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Dicamba on SoybeansStewardship and Sprayer Settings
Dr. Jason Deveau ● OMAFRA Application Technology Specialist ● 2017
This is really two related talks…
This is really two related talks…
Dicambadrift
potential
This is really two related talks…
Dicambadrift
potential
How to spray
Dicamba (per
label)
Is Dicamba drift
unique?
• Particle drift: pesticide droplets or particles moving outside the area treated.
• Particle drift: pesticide droplets or particles moving outside the area treated.• Scale of tens-of-metres.
• Particle drift: pesticide droplets or particles moving outside the area treated.• Scale of tens-of-metres.• Function of sprayer /
weather.
• Particle drift: pesticide droplets or particles moving outside the area treated.• Scale of tens-of-metres.• Function of sprayer /
weather.
• Vapour drift: pesticide vapours moving outside the area being treated.
• Particle drift: pesticide droplets or particles moving outside the area treated.• Scale of tens-of-metres.• Function of sprayer /
weather.
• Vapour drift: pesticide vapours moving outside the area being treated. • Scale of kilometres.
• Particle drift: pesticide droplets or particles moving outside the area treated.• Scale of tens-of-metres.• Function of sprayer /
weather.
• Vapour drift: pesticide vapours moving outside the area being treated. • Scale of kilometres.• Function of chemistry /
weather.
To explain dicamba drift, we need a little history.
To explain dicamba drift, we need a little history.
Let’s set the WABAC to
Dicamba as Dimethylalamine (DMA) Salt Reg. ~1967
BanvellHerbicide
Dicamba as Diglycoalamine (DGA) Salt Reg. ~1983Banvell II
Herbicide
Dicamba as Dimethylalamine (DMA) Salt Reg. ~1967
BanvellHerbicide
feXapan
Dicamba as DGAFormulation with VaporGrip (Xtend Reg. 2016, feXapan Reg. tbd)
Dicamba as Diglycoalamine (DGA) Salt Reg. ~1983Banvell II
Herbicide
Dicamba as Dimethylalamine (DMA) Salt Reg. ~1967
BanvellHerbicide
feXapan
Dicamba as DGAFormulation with VaporGrip (Xtend Reg. 2016, feXapan Reg. tbd)
Dicamba as Diglycoalamine (DGA) Salt Reg. ~1983Banvell II
Herbicide
Dicamba as N, N-Bis-(aminopropyl) methylamine(BAPMA) Salt Reg. 2016
Dicamba as Dimethylalamine (DMA) Salt Reg. ~1967
BanvellHerbicide
• So, Xtend is a new formulation: Banvel II “encapsulated” in a polybasic polymer to further bind the salt and reduce volatility.
• So, Xtend is a new formulation: Banvel II “encapsulated” in a polybasic polymer to further bind the salt and reduce volatility.
• Engenia is a new chemistry: Banvel III, where molecule is “anchored” to a longer salt to reduce volatility.
• So, Xtend is a new formulation: Banvel II “encapsulated” in a polybasic polymer to further bind the salt and reduce volatility.
• Engenia is a new chemistry: Banvel III, where molecule is “anchored” to a longer salt to reduce volatility.
• And we’re still learning what that means to drift potential…
Monsanto’s Physical Drift Tests
• Soybean field in Texas
Monsanto’s Physical Drift Tests
• Soybean field in Texas• 2 passes at low rate
Monsanto’s Physical Drift Tests
• Soybean field in Texas• 2 passes at low rate• TTI 03’s & 04’s at 60 psi
Monsanto’s Physical Drift Tests
• Soybean field in Texas• 2 passes at low rate• TTI 03’s & 04’s at 60 psi • Collection discs placed
downwind – dicamba detected 53 ft away.
Monsanto’s Physical Drift Tests
• Soybean field in Texas• 2 passes at low rate• TTI 03’s & 04’s at 60 psi • Collection discs placed
downwind – dicamba detected 53 ft away.
• USA doubled that distance to get their low-rate buffer zone.
(53 ft x 2 is ≈110 ft)
Monsanto’s Physical Drift Tests
Is Volatility an Issue?
Source: Dr. Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri
Is Volatility an Issue?
70% less volatile than DGA
Monsanto’s Volatility Tests
• Monsanto performed tests (no external validation).
• Applied field rate soil in Humadome.• Aspirated at 2 L/min. for 24 hr.
• Rinsed “puff” (polyurethane foam) in ethanol.• Dicamba captured for gas chromatography.
Monsanto’s Volatility Tests
• 32 soybeans in Hoophouse trials.
