2014

ЖАКЛИНА

AНГЛИСКИ ЈАЗИК

English Alphabet = Англиска aзбука

a b c d e f g

A (е) B (би) C (си) D (ди) E (и) F (еф) G (џи)

h i j k l m n

H (ејч) I (ај) J (џеј) K (кеј) L (ел) M (ем) N (ен)

o p q r s t u

O (о) P (пи) Q (кју) R (ар) S (ес) T (ти) U (ју)

v w x y z

V (ви) W (дабалју) X екс) Y (вај) Z (зед)

Numbers =Броеви

Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers

0 zero

1 one 1st first

2 two 2nd second

3 three 3rd third

4 four 4th fourth

5 five 5th fifth

6 six 6th sixth

7 seven 7th seventh

8 eight 8th eighth

9 nine 9th ninth

10 ten 10th tenth

11 eleven 11th eleventh

12 twelve 12th twelfth

13 thirteen 13th thirteenth

14 fourteen 14th fourteenth

15 fifteen 15th fifteenth

16 sixteen 16th sixteenth

17 seventeen 17th seventeenth

18 eighteen 18th eighteenth

19 nineteen 19th nineteenth

20 twenty 20th twentieth

21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first

30 thirty 30th thirtieth

40 forty

50 fifty

60 sixty

COLORS = Бои

COLORS = Бои

Animals-Животни Alligator = алигатор Anchovy = сардела

Ant = мравка Ape = мајмун Bat = лилјак Bear = мечка Bee = пчела

Beetle = бумбар Bird = птица

Boa = боа Buffalo = буфало

Bumble bee = пчела Butterfly = пеперутка

Camel = камила Canary = канаринец

Cat = мачка Caterpillar = гасеница

Centipede = стоногалка Chick = пиле

Cobra = кобра Cock, rooster = петел

Falcon = сокол

Crab = рак Cricket = штурец

Crocodile = крокодил Cuckoo = кукавица

Deer = елен Doe = срна Dog = куче

Dolphin = делфин Donkey = магаре

Duck = патка Eagle = орел Eel = јагула

Elephant = слон Ewe = овца

Feather = пердув Fish =риба Fly = мува

Fox = лисица Frog =заба

Giraffe = жирафа Goat = коза

Goldfish = златна риба Goose = гуска snake = змија

Grouse = тетреб Gull =галеб

Hamster = хрчак Hawk = јастреб Hedgehog = еж

Hen = кокошка Hippopotamus = нилски коњ

Horse = коњ Hummingbird = колубри

Iguana = игуана Shrimp = ракчиња

Jackal = чакал Jellyfish = медуза Kangaroo = кенгур

Kitten = маче Koala = коала

Oyster = остриги Lamb = јагне

Lark = чучулига Leech = пијавица

Lion = лав Lizard = гуштер Lobster = јастог

Mackerel = скуша Monkey = мајмун

Mosquito = комарец Moth = молец

Mussel = школки Octopus = октопод

Ostrich = ној Otter = водра

Owl = був Ox = вол

Panda = панда

Parrot = папагал Peacock = паун

Penguin = пигвин Pig = свиња

Pigeon = гулаб flamingo = фламинго

Polar bear = поларна мечка Praying mantis = богомолка

Puppy = кутре Rabbit = зајак Ram = овен

Rat = стаорец crow = врана

Rhinoceros = носорог Salmon = лосос

Sardine = сардина Wasp = оса

Sea lion = морски лав Seagull = галеб Louse = вошка Shark = ајкула Snail = полжав Snake = змија Spider = пајак

