¦VÃe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+á&Å§bìÔßwç Ms7Ô�Zk~ŠzâV§sÐï™**Ñoƒ;Yèßwç MsZ+ßÃë�T

~'.èIELû)ªÎ**Zzge0+~Ôìwgì�Î**Zzge0+~ËÌ^~ƒV

( R e a l'.èIELû�Ôâ^Zzg%Ízn'.è

IELZ˜k�(Ã'.èIELû

Åt (Money Exchange) Æ$+á~œYñÔ"3üEGLwç Ms Money)

z)ø~èÃgìX " ŠgUg "z" dZ°Zë " °p

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tS(”NQQ(Ú×í’÷^( " ißçm†]¢e’^… " Ê±J†| " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… "E

Zzgt!*]ÂªCÙì�â^ZzgbÃ')43ï IEGGÆnaZ7HŠHÔÉ

Zy»yƒ**ÂZk¯6,ì�ßÍVäZ7ZLnZ˜ky¯1ìX®ZtZ#J-ºg�Ðy�ÔZzgZ#Zy»ª»ƒYñÇÂt





χζ


ÐÔ "d" !*[g!*~ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg " Å§b»âwƒYNÐ (Chattel) Oq~xYÐZkÆ"3üEGLÜs:ƒäÅ¥ô " fí{ " Zzg " fí{ "~"d"

®wìÔZ%â^Æ'.èIELZ˜kƒäÅ¯6,ŠzâVY+$~ÐZq-»

ï¢zg~ìÔzg:tßwZxƒYñÏ;YèÑ™*-Zv¬\mzÅä~Zk!*]Å¥ô " „o " š+Ãš+ÐŠNqŒÛZgŠc*ìÔZâx·ä

ëzò " Ô"1" Ô"d" Ô" ),Zit " Ô" qz~ " Ô " ”Zâxu8göE

" �ÛâðìZzgz);~ZÏ6,ZOŠHŠHìÔZzgZâx " yt " Zzg " ŠgUg "Ô" àk, "Ô" qâC

- g9*îGZv¬\m - ìÔ6�)�áò (Gain) Z]4-Cé EGE!Æ¯x»Ì¸¢ŠË " Ð®wì� " „o "~" yt " Ü�Ûâc*Ô "d" äZyÐfZ!

äe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+ágm,Çg~yh+~Ôyh+Zgäe0+~Ægz9ZŠZX" ™ŠØ1!*ùäbZŠZ:GÂtßY,ì

=Öî( ... (Òj³^h]Ö³’³†Í(]Öf³^h]Ö%³^Þ±Ê±œuÓ^Ý]ÖÃÏ‚e^Öß¿† " ]Ö³Ëj^æp]Öãß‚mè "E

D ]ÖË’Ø]Ö%^Ö&Ê±enÄ]ÖË×çŒ(tO(”PNN

Z¤/ËäZq- " z){Ð®wì� " qz~ "~" ¬K~ " ZÏe0+~»gzBÎb~yh+ZZzggz96,!*ùäï™1pyh+Zg»¦V6,

tì�ß!*ë (Analogy) ï:ƒZŒVJ-�¦V»ªY@*g;Âªk





χζ


:ƒðÔZzgZ¤/�k¦V6,ï™[åZkÆˆZy¦V»ªY@*g;ÂƒYñÏÔZzgZ¤/¦V»ª!*¹gìÂ (Null) !*¹�k¦V~ß!*ë

X" ßÃ‡:ƒÏZzgyh+Zg!*¹bhe»,ZgÌgìÇ

=Öî( ... (Òj³^h]Ö³’³†Í(]Öf³^h]Ö%³^Þ±Ê±œuÓ^Ý]ÖÃÏ‚e^Öß¿† " ]Ö³Ëj^æp]Öãß‚mè "E

D ]ÖË’Ø]Ö%^Ö&Ê±enÄ]ÖË×çŒ(tO(”QNN(Ú×jÏ_÷(

ÐÌZÏ§b®wìÔZzgt� " ”u8göE

"~" ¬K~ " 2ZÏZ¤/e0+~Ægz9Æ$+á~bc*3**yh+Z@*�z{“¨åGL " ~ì " fí{ "

~ÐZq-ä8©3ªî GGGGS (Seller and Purchaser) wç Ms:ƒZzg!*ùzœ~ï™1QŠzâV].Zƒ‰Âtßg]Y,ìÔZzgZ¤/ËY+$ÐÌ8©3ªî GGGGSï:ƒZÉÜs7À)éSïƒZÂt**Y,ìÔeìz{“¨åGLwç Msƒc*ZkÆ´z{ÃðŠzuZ-ƒÔZkÅzŸs#¼-Vì�ih+»–6,¼…c*áŒÛnåÔ–äZ4¦Vc*IÃe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+áyh+1Zzge0+~Ægz9Š¶Ð¬ŠzâV].Zƒ‰ÔÂtß!*ëƒÔtXc*Šg.e$¢zg~ì

X" ZÒßvZkXÐ¸…�=Öî(]ÖË’Ø]¢æÙÊ± ... (Òj³^h]ÖfnçÅ(]Öf^h]Öj^‰ÄÊnÛ^mrç‡ " ]ÖËj^æFp]Öãß‚mè "E

D enÄ]Ö‚màe^Ö‚mà(tO(”NLM





χζ


Zq-\BúIEE

äËÃe0+~»gzB " Ð®wì� " fí{ "~" ¬K~ " ZÏŠïƒñ¹�Ûgz9ÆZãbŠ}Šz†Ûgz9ÅZÃ)e0+~»WŠJgzB(Š}ŠzÂtY,ìÔQZ¤/¦VZzgZÃ6,ïG%ŠzâV].Zƒ‰Â¦V~ß',ŒÛZgìZÃÆ{~!*ëƒZzgZ¤/gzBÌ7Šc*åz,„ŠzâV].Zƒ‰ÔÂZÃZzgbŠzâV~ß!*ëƒYñÏX

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(]ÖË’Ø]Ö%^Ö&Ê±enÄ]ÖË×çŒ(tO(”QNN " ]ÖËj^æFp]Öãß‚mè "E

ÆjZáÐtÌ®wì�¦VÆ " fí{ "~" ¬K~ "2

$+áÃðqyh+~ZzgbŠ¶ÆˆŠzâV].Zƒ‰Q!*ùäZy¦V~Zq-…ÅN*0*c*ZÐzZ:™Šc*ZzgŠzuZ…á1ÔÂZkßg]~tbZ¤/

(Contract) (Â- Estimated Cost) ËOqÅð”{7

!*ë:ƒZÔpZ{Zkäðh}bzZ:GƒVc*ic*Š{ÔZzgZyÅL¦VÆ$+á~Šzu}bánƒVc*:nƒVÔZzgZ¤/z{bgz7VÅ

ÂZ¤/yh+Zgägz7V6,ï™1åQ (Estimated Cost) ð”{7

ÅN*…zZ:HŠHZzgZkÆ$+á!*ùä7Z…1c*:1ŠzâVßgÂV~-$+2g9ìÔZÏ§bZ¤/!*ùäÓxbÅL0*ñZzgzZ:ßN*ŠØZzgZyÆ$+á~7}bánc*ZÌ7nÂZkßg]~Ìß





χζ


Šg„„gìÏZzggz7V6,ï™äÐ¬ƒgz9ÅL0*ñZzgÆ4,Šq-ß!*ëƒÔpZ{ZÏ - gèZv¬\Å - zZ:Š}ŠØÂZâxZW

>~$+w™7}bánƒVc*:nƒVÔŠzâVßgÂV~ß

�ÛâD�:Z¤/ZÏ>~ÅIV - gèZv¬\¿ - )1( !*ëìX²™854èEGE

Æ$+á7}bánƒVÂßŠg„gìÏÔZzgZ¤/:nÂß!*ë

ƒYñÏÔZzgZ¤/Üs¼bÅL0*™zZ:ŠØƒVÂªkgè - ¸ì� Zã¦V„~ß!*ëƒÔ1ZâxZW (Conjecture)

» (Secret Conjecture) �gZIy)ZIyÔZ,ªµë - Zv¬\Å**xì�ªCÙ~ªkÆ£«~ƒ@*ìÔ}t»Í“wZxìÔOçZkÆ°[»Ì¬ìX:Z¤/tŠ{ŠgŠ{ÐÁ0*ã~Ð[ÂZk0*ã6,**0*Å»¬ƒ**e’;YèZ#t0*ã[ÏZkÅi!*y0*ãÐé

ƒÏÔZzg0*ã**0*uƒYñÇÔ1Zk~ZIytì�t0*ãZKaõ~gZzgQ²ÐnZ@*gCìXOçZkÆ°[Æ0*ã~�áïƒä»

ZÈw$zgìÔ²ZkÅaõA~ÅƒCìZzgÎZñòk,ÆÓx³Z**]Å

û 92 ü

ÃZ[#Xë�ÔZâxZW - gÂZv - 1'}4~ZâxZ1�ÔZâxZ1-ŠZzgZâx·Ã§@² - g9+:)é XZv - ÃTë�ÔZâxZWZzgZâx· - @Z°9*îG - ZzgZâxZ1-Š

ZâxZ1-ŠZzgZâx·Ã™854èEGEë�X





χζ


Ac*V0*u�ÔOç0*ãÅ**0*Å»¬7Šc*YñÇ(�ÛâD��Z¤/zZ:

ŠØƒñbðh}ƒVZzgZÏ>~$+wnYNÂ-Z¹!*ë:ƒÇ

ZzgZkðh}ÐÄb%ZŠ�ZkÐ0Zâx™r#ÐZZZw%z~�ÔZq-¸w~ì�ÛÐiZZ+M�ZzgZkÐÁ¾ÔŠzu~gzZe$~ì�ÛÌM�ÔŠ~gzZe$~ì�äðÐiZZ+ƒVÂ

(Òj³^h]Ö³’³†Í(]Öf^h]Ö%^Þ±(]ÖË’Ø]Ö%^Ö&Ê±enÄ " ]ÖËj^æFp]Öãß‚mè "E M�XD ]ÖË×çŒ(tO(”QNN(RNN(Ú×jÏ_÷

ÆjZáÐ{]ÝwZknf™X�kd$ " fí{ " ëä

Zq-ÜZq-…ÃŠz¦VÆ$+á~&ÆÜsMñÏÔ®Zt!*]c*Šäøg}ZkXª)¦VÃgz9Æ$+á&( " fí{ " gì�™r#

Æ!*g}~¹Ï(Y,ƒä»ê�Ûâc*ìZzgŒVZkZÆÜsZ¤/Ëä " ~ì� " ŠgUg " Zzg " àk,ZÑwg " !*]Ìf™:�Ûâð2 Ãð

¦VÃ¦Vc*gz7Vc*QZÑAVÆ$+á~œÂZ¤/Zq-§sÐï

ƒŠHÂtßY,ìZzgZ¤/ËZq-ÆÌï™äÐ¬ŠzâV].Zƒ‰ÂßX" Y,7

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†ùe^(tS(”OOP " ißçm†]¢e’^… " J†| " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… "E





χζ


ZºnXªCÙìZzgZkÆ!*g}~äzZ�Û�ÔZ¤/p´)~ZkÅ#¿�ÛâðÔZzgŠzâVY+$»ï " ëz~ " ‡g~Z†ZtäZL

Ño�Ûâc*ÔZzgË§sÐÌZŠJg (Custody from both sides)

ÎZw:Zq-¸wÎ** " ƒäÃwZxIZc*ìÔZkÅ„g]tì� (Credit)

¦VÅeƒ~Æ$+áQŠJgŠY,ìc*7?�Z[:¦VÃÎäc*

e0+~Æ$+áZŠJgŠ**Y,ì;Yèøg}fYä¥ô�Ûâðì�

Z+Šzq,�Âw™YCƒV)‰Î**Ôe0+~Ô@*m(Zy~ÐZq-Å

Šzu}Æ$+á"3üEGLÅY,7Ô1²Âw™Š~YäzZàZŠJgq�&+g$œî G0Åz°{6,hI~ìŠƒÔyÅnÐ:ƒ‰i*ZyÔZzgb74øEELŠÐ

D (ÚŠªÖèÊ±]Ö†ùe^(”TN " Êj^æFpÎ^…−]Öã‚]mè "E X" 7�ÉZ7y¯1ŠHì

Z#´)qâCÐbÃÎäÆ$+á~ZŠJg&Æ!*g}~

X" tY,ì " �Ûâc*Zzg�Z[Šc*� ( Repulse) ÎZwƒZÂZrVäZk»gœ

Z¤/Zq-gz9 " ~ì� " ),Zit " ²ŠzâV~ÐZq-6,ïƒŠHƒ;Yè

ZÏ " Q�Ûâc*: " Æ$+á~Îbyh+}ÂZq-§sÐïƒY**»°ì

"”"~"d" 6� " §bÎäZzge0+~Ã¦VÆ$+áŠY,ì





χζ


ÆwÐŠð�:3c*YñX " ëzò‡g~Z†Zt " ÐìÔQ�Ûâc*� (Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö†ùe^(Ú_×gVÊ±]‰jÏ†]š]Ö‚…]âÜÂ‚#]÷(tS( " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

" ‡g~Z†Z!îGG ëz~ " ~ZÏZ‹Zn»t�Z[Šc*ŠH� " 1ZÖë "D ”OOP

ì;YèbyÐ (V.alivrer) ÅŒVßÐ%ZŠ$+àª"3üEGLÅŠg„7ìZzgZkwÐ� x¹gnp�ÔZzgyÅyÐ"3üEGLÅ

�OçZq-Y+$Ðï™¢8»°ìX (Chattel) bZÝ~Oq(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö†ùe^(Ú_×gVÊ±]‰jÏ†]š]Ö‚…]âÜÂ‚#]÷(tS( " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

D ”OOP

~HƒV�:ZyÅŠ?Ð™~M@*ì�øg}fYä¥ôÅ

ZÕX ... Y,7 ì��q,ziy™ÆYC�Zy~"3üEGLÅ´) " ~ZÏÃ»°:Y**É'×h+�Ûâc*� " gŠZÅ+B5éGg " 1´)Z0¬$++ä

Ð|x¯x)ŠzâV§sÐïÑoì(6, " YìR " ‡g~Z†Zt»¯x(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†ùe^(Ú_×gVÊ±]‰jÏ†]š]Ö‚…]âÜ " …#]ÖÛvj^… "EX" úwì

ÆèÃg{XÐZ‹ZnzZgŠ " ),Zit " Z[ " '×h+�Ûâc*� D Â‚#]÷(tS(”OOP

X" ~ì " þ„o " Zâx·Å Yèz{Qk¯x6,úwì� 7ƒÇÆjZá " fí{ "z"d"ä- mZ°9*îG - ZzgZkwÐ¼¬´)�áò





χζ


ÅÂ[Z�s~Zq-bÃŠz " „o "ä- g¶Zv - Zâx· " ÐÜH�:(Custody

!›4èGOE¦VÆ$+á~&»Xf™�Ûâc*Zzg§@Æï

~Z+„g] " YìR " ÃÑoŒÛZg7Šc*Ô² From Both Sides)

f™�Ûâð�¢3~î GEE0§@ÆÑoƒä6,ŠÑª™CìÔZÏn‰xYä

ZkŠzu}¬Ã9ŒÛZg7Šc*;Yèßwç Ms~çÆ‚BŠzâV§s»ïÑoìÔ²ŒV¦VÃe0+~Ægz9ÐZŠJg&Åßg]~

¢3~î GEE0§@ÆÑoƒä»¬7ÔZzg‰äZÐŠg„ŒÛZgŠc*;Yèb

Zq-òÐOq»¬gnp�ZzgZq-òÐy»Ô®Z«òÆ:L

(Òj^h " …#]Ö³Ûvj^… "E ¶�Y,ƒðÔZzgŠzu~Æ:L¢3~î GEE0§@ÑoƒZXD ]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†ùe^(Ú_×gÊ±]‰jÏ†]š]Ö‚…]âÜÂ‚#]÷(tS(”OOP

Å " fí{ "ä"d" Zzg "d" ´)�áòä œœœœÎÎÎÎ³³³³ççççÙÙÙÙææææeeee³³³³³³³³^²²²²]]]]ÖÖÖÖjjjj³³³³ççççÊÊÊÊnnnnÐÐÐÐVVVV

»¯xŠzâV§sÆïÆÑo " YìR " Znq™Dƒñ�t¹�" YìR " ƒä6,ŠÑª™@*ìÔÈÒ®ÃZk~J&òG$ÿ OƒZÂ~ä

gèZv¬\ÅZâxZ1-Š Zâx· " Å§sg�qHÂZkÅ„g]-V0*ð:gèZv¬\ÅÐZzgz{ZâxZWgèZv¬\ÅÐgzZe$™D��Zq-

¿äùÅŠzgël!Zq-gë_Ål!Æúnc*ŠzgëÍ“Zq-





χζ


gël!Ãc*Zq-Z&+}ÃŠzZ&+zVc*Zq-ZyzÃŠzZyz^c*Zq-bÃŠz¦Vc*Zq-g;g}ÃŠzg;gzVÆún×Š„$+„œÔZzgŠzâV¥ƒVÂt

»ÌìÔ²Zâx - gèZv¬\Å - ßY,ìÔZzg¸¸wZâxZ1-Š

�ÛâD��Zq-bÃŠz¦VÆúnŠY,7Ô - gèZv¬\Å -·

D ]Ör^ÚÄ]Ö’Çn† E X" ;V!Zq-g;g}ÃŠzg;gzVÆ$+áŠY,ì

eônø‚õEU‰ke‚‰kDÒoivÏnÐ m‚]÷

„ZÝŠ?ì1‘ÐêL}~ " Š„$+„ " Zy»¸wª ¾qw(¢3~î GEE0§@Æ " Š„$+„ " 'g]gppzZá6,t!*]ÈVì�tÂ)

Ñoƒä6,$úE…Üô7ì)Yè¢3~î GEE0§@Ð%ZŠtìyh+äZzg

�Ûz|#™äzZáŠzâVZ�ÛZŠyZzgŠ6,‡*ƒYN(H?t7ŠÙ�

ÐŠzâV " Š„$+„ " äÎŠzZà�gug$~ - gÂZv - øg}fY™ZxqzV»¥ƒ**%ZŠ1ìX

ÆZg�áŠ ~ì�Ñ™*gƒsg°-Zv¬àmzÅ " @Zt " 6�

Ð ªË§s " ŠzâVY+$çƒYñ " Æpt�� " Š„$+„ "

ä-Å gèZv¬\ - :gìÔZzg„Š{0™#Ö (Financial Claim) š+D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tO(”OR " ]Öã‚]mè "E ZÏ§bgzZe$�Ûâc*X





χζ


Æp$›4èG

GOEYð:ƒ!qÑèøg}Zô[ä " Š„$+„ " Zzg¢3~î GEE0§@ ßwç Ms~ÑoìZzg˜VJ-ZkÆ´z{"3ð ENGQq " �Ûâc*ì�

ªyh+z�Ûz|#ÅŠzu~ßgÂV»mìX~ÎŠYg~ƒYìZy~

X z){~ì " @Zt " 6� " çÑoì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tO(”NR " ]Öã‚]mè "E

Tâw~ÎŠ»ZÈwƒz;Vßwç Ms " ~ì� " àk,ZÑwg " ZzgÆ´z{CÙnÅß~ âwÆ¥ƒä»„Z±gìÔ¢3~î GEE0§@Ño

( (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tS(”LOP " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… " ÚÄ " ißçm†]¢e’^… ") X"7ŒVJ-�Z¤/[VÆ " ~Zk„g]ÅÑb~�Ûâc*: " ŠgUg "

X" $+á[VmZzgŠzâVÃ¥™Šc*ZzgïG%].Zƒ‰ÂY,ì

( (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tS(”LOP " ißçm†]¢e’^… " J†| " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… ")

ÆZkwÃ„g‹èÃg{~¢3~î GEE0§@6, - mZ°9*îG - ®ZZ¤/Zâx·úwHYñZzgZkÐ%ZŠtàYñ�¦VÆ$+áb&Åßg]

Óx)bÅ (Limitation) ~¢3~î GEE0§@ÑoìÂXÆ4,Šq-t{

ìZyÆ4,Šq-LgzVZ&+zVZzgZyzIVÃM:~ (Inclined) §sgZU" 1ZÖë " &Åßg]~Ì¢3~î GEE0§@»Ñoƒ**ÑixMñÇÔ}™r#





χζ


z)ø;YèZyÓx)bÃZq-„§jÐÒyHŠHìÔ " ŠgUg " ZzgÅ„g]~;YèZk~ÂZk{ÃLgÅßÆˆ " YìR " {mîg6,

f™HŠHìZzg¦VÅyh+z�Ûz|#»f™èÃg{{Ð¬ìÔqÑèZ[~

" z‰Ü¢3~î GEE0§@Ñoƒ Æ Z&+zVc*ZyzIVÅW:~ß " Ðtw�ÃçÆÑoƒä6,úw™**zZZ#ì@*� " h+UË " Ë»Ì7ìÔ®Z

Å‚ " Š„$+„ " Zk " ¥ƒV " »Zg�áŠ� - gèZv¬\Å - Zâx·ƒYñÔzg:Zk¯x»ÃðÃZ+{:ƒÇ;Yè¢3~î GEE0§@~çÅ{šzzÅic*ŠCìÔZknˆ~Zk»f™™**‰wìÔ®ZZ#Zâx',JyZ−+

ÐZkXÃÜHÂ " YìR "ä- g9*îGZvm -" @Zt " %‘45é EGEã™r#

»ÂZkÐ‚>�ÛâŠc*Zzgwç Lsç»f™HX " Š„$+„ "

�Zq-Z&+{ŠzZ&+zVÆ ä�Ûâc*: - gèZv¬\Å - Zâx· " Zzg–�únZq-LgŠzLgzVÆúnZzgZq-ZyzÃŠzZyz^ÆúnŠY,ìÔ

X" 2Zq-…ÃŠz¥¦VÆúnŠÌY,ì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tO(”OR " ]Öã‚]mè "E

»¯xZk!*]6,!*Ç " YìR " ®Zgz¯gz×Å§bzZãƒŠH�» " YìR " ŠÑª7™@*&ZyZ»',fYäŒÔZzgZ¤/�Ûn™1Yñ�





χζ


¯xZk!*]6,ŠÑª™@*ÌìÂŒVZq-ªCÙz**‡&ÿELF,Šh+ZÈwÌñ�ŠìZzgT!*]~ZÈwaZƒYñz{ (Irrefutable Doubt)

Å„g]Æ;Yèz{§@ÆïÆÑo: " „o " u7gSgsƒä~$ú

EOìÔZzgti',Š„$úEOìz{M\Í`�Ô®ZZÏ6,ZOŠ™**

e’XZzgÂ=ÂZvÑzZá!*Š�á{„Å§sÐìXc*Šgì�txÂøg~§sÐ´)�áòÆ‚BZyÅgzl6,»å

åÔzg:hÂtì (Intended) Å%ZŠÃªCÙ™**°Š " YìR " TÐÅ„g]Ã " YìR " �)‡g~Z†ZtÆ:òÃZk!*]Åq~#7�

Zzg:„z{Zk!*]»Šúò™D )1( §@ÆïÆÑoƒä6,úwHYñ

Zzg:„ZïŠúòZk6,ñsì;Yèz{ÂZŠJgÃwZx�Ûâgì�ÔZzg )2( �(Sold thing and Estimated ZŠJgÆwZxƒäÆnŠzy

»¥ƒ**¢zg~7pY<¢3~î GEE0§@¢zg~ƒÔHM\7ŠÙ Cost)

�Z¤/Ãð¿Zq-gzB×ÆúnÀZmÂZkßg]~:„ZŠJgìZzg:

û 100 ü

âygì�Zzg?)´) (V.alivrer) 1'Yèz{)´)‡g~Z†Zt(ÂZÐß]Ðê M

�áò(ZÐ"3üEGLÜsÈgìƒX21ìgèZv¬\Å'Zkn�y~"3üEGL]Ðê MZ¹Y,7eìZkq~ƒT~ŠzâV§s»ï 2Ñoì‰yÆúnyÅ"3üEGL]Ðê MÔc*¢3~î GEE0§@Ño:ƒ‰y~ŠÅß]Ðê MX21ì

gèZvÅ





χζ


XZ%Z¤/ŠzyÃ¥HYñÂZŠJg»wZxƒ**Ñixì )1( Šzy¥�;Yèz°{—ÃM‚ãÐqÝ™äÅ¾nÐHY@*ìZzg¥q°

Å„g]Ð´)‡g~Z†ZtÆ " YìR " Z¤/ ZÒwqÝƒCìÔ®ZƒCZzg )2( HY@*ÂZkÅZq-zz (Reasoning) nZk§i6,Z+Ñw

û 101 ü

1'ŠZzgy»¥ƒ**Zkz‰Ü¢zg~ƒ@*ì²ZŠJg:ƒÔZzgZŠJg:ƒ**„ŠzyZzgŒVZ(7É‰Zz‡]ŠzâV!*'7ƒ'�:ZŠJg Æ¥ƒäÃÑixì

ƒ:ŠzâVY+$!›4èGOEq,ƒV‰èÃg{Vw~X21ìgèZvÅ'�z{ZyÆ:òÆ¬ª**Y,ƒäÅŠ?ƒZ¤/pt¬"3üEGLÜsÅzzÐU*"$ 2

ÆjZáÐ�)bèÃg��áŒÛnhe "”"~" yt " ƒZ"3ü EGLÅÅzzÐ7XzZÑZ¤/ŒÛnpZ{Ðz{áÎgz9~yh+áÂtY,ì²Z(áyh+}�ZkÆfóÑixƒZƒ:�z{á�ŒÛn1åÔZkßg]~7ZÏH~ZŠZ™**¢zg~ìzg:tßwZxƒÏ;Yè¬Š+ŠzâV§sZŠJgÅqª~].ZƒñXQ�Ûâc*�gz9bZzg

X ZÑAVÆŒÛnƒäÅßg]Æ´z{CÙâ\ÂwÅq»¬ìZk§bZrVä¦VÃÌgz7VZzgZÑAVÅ§bf)6,ŒÛnƒäzZàqzV~ÑgHÔ®ZZyÅyh+z�Ûz|#**Y,ìZ¤/p7ZÏ*~ZŠZ™Š~YñÔ

ÐÜ™`��ßwç MsÆ´z{CÙn " fí{ "Ô" yt " Zzg9z„wì&ëfZ!Åß~ t!*]Iì�ŠzâV§s~ÐË6,8©3ªî GGGGSï:™,Z¤/pZq-6,TïƒYñÔ}ŒÛ£Z¤/ËÆfóƒÂTîg6,z{ï~ƒ@*ì1Z#Šc*y~

ÆjZáÐ®w " z;.ç EGE "~" gŠZÅ+B5éGg " ÐZq-6,ïƒYñÂY,ìÔZÏ§bÐì¾]Zkßg]Ã"3üEGLÜsŒÛZgŠbZÐøg}¬xfYÆZkwÐ¢**ì&ZrVä¼ŠÃ~$ú

EO�Ûâc*XzZvZD





χζ


Z‹ZèÃgÐõØgSXZ[~ZvÅÂ=ÐHƒV:�t!*]Â?6,ªCÙì�Šzy

»¥ƒ**ÜsZñZw§!*~ÑoìÔZzgZñZw§!*wç LsŠznÅq,�)1(�**\c*)2(Âw™YC�Ô²z{q,XÅyh+z�Ûz|#2Ì™Æ

z){Æ!*[ZÅhÐê M~Zk!*]Å¥ô " ìZ;k, " ƒCìÔZñZÁg!*7Xñ�Šì�"3üEGLÅÜsZñZw§!*~IìÔ²Z7ZK„½ÆúnœYñÔZzgÌ™YäzZàq,ZñZw§!*~Ð7X

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖŠ×Ü(tR(”TLN " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

Z#ŠzâV:ƒVÂŠzâV " ÆZk¸wÅÑb~� "+ " 6�

(Weight And Z#Šg " ~�Ûâc*�ª " dZ°Zë " ÔÆ' " 'w�ŠzâV:ƒVÂ¶�ZzgZŠJgŠzâV (Spesies) z½ Measurement)

Æ¶ƒñŠz "%z " Æ¶ƒñZq-À}Ã " CÙZ] " 'w�Ô®ZÀzVÆúnŠY,ì)CÙZ]Zzg%zÔŠz£â]Æ**x�(ZÏ§b

X" Z&+zVÆúnZyz^ZŠJgŠÌY,ì

( (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(ÎçÖäEæu¡÷Â‚ÚãÛ^DtR(”QMN " ]Öfv†]Ö†]ñÐ ")"3üEGLÜsÆ´z{ZñZw§!*~ç " ä�t�Ûâc*� "+ " Zzg™r#





χζ


ä�Ûâc*� "d" »Z±gHY@*ì¢3~î GEE0§@»7ÔÂZkÅÑb~™r#

Z#**\ÅqÃ**\zZàqÆúnc* " ZmzŸs#ZâxZ]4-Cé EGE!»twì�

Âw™YäzZàqÃÂwzZàqÆúnœYñpZ{ŠzâVÅ½Zq-„

ƒc*ŠzâVÅ½ZƒVÂßÆ�ZiÆnŠzyŠzâVqzV»¥ƒ**

(Contractors) Ñoìeìz{q,z;Vq¢ƒVc*¸T$ÔZ%¬¡åGM+(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö³†e^(ÎçÖämÃjf† " ]Öf³v†]Ö†]ñÐ "EX" Åo~ƒ**eÂ

D =Öî(tR(”SMN ... ]ÖjÃnnà#æá]ÖjÏê˜

¦VÅ!*ëß~çÃzZZ#™äÅŠ?¸ì�Z¤/Zq-¥

ÃZ(gƒÇ�z{¥ (Seller) bÃŠz)¥¦VÆúnœYñÂ!*ù

ÐŠzuZ…Ô™}Ôc*¥ (Purchaser) …ZL0*kgÄáZzgœ~…œ~ÃŠ}™QZÏbÃZq-bÆ‚BZkÐzZ:áá;YèZkßg]~œ~Æfó!*ùÆŠzbzZZ#ƒ‰Ô®Z!*ù»ZCâwÂ$›40î EGEZkÅ§sß^Mc*ZzgŠzuZ…šçz£g{ŠHX

ZÏ§bÐZ¤/Šz¥¦VÃZq-)¥bÆúnœYñÂœ~ŠzâVbááÇÔZzgZkÆfó�Zq-…ÑixƒZìZÐZ7Šz¦V~Ð!*ùÃßN*Š}ÇÔ²ŠzuZ…çz2Æ%iZZ+g{ŠHT»z{





χζ


Zzg ~ì " ìZ;k, " ÅzzÐ,ZgƒZÔ6� (Sale Contract) -èßz){~ìX " Át " ZkÆé

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tR(”NRMD " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

Yg~ (Cause) Zzg¦VÆúne0+~»gzBZŠJg&~tA7ƒ$ËÔ6�7æ{7ÔÂZ[â^Zzge0+~Ægz9~tAù

Å Yg~ƒ$Ëì²½ZzgŠgŠzâV„zZãîg6,Z�®Z‡g~Z†Zt~f™HŠHìÔZkßg]~z{ " 1ZÖë " „g]»4+•z„ì�

Ð%z~Zq-gzZ"ìGGL**Šg{6,FFƒÏZzgZk»Òy - gèZv¬\Å - Zâx·kd$MñÇÔZzgZ¤/ZÐ:â**YñÂHƒZ!z{´)™r#»Zq-:ò„Â

7ìÔZzg:Zk:ò~ZkÐ¬ (Support) ìTÆ‚BÃð�z{Zk6,ËÜÐ�ÑñÔZzg)�áò : )1( ¥x (Deed) ÃðZïR

äZyÆn�ØHZk»qw¥xƒ[ÂZkÐYðçg£ƒYì»T6,tZ»',fY™Zx5�XÆZ�ñ¤/ZòZz6,èÃgƒñ )2( Zk¬

û 104 ü

1'ª�§i´)�áòäf™HìZkÆ_.Z¤/ZÐ"3üEGLÜsÅ§s¢,ÂZkÆü»»DìX21ì

gm,Çg~yh+~Ô Ëäe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+á " Ð®wì� " „o "� 2'

X" yh+Zgäe0+~Ægz9ZŠZ™ŠØ1!*ùäbZŠZ:GÂtßY,ì





χζ


~èÃgZâx·»¸wìÔZzg" " „o " ZzgZk¬ÆçA~ZyÅŠ?—z„ÁßìX

Qt�)‡g~þZ†ZtäZkÆ´z{�f™HìZk~øg}:X�(Two Clear Amazements) è<Ø4Æ)bÐŠzÜô(�ð ENB

Zq-(�ð ENwÂZk!*]Ð�øg}fY™ZxgÂZvä¥ô�Ûâðì�

Æ:LziyÅqƒäÐ{g`ƒ™2Ì (Terminalogy) bZ˜b "

X" Åqƒ‰

ZzgŠzu~(�ð ENwZkÐT6,øg}fY™ZxgÂZväù�Ûâð�¦V»yƒ**!*ùZzgœ~ÅZKZ˜bÐ!*ëƒY@*ìÔZzg')43ï IEGGÆ "

!*ëƒäÐ¦VÅz{Z˜b�I~ƒðì�b2ÌÅq�Ô!*ë

X" 7ƒC

" Ñp @Zt " z){~zŸs#ñ�ŠìX " @Zt " ZzgZyÓx!*ÂVÅÅ„g]tì�:X

ÅŠ?tì�Ë—»!*ùz - g9+:)é XZv - ZâxZWZzgZâxZ1-Š "

ƒ@*ì;Yè)Ã œ~Æh~yƒ**ZyÅZKZ˜bÐU*"$

qÝ7Ô®Zz{ZKZ˜b~ (Guardianship) ¬¡åGM+6,zÑe$





χζ


')43ï IEGGÃ!*ëÌ™Mh�ÔZzg')43ï IEGG!*ëƒYäÆˆ¦VÃ¥

™äÐb¥ÌƒYNÐÔ2')43ï IEGG!*ëƒYäÆˆb

Â%zZàq7ƒVÐ;YèZ˜b~Zy»2ÌzZà—ƒ**!*¹X"ì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tO(”OR " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè "E

Ì"3üEGLÅ~')43ï IEGGÆ - g¶Zv - kd$ëW+CNÐ�Zâx·!*ëƒäÃt™D�Ô1ZrVäß~Š?:ƒäÅzzÐZk»Zïg�Ûâc*ÔZk,ÐZkX6,øg}ÓxZ[»Z)qU*"$ƒZÔ®ZZk

ßg]~e0+~Ægz9c*ÎäÅZÑ°Æún¦VÅ"3üEGL]Ðê M™**yÅ

7Zzg:„Zkßg]~Âw™Š~YäzZàŠzqzV (V.alivrer)"3üEGL]Ðê M

Åß]Ðê MìÔÉÂwzZàqÆún±èYLE™YäzZàqÅ"3üEGL]Ðê MìÔ

» - gÂZv¬\ - TÆZ�ÛZŠM:~x¹gnp�ÔZzgøg}fYZ)qì�Zk~Ãðw`7X

ZÒÝÈÒ®)ZâxZ3Òh4ï XEGmZ°9*îG(´)‡g~Z†ZtÆQk:òÆ9ƒäÅÃðzz7Y}ÔM\g™,�áh+QyÆ¯xÆnÃð

Ð:Yy0*c*ƒVZzgH=�Zy (Ignorance) Z+zzƒ�~ZKÁ.





χζ


Å/Ú~„tÐic*Š{ŒÛd$ - g9*îGZv¬\m - ´)MZH£îEG

ƒV'!XQ~tHƒV�Z¤/ëZÐtÌ™BÂQÌ…tì»Z(g

qÝì�)‡g~Z†Zt™r#»Òy™Š{¬¦V)]½ð OV(„~Yg~ƒ@*ìÔ²â^ŠgZÝÂwzZàq7ì;Yè»½Æ6,dÔ²s~L

»½Ã�áï:ƒZÔ‰‘Ïî EOÐZq- (Measure) ®Z£g X )1( 7ÂáYD¯ZzgÎäÐZq-f¨{Ã�áï7ƒ@*Ô®ZøgZtXCÙqw~#¿Ð

ôpìZzgÓxpÒVÂZv),gÏzZáÆn„�XïZ+„ƒãe’ZzgÂ=Š¶zZÑÂZvnguz¬\ìX

û 107 ü

ÆiâäÆ²sÐìÔ²øg}²s~»½ŠzâV Zk!*]»mZâxZ3Òh4ï XEG 1'§bÐ‚ìÔªÂw™ÌZzgÌ™ÌX;V!˜VJ-â^»mìz{Z[ÌÌ™�Ûz|#ƒ@*ìÂw™�Ûz|#7ƒ@*XZkÅzZãVw“5åGM+c*ŠvqZgÆñZµ6,ßvš/uZzg6âIVÅŠø7ViZZ+g¶Šnyh+D�Zzgt‚gZçn±è

YLE™„ƒ@*ìÔ1ìwgì�Z¤/âÃâ^ÆúnœYñÂ¶�Y,ì1ë½ª»½ƒäÅzzÐQŠJg**Y,ìX;VZ%!Z¤/Z˜´Æâ^ƒVÂ¶�ZzgQŠJgŠzâVY,�Ô'Zq-Y+$Ðï»°ì}0*ÎãgzBÃ:Š~gc*wÆúnœÂgc*wc*

X gzB~ÐËZq-6,ZÏ>~ï»°ì





χζ


HZkâ^~"3üEGLÅY,ì? ‰ç]ÙLMV

]Öþ³þ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

(Money) Y;V!â^~"3üEGL]Ðê MY,ìÔp‰Zz‡]â^ÆyƒäÅzzÐZÐ**Y,Ì¹Y@*�;Yèy~"3üEGLÅY,7ZkÅ

ÆjZáÐú¦/g_X " 1ZÖë ",µnŠç7Ún6enÄô‰×ÜÒ1qç]‡ÒoivÏnÐ

Ð%z~ - g¶Zv¬\ - 1ïtì�â^~"3üEGLÅ»ÒyZâx·Zq-gzZ"ìGGL**Šg{6,FFìÔzg:áy~Â¦V~"3üEGL]Ðê MÆY,ƒä6,ù

ìÔ;V!'.èIELû~"3üEGL]Ðê MY,7Zzg'.è

IELûÜsÎ**Zzge0+~�ÔZyÆ´z{ÃðZzg7;Yè!*ùzœ~Î**e0+~Å')43ï IEGGÃ!*ë™äÅŠg]

Zzg " àk,ZÑwg " 7gnpÔ²'.èIELZ˜kÅ')43ï IEGG!*ëÅY$Ëì~ì�"3üEGL]Ðê MCÙZkq~Y,ìTÅÚ»çƒnÔ} " ŠgUg "

Å (Weight And Measurement) Zkq»7Zc*ÅN*ƒ**ZzgZkÅŠgTyƒnÔ}**\zZàqc*ñizãqX

(ÆZk¸w " àk,ZÑwg " ')´)ÒZ−+Ö@*Ù™r#

e0+~Ægz9ZzgÎäÅZÑ5V"3üEGL]Ðê MÆ�Zi " z{qy:ƒV "�ÐÐò‰;YètŠzâVy�®ZZy~"3üEGL]Ðê MY,7ÔZkX~Zâx





χζ


c*z{±èYLE™YäzZàqƒÔ " »Z¦sÐZ%sìÔ - g9*îGZvm - â´

~ic*Š{�Ût:ƒÔ (Size) ÂZ+ƒ�ZkÆZ�ÛZŠ!*ëŒÛd$ŒÛd$ƒVÔªw

(" ißçm†]¢e’^… " Ê±J†| " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… "E ZÕX "..... ‰Zyz^c*Z&+}Zzgb

Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖŠ×Ü(tS(”USP(LTPD

'ä�t‚)…(¹4tì� " ´)�áò�ÛâD��:jk)b(ë;Yè‚zZu»+ìÔZ\êL½7ìÔZzg‰fY�ÛâD

»Z%sì;Yèz{Šz¦VÃZq- - g¶Zv¬à - ��ZkX~Zâx·bÆ$+á~&ÐI�ÛâD�Ô1ZyÐ�gzZ"ìGGL�g{%z~ì

g9*îGZv¬à - ZzgZâxZ1-Š - gèZv¬\Å - ZkÆ_.tÌZâxZW- g

9+�)éZv - Æ‚BZkXÆY,ƒä6,5�ÔZzgZï�w™854èEGE -mz){~®wìX " ZÖë 1" Æ#³ì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖŠ×Ü(tS(”LTP " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… " Ê±J†| " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

ät!*]‡g~Z†ZtÆ:òÅ&òGzsÆn " 1ZÖë " �áh+ªCÙÅ@*�t!*]ZyÆ:òÆn�ƒYñÔZ¤/pâZŠg~„ÔOçZk

~ì� " @Zt " ¸wÅ¯6,´)‡g~Z†ZtÆ:ò6,ZOŠ7HYñÇÔ2ZÏ§b¦V~Ì"3üEGL]Ðê MY,ìÔ²2Ì™ÆŠØYNZzgtwì





χζ


Æ4,Šq- - g9+:)é XZv - ZâxZWZzgZâxZ1-Š " ¦V~"3üEGL]Ðê MY,ì "�

Æ4,Šq-**Y,ì;Yèby�ÔTÅ - g¶Zv¬à - ì²Zâx·Š?tì�¦V»yƒ**!*ùzœ~ÅZ˜bÅzzÐìÔ®Z¦V~"3üEGL]Ðê M™äÅßg]~ZyÅZKZ˜bÐ¦VÅ')43ï IEGG!*ë

ƒYñÏXD (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖŠ×Ü(tO(”MS " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè "E

~ì�¦V~"3üEGL]Ðê MY,ìÔ²2Ì™ÆƒÔZâx " ìZ;k, "

~f™�Ûâc*Ô1ËZ%sÃf™7�Ûâc*ÔZzg¸ " Yì " ·äÌZk¸wÃ¸wZâx·ÐgzZ"ìGGL�g{Æîg6,%z~ìÔ²‰fY™Zxä�Ûâc*�t¸wÂT»ìÔZzgZâx·Æ4,Šq-Y,7ÔZyÅŠ?tì�ZyÆ4,Šq-Šz¦VÃZq-bÆúnŠIì;Yèby�Zzgy~"3üEGL]Ðê MY,7Ô1Zâx·Ð%z~gzZ"ìGGL�g{~ZyÆ4,Šq-Ì¦V~

Zzg"3üEGL]Ðê M~ (Absolute sale)"3üEGL]Ðê MY,ìZzgZâx·Æ4,Šq-"3üEGLÇ

t�Ûtì�"3üEGL]Ðê M~¢zg~ì��qˆ~ŠbŒÛZg0*ñz{y:ƒÔ®ZZ#!*ùzœ~¦V~"3üEGL]Ðê MÃÂ™,ÐÂÍc*ZrVä8ZyÅ

')43ï IEGGÅZ˜bÃ!*ë™Šc*Zzg¦VÅ"3üEGL]Ðê MZÏ§jÐY,ìT





χζ


§jÐZy»AŠ+ƒ@*ìªÌ™Ôgs"3üEGLÇÆ;Yè"3üEGLÇÂ

y6,ÌÂƒ$ËìÔÅ<å XEZ"3üEGLÇ~¦VÃ')43ï IEGGÐ{g`™ä»

7Ô®Z¶�Y,:ƒðZzgZq-bÅ (Motive/Cause) !ð N8ïELE Ãð

Šz¦VÆúnßII~XD (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖŠ×Ü(tR(”TLN(ULN " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

zZgŠƒY (Objection) 1~HƒV�Zk�Ût6,Zq-Z‹Znì;YèZâx·Zk!*]Æ‡b7�� ¬¡åGM+ÆZgZŠ{™D„¦VÅ')43ï IEGG!*ëƒYñÔqÑè!*¹ƒßvZyÆyƒä6,5�X

ZâxZWZzgZâxZ1-ŠÆ4,Šq-Zq-bÃŠz!›4èGOE " ~�Ûâc*� " @Zt "

¦VÆúnŠY,ìÔZzgZâx·�ÛâD��**Y,ì;Yè¦V»y

ƒ**ÓxßÍVÅZ˜bÐU*"$ƒ@*ìÔ®Z ZyŠzÅZ˜bÐ!*ë

7ƒÇÔ2Z#¦VÅ')43ï IEGG!*¹gìÂz{³7ƒfÔÂtÍc*Zq-b

ÃŠz)!›4èGOE¦VÆ$+á&ZzgZq-¥gz9ÃŠz¥gz7VÆ$+áÅŠ?tì�¬¡åGM+Æn')43ï IEGGZ4ÅZ˜b &Å§bƒŠHZzgT

X" Zzg!*ëÌZy„ÅZ˜bÐƒY5 ÐU*"$ƒCì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tO(”OR " ]Öã‚]mè "E





χζ


Z#')43ï IEGG Zzg ®ZZ¤/t¦VÅ')43ï IEGG!*ë™**e�Â™Mh�Ô~ZâxZ1 " ìZ;k, " !*ëƒÏÂb³ƒYNÐX[ZZÑ:tä

-ŠÅZkŠ?ÃZÏ§jÐHgg3Ô®ZZâx·ù�ÛâMh��¬¡åGM+»¦V~"3üEGLÅ™**Zk!*]6,ŠÑª™@*ì�ZrVäZyÆyƒäÅ

Z˜bÃ!*ëây1ì;YèZyÆ4,Šq- ¬Š+')43ï IEGGÅZ˜bÃ²!*¹ßv¦VÃyâ…ƒVÔ1t¹YYì�Zâx· !*ë7™Mh

ÆZkwÆfg)Zï«‘Òï OGÐg�q™**U*"$ƒ@*ìÔqÑèz{‘Òï OG

Zâx·Ð®w7ÔÉxYÅaZ™Š{ìÂZ[Zk�ÛtÐt!*]ªCÙƒð�Zâx·Æ4,Šq-zzz{‘Òï OG7ìÔÉZâx·ÌZk!*]Æ‡b�

»Z(gìÔ1t')43ï IEGG (Nullify) ™ä �¬¡åGM+ÃZLh~')43ï IEGG!*ë

Zkz‰Ü!*ëƒÏZ#¬¡åGM+Ð')43ï IEGG!*ë™ä»ZgZŠ{U*"$ƒYñÔZzg"3üEGL]Ðê M~tZgZŠ{¢zgU*"$ƒY@*ì;YèZkß~!hÐê NMBª�qˆ~

7ƒ$ËÔ®ZQy»¦V~"3üEGL (Money) z°{6,¢8ŒÛZg0*Cìz{Ly]Ðê M™**„Sy¦VÅ')43ï IEGG!*ë™äÅŠ?ì²ß~tZgZŠ{U*"$7

ƒ**¢zg~7Ô®Z (Currency Less) ƒÇ;YèZk~Š»–.çEGLy

¬¡åGM+ÐZ˜—')43ï IEGGÃ!*ë™**U*"$:ƒZÔÂ¦V»yƒ**!*¹g;Ô®Z





χζ


g¶Zv - z{³:ƒñÔZÏnß!*ëƒðÔZzgLrgZkX~Zâx·XzZv¬\ZD )1( ÆwÃÌF,ßŠ~YCìZÐp[™ß - ¬à

:HâÃZkÅâqÐiZZ+7Æ$+áŠY,ì?} ‰³ç]ÙMM

!*g{»â^Škc*äÆâ^ÆúnŠX]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

Y;V!â^6,Îg¶èƒZkÐÁc*iZZ+T6,&zZÑZzgyh+ZgŠzâVgZèƒYNZk7~ŠY,ì;YèÔ¯x~¦/g[ì�

â^Å7ÅlZg ßÍVÅZ˜bÐHgƒðìZzg!*ùzœ~6,ËÆjZáÐ¦/gZÔ®Z " ìZ;k, " Zzg " @Zt " )ÃzÑe$qÝ7Ô6�

ZyŠzâVÃZ(gì�âÃHg{7ÐÁc*ic*Š{Î7~e�¯Ô=qÆnÂZÚ„�Z[»°ìÔ~äF%ûZÏñBÆ_.