Monsanto’s Volatility Tests(not pictured)
• 32 soybeans in Hoophouse trials.• Petri plates placed among
plants.
Monsanto’s Volatility Tests(not pictured)
• 32 soybeans in Hoophouse trials.• Petri plates placed among
plants.• Checked for vapour damage
symptoms over 14 days.
Monsanto’s Volatility Tests(not pictured)
What could Dicamba drift do?
Let’s look at the recent dicamba drift issue in the Southern US
• In 2016, US planted hundreds of thousands of acres of cotton and soybean with dicamba-tolerant trait.
• In 2016, US planted hundreds of thousands of acres of cotton and soybean with dicamba-tolerant trait.
• However, new low-volatility dicamba herbicides were not yet approved by the EPA.
• In 2016, US planted hundreds of thousands of acres of cotton and soybean with dicamba-tolerant trait.
• However, new low-volatility dicamba herbicides were not yet approved by the EPA.
• Onslaught of herbicide-resistant weeds led some to spray older, off-label dicamba chemistries (poorly).
>200 complaints of dicamba drift filed in AR, MS, MO & TN as of
Oct. 25.
>200 complaints of dicamba drift filed in AR, MS, MO & TN as of
Oct. 25.
Other states were affected, too.
Arguably, Missouri and Arkansas have been impacted most…
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97 2012: 75 (1 dicamba related)
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97 2012: 75 (1 dicamba related) 2013: 75
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97 2012: 75 (1 dicamba related) 2013: 75 2014: 90 (3 dicamba-related)
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97 2012: 75 (1 dicamba related) 2013: 75 2014: 90 (3 dicamba-related) 2015: 97 (27 alleged dicamba-
related)
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97 2012: 75 (1 dicamba related) 2013: 75 2014: 90 (3 dicamba-related) 2015: 97 (27 alleged dicamba-
related) 2016 (Jun22-Aug25): 98 (92 alleged dicamba-related)
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97 2012: 75 (1 dicamba related) 2013: 75 2014: 90 (3 dicamba-related) 2015: 97 (27 alleged dicamba-
related) 2016 (Jun22-Aug25): 98 (92 alleged dicamba-related)
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Alleged drift damage to >41,000 acres of soybeans, peaches, tomatoes, watermelons, cantaloupe, rice, purple-hull peas, peanuts,
cotton, alfalfa, residential gardens, trees and shrubs.
Number of official pesticide complaints (ag. & non-ag. use)
investigated by Missouri Pesticide Program:
2011: 97 2012: 75 (1 dicamba related) 2013: 75 2014: 90 (3 dicamba-related) 2015: 97 (27 alleged dicamba-
related) 2016 (Jun22-Aug25): 98 (92 alleged dicamba-related)
Source: Missouri Department of Agriculture
Alleged drift damage to >41,000 acres of soybeans, peaches, tomatoes, watermelons, cantaloupe, rice, purple-hull peas, peanuts,
cotton, alfalfa, residential gardens, trees and shrubs.
UPDATE (Jan 7, 2017))
U of Missouri’s Dr. Kevin Bradley (@showmeweeds) at SWAC in Jan.:
U of Missouri’s Dr. Kevin Bradley (@showmeweeds) at SWAC in Jan.:
• ~80% of Missouri’s ac. have a 3- or 4-way resistant weed.
U of Missouri’s Dr. Kevin Bradley (@showmeweeds) at SWAC in Jan.:
• ~80% of Missouri’s ac. have a 3- or 4-way resistant weed.
• He’s walked all 120 “official” cases and many more “unofficial”.
U of Missouri’s Dr. Kevin Bradley (@showmeweeds) at SWAC in Jan.:
• ~80% of Missouri’s ac. have a 3- or 4-way resistant weed.
• He’s walked all 120 “official” cases and many more “unofficial”.
• >100,000 ac of burned soybean, alone (60% clearly physical drift).
U of Missouri’s Dr. Kevin Bradley (@showmeweeds) at SWAC in Jan.:
• ~80% of Missouri’s ac. have a 3- or 4-way resistant weed.
• He’s walked all 120 “official” cases and many more “unofficial”.
• >100,000 ac of burned soybean, alone (60% clearly physical drift).
• Some night-sprayed, 2 or 3x same field at 2-3x DMA or DGA label rate.
U of Missouri’s Dr. Kevin Bradley (@showmeweeds) at SWAC in Jan.:
• ~80% of Missouri’s ac. have a 3- or 4-way resistant weed.
• He’s walked all 120 “official” cases and many more “unofficial”.