Squid = лигњи Squirrel = верверица

Stag = елен Starfish = морска звезда

Stork = штрк

Swallow = ластовица

Swan = лебед Sparrow = врапче

Bug = бубачка Tiger = тигар

Caterpillar = гасеница Tortoise = желка Trout = пастрмка

Tuna = туна Turkey = мисирка

Blackbird = кос Eagle = орел

Jackdaw = чавка

Wasp = оса Whale = кит

Peacock = паун Wolf = волк

Woodpecker = кљукодрвец Worm = црв

Zebra = зебра

Family-Фамилија Adolescence = адолесценцијата

Adult = возрасни Aunt = тетка Baby = бебе

Birthday = роденден

Boy = момче Bride = невеста Brother = брат

Еnemu,foe = непријател Child = дете

Childhood = детство Christening = крштење

Neighbor = сосед Cousin = братучед Daughter = ќерка Divorce = развод

Divorcee = разведен Elder = старец

Boy = момче Family = семејство

Father = татко Girl = девојче

grand-father = дедо Friend = пријател

grand-mother = баба Great-grand-father = пра-дедо Great-grand-mother = пра-баба

Half-brother = полубрад Half-sister = полусестра

Honeymoon = меден месец Husband = сопруг

Kid = дете Surname = презиме

Marital status = брачен статус Marriage = венчавка

Mother = мајка

Name = име Mum = мама

Nephew = внук Niece = внука

Pregnant = бремена Relatives = роднини

Sister = сестра Godfather = кум

Son = син Spouse = брачен другар Mather in law = свекрва Father in law =свекор

Youth = млади Men = маж

Teenager = тинејџер Twins = близнаци

Uncle = чичко Women = жена Wife = сопруга

Body-Тело Allergy = алергија

Ankle = глужд

Arm = рака Armpit = пазуви

Back = грб Belly = стомак

Brow = веѓа Bone = коска Brain =мозок

Breast = гради forehead = чело Buttock = задник

Cheek = образ Chest = граден кош

Chickenpox = сипаници Chin = брада

Cough = кашлица Cuticle = живец

Ear = уво Elbow = лак

Eye = око Eyebrow = веѓа

Eyelid = очен капак Face = лице

Finger = прст Fist = тупаница

Flu = грип Foot = нога

Forearm = подлактица Genitals = гениталии

Hand = рака

Head = глава Headache = главоболка

Health = здравје Heart = срце Heel = пета

Hormone = хормони Ill = болен

Illness = болест Injury =повреда

Kidney = бубрези Knee = колено

Knuckle = зглоб Large intestine = дебело црево

Leg = нога Lip = уста

Moustache = мустаки Liver = црн дроб

Lung = бели дробови Medicine = мелицина

Bosom = дојки Mouth = уста

Muscles = мускули Nail = нокт

Nape = врат Navel = папок Neck = врат

Nipple = брадавица Nose = нос

Nostril = ноздра

Jaw = вилица Palm = дланка Penis = пенис Pore = пора

Tongue = јазик Toes = прсти

Shoulder = рамо Skeleton = скелет

Skin = кожа Skull = череп

Hair = коса Spine = рбет

Stomach = стомак Sweat = пот

Syringe = шприц Legs = нозе

Forehead = чело Thigh = бут

Throat = грло Thumb = палец

Toe = пета Toenail = нокт Tongue = јазик

Tooth = заб Wrist = зглоб

Food-Храна Acorn squash = тиквички

Almond = бадем Apple = јаболко Apricot = кајсија

Artichoke = артичок Aubergine = модар патлиџан

Avocado = авокадо Banana = банана

Basket of fruit = кошница со овошје Beef = говетско

Beetroot = цвекло Bitter = горчливо

ripe = зрели Bean = грав

Blueberry = боровинки Bread = леб

boiled eggs = варени јајца Broccoli = брокула

Brown rice = кафен ориз green beans = боранија

Cabbage = зелка Carrot = морков Cream = павлака