û 113 ü

1't!*]Zk�Z[Å§sZ�ág{ì�-Ô9™äÅ¢zg]„Zk6,»°ŒÛÜìZzgZk»$©ø

EEL-Ð|xƒ**¢zg~7Ô‰Z¤/Ãðe0+~ÆZq-gz9ZzgÎäÅŠz

ZÑAVÃe0+~ÆŠzgz9ZzgÎäÅZq-ZÑ°ÆúnmÂZkßg]ÃY,ŒÛZgŠc*Ã)½Å§s¢Š,ÐqÑè (Species) �½ YñÇZzg�Zi»§itƒÇ

»µÍc*ÎŠ„ (Usury)$©øEE

L-~½Æún½ƒä»Zïg7HYYX2ÎŠVB{]ñ�Š�X ƒ@*ì®Z-Ã9ŒÛZgŠ¶»!*)¸q~#ìZzgZ+





χζ


:òŠc*ZzgZ»',fYy~Ð¼ŠfYäÌ:òŠc*Ô}Ãå»ïñß~z){Sk:ò~íÐÜsZq-¿ - g9*îGZv¬àm - Zg�áŠ@gZàg~

)ñß~†ZÄAö©~(äZ%sHÎZ»',fY~ÑgHY@*ì=ZyÆZ%sÅZ:qZyÅzÃ]ÆˆZkz‰ÜƒðZ#¼¿ZzgZtQyÆëzòÆ**xÐ|ÔZ¤/ZyÅ§]~ZyÐZkX6,÷ZnŠ!ìwƒ@*ÂZy¶�z{ZL:òÐg�q™fe;YèZyÅ¬Š]¶�Z¤/Z7

Œc*Y@*Zzg!*]ZyÅ™~MYCÂz{ZLñBÐg�q™1™DÔ®ZëZkXÃŠg},ZzgzŸs#ÐÒy™D�@*�hÃJwG%Ãðeg{:gìX

DME Òoµ`×oUÖnØ (Correctness) qç]‡ä¥ô - gÂZv¬\ - ®Z¬~t¼VÇ�øg}/gfY™Zx

ÆwZxƒäÅAZ,›½Æz‰Ü**\Âw~ (Usury) �Ûâðì�ÎŠ

z½ (Weight and Measurement) ¶�ìÔ®ZZ¤/ŠgŠzâV0*ðYNÂic*ŠCZzgZŠJgŠzâVwZx�ÔZzgZ¤/Šgz½ (Species)

ŠzâV:0*ðYNÂic*ŠCzZŠJgŠzâV'w�ÔZzgZ¤/ŠzâV~ÐZq-0*ð

û 114 ü

X ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,ªªªªggggœœœœ 1'





χζ


YñÂic*ŠC'wZzgZŠJgwZxìXtZ(‡°{ì�}7IÒZzgÎŠÆÓx)b»ŠZgzæZgZÏ‡°}6,ìÔ2t!*].e$zZãì�â^Zzge0+~»gzB:ÂŠg~',Z',ìÔZzg:„½~Ô½~ÂZkn7�

²Šg~Zkn7�â^»AŠ+: » " e0+~ " â^»½»ìZzggzB

Â**\™HY@*ìÔZzg:„Âw™ÔÉZk»AŠ+±èYLE™„HY@*ìX

®ZâÃiZZ+76,ZzgZŠJgŠzâV§bÐŠY,�ÔZka�

âû}Ðâwg!*ªZ(âw„7T~ÎŠYg~ƒnXëkd$

Òy™,ÐÔZy�áYZv³zV (Research) ZkÅ'×h+ïEMD qç]‡ÒoUæ‰†pUÖnØ

z){~�Ûâc*:Z#Z#ic*ŠCwZxƒÏÂZŠJgÌwZxƒÇ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg "

ZzgZk»@:ƒÇÔªt7ƒÇ�Z#ic*ŠC'wƒÂZŠJgÌ'wƒÔZzgZ#Z#ZŠJgY,ƒÂic*ŠCÌ'wƒÏÔZzgZk»@:ƒÇªt7ƒÇ�Z#ZŠJg**Y,ƒÂic*ŠCÌ**Y,ƒX

(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö³†e³^(Ú³_³×³gÊ³±]¦e³†]ðÂà]Ö†e^(ÎçÖ³äV " …#]Ö³Ûvj^… "E

EÚjË^•¡÷DtS(”PNPD

Zzgëâ,ÎZw~â^~ZŠJgÆY,ƒä6,ŠÅ5ÿGL¬‡ì

û 115 ü

X ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,ŠŠŠŠzzzzuuuuZZZZggggœœœœ 1'





χζ


™`�Ô®Zâ^~ic*ŠC»'wƒ**zZãƒŠHÔ'×h+,»ZOg™zXEMD qç]‡ÒoinŠ†pUÖnØ

u»g-Zv¬àZzÅZg�áŠ�ÛâD�:- g¶Zv¬à - ))Z#½ZƒÂ‰eƒ×((Zkug$ÃZâx›

X ÐgzZe$H - gèZv¬\Å - ä|]„Š{0™#Ö=Öî(…ÎÜ ... (Òj³^h]Ö³ÛŠ^Î^éæ]ÖÛˆ]…Âè(e^h]Ö’†ÍæenÄ]Ö„âg " ‘vnxÚŠ×Ü "E

D ]Öv‚m&VSTQM(”RQT

ÂgÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅÅZYi]ÆI™äzZÑÃyì?DNE qç]‡Òo2çiãoUÖnØ

Z[~vg}‚tZq- tÂZ+gz×ŠP��a6,Ì—7ÔZ+qÒy™zVÇTÐvg~=~¼µaZƒÇZzgQ~|Òy

™ÆZkµ»ZiZ!™ŠzVÇX~HƒV:fgZtCØ�HM\ZzgCÙ=zûgppzZÑ7Y}�

z{qTÅ¬x7ƒÆ4,Šq-Škgz9ìCÙ¿ÃZ(gì�yh+ZgÅ%èÐZÐÎgz9~Ö@Š}c*Zq-…Æ$+á~Šh+}!Ñ$šïGGL

0{äZkÐCÙ¦/I7�Ûâc*ÔZv¬\Zg�áŠ�Ûâ@*ì:

û 116 ü

X ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,aaaaååååggggœœœœ 2' X ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,ŠŠŠŠZZZZggggœœœœ 1'





χζ


( ]ÖßŠ«ðVUN \5Ô ) — ]ô$]øáûiøÓöçûáøiôrø^øé÷Âøàûiøø]õÚôùßûÓöÜû ™

" 1t�ÎŠZvg~M:ÅgŸq~»ƒ " F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:Z¤/Ãð¿»½ÆZq- " ÆjZáÐ¦/g[ì� " ìZ;k, " ZzgG

X" •}ÃDÙZggz9~mÂY,ìÔZzgZk~!*Ç™Z>Ø7D (Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNO " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

2CÙ¿Y}ì�»½ÆZq-•}Å7Zq-DÙZggz9CÙ¦/7ƒ$ËÔZzg:„Îgz9ƒ$ËìÉZq-gzBÌ7ƒ$ËÂZkâ^Å

Zâ(,~7ƒä»:L¸ì�7Zzgy].Z].Zq,�ÔZzg!*ùzœ~6,7)!*iZgÆgf$(Å0*È~y)ª�¼ZyÆŠgxyð

ƒZ(~¢zg~7ÔÉZyŠzâVÃZ(gì�e�Â!*iZg~7ÐFkHic*Š{76,gŸqƒYNZzge�Â7ÆÎz,{6,gZèƒYNX

ÖÓãßçp‘ûgÒo›†Í‰1]mÔefäZ¤/?t¼�tÂOq»¬ì²â'.è

IELZ˜kìXEMD ]ŒÒ^µ`¡qç]h

Â~t¼VÇZ¤/â'.èIELZ˜kìÂHƒZ??äZ˜kÈ™

û 117 ü

X ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,0000****vvvvZZZZVVVVggggœœœœ 1'





χζ


pŠ„�Z[ªCÙ™Šc*�ŠzuzVÅZ˜b¬¡åGM+Ã6g7™$ËÔOçZgZzgŸùƒŠHZzghzZãX vgZÒy™Š{�Ût

EMD Uæ‰†]qç]hZ¤/ëtt™B�¬¡åGM+â^Å')43ï IEGGÃ!*ë7™MhÂtCî�

?ät¹VÐ¹�Z˜kyÃâqÅHg{lZgÐ¢**Y,7?HW\7Y…�Zq-gz9Æb•ç NsÆ!›4èGOE™äÐå³gT�ÔZzgt!*]CÙ™ŠZgÌY}ì�Zq-gzBÎ!Mä»ƒ@*ìÔGg{c*,{Mä»7ƒ@*ÔQt•ç N°$›4è

GGOEZzg¦V»'.è

IELZ˜kƒ**!*ùzœ~6,¶�wZx7™@*X

~ì�Z¤/ËäwçOZs " ŠgUg " ZzgZkÅÑb " àk,ZÑwg "2

ZkÆ$+á=MJ " Ãe0+~»Zq-gzBŠc*Zzg¹: (Money Changer)

ÂtßY,ìX " �ZÃÐ¦C½Áƒ Šh+z MäÆbŠh+zZzgZq-]Âî O

ÆúnƒYñÏ Zk]Âî O Â ƒz{ Z',', gz9ÅZâe0+~�ZkgL]Âî OÆ

Zzg!*¹e0+~ÆúnbƒYNÐX(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö’†Í(tS( " i³ß³çm³†]¢e’^… " Ê³±J†| " ]Ö³‚…]Ö³Ûíj^… "E

”OSQ(PSQD

û 118 ü

X ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,ÙÙÙÙggggœœœœ 1'





χζ


Z¤/¹MJMäÆb " Å„g]¼Zk§bÐì: " @Zt " ZzgX" Šh+zZzggCÁZÃÂtßY,ì

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tO(”RT " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè "EEMD inŠ†]qç]h

'.èIELZ˜kÐZz6,Î**Zzge0+~Å§s7Í/õ FG�tZÝaZö~y

�ÔZzgÃð¿ZyÅ')43ï IEGG!*ë7™YÔ2CÙWtY} (Real Money)

åe0+~ÆFgz7V (One Gold Coin) ì�ÎäÅZq-ZÑ°Æ',Z',ƒCìÔZzgÃðZÑ°CÙ¦/e0+~ÆZq- (Many Silver Coins)

gz9Æ',Z',7ƒCÔZkÆ!*z�Šøg}Z[äZk!*]Å¥ô�Ûâðì�Zq-ZÑ°Ãe0+~ÆZq-gz9ÆúnŠŠg„ìÔZzgZk~Z¹

tì�Z#½ZƒYñÂ¶� (Cause) ÎŠ7ÔZzgZkÅAY,ƒYCìÔZzgâ^Zzge0+~Ægz7VÅ½»Zƒ**ÎZñ0*ÉÆ

ÎäÅ " Å§bŠvÃ~�Ûâc*� " @Zt " Zzg " ŠgUg " CÙZq-6,ªCÙì

Zq-ZÑ°Zzge0+~ÆŠzgz7VÃe0+~ÆZq-gz9ZzgÎäÅŠzZÑAVXZkßg]~CÙ½Ã74øEEL#³Æ£.Þ™Šc* " Æ$+áŠŠg„ì

YñÇÔZÏ§be0+~ÆŠHg{gz7VÃe0+~ÆŠkgz7VZzgÎäÅZq-

û 119 ü

X ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,‚‚‚‚ÂÂÂÂZZZZVVVVggggœœœœ 1'





χζ


ZÑ°ÆúnŠÌŠg„ìX(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö’†Í(tS( " i³ß³çm³†]¢e’^… " Ê³±J†| " ]Ö³‚…]Ö³Ûíj^… "E

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tO(”OT " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè "! ”ORQ(PRQ(

e0+~ÆŠkgz9ÂŠk " ~ZkÅÑb~�Ûâc*� " gŠZÅ+B5éGg "

X" gz7VÆúnƒYNÐZzgŠHgzZVgzBZq-ZÑ°ÆúnƒYñÇ

=Öî(tS( ... (Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö’†Í(Ú_×gÊ±enÄ]ÖÛË–ù˜ " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

D ”PRQ

®ZZ#ÎäÅZq-ZÑ°Ã�À˜e0+~ÆGg{gz9Æ',Z',ƒCìe0+~ÆZq-gz9Æ$+áŠŠg„ìZzgZk~!*ÇÎŠ7ÔÂŠkÆâÃ!*g{gz7VÆún&~ÎŠùƒÇ?Z¤/Zk~ÌÎŠââ

Ât3,ZcyìX]mÔ]Âj†]šÒoiÏ†m†

Z¤/?tZ‹Zn™z��)bM\äÒyGZyßgÂV~ß

Z¤/pŠg„ì1(z{ìZzg(z{»x»™**Nqƒ@*ìÔ®ZZ¤/p(z{»x™äÐz{»xƒÂY@*ì1'w7ƒ@*XZÏ§bZyßgÂV~ßZ¤/pƒYCì1'w7ƒCX





χζ


Z¤/Ãð¿e0+~Ãe0+~c*ÎäÃÎäÆún " ~ì� " @Zt "

mZzgZq-§s¶ƒZzgZk¶Ã7gZ™äÆnZk~ËZ+q»ZŸ†™Š}TÐ¶7g~ƒYñÂßš™Z>ØY,ìÔZzgZ¤/¶7g~:ƒÂtßƒÂˆ1(z{ìÔZzgZ¤/ZkZŸ†”{qÅÃð7:ƒÔ‰�èÅÃð

77ƒCÂZkßg]~ßY,„:ƒÏ;YèZkßg]~ÎŠñ�ŠZka�Îic*ŠCZq-§sg„ÔŠzu~§sZkÆ£«~¼ ìÔ

X" 7Ô®ZZkßg]~ÎŠ0*c*ŠH(Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tO(”OTD " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè "E

z);~ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg "z"d" ZzgŠvÑzq]Zzg " ìZ;k, " Zk¯xÃÇ1Ñ " ™Z>Ø " ZÏ§b',ŒÛZgg3ŠHÔZzgt!*]ÂzZãì�Z#Å©ûEEL

~" Šgg " YñÂZkÐ™Z4ï XGL’*%ZŠƒCìÔÉÃå†Z>äqí

ÆjZáHÔZzg¹:Z#M\Ãt " ìZ;k, " ZkXÃÜ™ÆZkÅ,Ã

X¥xƒ[Â’�]Ò‹3ïEGL¢6~�tgZòì�Zq-ŒÛl)F,ÅÅ™»Zq-ö(Ã08¢ãgz7VÆ$+áœY@*ì;Y,7;YèŒÛlâq~

ic*Š{ƒ@*ìX;V!Z¤/gz7VÆ‚BZq-…»ÌZŸ†™Šc*YñÂtyh+z�Ûz|#Y,ì1(z{ìÔ®ZZoßÍV6,zZZ#ì�z{AŠ+Æz‰Ü





χζ


ziy',Z',™Bc*Qgz7VÆ‚BZâ7zZàq5BÎŒÛl~gz7VÐiZZ+ƒCì@*�™Z>ØÐ$ÃX

D ÖÃf‚]Öv×nÜ " u^Jnè]Ö‚…… "E

Z#ZrVä™Z>ØÐvÃzZZ#ŒÛZgŠh+c*ÂzZZ#»Üs(z{’aƒZZzg(z{’akH{ƒ@*ìÔ®ZßÅtÓxßg'kH{ƒNX

~t¼VÇ�~äM\Æ‚tZkZ0+Zi~Z‹ZnÅ½k,™Š~�Z¤/M\ZK§sÐZ‹Zn™DÂ�áh+ZkÐ4Z‹Zn7

ÅÂ=Ð�Z[%gX - V°! - ™MhÔZzgkZ['!z;[qþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

:M\tCØ�ËqÅ7Ò©3ï EGGG)þaZö(ZzgZ˜b ZZZZzzzzwwww»�ÛtM\Æf‚Ð¹V`ŠH?YèÎäÅâq (Terminology)

»e0+~ÅâqÐFkHiZZ+ƒ**Zq-ûZ%ìÔT~ËÆ�Ûn™ä

c*Hg™Š¶Ã!*ÇŠ47ZknZq-gz9ÆúnZq-ZÑ°ÆAŠ+Æz‰ÜâqÅic*ŠCCÙZq-Æf‚~MYñÏgsâ^Æ;YèZ¤/ZkÅ7Škgz9ìÂtÜsßÍVÅZ˜bÅ¯Y6,ìÔzg:»½&+Z]pŠZq-gz9»Égz9ÆŠÎ,{»Ì7ƒ@*XZ¤/M\ZÝ»Òp





χζ


™,ÂŠk»â^Škgz9Æún&Åßg]~Ìâq~ic*ŠCìÔZzgZ¤/Z˜bÃŠBÂZ˜b»Òp!*ùzœ~6,¢zg~7ÔÉtßv

ÆZZw‹ " ìZ;k, " Zzg " @Zt " Z˜b!*ëÌ™Mh�Ô6�ëM\Ã`X®ZZ#ßÍVäâ^ÃŠkgz9»ŒÛZgŠ}Šc*qÑètZÝ~�áh+Zq-„b»ƒXÂ!*ùzœ~ÃŠk»â^ŠkÐÁc*ic*Š{7~&Ð

ÃyI™YìÔOçZ[ZkXÃÃðWõ7T~ëc™gì�XZy»¯xZkßg]~ìZ#Zq-½ÆúnZÏ½»A V ŠŠŠŠzzzzxxxx

»tw7Š¬ " @Zt " Š+ƒ;YèZÏ~ic*ŠCªCÙƒCìXHM\ä

X" Z#e0+~Æúne0+~c*ÎäÆúnÎ**œÔZzgZq-§s¶ì "�

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tO(”OT " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè " E

Zzg-V7�Ûâc*�ÎäÃe0+~ÐœZzg3,cczsÆZ±gÐZq-

§sâqÁìÂÎ**ZL',Z',ÆÎäÆ',Z',Z#HYñÇic*ŠCªCÙƒYñÏZzgZkz‰Ü=t×™}Ï�z{q�ÁqÆ‚B5ðˆìZkic*ŠCÅlZgÃBìc*7ÔgsQkÆ�âÃe0+~Ægz7VÆúnœ;Yèz{ŠzZò�ÂQic*ŠCùªCÙƒZzgt�ÛqZkZÝ

Æ_.ùƒÏ'?!





