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COLLAPSE OF THE MYCENEAN DOMINANCE 11 T H CENTURY BCE
GEOMETRIC PERIOD 900-600 BCE
ORIENTALIZING PERIOD 700-600 BCE
ARCHAIC PERIOD 600- 480 BCE
Bronze Age
Crete: Minoan Civilization(Palace at Knossos)
Mycenaean Civilization
Greek Geography after collapse of mycenaean civilization
Greece was divided into small self-governing communities (city-states or polis) (9th/10th BCE)
Why? Geography of the region: islands and valleys cut off by the sea or mountains.
Warrior aristocracies developed with main centers in Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Delphi, and Thebes.
Inter-city rivalry gave way to war between city-states.
Greek “Dark Age” to Archaic
“Dark Age” (1150 B.C.E.- 700 B.C.E.) –Greek isolation
Ended when Phoenician ships entered the Aegean and gave the Greeks a writing system (phonetical) , helped develop Eastern Mediterranean and SW Asia.
Much of Greece remained oral cultureTheatrical drama, philosophical dialogues, and
oratory from interaction of speaking and writing.
900 – 750 BCE
GEOMETRIC PERIOD
8
Geometric Krater, from
the Dipylon cemetery,
Athens, Greece, ca. 740 BCE. 42”
high. Use of registersShows funerary
rituals (cremation)
9
Human emotionsGeometric
shapesHow does this
differ from Minoan
predecessors?How does artist show sense of
loss?
740 BCE
1500 BCE
• 700 – 600 BCE• Began in Corinth (trade
center)• Black figure technique
emerged in pottery• Are there any precedents
for these creatures?• What influences are
there?
Orientalizingperiod
Corinthian Olpe
600 BCE - 480 BCE
Archaic Greece
Greek RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Immortal gods on Mt. Olympus, but took human form with human weaknesses
Zeus & Hera the power coupleSanctuaries dedicated to the gods
(before temples)
http://youtu.be/eJCm8W5RZes
Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi
Literally the center of the earth, per their religion
Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi
• Advice from Oracle of Delphi• Site of Pythian Games• Theatre, Treasury, Temple• Designed to fit site – very specific
unlike Egyptian
Karnak
Homeric ageIliad and
Odyssey actually written during Geometric period
Heroic tales of gods and heroes
Also Aesop’s Fables, Sappho’s poetry
Human supremacy and responsibility eventually will be expressed in art
Anavysos Kouros, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, 6’ 4” high
What influences? How did they go from figurines to lifesize marble or terra cotta?
Archaic Smile - Kouros=young man, Kore=young womanMen were always shown nude (unlike?)
Grave monument to a fallen hero, more lifelike than earlier Kouros
Peplos Kore, and a painted cast
Wore dress Chiton and Peplos in style Marble, 530 BCE
Votive statue to godsFemale statues believed to be deities, nymphs, or priestesses
Artist: Euphronios (painter) and Euxitheos (potter)
Title: Death of Sarpedon
Ceramic calyx krater with red-figure decoration, 18" high
Date: c. 515 BCE, Archaic Period
Source/Museum: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Euphronius best known red figure artist, illustrating a story from the Iliad, Sleep & Death carry dead Trojan warrior from battlefield
Balanced composition, rhythm of decorative bands echoing the shape of the body and Hermes, guide to the Underworld
Foreshortening … such as Sarpedon’s left leg
Body beautiful
New red figure technique supplanted black figure-could paint rather than incise details
Death of Sarpedon
The Arts & Sciences (Pre-Socratic)
DRAMA (tragedians):
Sophocles (496-406 B.C.E.)
Euripides (480-406 B.C.E.)
THE SCIENCES:
Pythagoras (580-490 B.C.E.?) - father of mathematics
Democritus (460-370 B.C.E.)- all matter made up of small atoms.
Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.E.) “Father of Medicine”
Early Athenian Lawgivers
Draco (7th C B.C.E.)- “draconian”
Solon (6th C B.C.E.) - lawgiver; divided Athens into four classes based on farm yields; avert civil war
Cleisthenes (5th C B.C.E.) - created the first “democracy”
Pericles- Athenian democracy: Assembly, Council of 500, People’s Court; Parthenon
Great Athenian Philosophers
Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.)
Know thyself!
question everything; Socratic Method
only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.
Plato (428-347 B.C.E.)
The Academy
The world of the FORMS - mimeticism
The Republic philosopher-king
Great Athenian Philosophers
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)
The Lyceum
Collect and categorize a vast array of knowledge: politics, philosophy, ethics, logic, poetry, rhetoric, physics, astronomy, meteorology, zoology, and psychology;
Modern disciplines and the Scientific method.