Cauliflower = карфиол Hoddog = ходдог

Celery = целер Cereal = житарици Cheese = сирење Cherry = цреша

Toast = тост Chestnut = костен

Chicken = пилешко Chicory = цикорија

Chocolate spread = еурокрем fried eggs = пржени јајца Hamburger = хамбургер

Cookie = колаче Coconut = кокос

Coffee maker = кафемат Ham = шунка

Eg = јајце Corn = пченка

Chocolate = чоколада Cake = торта

Cucumber = краставица Dairy produce = млечни производи

Dandelion = глуварче Date = урма Grill = скара

Fennel = анасон Stew = чорба

Vermicelli = фиде

Flour = брашно Flesh = месо Food = храна

Ground meat = ќофте Fresh = свежо

Frozen = замрзнато Icecream = сладолед

pea = грашок Garlic = лук

Ginger = ѓумбир Grapefruit = Грејпфрут

Grapes = грозје Hazelnut = лешник

spicy = зачин Jam = џем

Honey = мед Sandwich = сендвич

Juice = сок Juicy =сочно

Ketchup = кечап Stiffed cabbage = сарма

Kiwifruit = киви Leaf = лист meat = месо Leek = праз

Lemon = лимон Lettuce = марула

Lime = цитрон Lentil = леќа

Mango = манго Margarine = маргарин Mayonnaise = мајонез

Meal = оброк Meat = месо

Melon = диња Macaroni = макарони

Milk = млеко Mince = мелено месо Mushroom = печурки

Mustard = сенф Nectarine = нектарина

Oats = овес Olive = маслинка Onion = кромид

Orange = портокал Pancake = палачинка

Pretzel = ѓеврек Peach = праска

Peanut = кикирики Pear = круша

Parsley = магданос Pepper = бибер

Pepper = пиперка Pickled gherkin = кисека краставица

Pie = пита nut = орев

Pineapple = ананас Pistachio = фстаци

Pizza = пица Plum = слива

Pork = свинско Potato = компир pear, fig = круша Popcorn = пуцки

rice = ориз Pumpkin = тиква Poppy = афион Quince = дуња

Radish = роктвица Raisin = суво грозје Rasher = сланина

Raspberry = малина Raw = суровини

Red meat = црвено месо Redcurrant = црвена рибизла

Youghurt = јогурт Soup = супа Rice = ориз

Root = корен Rotten = скапано

Sausage = салама Salt = сол

Sauce = сос Seed, pip = семе

Sugarbeet = шекерна репа Susame = сусам Semolina = гриз

Chips = чипс Slice = парче

Smoking = пушење Sour = кисело Spice = зачин chilli = чили

Spinach = спанаќ onion = кромид

Fig = смоква Strawberry = јагода

Sunflower = сончоглед Sweetcorn = клас од мумуруз

Sweet = благо Tangerine = мандарина

Tea = чај Tomato = домат

Truffle = тартуфи Turnip = репка Veal = телешко

Vegetables = зеленчук Vinegar = оцет Walnut = орев

Garden = градина Watermelon = лубеница

Wheat = пценица White rice = бел ориз

Pomegranate = калинка Zest = кора од лимон

Zucchini, courgette = тиквички

alcohol алхохол

apple juice Сок од јаболка beer пиво

bottle шише brandy ракија

champagne шампањ water вода

cocktail коктелe coffee кафе Coke кока drink пијалок

to drink пие fizzy, carbonated газиран

fruit juice Овошен сок gin џин

glass чаша vine вино

instant coffee Истант кафе herb tea Чај од билки

hot chocolate Топло чоколадо ice cube Коцка мраз

lemonade лимонада liqueur ликер

milk млеко mineral water Минерална вода orange juice Сок од портокал

rum рум Sparkling water Газирана вода

vodka вотка

House-Куќа Alarm clock = будилник

Armchair = фотеља Attic = таван

whisky, whiskey виски to be thirsty жеден

Steak = стек Lollipop = лижавче

Pudding = пудинг Biscuits = бисквити