χζ


‰þ³þ³çUÒþ³oiþ³Ãþ³†mþ³Ëþ³ÎŠQk ä�Ûâc*: - g9*îGZvm - ~´)[ZZÑ:t " ìZ;k, "

ic*ŠC»**xì�“¨åGLçz£~¬¡åGM+~ÐËZq-ÆaæzoƒZzgúnÐ{àƒX

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tR(”MQM " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

ZzgM\Ã¥xƒÇ�únÐ{àƒ**Zkz‰ÜU*"$ƒÇZ#Ë—

Zzg"—gÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅä »£ZÏÅ½ÐHYñXZg�áŠ�Ûâc*�:X))Z#Šzq,Z½ÅƒVÂ‰eƒ×((X

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(tP(”S " Þ’g]Ö†]mè¢u^#m&]Öã‚]mè "E

t—g-Zv¬\mzÅÅ§sÐZYi]ìÔz„™8ïELÑq�ÔZ7Å§sg�qZzgZ7Æ;VC{ìÔ®Z�Ñ™*-Zv¬\m

zÅÅY,ÅƒðqÃI™}ÂZk»I™**ZÏÅ§sgœHYñÇÔZzgZkÅ!*]CÙ¦/7”Y5X

Tß~Áe0+~c*ÎäÆ‚B5ðƒðqÅ7Ôic*Š{ V ÎÎÎÎxxxxÐ- g¶Zv¬à - e0+~c*ÎäÅlZgÃ:ãÔZk»(z{ƒ**ÜsZâx·





χζ


äX»¸wè4ï XEL4~ƒ - gèZv¬\Å - %z~ìÔqÑèZâxZW¥ô�Ûâðì�Zk~!*Ç™Z>Ø7Ô[ZZÑ:t - Ð!¨åGOxƒ@*ì

Ð²nÅˆ - ¬à g¶Zv - ~ZkXÃf™™Æ�Ûâc*:Zâx· " ìZ;k, "ä

qÑèZâxZW " NhÅ§b¤/ZV " W\SkÃZL4,Šq-÷0*D�?�Ûâc*:~t¥ô " SÏb " ÐZk»(z{ƒ**U*"$7ìÔÉ - gèZv¬\Å -

X Æ4,Šq-Zkßg]~Ãðw`7 - gèZv¬\Å - ñ�Šì�ZâxZWD (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tR(”MSN " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

Zq-X7HYñÇ " ¢40î GEG " ÐfZ! "d" kd$ZÏÆéZkßg]~™Z>Ø:ƒ**ZâxZW " ä�Ûâc*� - g¶Zv - T~Zâx’à

~" ëzò¬K~ " Ô2 " ŠzâV»è<Øì - gèZv¬\¿ - ZzgZâxZ1-Š

ÆjZáÐZâx "”"Å - g¶Zv¬à - !*[ZÉ½¨éEÈîGÐ¼¬Zâxu8göE

Z¤/Zq-gz9ÃZq-gz9ÆúnœZzgZy " »¸wÜì� - g¶Zv¬à -·

~ÐZq-gz9»ziyŠzu}Ðic*Š{ƒÔ2ÁziyzZágz9Æ‚B¼b5ŠØÂtßY,ì1~ZÐ(z{&ƒV;YèZk§bÐ

ƒYNÐZzg**Y,»ñV~ÌZk6,¿ (Habitual) ßvZkÆ¬Š~�ÛâD��Zk~Ãðw` - gèZv¬\Å - Ñzq™Š,ÐÔ²ZâxZW





χζ


7;Yègz9~0*ðYäzZàziyÅic*ŠCÃ¦VÆ£.Þ™Š¶

X" ÐZkßÃŠg„ŒÛZgŠbeì

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(]Öf^h]ÖŠ^#ŒÊ±]ÖÛjË†Î^l(tO(”MQN " ]ÖËj^æp]Öãß‚mè "E

ÐtgzZe$�gzczsìZzg - gèZv¬\Å - ZÒÝZâxZWÆw6,ƒ@* - gèZv¬\Å - tÂƒÃ¥xì�¿Zzg:òåZâxZW

ìÔ1¢zg]Æ'‰›âV»¿ZâxÆwÆÜsƒYñÂ

Æw6,:òŠ}Šc*Y@*ìÔZzgZk!*]Å - gèZv¬àe - ™854èEGEz)ø

ÅÂ[Z]db~Zâ " ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³ÃÃÃÃ³³³³____³³³³^mmmm^]]]]ÖÖÖÖßßßßffffççççmmmmääääÊÊÊÊ±±±±]]]]ÖÖÖÖËËËËjjjj^ææææppppFFFF]]]]ÖÖÖÖ††††••••ççççmmmmääää " ïëä

,ÐÒy™Š~ìT6,ic*ŠCÅRö7X™Z4ï XGLÝ¸ Üs )1( ƒÐgz×zh!*]tì�t™Z>Ø :::: XXXXggggxxxx

ìX™Z>ØÆÇf™ÐŠð�:3ØÇ;Yè�YZÒ™Z>ØÃÇf™™D�ZzgZkÐz{p%ZŠfe��™Z4ï XGLÝ¸Zzg’aŠzâVÃ�áï

û 126 ü

fYÆuŠZgZzgè<Øè�Å’k, ·� !Zg}z{ ..... 1'Zw:·ZzgÂäHY**Ãy·ªOZ°zZ!îGG~Ðì(�ÛâD ~)��Ã " YìL " z3�ÛâäzZá�Ôz{

�:Z#ÅLgz9ZnÆƒVË~Šzäðe0+~ƒÔË~Šzäð|èË~Ûe0+~ÔZy~ÐZq-nÆgz9ÃŠzu~nÆgz9ÆúnÁc*ic*Š{76,

= &~Ãðw`7²AŠ+;ðV;Bƒ;YèZkßg]~Zq-ÅLgz9Å





χζ


û 127 üe0+~ÃŠzu}ÅLgz9Æ|èÔZzg¬Æ|èÃŠzu}gz9Åe0+~ÐŠ =

ŒÛZgŠc*YñÇX;VZ%!ZŠJgŠY,7;YèŠzâV~ziy0*c*Yg;ì��ÎŠìZzgŠzâV (Cause ) ÐZq-A (Causes ) ÅŠz=V (Usury)

Ì�Ô®ZQŠJgwZxìX˜VJ-Zq-„nÆgz7VÃ!*ëÁc* (Money y)ic*Š{76,&»mìÂZk~Z¤/Zq-§sÅe0+~Å^6,¸ìÂt**Y,

ì;Yè¦[»Z±g7XÂÍc*z{{Øe0+~„ì®Z',Z',~„Æ‚BŠY,ƒÇÔZzgZ¤/|èic*Š{ìc*e0+~ZzgZŠzâV',Z',�Â¶�Y,ƒÏZzgZk»§itƒÇ�CÙgz9Åe0+~»£Šzu}gz9Æ|èÐ™,ÐZzgZk~AŠ+»Š„$+„ƒ**¢zg~ì;YèŠzâV§se0+~Ìì |è7�”»°ƒÔ

ÅÂ[ZÉ43ðEGqÅ”~ÜHZzg¹�ZÏ¯6,xYä�Ûâc*� " ëzòfí{ " ZÐøg}iâä~�ÅLgz9°àÆ**xÐgZò�Zy~ÐZq-gz9ÃŠz "

X" gz7VÐŠ„$+„ŠY,ìZ#¶�Y,ìÂ‰Zq-gz9ÃŠzgz9ÆúnŠY, ~HƒV�

ìz,„Îc*DÙZgÆúnŠÌY,ƒÇÔZ[�Ûn<'!Tgz9~Šzäð|è

ìÂw~Zkgz9»7**ìT~MŠSe0+~ìÂZkÅŠzäðZzgZk»MŠJÂw~',Z',ƒVÐÔZzgZy»Zq-gzBZy~ÆŠkDÙZgÃŠ„$+„œZzgt!*]¢zg~ì

ÃÜ½½Æ£.ÞIZc*YñÂe0+~ÆŠkDÙZggz9|è (Species) �½ÆZq-gz9ÆúnœÔNZkÐic*Š{âq~Ãic*ŠCŠg»gì?Zzgt&?çO§

��™s�Ûâgì�Zk~Ãðw`7ÔÂzZZ#ƒZ�Zk~Z¤/Ãð™Z>Ø è<ØƒÂz{™Z4ï XGLÝ¸„ƒÔZzgpŠ™8ïELè<ØÅ¥ôÆËÃ¯xÅHRöì!®ZZÏ6,WYîZzg"—Zv„Å§sÐÂ=ìX





χζ


ƒVÔ2‰Zz‡]Ç™Z>ØÃf™�Ûâ™ZkÐÜs™Z4ï XGLÝ¸%ZŠfe�Zzgt!*]�Y™ZxÆ%Ü]Å}.#Ö~i0+Ï¬™äzZá6,CÙ¦/7æ{7X2fY™Zxä¼Š£â]6,™Z>ØÆZkpÅ¥ô

~!*[Z*Ð¼¬�Ûâc*�Zâx„BŒéz~Æ´z{Šv " gŠZÅ+B5éGg " �ÛâðìÔfYäGzV6,0*îVgppZzgáÆ!*g}~T™Z>Ø»f™�Ûâc*ìZk

%ZŠìZzgic*Š{ )1( Ý¸ è Ð%ZŠ,Yq~#Æ´z{ŠvßgÂV~™Z>Ø™Z4ï XGLhÐ%ZŠz{pƒMh��™Z4ï XGLÝsZzg ŒVZk c*Š{ iÐ

’ŠzâVÃ�áïƒÔZzgZknÅ!*'fYÆ¯x~{]0*ðYC�Ô2(Òj³^h " …#]Ö³³Û³vj³^… "E �Y»(z;‹úi�Ûâ**ÌZk!*[Ðmg‚rìXD =Öî(tO(”PTM ]Ö’¡é(ÎfnØe^h]Öxãn‚(Ú_×gÊ±=â‚]ð$ç]h]ÖÏ†]ðé

úg]ÆnÃ ": wÆn ÅZ¼Y~'ÆZk " ŠgUg "É

t�Ûâc*�t™Z>ØÝsZzg’` " %O[Æn‚Å§sè**(z{ì

D (Òj^h]Ö_ã^…é(ÎçÖäVæÒ„]mÓ†å(tM(”MR " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… "E ŠzâVÃ�áïìX

û 128 ü

tz{¬ìTÅ§s´)�áòŒVâbƒñZzghtì�G6,0*îVgc*Î '1~ZkÅïÅZzg " ]ŸÚ³†e³ûj³†]Ý]Ö³ÛÏê† " (z{’aìÔ6�~äZLg‚!

fYä¥ô " G[�áòpŠZKÂ[ÅZ¼Y~ZkÆ2sƒñ��Ûâc*:X" �Ûâðì�GzV~�*gZ3ƒZk~»wZxì





χζ


ä(z;‹zçY~�Ûâc*: - mZ°9*îG - Zzg)�áòX" Ç™Z>ØÐå’a„%ZŠ7ƒC "

D (Òj^h]Ö_ã^…é(Ú_×gÊ±]¦‰†]ÍÊ±]Öç•çð(tM(”NTN " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

2ZkÐ¬˜V'ät�Ûâc*�(z{8[Å¡ìZzg(z{6,ÔZzgL(z{ (Abominable) »ÂLwZx6,1ÑY@*ìÔL(z{’a

ÆjZá " dZ°Zë "ä- mZ°9*îG - 6,ÔQ' (Unpleasant) Ý¸

»ƒ@*ì:X ((((zzzz{{{{ŠŠŠŠzzzznnnn ÐÜH�Zk!*[~Zq-(z{’a:À˜™Z>ØhÐ¸%ZŠƒ@*ìXŠzuZ(z{

Å " $40î NEG " Ý¸:ZkÆnÌZÒ™Z>ØÃÇ„f™HY@*ìÔ6�

ZkÅ Ñb~ZkÅ¥ôñ�ŠìÔ®ZZ#�YË—Ã(z{�ÛâNÂ~(Evidence of Prohibition) Š?6,Ã™**¢zg~ìÔZ¤/z{Š?4

ƒÂ™Z>Ø’`»¬Š,ÐÔ1t�Zk™Z>Ø’*ÃÃð (Suspected)

ZzgŠ?™Z4ï XGLÝ¸Å§s¢äzZà:ƒÔZzgZ¤/z{Š?4Ô~:ƒÉ

F,u)Yix)˜Æ(»ÃZ+{Š¶zZàƒÂz{™Z>ØÝ¸ìX=Öî(tM( ... (Òj^h]Ö_ã^…é(Ú_×gVÊ±iÃ†mÌ]ÖÛÓ†æåæœÞäÎ‚m_×Ð " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

D ”LTN(MTN(Ú×í’÷





χζ


ÝxÅZâ#Ö "� z){ÆZkw " àk," ~HƒV�áyé»m™Z>ØÅŠzu~nª™Z>ØèÝ¸Ðì;Yè " (z{ì

Ê³±J†| " ]Ö³‚…]Ö³Ûíj³^… "E X ~ZkÆ'�Ûâc*:t™Z>ØÝ¸ì " ŠgUg "

D (Òj^h]Ö’¡é(e^h]¦Ú^Úè(tN(”QQO " ißçm†]¢e’^… "

~�Ûâc*�ZkÆ(z{Ý¸ƒäÅ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg " ²´)�áòä

ZyÆ)ÅZâ#Ö=ic*Š{I " ~�Ûâc*: " „o " zztì�Zâx·ä

ÆjZáÐÜìX " cZ` " Zzg "W"~" dZ°Zë " Ôt!*] "ì

(Òj³^h]Ö’¡é(e^h]¦Ú^Úè(Ú_×gÊ±iÓ†]…]ÖrÛ^ÂèÊ±]ÖÛŠr‚( " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

D( tN(”QQO

z{ tƒYyheÆˆÑixì�Š?ˆlÅYñ@*�zZãƒ�

~" dZ°Zë " ÐÃ™Z>ØìÔ6�Šgc*ñDä ŠzâV™ZRV~

ZÃŠ{�Ûâc*�:XZ+Ñw ëäfY™ZxgÂZvÃŠ¬z{Zk™Z>Ø6,ŠzzzÐ "

™D�ÔZzgQy~ÐÃðÌ™Z>Ø’*»ÃZ+{7ŠîZyÅ.e$Üs:X ~�Ûâc*� " Át "X" ™Z>ØÝsì

ZkÅ™Z>Øc*ÂZkzzÐì�tÎŠÃŠ«™ä»ÒìÔZk "





χζ


Å§bƒY5;YèÒ™Æic*Š{ (Sale on Credit) ßg]~tß‘40îGE

qzßwÅˆÔc*Q™Z>ØZkzzÐì�ßvZkÆ¬Š~ƒYNÐÔÂQX" **Y,(ÌZk6,¿™ä'Ð

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tR(”MSN(NSN " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " â^Úz " ]ÖÃß^mè "E

ÐŠzu~zz)ªßvZkÆ¬Š~ " ZÏb "~" ìZ;k, "

X ƒYNÐZzg**Y,(ÌZk6,¿™ä'Ð(Ü�ÛâðQ�Ûâc*::X XQ�Ûâc*� " ~f™HŠHì "”" ZÏ§b "

Zzg " ‰fY(z{ë�Zka�ZrVäÎŠÐv»ÒH "

�ZÌ¦/g_ìX !*syzzZzw~ZK7g~!*]«™Š~D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tR(”MSN " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

äŠzâVztf™™ÆZÏzzZzw~«™Šc*Ô " Át " Zzg™r#

˜Vt�Ûâc*�™Z>ØÜsZkzzÐì�Z,VäZÐÎŠÅic*ŠCÃ‚>™ä»fg=¯c*X

D (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tR(”NSN " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " â^Úz " ]ÖÃß^mè "E

~Z®gH�z{ÜsZka(z{ì�z{ÎŠÅ " ñt " ZzgZÏ6,ic*ŠCÃ‚>™ä»Òì@*�ÒÆfg)ic*ŠCqÝ™}Oçß‘40îGE





χζ


Å§b(z{ƒZ�z{ÌZÏzzÐ(z{ìXD (Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tR(”MSN " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " ÚÄ " ]ÖÓË^mè "E

ZzgW\Y…��Šzu~zz»qÝÜsZkŠgì�yZ!zYŠÆegÐZkqÃgh}T~yZ!:ƒÂt£Äzgq)$©ð GGW~»£x(ì

ZzgzgqghäÐ™Z>Ø’aÑix7WCZzgpŠ�Ûâc*�z{Zk§sáYñÏ�ZkÆ¬Š~ƒYNÐZzg**Y,(ÌZk6,¿™ä'ÐXZk§bZrVäpŠ¥ô�ÛâŠ~�Y,(~Zk6,¿™**Y,ìZzg

™Z>Ø ZkpsÅzzÐì�ßv**Y,(Zk6,¿™**:Ñzq™Š,X

˜VJ-«zz»mìÂz{Â!*ÇzZãì�ÎŠÃ‚>™ä

»ÒÔÎŠÐ¸u»fg=ìZzgz{I7ÔÉNqÂÎŠ~7,**ìÔZzgäZkÆ¼Š.Òy�Ûâñ�� - gèZve - "—øg}fY°æ LZx

ic*Š{qB1ÎŠ:ƒX2Zâx�Zl‡è{yäÂZLëzò~ZkÆÆÆÆÆ ttttÎÎÎÎŠŠŠŠÐÐÐÐvvvvÆÆÆÆ....VVVV nZq-x`zä�ÛâðZzg�Ûâc*�

~ìX ÒÒÒÒyyyytÒy�Ûâc*�Z¤/ËÆË¿6,Škgz9ŒÛn ªªªªÒÒÒÒ Zk~





χζ


ƒVZzgz{ZkŒÛnÃZq-§æ]J-¸y™ÆŠkÅ(¾{gz9zßw™**ÐÃðqQy (Debtor) eìÂfY�ÛâD��ZÐe’�z{Hzn

ŒÛ2zZáŠkgz7VÆúnyh+™Zkq6,ï™}ÔQ¸qZkHznÃZq-‚wÅæ]Æn¾{gz9~Ö@Š}ÔZk§btwZxÐ$Yñ

-Zv - ÇZzgZÐ¾{gz9ÌqÝƒYNÐÔ2Zk§b»¿Ñ™*(" ]ÖËj^æFp]Öí^Þnè "E ÐÌ%z~ì�ZrVäZ(™ä»¬Šc* - ¬\mzÅ

D Òj^h]ÖfnÄ(e^hÊ±enÄÚ^Ù]Ö†e^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]÷Âà]Ö†e^(tN(”TLP

Zâx�Z1ZÎ " âZiÁ " Zzg " Ü1 " ~Ì " dZ°Zë " ¸Ò

ÆjZáÐñ�ŠìX - g9*îGZvm -

tÒy�Ûâc*�Zq-¿äËŠzu}Ð¼gz9ŒÛn ŠŠŠŠzzzzuuuuZZZZÒÒÒÒ

âfZkîg6,�Š¶zZáÃÎÆOñZq-Îägz9�ÂZeÒtƒÇ

�ŒÛnhezZÑŠ¶zZáÆ‚tÃð‚âygÄ™¾�~äNt‚âyÎgz9ÆúnœŒÛnŠ¶zZÑz{‚âyyh+™ŒÛnhezZáÃZkÅ

7ZŠZ™Š}Zzg‚ây6,ï™}ÔQŒÛnhezZÑ¾t‚ây=Zq-Î

ägz9~Ö@ŠzÔÂŒÛnŠ¶zZÑz{‚âyZÐ�Ûz|#™Š}@*�ZÐÎ

gz9ïYNÔZzg‚âyÌŒÛnhezZáÃzZ:ïYñZzgŒÛnŠ¶





χζ


zZáÆŒÛnhezZá6,Zq-Îägz9ÑixƒYNÔ2ZôoZkßg]~ic*Š{ì�çnð0*YäÆŒÛnhezZÑŠ¶zZáÐ¾�

Q " øg}Šgxy�WƒðZzg�ÑZ_ð0*N~äZ7F,uH "

(Òj³^h]Öfn³Ä(e^hÊ±enÄÚ^Ù " ]Ö³Ëj^æFp]Öí^Þnè " E ‚âyÅyh+z�Ûz|#™,XD ]Ö†e^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]Âà]Ö†e^(tN(”TLP

tZg�áŠ�Ûâc*�Z¤/z{‚âyÌŒÛnŠ¶zZá„»ƒZzgz{ ŠŠŠŠZZZZÒÒÒÒ

Škgz9Š}™Zq-!›40îGOEæ]6,ZkÐ¾{gz9zßw™**eìÂŒÛnŠ¶zZáÃec�z{ÃðqŒÛnhezZáÃ¾{gz9~Ö@Š}Zzgz{qZkÆï~Š}Š}ÔQŒÛnhezZÑz{‚âyËZbÃŠkgz9~Ö@

™z{qZkZbÆï~Šh+}Zzgz{ZbŒÛnŠ¶zZáÃz„qŠkgz9~Ö@Š}ZzgZkÐŠkgz9á™ŒÛnhezZáÃz{Škgz9ZŠZ™Š}ÔZk§bZb6,ŒÛnhezZáÆ�Škgz9ZŠJg¸z{ÌZŠZƒYNÐZzgz{qÌŠkgz9~ŒÛnŠ¶zZáÆ0*kVYñÏZzg

Ð ZkÆ¾{gz9ŒÛnhezZá6,Zq-!›40îGOEæ]J-ÆnŒÛnƒYN(Òj³^h]Öfn³Ä(e³^hÊ±enÄÚ^Ù]Ö†e^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]÷Âà]Ö†e^( " ]ÖËj^æFp]Öí^Þnè "E

D tN(”TLP





χζ


tÒy�Ûâc*�ŒÛnŠ¶zZÑÔhezZáÆ;BÃðqZq- aaaaååååÒÒÒÒ!›40îGOEæ]J-Æn¾{gz9~�Ûz|#™Æz{qZkÆï~Šh+}ZzgŒÛnhezZÑz{qËZbÃÖ@Š}ÔQŒÛnhezZÑZkZbÐß

ZkÆŒÛn - pZ{z{qZbÆï~Š~ƒc*7 - ™Š} (Annul)ZhezZÑŠ¶zZáÃz„qŠkgz9~Ö@™Škgz9ZkÐzßw™}ÔZk§bŒÛnŠ¶zZáÃ¾{ZzghezZáÃŠkgz9qÝƒYNÐZzgOqZÝâ´)ªŒÛnŠ¶zZá(Æ0*kVYñÇÔZ¤/pŒÛnŠ¶

zZáäZKƒðqÅ7zßwƒäÐ¬„ZkÐÁ7~

yh+à1ŒVtY,ì;YèÖ@~Šzu~ßMˆ�ŒÛnhezZáZzgZb

(Òj³^h]ÖfnÄ(e^hÊ±enÄÚ^Ù]Ö†e^(Ê’Ø " ]ÖËj^æFp]Öí^Þnè " E ÆŠgxyƒð¶XD ÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]÷Âà]Ö†e^(tN(”TLP

tÒy�Ûâc*�ŒÛnŠ¶zZÑhezZáÆ;B ZZZZqqqq----ÒÒÒÒ ZzgZk~

Ãð‚âyZŠJgmZzgz{qZkÆï~Šh+}ÔQŒÛnhezZÑZk‚âyÃËŠzu}Æ;B7yh+ÐÁ7ÆúnÖ@Š}ÔQz{ŠzuZ¿ZkŒÛnŠ¶zZáÃz{‚âyZÏ7~mT~Zkäyh+~@*�z{OqZkÃïYñZzgZkÐ7á™ŒÛnhezZáÃŠh+}Â





χζ


ŒÛnhezZáÃŒÛnïYñÇZzgŠ¶zZáÃœqÝƒYñÇX÷}ìw~tz„ÒìT»f™¦/g[Zâx‡è{yä�Ûâc*

äf™ - mZ°9*îG - ì&Zâx· (Sale on Credit) ßßßß‘‘‘‘44440000îîîîGGGGEEEE �ZÏÒ»**x�Ûâc*Ô2xY›�ÛâD��ß‘40îGEøg}!*iZgzV~gZòM`ÀÅçq

ÐgzZe$ì�ZrV - g¶Zv¬\ - Ð4ìÔZzgZâxZ1-Š (Sales)

äß‘40îGEÃY,�Ûâc*ìZzg�Ûâc*�Zk6,NZ[AÇNZ[ÅzztÒy�Ûâð�(Òj³^h]ÖfnÄ(e^hÊ±enÄ " ]Ö³Ëj^æFp]Öí^Þnè " E Zk~wZxªÎŠÐ¸kHìXD Ú^Ù]Ö†e^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]÷Âà]Ö†e^(tN(”TLP

t�Ûâc*�Zq-¿Æ0*kŠk7}e0+~Ægz9 0000****vvvvZZZZVVVVÒÒÒÒ

�Zzgz{teLì�ZyÃ!*g{ÅL (Ten Unmixed Silver Coins)

gz7VÆúnmÂtY,7;YètÎŠìÔQZ¤/z{Ò™**eìÂZÐ

ec�yh+ZgÐ!*g{ÅLgz9�gŒÛnááQŠk7}gz9ZÐ

X ZŠZ™Š}Qz{yh+ZgZÐ!*¹Šzgz9çs™Š}ÂtÒY,ì

(Òj³^h]Öfn³Ä(e³^hÊ³±enÄÚ^Ù]Ö†e^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]Âà " ]Ö³Ëj^æFp]Öí^Þnè " E