• >100,000 ac of burned soybean, alone (60% clearly physical drift).
• Some night-sprayed, 2 or 3x same field at 2-3x DMA or DGA label rate.
• One soybean applicator burned 20 neighbours…
• Tragically, Arkansas farmer Mike Wallace confronted a neighbour about dicamba damage to 40% of his soybeans, and was shot to death. (Oct.)
Arkansas
• Federal warrants issued in Arkansas for EPA Criminal Investigation into misuse of dicamba (Oct.)
• Federal warrants issued in Arkansas for EPA Criminal Investigation into misuse of dicamba (Oct.)
• State Plant Board recommended increasing the fines for misapplication from $1,000 per violation to $25,000 (Nov.)
• Federal warrants issued in Arkansas for EPA Criminal Investigation into misuse of dicamba (Oct.)
• State Plant Board recommended increasing the fines for misapplication from $1,000 per violation to $25,000 (Nov.)
• They proposed MANDATORY training requirement for all applicators using the new auxin technologies.
(On Jan. 4, governor supported proposals. NC state already enforces mandatory training.)
• As of Feb. 13, 2017, Mississippi State University Extension started offering free, self-paced online training:
• As of Feb. 13, 2017, Mississippi State University Extension started offering free, self-paced online training:
www.auxintraining.com
• As of Feb. 13, 2017, Mississippi State University Extension started offering free, self-paced online training:
www.auxintraining.com
• University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension now has a program, too.
• As of Feb. 13, 2017, Mississippi State University Extension started offering free, self-paced online training:
www.auxintraining.com
• University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension now has a program, too.
• Be aware: Some US restrictions differ from CA.
• So, even if you have access to other dicamba options (e.g. generics), use
the new low-volatility products.
$27.40/litre (MSRP)
$6.85/ac (250 ml/ac)
• So, even if you have access to other dicamba options (e.g. generics), use
the new low-volatility products.
MSRP ($CDN) for lowest rate of dicamba products on soybean
$27.40/litre (MSRP)
$6.85/ac (250 ml/ac)
$18.50/litre(MSRP)
$6.10/ac (333 ml/ac)
• So, even if you have access to other dicamba options (e.g. generics), use
the new low-volatility products.
MSRP ($CDN) for lowest rate of dicamba products on soybean
$27.40/litre (MSRP)
$6.85/ac (250 ml/ac)
$18.50/litre(MSRP)
$6.10/ac (333 ml/ac)
• So, even if you have access to other dicamba options (e.g. generics), use
the new low-volatility products.
MSRP ($CDN) for lowest rate of dicamba products on soybean
$33.37/litre(MSRP)
$6.48/ac (194 ml/ac)
$27.40/litre (MSRP)
$6.85/ac (250 ml/ac)
$18.50/litre(MSRP)
$6.10/ac (333 ml/ac)
• So, even if you have access to other dicamba options (e.g. generics), use
the new low-volatility products.
MSRP ($CDN) for lowest rate of dicamba products on soybean
NoLonger
available
$33.37/litre(MSRP)
$6.48/ac (194 ml/ac)
In GA, no “official” off-label dicamba drift complaints! But
Why?
• Est. 648,000 acres (i.e. half) of Georgia’s cotton crop was planted with Xtend cotton.
• Est. 648,000 acres (i.e. half) of Georgia’s cotton crop was planted with Xtend cotton.
• Since winter, 2015, 1,499 Georgia growers (2,114 total) took “Using Pesticides Wisely” training course.
• Est. 648,000 acres (i.e. half) of Georgia’s cotton crop was planted with Xtend cotton.
• Since winter, 2015, 1,499 Georgia growers (2,114 total) took “Using Pesticides Wisely” training course.
• Perhaps informed growers made better choices…
What do the Dicamba
labels say?
The labels have been built over time.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• Monsanto develops Xtend trait for soybeans and drafts dicamba use.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• Monsanto develops Xtend trait for soybeans and drafts dicamba use.
• BASF & Monsanto collaborate to ensure label consistency.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• Monsanto develops Xtend trait for soybeans and drafts dicamba use.
• BASF & Monsanto collaborate to ensure label consistency.
• Soybean section added to BASF’s Banvel II & Monsanto’s M1691 labels.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• Monsanto develops Xtend trait for soybeans and drafts dicamba use.
• BASF & Monsanto collaborate to ensure label consistency.
• Soybean section added to BASF’s Banvel II & Monsanto’s M1691 labels.
• This formed the basis for XtendiMax and Engenia labels.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• Monsanto develops Xtend trait for soybeans and drafts dicamba use.