Bleach = кајгана Canned = конзервирана

Breakfast = појадок

Lunch = ручек Snack,repast = ужина

Dinner = вечера Sugar = шеќер Salt = сол

cooking oil = зејтин Vinegar = оцет yeast = квасец Eat = јаде

Balcony = тераса Bathroom = купатило

Bed = кревет Bedroom = спална

Block of flats = стамбена зграда Carpet = тепих

Ceiling = плафон Chair = стол

Chest of drawers = комода Chimney = оџак

Clock = часовник Corridor = ходник Curtain = завеза

Cushion, pillow = перница Dining room = трпезарија

Dishwasher = машина за садови Door = врата Brush = четка Comb = чешел

Fan = вентилатор Fireplace = камин

Flat = стан Floor = спрат

Freezer = замрзнувач Home = дом House = куќа

Intercom = интерфон Razor = жилет

Ironing board = даска за пеглање Kitchen = кујна Lamp = ламба

Shaving foam = пена за бричење Lawn = тревник

Light bulb = сијалица Living room = дневна соба

Padlock = катанец Path = патека

Toothbrush = четка за заби Hairdryer = фен за коса

Roof = покрив, кров Rug = килим

Showerhead = туш Cellar = визба

Sink = мијалник Basement = подрум

Sofa = фотеља Staircase = скали

Stool = столче Table = маса Tap = чешма Tile = плочка

Vacuum cleaner = правосмукалка Wall = зид

Wardrobe = гардероба Washing machine = машина за алишта

Water closet = веце Window = прозор

Workshop = работилница

Kitchen -Кујна кујна kitchen

мијалник sink чешма tap чешма faucet фридижер fridge ладилник freezer Машина за садови dishwasher стаспиратор cooker hood шпорет oven микробранова microwave oven миксер mixer блендер blender машинка за месо meat mincer тостер toaster кафемат coffee maker чајник kettle чајник teapot сито colander фритеза deep fryer тава frying pan чинија plate чаша glass чаша cup Длабока чинија bowl Нож за лупење vegetable peeler нож knife печка stove вилушка fork лажица spoon

Clothing-Облека Boots = чизми Backpack, rucksack = ранец Blouse = блуза Belt = каиш Tie = вратоврска Shorts = шорцеви Bra = прслок Briefcase = ташна за документи Brooch = брош Brush = четка Cap = капа Cleanser = чистење Coat = капут Comb = чешел Button = копче Zipper = патент Bracelet = нараквица Disrobe = се соблекува Dress = фустан Dressing gown = наметка Dungarees = комбилизон Dressing = облекување dress up = се облекува Undress = соблекува Gel = гел Glasses = очила Gloves = ракавици Hairdryer = фен hanger = закачалка Hairspray = лак Handbag = ташна

Handkerchief = марамица Hat = шапка Raincoat = мантил Jacket = јакна Jumper = џемпер Knickers = гаќи Lace = чипка Leather = кожа Tuxedo = смокинг Lipstick = кармин Make-up = шминка Mittens = белезница Slippers = влечки Sandals = сандали Nail varnish = лак за нокти Necklace = ѓердан Nightie = ноќница Perfume = парфем running shoes = патики Pyjamas = пижама Raincoat = наметка за дожд Ring = прстен Scarf = шамија Scarf = шал Fur = крзно Shampoo = шампон Shirt = кошула Shoe = чевли Skirt = здолниште

Tunic = туника Socks = чорапи Јеans = фармерки jacket = јакна Sunglasses = очила за сонце Sweatshirt = подкошула T-shirt = мајца nappy = пелена Tie = вратоврска Uniform = униформа Tights = хулахопки Tracksuit = тренерки Vest = елек Trousers = пантолони Umbrella = чадор Underpants = гаќи Waistcoat = елек Wallet = новчаник Watch = часовник Wedding dress = венчаница