D ]Ö†e^(tN(”TLP

tÒy�Ûâc*Z¤/Ë¿6,ŠkÅLgz9Zq-!›4èGOEŠyJ- ÙÙÙÙÒÒÒÒ





χζ


ÆnŒÛn¸Z#z{!›4èGOEŠyMc*ÂŒÛnŠZgâ7}gz9Ñc*Zzg¹�ZyŠkÅLgz7VÆ$+átâ7}gz9áßÔÂtßg]Y,7;YèZk~ÎŠìÔÂZ¤/z{Ò™**eìÂâÅLgz7VÆ$+áâ7}gz9ááZzgZq-gzBçs™Š}ÔZkßg]~ŒÛnŠZgÃZ¤/tZ0+6ƒ�ŒÛnpZ{Zq-gzBçs7™}ÇÂŒÛnpZ{Ãâ7}gz9ZŠZ™}ZzgZq-…c*ÃðZzggKÏqTÅÃð7ƒZk!*¹gz9ÆúnŠh+}

X ÂZ[tßg]ÌY,ƒYñÏZzgz{Z0+6ÌY@*gìÇ

(Òj³^h]Öfn³Ä(e³^hÊ³±enÄÚ^Ù]Ö†e^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]÷Âà " ]Ö³Ëj^æFp]Öí^Þnè " E

D ]Ö†e^(tN(”TLP

Zk„g]Æ¯ZZ+�6,7æ{7g�Ð;YèMÒ{½k,~ëZy»E+™{™,ÐÔZzgøg}nÂ¸Š?»°ì�fY - Zy�áYZv -

äz<îELZzw~ZÐß‘40îGEÐUŠ~Zzg�Ûâc*�z{ÌZÏzz - gÂZv - °æ LZxÐ(z{ìÔ2ß‘40îGEÜs(z{Ý¸ìÔ®ZZÏ§btßg]Ì(z{

" z{ZyÆ4,Šq-NhÐic*Š{¤/ZVì " Ý¸ƒÏXZzgZâx·»tZg�áŠ�N6,.ã~:eZá;

D Êjx]ÖÏ‚m†(Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tR(”MSN E





χζ


YèZrVäZÏ§b»ÉZkÐÌic*Š{JF,¸wß‘40îGEÆ!*g}~~ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg " ìÔ (Unpleasant) �Ûâc*ìÔ²z{ÌÜs(z{Ý¸

ZzgZk~ZâxZ1 " UgZ2zò " ZzgZk~ " ¬K~ " ZzgZk~ "„BŒéz~ "

-ŠÐgzZe$ì�ß‘40îGEY,ìZzgZkÆ™äzZáÃNZ[AÇÔ²

Zâx·ä�Ûâc*�ZkßÅ',Zð÷}4,Šq-NhzVÆ',Z',ì;YèZÐ

äZXŠHìX (Usurers) ÎŠpgzVZzgÑ™*-Zv¬àmzÅä�Ûâc*�:))Z#?�g‘40îGEyh+z

�Ûz|#™zÐZzgEVÅŠxÆúgÐÂf?ƒYîÐZzgvgZŠÔ?6,~�Ûâc*�ß‘40îGE~Ãð™Z>Ø7Ô1t " ìZ;k, " ¸MYñÇ((X

ÜsRz\ìYèZk~ŒÛnŠ¶ÆZi|uÐgz¤/ŠZãìXD (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö’†Í(Ú_×gÊ±enÄ]ÖÃnßè(tS(”RSQ " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

z);äZÏ " Ñ"5Õä EED " Zzg " ŠgUg "Ô" 1ZÖë "Ô" dZ°Zë " ZÐ

~ì�ZâxZ1-Šä�Ûâc*�tß(z{ " ìZ;k, " §b',ŒÛZgg3Ô2

äZÐHZzgZm°p�ÛâðZzg - gèZve - 7;Yè¹Ðô/™ZxZÐÎŠŒÛZg:Šc*X

D (Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNO " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E





χζ


- gèZv¬\e - ÷}ìw~ZâxZ1-Š»t�Ûây�¹Ðô/

(Terminology of Principles of ZßÁ}ÅZ˜b " äZÐH

ì;Yè (Transmitted Hadith) ~ug$%]ÿ M Jurisprudence)

øg}4,Šq-%]ÿ MCÙZkug$Ãë�TÅ�µ:ƒÔZzgZkÅZlx~�Ût™**ZzgZyÆ].Z].Z**x%]ÿ Mz{z!©‹ð Gqz!š}ÿ Eg ö$ÅZ˜bìTÐtC**°Šì�Zk~Xßg'ƒC�Ô²ZyÓx

ßgÂV»¬øg}4,Šq-Zq-„ìZzgz{tì�Z¤/$ªî ILGgZz~Ãðug$ÚÚÚÚ³³³³ßßßßnnnn††††]]]]ÖÖÖÖÃÃÃÃnnnnààààÊÊÊÊ±±±±uuuuÓÓÓÓÜÜÜÜiiiiÏÏÏÏffffnnnnØØØØ " %]ÿ MÑñÂz{=wìÔ6�ëäZKÂ[

z){~ZkÅ¥ô " ›Zb] " ~ZkÅïÒyÅìÔZzg " ]]]]¦¦¦¦eeeeãããã^ÚÚÚÚnnnnàààà

?..... Ð(,|™ÃK$ªî ILGŠg»gì - ¶Zv¬à g- �ÛâðìÔZzgNZâxZ1-Š

ÐQÐ™**ZzgZkÅ°p�Ûâ**U*"$ì - gèZve - ®ZZ#ZÒô/™Zx» - gèZv¬àÅ - ZW ÂZkÐgz¤/ŠZã7ÅY$Ë;Yèøg}Zâx

ÅÇìZzg"—gÎwZv-Zv¬\ - gèZv¬\e - è<Øô!îE0™ZxmzÅä…ZyÅcz~»¬Šc*ìÔ˜VJ-Zkug$»mì�:X

ZÕ(( ..... ))Z#?�g‘40îGEyh+z�Ûz|#™zÐZÐZâxZ£zZ1ŠZîŠz%æEMEOZizZ1xz�ä**«ÐÔZrVä†Zv0/

ÐgzZe$HX - gèZv¬\¿ -





χζ


(e^hyÊ±w]Ößã±Âà]ÖÃnßè(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VNRPO( é (Òj^h]¦q^… " ‰ßàœe±#]æ# "E

Ö³³×fnã³³Ï³³±(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^hÚ³^æ…#Ê³± " ]ÖŠ³ß³à]Ö³Óf³†Fp " tO(”TSO!

Ö³§Ú^ÝœuÛ‚eà " ]ÖÛŠß‚ " =Ö³î(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VOLSLM(tQ(”SMQ! ... Ò†]ânè

D ußfØ(ÚŠß‚Âf‚]Ö×#äeàÂÛ†eà]Öí_^h(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VPRQQ(tN(”PTO

ZâxZ0vä�Ûâc*:ZkÅ�®ìÔZzgZâxZ£ÆŒVZkÅZq-�Zzgì��Zk�Ð4ìX

(u†Í]ÖãÛˆé(…ÎÜVPMQ(tM(”OLPD " ]Ör^ÚÄ]Ö’Çn† " J†| " Ên˜]ÖÏ‚m† "E

ZzgZ1ŠZîŠÅ�~†Z°Ý:æENZ‚ãZGt0Z¦Z»g~�XZ0Z!q?ä¹:z{ic*Š{�g7ÔZzgZ1q?ä¹:�ZyÐ»x:g3YñÔZzgfIä¹z{LLY,Z$g$óó�X

(i†qÛèVUTT(=‰v^Ñeàœ‰n‚(u†Í]¢ÖÌÚà]‰Ûä=‰v^Ñ( " Únˆ]á]ŸÂj‚]Ù "E

(i³†q³ÛèVNMTLM(œe³çÂf‚]Ö†uÛà]Öí†]‰^Þo( " Únˆ]á]ŸÂj‚]Ù "! tM(”ULN(

tP(”OLQD

Q±543ð EGGVÆÒy~Z7Šz!*g{f™HZzgZkug$ÃZyÅZqŠg$è”G{~ÑgHX

(i†qÛèVNMTLM(œeçÂf‚]Ö†uÛà]Öí†]‰^Þo(tP(”OLQD " Únˆ]á]ŸÂj‚]Ù ")





χζ


~�Ûâc*�Zy~üìX " ½d$ " Zzg( (u†Í]¢ÖÌ(Úà]‰Ûä=‰v^Ñ(i†qÛèVLSO(tM(”NP " iÏ†mg]Öjã„mg ")

!*ótug$Šg<îE0ŒÐn7ìÔZzg"—Zâx±ïä

~ZkÆŒƒä»E+™{�Ûâc*ìÔZzgtug$¹Ï�zV " YìR "

~Zq-zäÅZzgZyÅ‘Ò54èGG "ò" ÐMðìXÆn�äZKÒyXX (Causes)

(u³†Í]Öã³Ûˆé(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VPMQ(tM( " ]Ö³r^ÚÄ]Ö’Çn† " J†| " Ên³˜]ÖÏ‚m† "E

D ”OLP

g¶Zv - Æ¯xÐªCÙƒ@*ì�Zâx· " ìZ;k, " ÷}ìw~

äZkug$ÃuIZc*ìÔÂZkßg]~Âtug$¢zg9ì; - ¬\

™}Âz{Z+Ñw (Reasoning) Yè$Z#Ëug$ÐZ+Ñw~" ìZ;k, " Qkug$Å¡»¬ƒ@*ìÔ6�[ZZÑ:tä

ZzgZyÆ´z{Šv�YäŠzu~Ã~Zk‡ây»f™�Ûâc*ìX(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(Ê³’ØÊ±Ú^m‚ìØÊ±]ÖfnÄifÃ÷(Ú_×gV]ÖÛrjã‚=ƒ] " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

D =Öî(tS(”OT ... ]‰j‚Ùùev‚m&

¾qwZkug$~ß‘40îGEÅ˜Æ6,ÃðŠ?7ÔHZkÆ





χζ


‚Bug$ÆtZÖp7ŠÙ�:X))Z#?EVÅ™xñz((

(e^hyÊ±w]Ößã±Âà]ÖÃnßè(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VNRPO( é (Òj^h]¦q^… " ‰ßàœe±#]æ# "E

D tO(”TSO

~ZkÅt‚�ÛâðZzg " ìZ;k, " ªkZzgigZ®)~7,zÔ6�

�Ûâc*;Yèz{Zkz‰Ü˜ŠghŠ,ÐZzgZyÅË**%Š~Å¬Š~ƒY5XD (Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNO " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

~ZyZÖpÆ‚BMðì�:X " Z1ŠZîŠ " ÉtgzZe$

))Z#?EVÅ™~ñzZzg»“»g~~7,YîZzg˜ŠghŠz(((Òj^h]¦q^…é(e^hyÊ±w]Ößã±Âà]ÖÃnßè(…ÎÜVNRPO(tO( " ‰ßàœe±#]æ# "E

D Ú×jÏ_÷ ”TSO

Zzgt!*]ÂƒÃ¥xì�k!*h~™**I7ÔÉ/gfYÆ¹�:X 4,Šq-˜ŠÆˆƒ§VÐZaìÔZzg‰ä

Ô6� " ˜ŠÆˆˆg]ÔQigZ®)ÔQ:æ LÄZaì "

~Zkug$Ðß‘40îGEÅè#Ö6, " Át " ~ìÔZknZ# " z;.ç EGE™Šg~ "

Š?ÑñÂ´)Ä~Z,~ä�Ûâc*�~HƒV:Z¤/tŠ?9ƒYñÂ





χζ


X igZ®)ÌèñxƒYñÏ

D (Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(tR(”PNO " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " â^Úz " u^JnèœÊß‚° "E

z);~ß‘40îGEÆ(z{ƒäÅ " ŠgUg "z"�"z" @Zt " Zzg~" @Zt " tŠ?èÃgì�Zk~ŒÛnŠ¶Æ(|uÐgz¤/ŠZãìÔ

X" (|uÐgz¤/ŠZãì kèñxÅcz~™Æ " ZÚic*Š{�Ûâc*�:(Òj³^h]Ö³Ó³Ë^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tO( " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè "E

(Òj³^h]Ö³Ó³Ë^Öè(Ê’Ø(tQ( " Ò³ß³ˆ]Ö³‚Î^ñÐ " Ê³±J†| " ifnn³à]Ö³vÏ^ñÐ " ”PU!

(Òj³^h]Ö³ÓË^Öè(ÎçÖäEÒËn×äefnÄ " i³ßçm†]¢e’^… " Ê±J†| " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… " ”PQ!

]ÖÃnßèDtS(”QQRD

ZzgN¥xì�(|uÐgz¤/ŠZã™**™Z>Ø’a»:L

~�Ûâc*�Zk~Ãðw`7;Yèy»Zq-zÂ "k, ìZ; " 7ÔZÏn

z°{Æ£.ÞƒŠHZzgMŠò6,åŒÛnŠbzZZ#7ÔÉz{Zq-(»xìXD (Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNO " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

~�Ûâc*�ŒÛnŠ¶Ðgz¤/ŠZã™**(z{7ÔZÏ§b " Át " ZzgÐg]~œÅÑÌ(z{7Ôzg:œ6,yh+z�Ûz|#™**Ì(z{ƒ@*X

(Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”ONOD " ]ÖÃß^mè "E





χζ


~HƒV�g]ÂZLg[ÆaÃl™ä„»**xìÔZzgyh+Dz‰Ü7~¶™Z**]4ïEOGìX

ä�Ûâc*�:X - -Zv¬\mzÅ - 2"—gÎwZv))Ë3ä~:**ñg~ìZzg:„NZ[((

Ö³×³_f³†]Þ³±(ÚŠ³ß‚uŠàeàÂ×±(…ÎÜVNOSN(tO(”OT! " ]Ö³Û³Ã³rÜ]ÖÓfn† "E

=Öî(…ÎÜVSMNN( ... (œu³Û‚eà›â†eàÂf‚]Ö†uÛFà " i³^…mîeÇ‚]#œæÚ‚mßè]ÖŠù¡Ý "

tP(”POPD

~ZâxŒ "Í" tug$Zôƒ]4è NEEäZâx@ZzgdZãäZKZzg¿äñÑZ™xZv¬\z�6:ê XXZÆZxÐgzZe$ÅÔ®Zß‘40îGEic*Š{Ð

9 zg: ic*Š{(z{Ý¸ƒ$ËìÔZzgZk~Z•ðŠgzÜs™Z>ØÝ¸ì

äß‘40îGEÅÔZzg - gèZv¬\e - ug$ÐÂ¸!*]U*"$ì�ô/™ZxZkßÅ°pÌ�ÛâðX

Æë) - g9+:)é XZv¬\ - Zzg´)†Z>ä��´)Ñ"5Õä EEàÅgzZe$¼Zk - g¶Zv¬\ - ~–�ZâxZ1-Š " Šgg " qí ÔZrV �

ß‘40îGEY,ZzgNZ[»»xì;YèZk~wZxÐ¸kH " §bÐì�

Zv¬à gçZy - ìZzgwZxÐ¸u»Ò™**ïìZzg{]ô!îE0™Zx





χζ


X" äZÐHZzgZkÅ°pÌ�Ûâð - :Z�ÖÃf‚]Öv×nÜD " u^Jnè]Ö‚…… "E

wZxÐ¸u " ZyÅ„g]Æ§¯¯xÐt!*]ªCÙƒCì�

zZv - „»¯xì - g¶Zv¬\ - t]ÌZâxZ1-Š " »Ò™**ïì

ìX µ`×oUÖnØ Zzgtßg]èÃg{Æ(z{’a:ƒäÅ - ¬\ZDUæ‰þ³†pUÖþ³nþ³Ø

/gfY™Zxä¥ô�Ûâðì�Z#Šgc*½~ÐÃðZq-

q:0*ðYñÂic*ŠC'wƒCìÔZzgt!*]GªCÙì�ZÑ°Zzge0+~»gzBc*ZÑ°Zzg…Zq-½7®ZZkßg]~ic*ŠC»'wƒ**!*Ç

?..... Y,ìÔ™Z>Ø’a—OÐWñÏ

ÚÏ‚]…Ún6ÒÛoenhoÒo2^…‘ç…in6an6]æ…qß‹Úíj×Ìaçiç2^…æ7q^ñân6Æ_.ic*ŠCÅegßg'�X ï

)1(TqÅâqic*Š{ƒZÏÅlZgÌic*Š{ƒX)2(ZkqÅlZgÂÁƒ1âqZ[Ìic*Š{ƒÉFkHic*Š{ƒÔ‰ZÑ°Åâqgz9Æ£«~X





χζ


)3(ZkqÅlZgZâÁƒ�QkÅâqÌQkÆ£.ÞqÐÁ

ƒYñX)4(ZkÅlZgZkuJ-Áƒ�ŠzâVâq~',Z',ƒYNX

ÂÓxfYä ½ZƒäÅßg]~¶�ÆY,ƒä

7(Limited) Å¥ô�ÛâðìZzgZk�ZiÃË{mßg]Æ‚BÈ

�Ûâc*ÔOçt�ZiegzVßgÂVÃ�áïƒÇÔZ¤/z;V™Z>Ø’aƒCÂegzVßgÂV~ÜsZq-ªa¶ßg]'wƒCÔQŒVZq-ßg]ZzgÌìz{t�ŠzòZ#lZg~',Z',ƒVZzgZyÅâqÌ',Z',ƒÂÌfYä¶�Æ'wƒä»¬Zg�áŠ�Ûâc*ìZzgz{Zkßg]~âqÅ

¶�ÃÑix™@*ìÔ®ZZkß‘40îGE»'wƒ**zZZ#ƒZXiþ³nþ³Šþ³†pUÖþ³nþ³Ø

Ñ™*-Zv¬àmzÅ»Zg�áŠì�:X))Z#½ZƒÂ‰eƒyh+z�Ûz|#™z((

D (Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(tP(”S " ]Öã‚]mè " ¢u^#m& " Þ’g]Ö†]mè "E

?..... ŒÛZgŠ}Ç (Abominable) ÂÃyì�Zkßg]ÃkH{Zzg(z{’aqÑèÑ™*-Zv¬\mzÅZkÅZYi]«�Ûâ`X





χζ


2þ³çiþ³ãþ³oUÖþ³nþ³ØÆjZáÐÒy™`�� " ëzò‡è{y " z{„g]ì�ë

gz9ÆúnZq-…Šh+}ÂtY,ìZzgZkÐZâyqÝƒYñÏÂ

kH{ÆÃZâyì?µþ³^Þþ³3þ³çmþ³6UÖþ³nþ³Ø

}ZÑ°Zzge0+~Ægz9c*bZzgZÑ°~¶�71âqÅ

ÂZ¤/ZkÐ™Z4ï XGL’aÑixƒCZk¯6,�ŠzâV¬¡åGM+~ÐZq-äz{0*c*�âqZzgœ~iZZ+ìÂQkÃSk6,ic*ŠCg„ÂzZZ#ƒÇ�7}Zzg

ƒÔ²7}Å (Disagreeable) ÅL»ziy~',Z',ƒ**Ì(z{’a7ÅLÐZâic*Š{ƒT~ßvZq-Šzu}ÐË:3NÔ‰

7}ÅâqÅLÐŠztc*FkHic*Š{ƒ;Yè™Z>Ø’a»z{:L

ŒVÌG0*c*Yg;ìZzgË—»¬ZL:LÐ].Z7ƒ@*;YèÑ»!Š=çX‡äÅLZzg7}Æziy~',Z',~»¬Šc*ìÔZÏ§bÐz{q�

Æ:Lâq~(,|YñŒVJ-�ZkÆë (Desining) Å»g~ziy*.çFGOc*gz7VÐFkHic*Š{ƒYñÂQk~ziyÅ',Z',~ZÏ™Z>Ø’a»:LƒÇ�?äŒÛZgŠ~ìÔqÑèziy~',Z',ƒ**ÑƒzZZ#ìÔ





χζ


®ZZkßg]~t!*]‚tMñÏ�ÑqäkH{ÃzZZ#HqÑè(z{z)øÅ¥ôÆ_. " ŠgUg "z" dZ°Zë " ’aNqìZzgZk»™**

ƒY@*ìÔZzg" " kH{L{ " ì1ZkÅ¬Š]eZ%Ð " kH{R{ " Z¤/p—ÑqkH{»¬Š¶ZzgkH{ÆZg‚[ÃzZZ#ŒÛZgŠ¶Ð—z!*ÑìÔgs(z{Ý¸Æ;Yèz{Ibƒ@*ìZzg‡kH{7ÔÉ‰Zz‡]

pUZkÆ�ZiÃªCÙ™äÆnZÐ™D - :Z}>zZ?x - ZmCY™ZxÆ!*g}~‘‰g‚!~(ŸhÕä FL "§" Ì�ÔZzgS4‘Õä O)©~»Šx

IZŠc*ÔZzg " kH{L{ " ZzgZk6,ZÜZgÃ " kH{R{ " ÂZrVä(z{ÝÃqqqqÛÛÛÛØØØØÚÚÚÚrrrr××××nnnnèèèè " t!*ÇzZãtìÔZzgZk»Í~äZLZq-xg‚!