• BASF & Monsanto collaborate to ensure label consistency.
• Soybean section added to BASF’s Banvel II & Monsanto’s M1691 labels.
• This formed the basis for XtendiMax and Engenia labels.
• XtendiMax registered, but label changes needed.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• Monsanto develops Xtend trait for soybeans and drafts dicamba use.
• BASF & Monsanto collaborate to ensure label consistency.
• Soybean section added to BASF’s Banvel II & Monsanto’s M1691 labels.
• This formed the basis for XtendiMax and Engenia labels.
• XtendiMax registered, but label changes needed.
• Engenia registered with those label changes.
• >30 year old Banvel II label for corn and cereals.
• Monsanto develops Xtend trait for soybeans and drafts dicamba use.
• BASF & Monsanto collaborate to ensure label consistency.
• Soybean section added to BASF’s Banvel II & Monsanto’s M1691 labels.
• This formed the basis for XtendiMax and Engenia labels.
• XtendiMax registered, but label changes needed.
• Engenia registered with those label changes.
• Changes to XtendiMax label forthcoming...
• No AMS (Ammonium Sulfate)
• No AMS (Ammonium Sulfate)
• 110 ft (33 m) downwind buffer for low rate
• No AMS (Ammonium Sulfate)
• 110 ft (33 m) downwind buffer for low rate
• TTI 03-04 @ 50-60 psi*
• No AMS (Ammonium Sulfate)
• 110 ft (33 m) downwind buffer for low rate
• TTI 03-04 @ 50-60 psi*• ≤20 in (50 cm) boom
height
• No AMS (Ammonium Sulfate)
• 110 ft (33 m) downwind buffer for low rate
• TTI 03-04 @ 50-60 psi*• ≤20 in (50 cm) boom
height• No tank mixing**Tips and tank mix partners are undergoing
testing to prove they do not adversely affect offsite movement potential.
• www.xtendimaxapplicationrequirements.com• www.fexapanapplicationrequirements.dupont.co
m
Bryan Young (Purdue University ):
Mixing order for the new dicamba formulations shouldn't differ from what spray applicators are accustom to with other herbicides. "The main thing is timing. Spray small
weeds and use the most restrictive label for weed size or crop growth stage."
FeXapan
How do I spray
Dicamba?
ASABE 572.1 is a standard that defines categories for flat fan spray
quality based on the droplet size range, & number relative to volume.
Most nozzle manufacturers voluntarily comply with 572.1
and provide spray quality information.
Most nozzle manufacturers voluntarily comply with 572.1
and provide spray quality information.
• Stats humour.
• A single nozzle produces a range of droplet sizes.
• A single nozzle produces a range of droplet sizes.
• The median droplet size changes with pressure.
• A single nozzle produces a range of droplet sizes.
• Rate controllers adjust pressure according to travel speed.
• The median droplet size changes with pressure.
Make your pressure gauge your speedometer (Dr. Tom Wolf)
Make your pressure gauge your speedometer (Dr. Tom Wolf)
• Operate nozzle from mid-to-high pressure range.
Make your pressure gauge your speedometer (Dr. Tom Wolf)
• Operate nozzle from mid-to-high pressure range.
• Allows you to slow without compromising uniformity.
Make your pressure gauge your speedometer (Dr. Tom Wolf)
• Operate nozzle from mid-to-high pressure range.
• Allows you to slow without compromising uniformity.
• But you must ensure XC-UC spray quality… so you have to read the nozzle tables!
In Canada, Spray quality is BLACK & WHITE
In Canada, Spray quality is BLACK & WHITE
• Agrifac’s HTA D3-21 TKSS-5 liquid/ air nozzle: XC 30-87 psi, 0.23-0.45 US g./min.
• Wilger’s Combo-Jet UR110 series• John Deere’s PSULDQ series
(2004’s?)• Greenleaf’s D-Series
In Canada, Spray quality is BLACK & WHITE
Nozzle choices improving in US (Mar. 1st)
Nozzle choices improving in US (Mar. 1st)
But are they really useful?
Slower travel speeds allow lower booms
Slower travel speeds allow lower booms
• It’s 50 cm from target, max.
Slower travel speeds allow lower booms
• It’s 50 cm from target, max.• Low booms reduce physical drift
and improve coverage.
Slower travel speeds allow lower booms
• It’s 50 cm from target, max.• Low booms reduce physical drift
and improve coverage.• Efficiency gains from faster fill /
clean times, even when driving slower.
When do I spray
Dicamba?