Sport-Спорт Athletics = атлетика

Badminton = бадминтон Baseball = безбол Basket =кошарка Basket =кошарка

Basketball = баскет Camping = кампување

Casino = казино Chess = шах

Chessboard = шаховска табла Cricket = крикет Darts = пикадо

Figure skateing = уметничко лизгање Golf clubs = clubs de golf

Football field = фудбалско игралиште jump = скок

Footballer = фудбалер Golf = голф Game = игра

Gymnast = гимнастика Goal = гол

Hiking = пешачење Goalkeeper = голман

Hockey = хокеј Ice-skate = лизгање на мраз

Javelin = фрљање копије Long jump = скок во далечина

Marathon = маратон Match = натпревар

Rugby = рагби Scrabble = маратон

Skiing = скијање Soccer = фудбал Squash = сквош

Swimming = пливање Swimming pool = пливачки базен

Volleyball = одбојка Wrestling = борење

Tennis = тенис ping pong = пинг- понг

Boxing = бокс Riding = јавање

Judo = џудо Karate = карате

Diving = нуркање Sliding = лизгање

Golf = голф Handball = ракомет

Dancing = танцување Gymnastics = гимнастика

Hiking = пешачење Cycling = белосипедизам

skating with roller skates = лизгање со ролерки

Jobs-Работа Accountant = сметководител

Actor = актер Adviser = советник

Air hostess, stewardess = стујардеса Architect = архитект

Barman = шанкер Beekeeper, apiarist = пчелар

Bookseller = книжар Builder = градител

Bus driver = возач на автобус Butcher = месар

house-porter, door-keeper = портир Carpenter = столар

charlady, cleaning lady = чистачка Chef = шеф

servant = службеник Cleaner = чистач

Confectioner = слаткар Contractor = изведувач

Customs officer = цариник Dancer = танчар

Delivery-boy = доставувач Dentist = стоматолог

Developer = инвеститор Doctor = доктор

Dustman = чистачка

Electrician = електричар agent = агент

Farmer = фармер Film editor = монтажер Fireman = пожарникар

Fisherman = рибар Florist = цвеќар

Gardener = градинар Hairdresser = фризер

Jeweller = златар Job = работа

Judge = судија Lawyer = адвокад

Librarian = бибљотекар Locksmith = бравар

Lorry driver = возач на камион nurse = медицинска сестра

Manager = менаџер Mechanic = механичар

Miner = рудар Musician = музичар

Notary = нотар Optician = оптичар

Painter = сликар Pharmacist = фармацефт Photographer = фотограф

Pilot = пилот Plumber = водоводџија Policeman = полицаец

Postman = поштар Producer = производител Prostitute = проститутка Psychiatrist = психијатар

Railway man = железничар Receptionist = рецепционер

Repairman = мајстор Researcher = истражувач

Sailor = морнар Scientist = научник

Scriptwiter = писател Sculptor = склуптор Seamstress = шивач Secretary = секретар

Security guard = чувар Singer = пејач

Soldier = војник Sportsman = спортист

Tailor = кројач Taxi driver = таксист Teacher = професор

Translator = преведувач Typist = дактилограф

Veterinary = ветеринар Waiter = келнер

Waitress = келнерка Wholesealer = grossiste

Work = работа Writer = писател

Programmer =програмер Surgeon = хирург

Potter = грнчар Craftsman = занаетчија

Nature - Природа Blow = дува

Barometer = барометар Atmosphere = атмосфера

Climate = клима Cloud = облак

Cloudy = облачно Dry = суво Dew = роса

Drop = капка Drought = суша Flood = поплава Flower = цвеќе

Frost = мраз Fog = магла Hail = град

Heat = топлина Hurricane = ураган

Ice = мраз Wet = мокро

Lightning = молња Sunset,sundown = зајдисонце

Mud = кал Rain = дожд

Rainbow = виножито Sunrise = изгрејсонце

Shadow = сенка

Star = звезда

Sky = небо

Snow =снегneige

Storm = бура

Sun = сонце

Sunny = сончево

Oir = воздух

Thunder = гром

Windy = ветровито

Tornado = торнадо

Tree = дрво

Typhoon = тајфун

Wave = бран

Weather = време

Weather forecast = временска прогноза

Wind = ветер

What’s the weather like today ?

Какво е времето денес?

топло It’s hot убаво It’s nice out магливо It’s foggy сончево It’s sunny ветровито It’s windy студено It’s cold влажно It’s humid облачно It’s cloudy врнежливо It’s rainy врне It’s raining снег It’s snowing мраз It’s freezing a cave пештера the coast брег earth земја an earthquake земјотрес flora and fauna Флора и фауна a forest шума the flowers цвеќиња a beach плажа a hill рид a lake езеро the moon месечина the mud кал a mushroom пеќурка

mountains планини grass трева lake езеро a rainbow виножото a river река the sand песок the sea море the sky небо the stars звезди a stream поток a swamp мочуриште a stone камен a cliff карпа a desert пустина a tree дрво the jungle џунгла the savannah савана a branch гранка a fir tree елка a pine tree бор a valley долина a bush грмушка a leaf лист the soil почва the weather време a waterfall водопад a maple јавор

Days - Денови

Monday понеделник

Tuesday вторник

Wednesday среда

Thursday четврток

Friday петок

Saturday сабота

Sunday недела

Months in year Месеци во годината

January

јануари

February февруари

March март

April април

May мај

June јуни

July јули

August август

September септември

October октомври

November новември

December декември

What time is it?-Колку е часот?