ìX ~,ÐÒy™Šc* " œœœœááááùùùù]]]]ÖÖÖÖÛÛÛÛÓÓÓÓ††††ææææååååiiiißßßßˆmmmmãããã^÷÷÷÷ÖÖÖÖnnnn‹‹‹‹eeeeÛÛÛÛÃÃÃÃ’’’’nnnnèèèè

Zzgt±g7™**�½Zq-ƒäÅßg]~ÑqäâqÆ

Z±gÃ‚>™Šc*ìZ7¼œ:Š}Ç;YèÂZÝcì�Z¤/ÑqÅÃ~âqÅic*ŠCkH{»!*)¶ÂZk»Z±gYV‚>�ÛâŠc*ÔqÑèZk~pŠ°ŠÑqÃ!*ë™**ÑixW@*ì?Zzg°ŠHì'!?¸**�ßÍV»âwXc*YñÔZzgâw»ŠZgzæZgâq„6,ƒ@*ìÔ®Zâq»Z±g‚>™ä

ÐÎŠpgzVÃZyÆ°›Ã‡J-à**ÑixMñÇ;YèZyÅ¾nÂÜs





χζ


âq„Ð0ìZ#Z7ic*Š{âqqÝƒÂz{ZK%ZŠÃãÔZzgziyÅ¶�ÐZ7ÃðŠp7ƒCÔ®ZªCÙƒŠH�Ñqâq~

ic*ŠCÅ§sZ¹Ã7�ÛâCÂte„7�ÑqâqÅic*ŠCÃ(z{’aŒÛZgŠ}ZzgÂøgZ°ŠìX

2þ³ã9þ³oUÖþ³nþ³ØÓxáy!*Ñ·tZk¥ôÐ_m,��Zq-bÃŠz¦VÆún

~�Ûâc*�ZyÅ%ZŠ{m7�Zq-bÃŠz " dZ°Zë " ŠY,ìÔ2¦VÆúnÔÉ¶�'wƒä»Òy°ŠìÔŒVJ-�Z¤/Zq-…

- gèZv¬\¿ - Î¥¦VÆúnÌœYñÂZâxZWZzgZâxZ1-Š

(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö³†e³^(Î³çÖäEæ]ÖË×‹ " ]Öf³v†]Ö†]ñÐ "E Æ4,Šq-'wìXD! e^ÖË×ŠnàeªÂn^ÞãÛ^DtR(”UMN(

Zzg»âq~¶�ÆY,ƒä6,ZkÐ(,~ZzgÃŠ?ä¥ô�Ûâð - gÂZv¬à - Zzg;V'!fY™Zx ! æ]Ö³v³Û³‚² ! Šg»gì

L'wZzg(z{Ý¸ŠzâV¦ƒYD�X ì�





χζ


‰þ³îþ³çmþ³6UÖþ³nþ³ØèÃg{ß‘40îGE�TÅãCŠ„âq~¶�6,ìZk~t{7�

~" ëzò‡è{y " Škgz7VÆún!*g{c*¾{gz9zßw™,Ô6�

~ìÔÉZkß~ŠzegkHqzßw " ìZ;k, " ìÔc*Gg{gz9Ô6�

~ì�ß‘40îGEÅZq-ßg]t " ìZ;k, " ™äÅßg]ÌÒyÅˆì

Ìì�Ãð¿Ô}ih+ZC!5é MGqŒÛnpZ{–Æ;BZq-$åO]!›40îGOEJ-Æ

nŠzDÙZgÆúnmÔQËŠgxã¿}/ÃŒÛnpZ{–Å§sÇZzgz{SkŒÛnpZ{ÐZLnSk!5é MGqÃZq-DÙZggz9×Æúnyh+™ï

™áZzgtŠgxã¿ª/¬¿ih+Ãt!5é MGqZq-DÙZgÆúnÖ@Š}Qt/ZL!*ù)ŒÛnpZ{(–»y��DÙZggz9×�)¬!*ù(ih+Æf)6,eZwŠ}Âtih+)ª!*ù(DÙZggz9/Å§sÐ–)ŒÛnpZ{(ÃŠh+}ÔZzgæ]!›40îGOE7g~ƒä6,ŠzDÙZgZkÐzßw™}X

(Òj³^h]Ö³Ó³Ë³^Öè(Îfn³ØÊ³’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR( " ]Öã‚]mè " Ê³±J†| " Êj³x]Ö³Ï‚m† "E

”PNOD

ÂZ#ŠkHo«Y,ƒZÂFkHÌY,ìX÷}ìw~ZkŠgxã¿»ƒ**¢zg~7ÔÉtÌƒYì�ŒÛnpZ{ÃDÙZggz9zZàq





χζ


ŠzDÙZgÆúnmZzgŒÛnpZ{ZÐ!*iZg~DÙZggz9~Ö@Š}Ô@*�z{!5é MGqŒÛnŠ¶zZáÅ§s:ßL;Yè&+Z]pŠz„OqßUÅßg]

Æ4,Šq-(z{’aìÔZ¤/pZk~¯xÅRöì " ìZ;k, " ™r#

YèZKƒðqÃ7�Ûz|#ÐÁ~yh+**!*Ñ)qY,ìÔ²ŠZ¿á‰ìÔZzgfYäZKƒðqÃ7�Ûz|#ÐÁ~yh+äÅ

ßg]ÃkH{ŒÛZg7Šc*ÔZâx�Zl‡è{yÆjZáÐt!*]Zz6,¦/g_ìÔ˜VZrVäwZxÐ¸uÆ.Òy�Ûâñ�ZzgZ¤/kH{!*¹

wZxÐv ÆjZÙ~ " Šgg " gìÂÒ¹V7gZƒZXï‘ÕäO)†Z>ä

�Ûâc*�ªCÙtì�Zk~™Z>ØÝ¸ìÔeìŠc*ŠH!5é MGq Æ.V~$›40î EGEŠ¶zZáÅ§sßLÔc*Zk»¼zßLÔc*!*Ç:ßLX

ÖÃf‚]Öv×nÜD " u^Jnè]Ö‚…… "E

T:þ³ãþ³çmþ³6UÖþ³nþ³ØzàZ¤/d»âwpŠyh+**c*ZCâwZkÆ;BŠeìÂZkÆ�ZiÆnfY™ZxätÑo�Ûâðì�Zkyh+z�Ûz|#~dÃœƒÔZzgZkœ

Ô6� ÅlZg)®!YGZŠ~ŠzkHZzg®!~el,|kHHg�Ûâðì





χζ


~ìX " ëz~¬K~ " Zzg " ëzò‡è{y "

=Öî( ... (Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(]Öf^h]ÖŠêÄÂx†Ê±enÄ]¢hæ]Öç‘± " ]Ö³Ëj^æp]Öãß‚mè "E

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(Ê’ØÊ±enÄ]Öç‘o " ]ÖËj^æp]Öí^Þnè " tO(”QSM(RSMÚ×í’÷!

æJ†]ñä(tN(”OMP(Ú×í’÷D

ZzgZ¤/zàd»âwËŠzu}ÃŠeìZzg**!*ÚÃZkÅ7Å

¢zg]:ƒZzg:ñ§_6,ÃðZ(Š+)ŒÛn(ƒ�ZÐm%ZŠZ:HYnfY™ZxädÆâwÃŠt ,ƒäÆa ZkßÆY ÇÔÂZkßg]~

ÆjZáÐÜì� " ”u8göE

"~" yt " 76,ŠÑoŒÛZgŠc*ìXX ZÏ6,:~ì

(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(]Öf³^h]ÖŠêÄÂx†Ê±enÄ]¢hæ]Öç‘±(tO( " ]Ö³Ëj^æp]Öãß‚mè "E

®ZâqÅZk¶�»¬pŠÑ»!Š=çX‡Å§sÐìX ”RSMD

Þþ³çmþ³6UÖþ³nþ³Øz){‡&ÿELZOŠµ3ï NGNEÆjZáÐ¦/gZ� " ìZ;k, " z{wì�

Z¤/»½»Zq-•ZZq-DÙZggz9ÆúnmÂtyh+z�Ûz|#Y,ìÔZzg!*Ç "

X" (z{7ì

(Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNOD " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E





χζ


U‰þ³çmþ³6UÖþ³nþ³ØZ¤/Ãð**mð " ÆjZáÐì� " fí{ " Æ!*[Z°!*~ " gŠZÅ+B5éGg "

Ã[VZNŠh+}ZzggzKðh~ðh~™Æ¢8eìÂoƒtì�

Zzge¸c* " [VzZÑ**mðÆ;BZù_c*e¸DÙZgð[VÅgzKÆúnmZù_**mðÆjZáÌ™Š}ÂZ[**mð6,DÙZgð[VÅgzKf)6,Ñix

ƒZzg**mðZù_ÃDÙZgð[VÆ$+á[VzZáÆ;BÖ@Š}X(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†e^(tS(”TOPD " …#]ÖÛvj^… "E

!ZzgZk§bÆ" ..... >¹Ve¸Zzg¹VDÙZgð[VÅgzKÑgÂ],ëÒy™**Ñzq™Š,ÂZq©:™ÃÐÔZzgt�ë”Š?Ð

T"� ŠÎ,Š?J-QF,MñZkÅzztì�z{�fY™Zxä�Ûâc*åÂt!*]ZyÆ¯x~ " Y+$ziyÅ¶ìZk~ÃðZzgq5Š~Yñ

ÇìÔpZ{z{qyƒc*!5é MGqZzgZñZwg!*Ðƒc*7ÔÜ1t�ŠZzgy

~âqÅic*Š{Ðic*Š{¶�Y,ìÂtZkXÆïÅZ•YìXÆ¯x»mìÂ~Zk»ª�Z[tŠzVÇX ÃÃÃÃåååå††††ZZZZ>>>> ˜VJ-

µ`¡qç]h”ÁZôoÆnËq»z�[°$©pî EEZk»z�[7ÔZzg"—





χζ


ÆpsÐZ+qÃgh**T~yZ!:ƒZôo (Incorrectness) YŠ„ìZzgtZÏ§bqÝƒÏ‰ZrVä�Ûâc*Ô®Ztz�[ZôoÆzZ‚]ÐƒZ;YèË—ÆazZZ#z„ƒ@*ìTÆ%z{—

qÝ:ƒnXUæ‰†]qç]h

»tw� " ŠgUg " ZÒ•ç Ns~ïÃÌzZZ#ë�ÔZzgÌZÏ¼Ðì;Yèt§i " úiÏÆrì~Ãðw`7 "

›âV~xÐ`Mg;ìÔ®ZQyÅcz~zZZ#ƒðX(Òj^h]Ö’¡é(e^h]ÖÃn‚mà(tO(”QSD " ißçm†]¢e’^… " Ê±J†| " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… "E

Zzg‘ÕäO)�áòäŠzu~(ZmtnÒy�Ûâð�•ç Ns~të�~ " ZŠ[ZØè " ÅÂ[ " ìZ;k, "2 " ¾Zhí6,zZZ#ì "�

ÆnZâx " ‡è»i{6,q¢ƒZzgFgÅÈŠ]ÃYñ " ÆZkw: " @Zt "

gèZv¬\ - Åtug$|]Z1Z-[Z»g~ " ZŠ[Z)Š " gg~ÅÂ[Ðf™�Ûâð�~ägÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅÃ�ÛâDƒñ‹ -Å

�))"—›yÆ›y6,b£tzZZ#�Z¤/Zy~ÐÃðq

gh}ÂZL¸ð»Zq-hgh}Ç�QkÆaSk6,zZZ#å)1(z‰Ü





χζ


5‡]ZÐsx™})2(z{Šú]™}ÂtZÐJw™}c*z{ZÐåg}Â¾ÂtZkÆ " ]Ö³vÛ‚² " Zk»�Z[Š})3(Z#ZÐ¥MñZzgz{

¾)4(Fg7,}ÂZkÅÈŠ]ÃYñ)5(ZkÅ " m†uÛÔ]² " �Z[~ñ]6,q¢ƒ)6(Z¤/z{ZkÐÃeìÂZÐÃ™}((Q[

™r#ä�Ûâc*�Zkug$~z�[ÃZ,p6,úwHYñÇ�z�[ÆpÐ¬xƒ;Yèug$ÆªCÙ~pÂt��5‡]ÅZ’ZY~sx™**zZZ#ƒÔZzgúi»i{�ÛÐƒÔ1ug$Å%ZŠtì�t£t›y6,U*"$�ÔpZ{ïƒVc*zZZ#þX

]ÖÛÃrÜ "! (Òj^hœ#h]ÖÏ^•±(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Övf‹(tR(”OSO " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† "E

Ö×_f†]Þ±(ÚŠß‚œe±œmçh]¢Þ’^…°(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VRSLP(tP(”LTMD " ]ÖÓfn†

2‘ÕäO)†Z>Å„g]~z�[Ætp)ïƒ**(¢8

øg}‡ì™Š{ŠÑbÆ:L¢zg~�ZzgZ¤/M\ZÐªCÙ6,„úwâ3ÂÍB�t‘Õä O)†Z>g¶ZvÅZKZq-™ìT6,ZrVäÃð{�

77ÅZzgZyÅûÑq~u7Ô (Referenced Evidence)

Sî²ZyÆñBÆÜsŠÑb‡ìƒ`ƒVX





χζ


iþ³nþ³Šþ³†]qþ³ç]eþ³Z¤/ZyÅ„g]ÃZkp6,úw:HYñÂZï¯xpŠZLÑ»

oƒÇ;YèZrVäZk¯xÆZq-zgtˆ�¢6»Zq-zZ§Òy�Ûâc*ì�6,Zäe0+~Ægz9X~Å^ƒZzge0+~¸ƒÔZ767}gz7VÐ$+s�ÔZzgZy6gz7VÆªÆˆ6,Zä

gz7VÐAŠ+™**I™Šc*Y@*ìÔZzgZy6,Zägz7V»ÅN*6ZkŠgë�ÔSy6,ZäÆZq-Îägz7V " ŒÛl " ì�Zq-(,ZgzògzB&

Æ',Z',ƒ@*ìÔZzgZq-ZÑ°ŠzÎe:gz7VÆ',Z',ƒCìÔZ#6Å7Zy6gz7VÐRôgz9g{YCì " ŒÛl " gz9^YD�Â

ZzgZÑ°Zq-ÎäÅÔÂßÍV»z{AŠ+�6,Zägz7VÆiâä~ƒZågÂZv~Ðøg}ZŒ "è" Qk~(,Z×Z7,Y@*ìXÂfYøzM

uŠZgzVät:òŠc*�äðš+Q@*gŠ,)ªZq-äðŠ+!-<é LEX™Æ!*¹

Š+ZŠZ™,(ÂZq-Îä6,Zägz7VÆŒÛnÅ(æ-yŒÛnpZ{Ã6Šh+}ZzgŠzÎe:6,Zägz7VÆúnZq-ZÑ°c* " ŒÛl " Rôgz9c*Zq-

ZŠZ™Š}Ô®ZSÏ:ò6,¿ƒ@*g;X " ŒÛl " ŠzŒVJ-�øg}Z*f%jxZÄ0ÄZ−+Æè:~Š¶»z‰Ü





χζ


~6,Zägz7VÅ (Contract Time) Mc*ÂZrVät:òŠc*�iâU-�7¶Qâ7ÅZÑ5VŠ~YNÔ}CÙŠzÎe:gz9Æ$+á

ŠbY,ŒÛZg:Šc*ÔZzg¥ô�Ûâð� " ŒÛl " Zq-ZÑ°Š~YñZzg*gzBc*

ÖÃf‚]Öv×nÜD " u^Jnè]Ö‚…… " E ZŒX~c*Â8©3ªî GGGGSÎŠìc*Zk»µìX�:òŠc*z{Ì ¬ä- gÂZv - Q‘ÕäO)†Z>ä¹�fY™Zx

9ìZzgZk~ic*Š{M‚ãÌìZzgZŠZñš+ÆŠZ],}~zÝ

ÌÔZzgZkÆ9ƒäÅzztì�6,Zägz7V»ªË (Capacity)

Æ%!*ÇZÑ°ZzgŒÛlÅ§båÔ®ZU*"$ƒZ� (Difference) �Ûtæ-y6,š+ÌZÏ,ÐI}ÇÔZzgš+»qÝtƒÇ�ZâlZg»âwÑixìÔpZ{ËÌâqÐƒÔ6,Zägz9ƒVc*ZÑ°c*QŒÛlÔ6�fY

äZjVÆª~',Z',ƒäÅßg]~Zk¬Å - gÂZv - ™Zx¥ô�Ûâðì�Z#6,Zägz7V»ªÈ™Šc*ŠHZzg6gz9½ÑZzgŒÛlzZÑ°ÅâqÁƒ6�Zz6,ÒyƒðÔÂš+ÌZÚ„ZF,YñÇÔZzgZk:~~ZŠZñŒÛnÆŠZ],}~zÝZzg7g~M‚ãì;Yè

ÐZŠZ5ŒÛn6,Šg]gÇÇQÏÐŒÛnZŠZ (Species) ŒÛnŠZgTâq™Š}ÇÔgsŠzu}:òÆ;YèƒYì�ŒÛnŠZgÆ0*kZÑ°





χζ


:ƒÔZzg:QÐQƒZzgtÌƒYì�ŒÛnZÑ°Åâq (Gold Coin)

ÐÁƒÔ®ZZŠZ5!ŒÛn~ŠØZg~ƒÏÔqÑè�yiâU-~gZò¸z{6,Zägz9Æ´z{$+2ggZò�:Zy»ª]Zzg:„ÈƒZÔ1t¢zgƒZ�6gz7VÆ:LZyÅâqÁƒÔ®Zæ-y)ŒÛ¡Zg(ÃYð6gH

?®ZªCÙƒZ�ª:ò9 ..... YñÇ�{mZÑ°„ÐZCš+ZŠZ™}ZzgM‚yìZzgZk~ÃðŠØZg~7X;V'!Z¤/tây1Yñ�6gz9c*ŒÛlÐŒÛnZŠZ™nßg]~8©3©0î GGGGSc*7À)éSÎŠì;YèŠzâV»

ÂZkGz2ÃZk§bŠzgHYYì�6 - ziy',Z',7c*',Z',~»D7gz9c*ŒÛlÆ‚B}Zq-…5™Šc*YñÂZ[ZkŒÛnÅZŠZ5»�Zi

ÖÃf‚]Öv×nÜD " u^Jnè]Ö‚…… " E Ë6,7æ{7XäÄ~Z,~ " ŠgUg " z){~èÃgìZzg™r# " ŠgUg " ZzgtX

„Æ:~ÃZ(g�Ûâc*�ŒÛnŠZgÃZÑ°„ÐŒÛnZŠZ™**zZZ#ìÔZzg‘Õä O)

�áò‘Õä O)†Z>ÅgZñÅ§sâbƒñÔZzgZk¯x»qÝtì�ZzwÂëtt7™D�ŒÛnŠZgÆf&õ O{m6,Zägz9„ŠbzZZ#¸

I}²z{ (Usury) Ô@*�6gz9c*ŒÛlÐZŠZ™äÅßg]~ÎŠ

6,Zägz7VÐziy~',Z',:ƒVÔÉZââqÑix¶T»Z0+Zi{Zy&





χζ


nÆjV~ÐTÐeì™áÔ®ZZ#Zy~ÐZq-»ªY@*

g;Â!*¹Šz~ÐTÐeìZŠZ™Š}Xäðš+Q@*gŠc* " ~HƒV�DÐªCÙƒŠH�Zy»t�Ûây�

ÔZzgZrVägz7VÅ2Ì~ " Yñ)ªäðŠ+!*¹„:gì(þ»lì

Zq-ÎäÅ(6Rôgz9ZŠZ " ƒäzZáªCÙ~p6,Ã�Ûâ™tÈŠc*�:Æf){m Zg zg:âq~ÂZ¹p7ƒZåÔŠzuZt�Z¤/ŒÛ¡ " ™}Ç

6,Zägz9„Ñixƒ**âynYNÂÎŠZk§bŠzgƒYì�ŒÛnŠZg6gz7Vc*ŒÛlÆ‚B}Zq-…5™Šh+}Ô2Ãå†Z>ä

ßÍVÃ:òŠc*ZzgZÐ7g~M‚ãšŠØZg~Cc*ÔZzg™Z>Ø’aÆÃ!..... M‚ãì

®Z�pëäÒyGZyÆÎZYÃðeg{7ÔZzg"—Â=Â

Zv„Å§sÐìX!*ót2]‡&ÿELf™Â:1aèZyÆ�Z!*]Ð¾ƒñÃZ+}ªCÙƒñZknf™™ŠØX

Zk½k,ÐzZãƒŠH�Šk»â^!*g{gz9 ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ³³³³vvvv³³³³ÛÛÛÛ‚‚‚‚²²²² ~HƒVÆúnŠÂŠg)gZq-ZÑ°Zq-gz9ÉZq-bÆún&~ÎŠÂÎŠ

Zk»µÌ7ÔgsÉÀŸ3íE~™r#ÆáyÆ;YèwZxqzV~µÌ





χζ


z){~µmìÔ®ZZ¤/ŒVµƒ@* " @Zt " ¢Æ¬~ƒ@*ìÔ6�

Âw#ÖzZZ#ƒYCÔpY<™Z>Ø’aÔ2ëZk!*]6,ŠÑb‡ì™`��ŒVw#ÖÂŠzgÅ!*]ì™Z>Ø’aÌ7ìX®ZªCÙƒZ�ŒV:ÎŠìZzg:„ÎŠ»µX

kZzg_54/õ EGJ'!I™äzZáÅƒÐ(,~Š?Â¸ì�

ƒäÅzzÐÍc*gzB„ (Drowned) e0+~Ægz7V~¾t )1( â^�Ût7ÔZÏnßve0+~Æ gz9~¼ e0+~Æ ìZzgZk~Zzg

gz9Zzgâ^ÆAŠ+~¼�Ût7™DÔÂŠkÆâÃ!*g{gz9Ægz9!*g{gz7VÆúnm‰ÔZzgt"— ún&ÐÍc*-VƒZ�Šk

ÎŠìÔ®ZZ¤/Šk»â^!*g{ÆúnŠÎŠ:ÌƒÂÎŠÅx¹Æ:L

ÎŠÐÑhƒ™wZxƒYñÇX

û 160 ü

ÉñÑ**©~™r#»táyì�Z#Îgz9»â^œY@*ìÂZkßÐZk '1»½Å7¢8°Š7ƒ@*É°ŠÎgzBŠZzgZkÅ7zßw™**ƒ@*ìX

ZziZ¤/çn©~™r#ÆáyÆ_. ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,WWWW^ZZZZVVVVggggœœœœ::::ƒ@*Âe0+~Ægz7VÆ$+áâ^Š!*ÇY,:ƒ@*;YèZ[tçnZôm,~Îgz9ÃZôm,~Îgz7VÆún&Å§bƒŠHÔqÑèZôm,~gz7V~!*ëÃð�Ût

7ƒ@*Ô®ZtÎgz9Š}™z{Îgz9¢8!*Ç"ÃZ+{ìÔqÑèÑq"ÃZ+{= -Zkz‰Ü9ƒ@*ìZ#ZkÐÃð " : ~ì " Z³{ " qzVÃæzq7�ÛâCX





χζ


û 161 üÃZ+{ÌqÝƒÔT-ÐÃðÃZ+{qÝ:ƒz{97ƒ@*Ô®ZZ#ŠzâVgz9 =

ziyZzgâq~',Z',ƒVÂZkßg]~Zq-gz9ÃZq-gz9Æ$+áŠ**Y,X" ~ì " fí{ " ìÔ6�E]¢Jf^åæ]Öß¿^ñ†(]ÖËà]Ö%^Þo(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(”QSMD

U*3ñß~™r#fgZZKµÐZJ™ËŠy ggggœœœœ:::: ââââZZZZVVVV ©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,, ññññÑÑÑÑ********!*iZg=páYØZzgŠ¶�Z¤/ih+ä’,ç MzÆ;BÃðâ^œÂZkÐ7~�HÂ

ä’,ç MzÐt¹å�~äNe0+~Îgz9m?z{gU¾Ç�7ÔÉ~äÂt¹å�tâ^NœÔQQkÐ7~�HÂäAŠ+™Dz‰ÜZLÎgz9Ã’,ç Mz

»pHå?z{gU¾Ç�7ÔÉ~äZL (Change) ÆÎgz7VÐ$+%âÃZkÆgz7VÐ8™ä»pHåXQZkÐ7~�H?ä/zÐZLgz7VÅ7zßwÅì?z{ZÌ�Z[Šu�7ÔÉZLâ^ÅÔZ[QZkÐ7~H?ZK7OÐQÐÎgz9ŠzÐ?Âz{¸¾Ç�7ÔÉQÐZCâ^ŠzóÔZkz‰ÜM\ÃŠyZzggZ]»�Ût¥xƒYñÇX

U*Å5éIS»l!M\ÃŠZzgnzx~�Ût¥xƒ@*;Yè ññññÑÑÑÑ********™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,ŠŠŠŠÎÎÎÎZZZZVVVVggggœœœœ::::ZÒâ^&zZáÆ0*ke0+~Ægz9ñ�Š7ƒDÉe0+~»Zq-gzBÌ7ƒ@*Ô®ZZ¤/ZÐÎgz9Š°ŠƒDÂtâ^Ûz‰ÜÍc*nzxÅß™g;ìÔqÑè

ìZzggÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅäZÐI�Ûâc*ìX (Null) nzxÅß!*ëgZo&*MgegÆnâ^Šg»gƒ;Yè* ññññÑÑÑÑ********™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,ŠŠŠŠHHHHggggzzzzZZZZVVVVggggœœœœ::::

MgegÆfg)â^'e0+~Ægz9−ÐM‚yÌìZzglÌÔZ#ih+ZkÆ;Bâ^mZzgQZ¤/ih+â^ÆOñe0+~ÆÎgz9ŠbeìÂyh+ZgCÙ¦/:áÇZzg¾Ç�~äÂ�Ðâ^yh+Zågz9ÂpŠ÷}0*kñ�Š¸Ô=H

= ¢zg]ì��Ðe0+~Ægz9yh+zVXZkz‰ÜM\6,MDgƒÇ�â^&





χζ


û 162 ü~Qy»tpŒÛZgŠb�z{Íc*gz9„Û�Qy6,ZíZYìX =

{!héSâ^&zZÑZ#7Ægz9á™â^ ññññßßßß~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,!!!!****ggggƒƒƒƒZZZZVVVVggggœœœœ:::::Š}Égz9„Š}ÂtQyÆ4,Šq-ß»ZI@*ì:t�Qkä�q¶z„yh+ZgÃŠ}g;ìZzgtƒ!*'CÙZk¿6,gz×zªCÙ��ŠZNZzg!*N~�Ût™YƒÂ4yZv'!z{Îgz9�m=Š��:ÂQy6,yh+z�Ûz|#»ÂzZµƒZÔ:ZyÆAŠ+»pHŠHÔZzg:!*ùäz{ŠbÔÉ!*ùgz9Š}Âyh+Zg:áÇZzgŠÅZŠZ57ƒÏÔÉZÒe0+~Ægz9!*ùÆ0*kƒD„7ÂH?äŠ*

~ËZ,ŠÆ!*g}~‹ì�&ëELÂˆƒ1Zk6,:-:×:p:z�ŠX1t!*]¢zgì�=zûÅ¶Ðz¾d$q,ÑCìëZv¬\Ðç°z¬s»ÎZw™D�X

DÐªCÙƒŠH�ñß~™r#ä¦VZzg ññññßßßß~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,¾¾¾¾ƒƒƒƒZZZZVVVVggggœœœœ::::Z¤/z{e0+~ÆZq-gz9ÆúnÃðqyh+}c*ËÐ " â^~�t�ÛtïÜe;�

Zq-gzBŒÛnáZzgZŠZ™Dz‰ÜZq-gz9ÆúnÎbŠh+}ÂŒÛnpZ{Zzg!*ùÃgz9Æúnbhec*:he»Z(gìZzgqÁÅ§sÐZk6,Ãðƒ7ƒY

t�Ût!*Ç!*ë " gsâ^ÆÔZ¤/z{gz9Æúnâ^ŠbeìÂ!*ùÃÃðZ(g7ìX2ZrVätŠúò¹VÐHZzgZk»‡bÃyìkd$PSZk!*[~�hìZk»ÒyMñÇZzg"—Zv„Å§sÐÂ=ìX





χζ


�tµÂZzgÌÈ&+Z ~Zv¬\Å«™Š{Â=ÐtHƒV!1Zk~ÀÅÃð!*]7;Yè¾y„Z*yÆ;B~ìÔ .....ì

CÙz{¿�‚ÅŠr0*g™[ƒÔY}ì�Z˜kyÅâqÅlZg»„ÐHY@*ìÔÉCÙnÅ×~Æn (Real Money) Z0+Zi{yû

gz7V„ÐZ0+Zi{HY@*ìÔpZ{z{ZÑ5VƒVc*Zzg¼ÔZzgZ7 e0+~Æ(ªZàã Sovereign gz7VÐ¼:¼Ú¢zgƒÏÔÂZq-‚Ë§y)

]Âî O)7&+(ÔGg{gz9ÅÔZzgŠzMägz9»MZVzÔZzg8ðFM"öEOgz9»aåðÔZzgZÃgz9»WŠJÔ2Zq-gz9~Î!MäƒD�Zzg#Vâ^

™DYNÔZzgZ# (Analogy) Škgz9»ÔÂ#VÎgz9»ÔSÏ6,ªkZy»ªZzgâq7VƒÂZI•ç Nsç5]~QyÆAŠ+~Ãð�Ût

7™DÔ®Z�ÃðÀZZq-Zôm,~7&+Æ$+áyh+}ZzgŠ}Gg{gz9c*Zk»@Â:ZÐÃðp~¾ÇÔZzg:„ŒÛZgŠZŠ»¢**Ô:ZkÐ

!*ùZïg™}ÇÔZzg:„ÃðZzgÔZÏ§bÐŠzMäZzgMJZôm,~bÔSyÆAŠ+~ÌÃð�Ût7™@*-�Zq-8ðFM"öEOZzgÎ!bÔZzgTäÃð

qZÃÅyh+~z{c*ÂpŠZÃŠ}c*Šza*Vc*egŠzZ*Vc*Zq-aãZzgŠzŠzZ*Vc*Zq-aãZzgZq-ŠzZ"öEOZzgWJbc*&ŠzZ*VZzgWJbc*Zq-aã





χζ


)1( ZzgÎ!bc*Zq-ŠzZ"öEOZzgaäbc*ƒÆAbÔtâÅâßg'

ƒQyÆ4,Šq-',Z',�XZzgâqZzgªÆ7VƒäÅzzÐZk~Ãð�Ût7H

Y@*ÔZzgtÜs•ç Ns„~7ÉÑ<äÌyh+ZgÃZk!*]»Z(gŠc*ì�Zy~ÐTßg]ÐeìyZŠZ™}ÔZzgZ¤/!*ùZy~ÐËZq-ßg]6,gZè:ƒZzgŠzu~ßg]œ~6,Ñix™**eìÂtZkÅ"Y

ÇyÐà " ÆZkw: " àk,ZÑwg " ?ØŠOòƒÏÔ�**‡&ÿELtì

~ƒÐic*Š{½zZÑ]Âî O%ZŠƒ@*ìZzgZ¤/z{]Áõ Oâq~ZƒVZzg" ªZq-‚ƒÂ-Ã‡ƒYñÇ

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(tS(”RQ(SQD " ]Ö‚…]ÖÛíj^… " ÚÄ " ißçm†]¢e’^… "E

pZ¤/ª',Z',:ƒâqeìZƒc* " Æ'´)�áòä�Ûâc*: Zk9ìÔZzgT»ªic*Š{ìz„%ZŠI}ÇÔZÏ (Contract) 7Â-

§bZ¤/âqZzgªŠzâV',Z',ƒVÂQÌ-9ìÔ1Zkßg]~

ÐTÐeìZŠZ ~(Currency) yh+ZgÃZ(gƒÇ�ŠzâVnÆy

û 164 ü

Zq-5gm,Çg~¬ì&Z²-öEOë�Ô®ZZÃÆŠZx¤§hVÐZŠZƒMh 1'�Zzgƒ',Z',�Ô6�7æ{7X





χζ


~ªZzgâq7VƒäÅVw"5é INEðZzg&Õä INOÐŠ~ " @Zt " X2 " ™}Æ�ág±äZk6,Z‹ZnH�&ÅâqŠzÐic*Š{ìX " @Zt " Zzg

~Zk»�Z[Šc*ŠH�"5é INEðÐ%ZŠz{ìTÆŠz]Áõ OZq- " dZ°Zë "Â

gz9Æ',Z',ƒVZzg&Õä INOÐ%ZŠTÆ&]Áõ OZq-gz9Æ',Z',ƒVX~HƒV�Zk»qÝtì�Z#ZkäÃðqZq-gz9Æ

$+áyh+~ÂeìZq-gzB7gZZŠZ™}ÔeìŠzZ(£45é HEGVÔeì&ä×V²ƒâqZzgª~',Z',ƒVXZÏ§bøg}iâä~ZÑ°Åâq

»y&§bÐZŠZHYYì:)1(7g~ZÑ°X)2(ŠzÛZÑ5VX)3(ZÑ°Åeg0*î1Vªegaå×VX2ZyƒÅâqZzgªÌ',Z',ìXZk½k,Ðøg}iâä~ŒÛlÆúnyh+z�Ûz|#ÆgzZ`»¬zZãƒŠH;YèŒÛlZÝ~e0+~»Zq-]Âî OìTÅ7e:^~¿ƒCìÔZÐ^~Ûë�Ôz;VCÙnÆ]½ð OVÅ7

ŒÛØV„ÐÎðYCìÔ®ZÃð]Âî OŠkŒÛl»ÔÃðÁZzgÃðZkÐic*Š{»ƒ@*ìÔ®ZZ#ÃðqÎŒÛlÆúnyh+~YñÂœ~ÃZ(gì�z{�]Âî OeìŠ}ÔpZ{ŒÛl„Š}c*Šzu}]Áõ OXÅâqÎŒÛØVÆ',Z',ƒZŠZ™Š}Ô‰gc*wc*ZÑ°z)øÔZzgÃðÌt7&�ß{mZy]½ð OV6,





χζ


zZµƒðÎŒÛlë�ÔÉŒÛlc*Šzu}]Áõ O�âq~ZƒVZzgª~',Z',ƒVZy~ÐZã]Áõ OZŠZ™ŠØYN�ÎŒÛØVÅâqÆ

',Z',ƒYñ»°ìÔ2ŒVtZ‹ZnCÙ¦/zZgŠ7ƒÇ�âq~Z%sZzgª~',Z',~„ÂYŠè-»:Lì;YèŒVŒÛØVÐZ0+Zi{™äÅ

ßg]~yÅâq~Z%szZµ:ƒZ;VZ%'!Z¤/ŒÛØVÐ

Z0+Zi{:™DÂZ%szZµƒ@*ìÔ‰�Z¤/Ë(FnÅZÑ5VƒV�ª~7VZzgâq~ZƒVZzgÃð¿ÎZÑAVÆúnyh+z�Ûz|#™}ÂZkßg]~âq~Z%szZµƒYìÔ1Z#ŒÛØVÐâq»Z0+Zi{™1ÂÍc*âqZzgªƒ7Vƒ‰ÔZzgZz6,¦/g[ì

d" �œ~ÃZ(gì�Zy~ÐTÆfg)eìyZŠZ™}X~�Ûâc*�Z¤/!*ùZy~ÐÃð{mn»]Âî OÔ™}Âœ~Ã " Z°Zë

Z(gì�Šzu~n»]Âî OZŠZ™};Yèâq~Z%s:ƒäÅzzÐ

œ~ÆZŠZ™Š{]Áõ OÃheÐZïg!*ùÅ"Y?ØŠOòìX(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(Ú³_³×³gVm³Ãjf³†]Ö%³ÛàÊ±ÚÓ^á]ÖÃÏ‚æ‡Úßä(tS( " …#]Ö³Ûvj^… "E

”SQ(TQ(Ú×jÏ_÷D





χζ


ZzgtƒªCÙZzggz×!*'�ZzgZkÐ(,|™',Z',~Zzg°x�ÛtÅŠ?ZzgHƒ$Ëì'!�yh+Zg~ÂŒÛØVÐÅYñZzgQyh+ZgÃZ(gŠc*Yñ�eìÂZŠZ5ŒÛØVÐ™}c*gc*wÐÔpZ{7g~ZÑ°ZŠZ™}c*ZkÅgm,Çg~ÔZzgZ¤/!*ù:âäÂtZkÅ"Y?ØI}ÔZkÆ!*z�ŠÃðWtzë7™Y�ŒÛlÔgc*wÔZÑ°Zzggm,Çg~ƒÆƒë½

�ZzgZyÅM:~ßÅßg]~¶�**Y,ƒÔc*Zy~ÐCÙZq-]Âî O

Šzu}~Zk§b¾tì�$›40î EGEŠzâVZq-„�Ô®ZZ¤/¶�ÎŠ:Ì

ƒÂÎŠÐx¹Æ:LÎŠÆ¬~ƒ™wZxƒYñÏÔqÑèÓxfY™Zxä!*Ñ)q¥ô�Ûâðì�½ÆZƒäÅßg]~¶�

Y,ìÔÉpŠu»g-Zv¬\mzÅ»�ÛâyZŠkì:X))�Z#ò$+wYNÂ‰eƒ×((X

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(tP(”SD " ]Öã‚]mè " ¢u^#m& " Þ’g]Ö†]mè " E

Zq-gz9ÃZq-ZÑ°Æún&~:ÎŠ " 2ëZkXÅï�

ZkZ0+Zi~Òy™`T6,'×h+ic*ŠCÅRö7X®Z " ì:ÎŠ»µ

Z#ŒÛØVÔgc*wÔZÑ°Zzggm,Çg~~t¬ìqÑètƒyû�Zzg





χζ


Zyƒ~ÎŠÅŠz=V~ÐZq-Aªziyñ�ŠìÂQgz7VÆúnâ^Åyh+z�Ûz|#Æ!*g}~vgZHìwìÔqÑèâÂÜs

yZ˜kìÔZzgZkÅâq»Z0+Zi{Zq-Z+Z˜bÐHŠHìTÅ

0*È~!*ùzœ~6,Ñix7ÔZzgZk~§!*ÅŠzâV=V~ÐÃðÌ70*ðYCÔ:½Ô:„ŠgÔ®ZŒV**Y,ƒä»¬&nÆßv„ÎMh�X6,Ð¡Ðê

GLÑqZV1ŠHìX)1()2(ÎäzZÑZzg)3(Š-Z:ÔëZv

¬\Ðç°ZzgC{â_�ÔZkX~¸+B©3þGG

GL�Z[ìZzgZy™@*ƒV�ŠzAÆ77XpZ}¿'!Z¤/?ZKZk!*]Æ´z{ZzgÃð

ÂZ[~ " â^gz7V~Z(¾tì�Íc*z{$›40î EGEgzBì " !*]t:™z��â^Ægz7V~¾tƒäZzg�Ût:ƒä )1( ?Ðt7ÞeƒVÇ

ê'?ÛêÐ%ZŠtì�Ñqä Æ:LMc*â8©3ªî GGGGSe0+~»gzBƒŠHc*Ûgz7VÐâ^Åß~z„¬Yg~�Ûâc*�gz7VÃgz7VÆún&~ì

Ô6�?ä¹å�Íc*Škgz9�ÔÎ!*g{gz7VÆúnœŠHìXc*Qâ^8©3ªî GGGGSz7À)éSË§bÌgz7VÆ¬~7ÔZkŠ~ßg]~

» Zzg«ŠzßgÂV~Z#?Šk ?...... vg~¦/Å¨éEOõH"Az"pì

û 168 ü

ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,aaaaŠŠŠŠƒƒƒƒZZZZVVVVggggœœœœXXXX 1'





χζ


â^ŠkÆún×ÐÂÎŠpŠ?6,§Ç;Yègz7VÅgz7VÐßÅ

ßg]~ŠzâVÅâq»',Z',ƒä»¬7ÉZ#Ö»Zk!*]6,Z)qì

ZzgÅN*ŠzâV',Z',�Üsziy~',Z',~»¬ìX �ZkX~7Z®Z?6,zZZ#ì�?Zq-÷}~â^ZzgŠzu}~gz9Å

gm,Çg~c*ZzgÃðe0+~gÅÔ'Qã„â^mÎe0+~ziy~â^Æ',Z',ƒZzgte0+~ŠzZãc*8ðFM"öEO½ÐiZZ+:ƒÏÔZzgZ¤/?ZkÐic*Š{ßÐÂ

�Zk¾tƒäZzg )1( Íc*?äÎŠ3c*ZzgÎŠÃ'wHÔZzgZ¤/?táy™z�Ût:ƒäÆ:Lgz7VÐ�¬â^Å§sMc*z{tì�ŠzyÃâq

~',Z',™1YñÔÂtvg~(,~**ŠZãì�’}6Å§bìÔZzgü

ÅzzÐEEƒg;ì;Yèâq~',Z',™**pŠgz7V»¬7åÔ®Z!..... �¬pŠgz7V~7ÂQyÆx/â^~z{¬YðuZe$™}Ç

ZkÆ´z{Z¤/â^gz7VÆ‚B8©3©0î GGGGSc*7À)éS�ƒÌYñÂQ

ÌÎäÆ‚BCÙ¦/�:ƒÇ;YèŠz�íþâÐ�)ŠzZZzg„Šq,Zq-(¦(7ƒ‰Ô®ZZkßg]~Z¤/Škgz9»â^!*g{ZÑAVÆúnœYñÂz{w`�!*g{gz9Æún&~åÑix7

û 169 ü

ññññÑÑÑÑ********©©©©~~~~™™™™rrrr####6666,,,,GGGGggggƒƒƒƒZZZZVVVVggggœœœœXXXX 1'





χζ


MñÇ;YèŒV:8©3©0î GGGGSZq-½ì:7À)éSÔ®ZZ[¾}:ò»Z*xtƒÇ�Šk»â^!*g{gz9ÆúnŠÂwZxì;YèZkä&ÕäELçz£Zq-

ic*ŠCªŠzgz9iZZ+zßwGÔZzgZ¤/¸â^!*g{ÎäÅZÑAVÆúnœYñÂÃðw`7;YèZkäÃð‡&ÿELZ±gic*ŠCzßw7ÅX

!..... ZkÅÃ¾ŠgŠ±ì !..... Â4yZvZk:òÆHì

ÎŠÃwZx™ä~ÑqÑp»�°ŠåÔªßÍVÆâwÃôpgZk!..... :òäZkÑÅ¾Šgg¬e$Å

. æŸuçÙæŸÎçé=Ÿùe^²]ÖÃ×±]ÖÃ¿nÜ

Ü1t�ZkI™äzZá»¯x:„ËZÝÅ§sßÒìÔ:„Š?ÅY+$ÔÉtZy»pŠ‚'ûìZzgz„ZkÆ‡b�XZv¬\äZk6,ÃðŠ?7Z@*g~Zzg"—ÓxpÒVZv„Æn�ZzgZÏ6,½z‚ìZzgZÏÐæŠÔ™D�X

�ih+’,ç MzÐŒÛn¢8eìÂ’,ç Mz¾� Y,ì :Htßg] ‰³³ç]ÙNM

Æ!*g{gz9Æ e0+~Ægz9Â÷}0*k7ÔZ%Šk»âê0+~únNZq-‚wJ-ÆnÇV6,‰ƒVÔZkÑo6,�?CÙ·=Zq-

gzB�gmZŠZ™zÐ?c*tßg]ÎŠ»ÒƒäÅzzÐIì?ZzgZ¤/t





χζ


(Intended) Y,ìÂZk~ZzgÎŠ~H�Ûtì?qÑèŠzâVÐ°Š

iZZ+âw»”wì1t'wZzgÎŠwZxX]Öþ³þ³þ³rþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³ç]eþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³

Z¤/ŠzâV8©3ªî GGGGSß„Å+MÐAŠ+™,ZzgŒÛnÅ+M:™,ÂJ-QŠJg (Term) tßg]Y,ìÔ2Zkßg]~¶�Zzgæ]!›40îGOE

ÌY,ìÔ6�ëZy!*ÂVÅïÒy™`�ÔZzgÇV6,ŠbÌZq-nÅæ]!›4èGOE™**„ìX;V'!Z¤/’,ç MzŠk»â^�gŒÛnŠ}Zzgt

ÑoIZá�e0+~Æ!*g{c*ŠHg{c*Škgz9Ð¼iZZ+g¶ZÌc*¼$åO]ˆmzZgÔc*&ÕäELmzZ:™}ÇÂt¢zgwZxZzgÎŠìÔZkn�tZq-Z(ŒÛnìTÐœqÝHYg;ìÔZzg"—øg}M‡-Zv¬\mzÅä�Ûâc*:))��ŒÛnœé™Ññz{ÎŠì((

(Òj³^h]Ö‚màæ]ÖŠ×ÜÚàÎŠÜ]¢Îç]Ù(Ê’ØÊ±Öç]uÐÒj^h]Ö‚mà( " Òßˆ]ÖÃöÛù^Ù " E

…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VNMQQM(tR(”UUD

™xZv¬\ - Zkug$Ãqg_0Z1Z‚)äZ÷Z>Ý|]ZÐgzZe$HìX - zõZÆ*





χζ


Î†š]U]Ò†i1æÎk]µßo›†Í‰1‡]ñ‚Umß1Òên^á

VJ-Zk!*]»mì�ŒÛnŠc*Zzg¼ic*Š{¢8Ño:HZzg: ˜„AŠ+Ðic*Š{¢8czså;Yè�qczsƒz{æzoÅ§bƒCìQŒÛnhezZáäŒÛnZŠZ™ÆZK§sÐ�gZˆy¼iZZ+Šc*�ŒÛnÆ´z{Ÿiƒ)tZka�‡&ÿEL„~™0îExq:ƒYñ(ÔÂtY,

:X ìÔZk~¼w`7ÔÉZk¼Ðì�

— âøØûqøøðö]Öû¬ôôuûø^áôô$]Öû¬ôuûø^áö ™

E¸SN(]Ö†ùuûÛFàVLRD

X" Zˆy»$+!HìÎZñZˆyÆ " F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:Zzg"—t!*]u»g-Zv¬\mzÅÐÌU*"$ì�Z#

M\-Zv¬\mzÅä0*Y)yh+�Ûâc*XZzgz;V7Âw™Š~YC¶XM\-Zv¬\mzÅäÂ%zZáÐ�Ûâc*�:X

))ÂwZzg¼ic*Š{Š}(((Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^hÚ^q^ðÊ±]Ö†%qûv^á(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VULOM(tO( " ‰ßà]Öj†Ú„° "E

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†qv^áÊ±]Öç‡á(tS(”PTND " ‰ßà]ÖßŠ^ñ± " ”NQ!