• Timing matters!
• Timing matters!
• Single, high rate, 1st pass?
Length of Residual Control(per Mike Cowbrough)
Length of Residual Control(per Mike Cowbrough)
• Low Rate (300 g ae/ha)~ 2 weeks
Length of Residual Control(per Mike Cowbrough)
• Low Rate (300 g ae/ha)~ 2 weeks
• High Rate (600 g ae/ha)~ 4 weeks(Mike figures 2-4 depending on conditions)
I understand wind, but what’s an Inversion?
Temperature inversion
Temperature inversion
Temperature inversion
• Temperature inversions supress thermal turbulence, and concentrated spray-laden air flows laterally.
Temperature inversion
• Temperature inversions supress thermal turbulence, and concentrated spray-laden air flows laterally.
• Moves either downhill (like water) or with light breezes.
When do inversions occur?
When do inversions occur?• Inversions, once formed, persist
until the sun rises and warms the Earth’s surface, or until winds increase and mix the stationary “layers” of air together.
When do inversions occur?• Inversions, once formed, persist
until the sun rises and warms the Earth’s surface, or until winds increase and mix the stationary “layers” of air together.
• At sunrise, the inversion will be at its maximum height.
Inversion intensity varies
•Humidity slows the formation and reduces the intensity of an inversion.
Inversion intensity varies
•Humidity slows the formation and reduces the intensity of an inversion.
•Cloud cover bounces long wave radiation back to Earth, making it warmer and reducing inversion intensity.
Inversion intensity varies
•Humidity slows the formation and reduces the intensity of an inversion.
•Cloud cover bounces long wave radiation back to Earth, making it warmer and reducing inversion intensity.
•Wind (>6 or 8 km/h) stirs the air vertically, reducing inversion intensity.
Inversion intensity varies
Any other way it
might move between fields?
• Here are serial dilution rinses, sprayed on conventional soybeans
Photo source Monsanto demo plots: Chatham, Ontario
• Here are serial dilution rinses, sprayed on conventional soybeans
Photo source Monsanto demo plots: Chatham, Ontario
• Here are serial dilution rinses, sprayed on conventional soybeans
Photo source Monsanto demo plots: Chatham, Ontario
• Here are serial dilution rinses, sprayed on conventional soybeans
What did you spray before and after
dicamba?
•Dicamba (by design) binds to clay particles.
What did you spray before and after
dicamba?
•Dicamba (by design) binds to clay particles.•Atrazine is hard to clean out.
What did you spray before and after
dicamba?
•Dicamba (by design) binds to clay particles.•Atrazine is hard to clean out.•Even after multiple tanks, dicamba bound to Atrazine (or any DF or WDG formulation) can break loose from filters and wreak havoc.
What did you spray before and after
dicamba?
• ~1 cup of spray solution in a 1,200 gal. tank = significant foliar injury to conventional soybean, but not necessarily yield loss.
• ~1 cup of spray solution in a 1,200 gal. tank = significant foliar injury to conventional soybean, but not necessarily yield loss.
• 1 to 2 gallons of spray solution in a 1,200 gal. tank = significant yield loss to conventional soybean. Dr. Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri
• ~1 cup of spray solution in a 1,200 gal. tank = significant foliar injury to conventional soybean, but not necessarily yield loss.
• 1 to 2 gallons of spray solution in a 1,200 gal. tank = significant yield loss to conventional soybean.
• Flowering soybean exposed to dicamba particle drift (~1/100x use rate) will experience an approximate 9% yield loss.
Franklin et al. (2014) Weed Science 62: 193-206.
Dr. Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri
Flag the Technology (2011)
• Color-coded bicycle flags on field corners indicate herbicide tolerance for spray planes.
Flag the Technology (2011)
• Color-coded bicycle flags on field corners indicate herbicide tolerance for spray planes.
• Saved a lot of trouble in AR, MI, MO and LA.
Flag the Technology (2011)
Glyphosate resistant weed control(per Mike Cowbrough)
Waterhemp
NO: Better options exist
Giant ragweed
YES: Pre-plant(May also need POST)
Common ragweed
YES: Two-pass (PP/PRE fb POST)
Canada fleabane
YES: Pre-plant(May also need POST)
Dr. Dan Reynolds >30 years as an Extension & Research Weed Scientist
Mississippi State University
“If there’s any doubt,
don’t pull the trigger.
If there’s any doubt in
your mind, don’t spray.”
Tom Wolf@nozzle_guy
Jason Deveau@spray_guy
Learn more about spraying
www.sprayers101.com