3.00 three o'clock three

3.02 just gone three o'clock three oh two

3.03 three minutes past three three oh three

3.05 five past three three oh five

3.09 nine minutes past three three oh nine

3.10 ten past three three ten

3.15 a quarter past three three fifteen

3.20 twenty past three three twenty

3.21 twenty-one minutes past three three twenty-one

3.25 twenty-five past three three twenty-five

3.30 half past three three thirty

3.35 twenty-five to four three thirty-five

3.40 twenty to four three forty

3.45 a quarter to four three forty-five

3.50 ten to four three fifty

3.55 five to four three fifty-five

3.57 three minutes to four three fifty-seven

3.58 nearly four o'clock three fifty-eight

4.00 four o'clock four

MusiqueМузички инструменти

Дувачки иструмент

Дрвен инструмент

Musique -Музика Музички инструменти a musical instrument

a wind instrument

a wood instrument

a musical instrument

a wind instrument

a wood instrument

Гудачки инструмент a string instrument

пијано piano

хармоника accordion

флејта flute

гитара guitar

Бас гитара bass guitar

виолина violin

виолончало cello

контрабас bass

обоа oboe

флејта flute

саксафон saxophone

ксилофон xylophone

кларинет clarinet

тапани drums

trombone тромбон

ударни percussion

труба trumpet

харфа harp

туба tuba

гајда bagpipe

гудало bow

мандолина mandolin

Тропалки за тупан drumsticks

клавир Grand piano

гудало Fiddle-bow,fiddlestick

гусла fiddle

зурла pipe

Цвеќиња Flovers

камелија a camelia

каранфил a carnation

хризантема a chrysanthemum

нарциси a daffodil

маргаритка a daisy

глуварче a dandelion

Не заборави ме forget-me-not

здравец a geranium

гладиоли gladioli

бршлен ivy

лаванда lavender

крин a lily

латинка a nasturtium

орхидеја an orchid

божур a peony

зимзелен a periwinkle

афион a poppy

јаглика a primrose

роза a rose

кокиче a snowdrop

сончоглед a sunflower

љубичица a violet

трн a thorn

пупка a bud

кактус cactus

камилица camomile

коприва nettle

лале tulip

јоргован lilac

невен marigold

мимоза mimosa

детелина clover

пелин wormwood

хербариум herbarium

Саксија за цвеќе Flower pot

Момина солза Lily of the valley

босилок basil

цвета flourishes

овенува shrivel

зумбул a bluebell

School -Школо

state school Државно училиште

private school Приватно училиште

pupil ученик

student студент

teacher професор

subject предмет

exam испит

school училиште

classroom училница

nursery school градинка

primary school основно

secondary school средно

university универзитет

lesson лекција

board табла

lecture предавање

lecturer предавач

professor професор

to study учи

to pass an exam Полага испит

homework Домашна работа

library бибљотека

desk клупа

class одделение

marker pen маркер

chalk креда

pen пенкало

pencil молив

playground игралиште

gym гума

locker шкаф

test тест

question прашање

answer одговор

mistake грешка

correct точно

wrong грешно

textbook учебник

to read чита

classroom училница

sponge сунѓер

book книга

notebooks тетратки

Colour pencil боици

rubber гума

glue лепак

Pencil cases несесер

School bag ранец

ruler линијар

School bell Училишно звоно

maths математика science наука chemistry хемија physics физика biology биологија medicine медицина business studies бизнис economics економија computer science компјутери literature литература geography географија

geology геологија sociology социологија politics политика philosophy филозофија psychology психологија archaeology археологија history историја engineering инжинерство theology теологија music музика art ликовно architecture ахитектура anatomy анатомија gymnastics гимнастика economy економија learn учи write пишува reads чита

Tools = алати a drill бормашина

axe секира

extinguisher Апарат за гасење

flashlight фенер

hammer чук

hose Црево

ladder скала

Shovel,spade лопата

lighter запалка

the screw завртка

pincer клешти

pliers клешти

rope јаже

saw пила

scale скала

screwdriver шравцигер

wheelbarrow количка

wrench клуч

toolbox Кутија за алат

a rake гребло

hoe мотика

adz тесла

forceps клешти

pump пумпа

sickle срп

scissors ножици

Watering can Кофа за полевање

bucket кофа

nail шајка

awl шило

metre метро

pitchfork вила

the brush четка

Christmas - Божиќ Calendar календар

bell звонче

candle свеќа

candy бонбони

chimney оџак

chocolate чоколада

Christmas божиќ

Christmas garland Божиќно венче

Christmas tree Божиќно дрво

Santa Claus Дедо мраз

gift , present подарок

ornaments огномети

reindeer ирваси

ribbon машна

roast turkey Печена мисирка

snowman снешко

Easter = Велигден basket кошница bell звонче chocolate чоколада Easter велигден Easter bunny Велигденско зајче Easter egg Велигденско јајце egg hunt Барање јајце to dye Боја за јајца to find наоѓа to hide сокрива