χζ


ZÏ§bÐZ¤/ËÃŠk»âŒÛnŠc*åˆ~ŒÛnpZ{äZkÐŒÛn»»ŸHŒÛ¡Zgä¹�÷}0*kZkn»â7ìZzg~

»â^Æ$+ágz9ŠzVÇÔQŠkÆâ^Æ$+á!*g{gz7V6,*ƒZzgZÏ>~!*g{gz9ZŠZ™ŠØ)@*�¬Š+š+Æ$+áš+Ö@™].Z:ƒV(ÂtÌY,ìX

QZ¤/z{â^�Qkä1åQkÆ0*k:g;ªZkÐyaƒŠHZ#ÂZkÆY,ƒä6,ÓxZ[5�ÔZzgZ¤/âŒÛ¡ZgÆ0*kñ�Šì1ŒÛ¡Zgä{mZÏâÃgz7VÐ:yh+ZåÉ�âŒÛ¡Zg

Æ4,Šq- - gèZv¬\¿ - Æf)ŒÛnåQÐyh+ZÔÂtZâxZWZzgZâx·Y,ìX

;V'!Z¤/�âŒÛn1åñ�ŠìZzg$›40î EGEZÏâÃ!*g{gz7Vc*Škc*æ~eìyh+áÂtß§@ªZâxZWZzgZâx·Æ4,Šq-!*ëÔ

Xì Æ4,Šq-Y, - gèZv¬\e - ZzgZâxZ1-Š

!*ëƒäÅzztì�Z#ŒÛ¡ZgätâŒÛn1ÂŒÛnfe

„Zkâ^»â´ƒŠHÔÂpŠZK¢uqÃŠzu}ÐYðyh+Yì'!~ìZ#ih+»Ë6,ác*bŒÛnƒVÔŒÛnŠZgäih+Ðz{ " z;.ç EGE™Šg~ "





χζ


ŒÛngz7VÆ$+á~yh+1ZzgŠzâV6,ï™äÐ¬ŠzâV].Zƒ‰Âtß!*ëƒXtz{)b�X»c*Šg¹¢zg~ìX

(Òj^h]Ö’†Í(tQ(”RD " ]ÖËj^æp]Öãß‚mè " â^Úz " ]ÖËj^æp]Öfˆ]‡mè "E

ÆjZáÐ–ì�ŒÛnŠ¶zZá»�á " fí{ "~" gŠZÅ+B5éGg "

ŒÛ¡Zg6,M@*åz{áŒÛ¡ZgäŒÛnpZ{ÐÎZÑAVÆ$+áyh+1ÂY,ÐÔQZ¤/z{ )2( Ðå:-]Ðê M )1( ì;YètŒÛnZkŒÛ¡Zg6,:-wç Ms

áyh+Zg~Æz‰Üyaƒ[åQÂƒÆ4,Šq-!*Ñ·tY,ì;Yèya™äÐ!*Ñ·tá»â´ƒŠHåÔZzgtáZkŒÛ¡ZgÆf)�gŒÛnzZZ#g;ÔZzgZ¤/áñ�ŠìÂZâxZWZzgZâx·Æ4,Šq-Z[ÌY,ìÔZzgZâxZ1-ŠÆ4,Šq-**Y,;YèZyÆ4,Šq-Z#J-ŒÛ¡Zgá

ŠbZk6, (Similar) ya:™áZk»â´:ƒÇZzg:„ZkáÅé

zZZ#ƒÇZ[�t¹�z{á�÷}f)ì~äZÐyh+ZÂnzxqÃ(Òj³^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]ÖÛ†]evè(Ê’Ø " …#]ÖÛvj^… " ) yh+Z®Ztßg]**Y,ƒðX

û 174 ü

âygì�Zzg?)´) (V.alivrer) 1'Yèz{)´)‡g~Z†Zt(ÂZÐß]Ðê M

�áò(ZÐ"3üEGLÜsÈgìƒX21ìgèZv¬\Å'Zkn�y~ß]Ðê MZ¹Y,7ÔeìZkq~ƒT~ŠzâV§s»ï 2Ñoì‰yÆúnyÅß]Ðê Mc*Z(:ƒ‰yÆúnŠÅß]Ðê MX





χζ


=Öî(tS(”MMPD ... Ê±]ÖÏ†š(Ú_×gVÊ±J†]ð]ÖÛŠjÏ†š

ÆjZáÐì�ih+äËÐZq- " fí{ "~" gŠZÅ+B5éGg "2

VwÆîg6,01³nxŒÛná™Zk6,ï™1ÔQ$›40î EGE (Measure) e:

z„nxŒÛnŠ¶zZáÐyh+~ÂZâxZWZzgZâx·Æ4,Šq-t**Y,

ì;Yèih+Âï™D„nx»â´ƒŠHÔÂQZK$Óë LËZzgÐùyh+?;V'!ZâxZ1-ŠÆ4,Šq-z{nxZÌJ-ŒÛnŠ¶zZá ..... Yì

Å<å XEZtY,z9ìX tZ,ƒŠH�6,Zð$Óë LZkÐyh+~ Åo6,!*¹ìÔÂ(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö³Û³†]e³vè(Ê’ØÊ±]ÖÏ†š(Ú_×gÊ±J†]ð " …#]Ö³Ûvj^… " )

=Öî(tS(”MMPD ... ]ÖÛŠjÏ†š

‰çU‰1e3ß1Òoi†Ònfn6»mìÂ (Stratagem) ˜VJ-ÎŠÐvÆnÒ™ä

ZkÆÒy~ëä»¹¼CŠc*z„ñe$™}ÇÔZzgZâxZ1-Š

ß‘40îGEY,ìZzgZk»™äzZÑNZ[0*ñ " »¸wÌ¦/gZ� - g9*îGZvm -

X" Ç;YètwZxÐÈeLì

(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e^hÊ±enÄÚ^Ù]Ö†ùe^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]÷Âà " ]ÖËj^æFp]Öí^Þnè " E

]Ö†ùe^(tN(”TLPD





χζ


äÌß‘40îGEÅ - :Z°çZy - ZzgZy»twÌ¦/g[�ô/™ZxX ZzgZkÅ°pÌ�Ûâð(Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNO(Ú×íù’^D " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " E

»¸w¦/gZ�ZkÆé¿™**Ñ™*-Zv " ëzò‡è{y " Zzg¬\mzÅÐU*"$ì�—g-Zv¬\mzÅäZÐ™ä»¬Šc*Â

ÅZYi] - gèZveZ� - Z[gÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅZzgô/™Zx(Òj³^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^hÊ± " Êj³^æFpÎ^•±ì^á "E ÆZÐI™äzZÑÃyìX

enÄÚ^Ù]Ö†ùe^(Ê’ØÊnÛ^mÓçáÊ†]…]÷Âà]Ö†ùe^(tN(”TLPD

ÆjZáÐèÃgì�yh+z�Ûz|#Åz{ " ¢40î GEG"~" dZ°Zë " ZzgZlxÎßvÎŠÐvÆn™D�Zy~Ãðw`7ÔQZq-

¬Ý™r#»¸w–�z{Z7(z{ë�ÔZâx’àßÅZyZlxÆ(z{ƒäÃZâx·ÐgzZe$™D�ÔZzgZâxZWZzgZâxZ1-ŠÆ4,Šq-Zy~¼w`7XZâxÒZÑ[ig-~�ÛâD��Zâx·»Z%sZkßg]~ì²ŒÛnŠ}™QZknÅß™,ÔZzgZ¤/ßƒQgz9ŠØÂZk

(Òj³^h]Öfn³çÅ(e³^h]Ö†e^(ÎçÖäEÊ–Ø " ]Öf³v†]Ö†]ñÐ "E ~!*Ñ·tÃðw`7XÚ^Ùe¡ÂçšÊ±ÚÃ^æ•èDtR(”MMND





χζ


ZÏ§bZâx+ZÑsxpZCÙiZŠ{äŒÛn~ßÅÑo:ƒäÅ

ßg]~ZyZlxÆY,ƒä6,Z·tÜ�Ûâc*ìÔ®ZZ#Ñ™*-ZvmzÅÐZm½Ôô/™ZxÐZÐ™**ZzgZkÅ°pU*"$ÔZzgøg}Z[™Zx»ZkÆ�Zi6,Z)q‡ììÂZ[—ÅÃ(!*¹g„X

æ]²]Öã^#°=Öo]Ö’ç]h! -

X" ZzgZv„ÇgZ3Š3äzZÑì "

~HƒV�tÌZÏßg]~ì�ßZzgŒÛnŠzâVZk§bÐ¦ƒV�ih+’,ç MzÃ¼gz9ŒÛnŠ}Zzgðh~ÏqZÐic*Š{7~

mÔÂŒÛ¡ZgŒÛnÅ¢zg]Å¯6,ZÐyh+}ÇÔÂZkßg]~Z¤/ŒÛn¬ìÂ‰fYÆ4,Šq-tß(z{ì;YètZ(ŒÛnì�œé

™Ñg;ìÔZzgZ¤/ß¬ƒ_¶ZzgŒÛnˆ~Šc*Â!*Ñ·tZk~Ãðw`7;Yèz{Zq-Z+ßì�ŒÛn»œÑðÔ6�ZâxÒZÑ[ÖZãä

~èÃg " gŠZÅ+B5éGg " âc*ZzgZÏ6,:òŠc*Ô6� Òy�Û (Benefit) Zk»ÃZ+{…#]Ö³³Û³³vj³³^…(Òj³³^h]Öfn³çÅ(Ê³’³ØÊ³o]Ö³Ï³†š(Ú³_³×³gVÒ³ØÎ³†š "E ìX

q†ÞËÃ÷u†]Ý(tS(”QMPD





χζ


Zzgz{X�øgZñçqcìªâ^ÔtÂ{ØßìZk~

ŒÛnZ¹7Ô:AŠ+Ð¬Zzg:„ˆ~®ZZk»!*Ñ·tšÜszš4,ZqY,ƒ**„ic*Š{ÑëZzgoƒìX]ŒÎŠÜÒ1un×1Ò^Î†Táæu‚m&‰1$fçl

Z¤/?ÒÆX~'×h+zŸs#ÆÔÇgƒÂ’'!øgZÐ�Ûâ@*ì:X - mZ?x - ZLÈ{Z-[ - ³zV - g[

D ”?VPP ¸ON( E — ìöûeônøôÕøôÇû%÷Êø^ûôhûeôùäæøøiøvûßø&û ™

X" ZL;B~Zq-ÄhzááZkÐâgZzgn:Âh " F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:Zzgøg}M‡zñ\-Zv¬\mzÅäÎŠÐv»ÒZzgZ(

§iÒy�Ûâc*ì�°ŠÌqÝƒYñZzgwZxÐÌõØgìXÐgzZe$H� - gèZv¬\Å - Z1G}.g~ ä|] "›"z" gg~ "

Ñ-Zv¬\mzÅÆ0*k - gèZv¬\Å - šw :|] ZrVä�Ûâc*%æEMãLg,á™q¢ƒñÔÑ™*-Zv¬\mzÅäŠgc*Ä�Ûâc*:X

))?ät¹VÐB'?((ä²nÅ:X - gèZv¬\Å - ¦**šw |]

yZ[ )1( —gøg}0*kyZ[g;g}¸ëäŠz™q

û 178 ü

¤/ZxÁ»ƒ@*ìX 80 ³~Ð 2 ¤/ZxÁZzgÛªWŠJ™q 160 ³~Ð 4 Zq-™q 1'





χζ


g;gzVÆ$+áZq-™q%æEMãLg,yh+,XÑ™*gƒsg°-Zv¬\mzÅä�Ûâc*:X))QstÂ{ØÎŠìÔ{ØÎŠìZ(:™z'!1Z#?Zy

LgzVÃyh+**eƒÂ¬ZLg;gzVÃËZzgqÐÖ@ßZzgQQkqÆ$+áZy²A�ð EgzVÃyh+ß((X

=Öî(…ÎÜ ... (Òj³^h]Ö³çÒ³^Öè(e³^h=ƒ]e³^Å]ÖçÒnØJnò÷^Ê^‰‚÷] " ‘³vnx]Öfí^…p " E

(Òj^h]ÖÛŠ^Î^l(e^henÄ]Ö_Ã^Ý " ‘vnxÚŠ×Ü " ]Öv‚m&VNMON(tN(”OT!

Ú%¡÷eÛ%Ø(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VPUQM(”LRTD

- gèZv¿ - ä|]Z1G}.g~ZzgZ1Ok,{ "›"z" gg~ "2

ŠzâVÐgzZe$Å�gÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅäZq-¿Ã66,Íg3,¯™5Ôz{u»g-Zv¬\mzÅÅ!*gÇ{~743ï EMELGE

²A�ð Eg,ªZdnÅ²A�ð Eg,á™q¢ƒñÔ—g-Zv¬\mzÅäŠgc*Ä�Ûâc*:X

))H6ÅÓxLg,Z+„�?((²nÅ:7X}.ZÅn'!c*gÎwZv-Zv¬\mzÅëZknÅLgzV»Zq-

™qŠz™qÆ$+á~ÔŠz™q&™qÆ$+á~yh+D�X





χζ


Ñ™*-Zv¬\mzÅä�Ûâc*:Xgz7VÐt ))Z(:™z'!ZKLg,gz7VÆ$+á~Ö@™

Lg,yh+1™z((X 743ï EMELGE(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h=ƒ]œ…]#enÄiÛ†ejÛ†ìn†Úßä(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&V " ‘vnx]Öfí^…° " E

(Òj³^h]Ö³ÛŠ^Î^l(e^henÄ]Ö_Ã^Ý " ‘vnxÚŠ×Ü " MLNN(NLNN(tN(”PP!

Ú%¡÷eÛ%Ø(…ÎÜ]Öv‚m&VOUQM(”UQTD

~HƒV�XßÍVäßÅZkßg]Ã(z{¹‰Zâx·ÂZkÆjZßVÐ¦/gZ� "”" Zzg "b ZÏ "Ô" ìZ;k, " 6� tìÔ Åzz

øg}iâä~ ßvZkÅ§sgZáƒ™Ë**Y,»x~:7,YNZzgçnZtƒŠHìÔZzgyz*y~ÎŠ»´6AŠ+ƒäÎìÔßvZkÐ!*Ç7ÑâDÔÍc*tZyÆ4,Šq-:ÃðÍìZzg:„¬gÅ!*]Ô®Zz{¬ÝŠ+�ZyßÍVÃÎŠÜšñxZzgJL{kH{ÐX™ÎŠÐXî

ÆY,.VÅ§sáMñÔ‰Šk»â^mÈ~™Æ!*g{ÃŠZzgZkÆÎZZzg.�Zâx�Zl‡è{yÐ¦/g}Â¼—zµ7�z{›âV»ípZ{ìÔZzgŠ+CÙ›yÆ‚BípZ„™ä„»**xìÔ

!æ²]ÖvÛ‚! !*¹ì ßvZ¤/pkH{´6™gì�1ZsxZÌ





χζ


®ZZ#›yZ+!*][Ð�Zy»ÑÌqÝƒYñZzgz{wZx÷ÆZg‚[ÐÌag�ÂHzzì�Â/:™,ZzgÑ<zZsxÅ!*]6,¿:™,ÔYèZ7Ñ<zZsxÐÃð°Zz]7ZzgG

ß‘40îGET»f™ug$ " x+÷JEL›}Zâx·0�z){ä@*zVÐ¹�

X" 0*u~ìvg~Zy"3šð EGVÐ4ì

tÇ!*]ìZka�šµßÃ‡ " [ZZÑ:t�ÛâD�:†zwZxÆ¬~ìÔÂ¹Vz{Zzg¹Vß‘40îGE�ß‘40îGEÂ9ìZzgZk

!" Æ(z{ƒä~ÌZ%sì

(Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(ÎfnØÊ’ØÊ±]Ö–Û^á(tR(”PNOD " Êjx]ÖÏ‚m† " E

!*¹g;áy™äzZá»táy�Z¤/ßÅtßg]I7ÂZk~

ZzgÎŠ~H�ÛtìqÑèic*ŠCŠzâV~qÝƒCì'?Â~Zk»�Z[-VŠzVÇ�tz{Z‹Znì�ñgäHåÂpŠ

Zvg[Z+]nguz¬\äZk»�Z[ŒÛMy0*u~Šc*:X— Îø^Ööçû]]ôÞ$Ûø^]ÖûfønûÄöÚô%ûØö]Ö(eFçæø]øuøØ$]²ö]ÖûfønûÄøæøuø$Ýø]Ö(eFç ü

E¸O(]ÖfÏ†éVQSND

ZrV)»�ÛzV(ä¹ßÌÂÎŠ„Æâ# " F,9*î E0+ZÑZy:





χζ


X" ìZzgZvä'wHßÃZzgwZxHÎŠÃH2nät:Š¬�ëäœz�'wHì˜VŠzZ

}VÅyh+z�Ûz|#ƒÔZzgZ¤/tßg]ÌwZxƒYñÂyh+z�Ûz|#»

ŠgzZi{„ÈƒYñÇXŸuçÙæŸÎçé=Ÿe^²]ÖÃ×±]ÖÃ¿nÜ! !

X z;[V°!ÅÂ=Ð�Z[åƒZæ]ÖvÛ‚²]*æ$Ÿ÷æ5ì†]÷æe^›ß÷æ¾^â†]÷! !

" ÒÒÒÒ³³³³ËËËË³³³³ØØØØ]]]]ÖÖÖÖËËËËÏÏÏÏnnnnääää]]]]ÖÖÖÖËËËË^ââââÜÜÜÜÊÊÊÊ±±±±œœœœuuuuÓÓÓÓ^ÝÝÝÝÎÎÎÎ††††››››^ŒŒŒŒ]]]]ÖÖÖÖ‚‚‚‚…………]]]]ââââÜÜÜÜ " Zzg~äZk»**x6,ŠÑª™}X 4231â| g3Ô@*�**x_èEL"

ßÆŠyrÑzqHåQZÂZg " g‚! " ät ¾qwÈÒ®

" g‚! " ÆŠyŠz!*g{ggƒŠH®ZcÆŠy32øxZ+Zx4231â|ŠzPÃtÓx™Šc*X

Zzgt"Zv¬àÆw#ÖzÑzZáàl6~ƒðÔZyÅpZéÐ�Ãå»ïÔ0*À{Ô�ñ4ÆZâx�ÔñÑ**+†Zv

QyÆ™ñZŠ}�iVÆ+ZzgÑzZáZâñV ! …u³Û³ä]Ö³×äiÃ^Öo !

ÆuŠZg�ª¬ÅêL!*¿ÔÃuÿ EL»ïÔiZ@Ô!3ðGMä…qÔsÔ0*À{Ô&A.ü ELcbz$43üEEL





χζ


! …uÛä]Ö×äiÃ^Öo ! ¯Zå|]+Z£Z1Z<

Zvnguz¬\CÙvyÐZyŠzâV),gÍVÃôpgÇZzgCÙ>ðÐZ7z«�ÛâñZzgøg}kHƒVÃçs�ÛâñZzgøg}lVÃÖñZzgøg}1ú™}Zzgøg~WgizN7g~�ÛâñZzg…!*g!*gZL³]zZáy±š0îE00*uZzgÑ™*gƒsg°-Zv¬\mzZ!zÅÆ'×Z§lkÅ§sZLJwZzggŸÆ‚BßR‚�ÛâñÔZzgMy~ZZyz¬sÆ‚BæÜëg{~%**Zzg$©3ü EGG0*u~Š®ƒ**Zzg—z!*Ñ%ûzZá

5Únàý= Ã-Zv¬\mzÅÅË®)‚�ÛâñX]Ö×#ãÜ‘×o]Ö×äiÃ^ÖoÂ×näæ‰×ÜæÂ×o5Öäæ‘vfäæe^…ÕæÒ†Ý

5Únàý=

æ]ÖvÛ‚²…h]ÖÃ^ÖÛnà

Òþ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³þ³jþ³fþ³ä

Âf‚å]ÖÛ„ÞgœuÛ‚…•^]Öf†m×ç°ÂË±ÂßäeÛvÛ‚]ÖÛ’_ËoF]Ößf±]¢Ú±

‘×o]²iÃ^ÖFoÂ×näæ‰×Ü

â ÚvÛ‚p‰ßoußËoÎ^ …pMLOMb

Âf‚]ÖÛ’_ËoF]uÛ‚…•^ì^á





χζ


u^Ú®‰ßkXÚû®e‚Âkqß^hÚçŸÞ^ÚçÖçpe^åÚvÛ‚]…eÛuŠnà‘ûg…]Ý

Ò^ÊjçpF …uÛè]²iÃ^ÖoFÂ×nä µç…p:H�ÛâD�fYŠ+z¤yÑq�ZkX~�M·�â^ ‰ç]Ù

gZò�ZyÅâqÐÁc*ic*Š{76,ZyÅyh+z�Ûz|#Y,ìc*7?]Örç]hâç]ÖÛ×`ÜÖ×’ç]h

" "—Zv³zV„Šg4»ZAx�Ûâ@*ì " F,À:èÃg{â^ÅÁc*ic*Š{76,yh+z�Ûz|#Y,ì;YèÍgä

~âwŒÛZg (Terminology) ZÐâwŒÛZgŠc*ìZzgTqÃxÅZ˜bZkÅ')43ï IEGGZzgâqU*"$:ƒp (Originally)~ Šh+c*YñeìZÝ

ŒÛZgŠ¶ÐZk~')43ï IEGGZzgâqU*"$ (Currency) ¸xÆZÐy

" @Zt " ƒYCìÔ2ZÐZkÅâqÐÁc*ic*Š{76,ŠÌY,ìXÆ4,Šq-Zq-bÃŠz!›4èGOE - gèZv¿ - ~ì�ZâxZWZzgZâxZ1-Š

¦VÆúnŠY,ìÔ²Zâx·�ÛâD��Y,7;YèËqÅŒÛZgŠ¶ÐU*"$ƒCìÔ®Zt (Currency)

')43ï IEGGÓxßÍVÆZÐy

!*ùzœ~ÅZ˜bÐ!*ë:ƒÏÔZzg (Terminology) Z˜b





χζ


TtŠ?7�ÛâD��!*ùzœ~Æh~Ëq»yƒ** Z4ÅZ˜bÐU*"$ƒ@*ì;YèZyŠzâV6,Ë)ÃÃðzÑe$

qÝ7Ô®ZZyŠzâVÅZ˜bÐZkqÅ')43ï IEGG (Guardian Ship)

!*ëƒYñÏÔZzgZ#')43ï IEGG!*ëƒÏÂç™äÐz{q!›4èGOEÌƒYñÏX

(Òj^h]ÖfnçÅ(e^h]Ö†ùe^(tO(”ORD " e‚]mè]ÖÛfj‚° " Ê±J†| " ]Öã‚]mè "E')43ï IEGGU*"$ƒÂ - ��ZÝ~»½»Zq-•Zì - ®ZZ#â^~

Ázic*Š{76,ZkÅyh+z�Ûz|#ÌY,ìXŒVJ-�Z¤/Ãð»½»Zq-•ZZq- " Æ!*[ZÅ›40îGE~ì: " gŠZÅ+B5éGg "

X" DÙZgÆúnmÂtš™Z>ØY,ì

(Òj^h]ÖÓË^Öè(Ú_×gVÊ±enÄ]ÖÃnßè(tS(”QQRD " …#]ÖÛvj^… " E

æ]²œÂ×ÜæÂ×ÛäœiÜ

]ÖÃf‚]ÖÛrngÚvÛ‚…m^‰kÂ×oÂËoÂßä





χζ


Â×Û^ðÒ†]Ý i’‚mÏ^l

·Zg�áŠ@Z£~ ZœZ[ßZ[ '! 1

·Œ '!ZœZ[ßZ[ 2

·ÃZ '!ZœZ[ðZœZ[ 3

·ZÚi@ '!ZœZ[9 4

Z•·†ZØŠg_Å '!Z%ßzÑZYèÃgY,ì 5

'!šµZ˜b~ŒÛZgŠc*Y@*ìZzgßzÑZYèÃgY,ì 6

Z•Z1ZØÌ·'×ï_Å

·†ZX0·†Z/{y '!ZœZ[ßZ[ 7

qæ@_Å '!ZœZ[9 8

'!¬™**š»Ú¡ßèÃgÆ9ZzgŠg„ì 9

Z•·Áe$Zv_Å





χζ

Education

Currency note kay masail (Currency Problem)