Alexander’s Tutor
Greek TemplePlans
S
TemplesTemplesTemples
Plan of a typical peripteral Greek temple.
Peripteral Greek Temple
Compare Doric and Ionic Orders
ARCHITRAVE
STYLOBATE
FRIEZE
PEDIMENT
RAKING CORNICE
CORNICE
S
Temple of Hera at Paestum, Italy. Doric temple from Archaic period. Well preserved example.
West pediment from the Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece, ca. 600–580 BCE.
Limestone, greatest height 9’ 4”.
Sumerian piece from Lyre – 3200 BCE
Dying warrior, from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500–490 BCE. Marble, 5’ 2
½“
G
East Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, 6’ 1” long.
Kritios Boy, from the
Acropolis, Athens,
Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, 2’ 10” high.
Kritios Boy (Athens), c. 480 BCE, marble
contrapposto
POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros
(Spear Bearer). Roman
marble copy from
Pompeii, Italy, after a
bronze original of
ca. 450–440 BCE, 6’ 11”
high.
Canon of proportions…
Polykleitos. Doryphoros (Spear
Bearer), Roman copy from a bronze original of c. 450-440 BCE, marble
Canon of Polykleitos/ harmony of opposites
(rhythmos and symmetria)/ four stages of man in
Greek life/ education of an
ephebe (or ephebos)
“Persian Wars”: 499 BCE–480 BCE
Persian Wars: Battles
Marathon (490 BCE)
26+ miles from Athens
Thermopylae (480 BCE)
300 Spartans at the mountain pass
Salamis (480 BCE)
Athenian navy victorious
44KRESILAS,
Pericles. Roman marble
copy of a bronze
original of ca. 429 BCE.
Full herm 6’ high; detail 4’ 6 1/2” high.
G
Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE
Acropolis
The Acropolis Today
The Parthenon
Watch video on your own and answer questions.Perikles?
Plan of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, with diagram of sculptural program (after Andrew
Stewart), 447–432 BCE.
destruction in 1687/ Phidias/ x=2y + 1/ illusion of uniformity and stability
(concept of architecture as an arrangement of masses in space)
Agora- “Gathering Place”
Inner Ionic frieze of the Parthenon, 447-438 BCE
use of the Ionic order in the cella/ Panathenaic procession/
Arrephorion
Left: 19th century French color drawing
of the ParthenonBelow: View of a
corner frieze of the Parthenon
Phidias. Athena Parthenos,
model of the lost statue created for the cella of the Parthenon (Athens) c. 438
BCE
statue of Athena with the Python (representing the “logos”)/
aegis
PHIDIAS, Athena Parthenos, in the cella of the
Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece,
ca. 438 BCE. Model of the lost chryselephantine
statue.
east pediment: the birth of Athena
West pediment: contest of Poseidon and Athena
Below: Dionysos (or Herakles?) from the east pediment of the
Parthenon, c. 438-432 BCE
Three Goddesses from the east pediment of the Parthenon, c. 438-
432 BCE
creation of relaxed, organic forms/ use of drapery to suggest
movement
Left and Right: Metopes depicting struggle between a Lapith and a
centaur, from the Parthenon (Athens)lapiths and centaurs
gods viewed as spectators/ interest in creating weight
use of repetition to mimic architectural elements
Erechtheion
(Athenian acropolis), c. 421-405
BCE
contest between Athena
and Poseidon
75
Plan of the
Erechtheion,
Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421–405 BCE.
G
Erechtheion (looking northwest), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421–
405 BCE.
78
Caryatid from the south porch of the
Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca.
421–405 BCE. Marble, 7’ 7” high.
G
KALLIKRATES, Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 427–424 BCE.
Nike Adjusting her Sandal,
from the south side of the parapet of the Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis,
Athens, Greece, ca. 410 BCE. Marble, 3’
6” high.
81
Grave stele of Hegeso, from the Dipylon cemetery,
Athens, Greece, ca. 400 BCE. Marble, 5’ 2”
high.
Peloponnesian Wars- 431 B.C.E.
The Peloponnesian Wars
The emergence of Athens as an imperial power after the Persian Wars led to open hostilities with former allies.
Mainly between the Spartans (financed by the Persians) and the Athenians, lasted three decades with a Spartan victory.
Persia regained much of its control and because of uprisings in Egypt, Cyprus, and Phoenicia, it did not return to attack Greece.
In northern Greece, Macedonians, Philip II and his son, Alexander, would reshape the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia in this vacuum.
Macedonia Under Philip II