star звезда

toy играчка

winter зима

Halloween –Ноќ на вештерките bat лилјак

black cat Црна мачка

broom метла

candle свеќа

candy бонбони

cemetery гробишта

costume костим

devil ѓавол

ghost дух

Halloween Ден на вештерки

mask маска

monster чудовиште

mummy мумија

pumpkin тиква

scarecrow плашило

skeleton скелет

spider пајак

vampire вампир

witch вештерка

Sity- Град pedestrian crossing Пешачки премин

car park паркинг

taxi rank station de taxi

bus station Автобуска станица

train station железница

street улица

avenue авенија

side street сокак

pavement тротоар

children's playground Детско игралиште

park parc

supermarket самопослуга butchers месара fishmongers рибарница bakery пекара centre центар electrical shop Продавница за електроника

department store Стоковна куќа newsagents трафика bookshop книжара church црква cemetery гробишта cathedral катедрала bus stop Автобуска станица hairdressers coiffeur barbers берберница post office пошта art gallery Ликовна галерија café кафе restaurant ресторан bank банка cinema кино theatre театар kiosk киоск school школо university унервезитет petrol station Бензиска пумпа garage гаража hotel хотел shopping centre Трговски центар petrol station Бензиска пумпа a crossroads крстосница traffic lights семафори a square плоштад the pavement тротоар the main street Главна улуца the citizens граѓани a building зграда

a lift , an elevator лифт the stairs скали a bridge мост a factory фабрика Museum музеј government влада Assembly собрание pharmacy аптека Library бибљотека police station Полициска станица confectionery слаткарница ironmangery железарница mill воденица Restaurant ресторант

Materials - Материјали plastic пластика cloth крпи cotton памук wool волна linen лен silk свила man-made fibres Вештачки влакна polyester полиестер lace чипка wood дрво

coal јаглен petrol бензин

gas гас

rubber гума

leather кожа

paper хартија

cardboard картон

sand песок

cement цемент

brick тули

stone камен

glass стакло

marble мермер

clay глина

Punctuation marks

Точка (.)= a full stop запирка (,)= a comma Две точки (:) = a colon точка запирка (;) = a semi-colon коса црта (/ или \ ) = a slash црта (-) = a dash прашалник (?) = a question mark извичник (!) = an exclamation mark загради ( ) = brackets наводници “= in inverted commas

На улица - On the road bike велосипед

boulevard булевар

car автомобил

crossroads крстосница

driver возач

highway автопат

moped мопед

motorbike мотор

passenger патнички

pavement тротоар

road пат

road map мапа

traffic lights семафори

truck камион

drive вози parking space паркинг Street улица Main street Главна улица Stop sign Знак стоп Traffic lights семафори

Level crossing премин Toll патарина

Traffic сообраќај a ring-road Кружен пат a zebra crossing Пешачки премин

Traffic сообраќај a tunnel тунел

At the restaurant Fast-food – брза храна

Kebab - кебап the menu - мени

barman - шанкер waiter - келнер

waitress - келнерка cook - готвач to eat -јаде

to taste - вкусува to drink - пие

to choose - избира to call the waiter – повикува келнер

plate - чинија fork - вилушка

knife - нож spone - лажица

glass - чаша napkin, a serviette - салфетка

table cloth – чаршав за маса salt and peper – сол и пипер bottle of wine – шише вино bottle of water – шише вода main course – главно јадење

dessert - десерт Starter - предјадење

appetizer– мезе cutlery – прибор за јадење

meal – оброк recipe - рецепт spices- зачини

**********************************************

pregnancy = бременост a mother-to-be = ќе биде мајка a maternity hospital =породилиште childbirth , the delivery = породување a baby = бебе a newborn = новороденче twins = близнаци a nappy = пелена

a cradle = лулка to expect a baby = се очекува бебе to breastfeed = дои

************************************************************

good health = добро здравје poor health = лошо здравје an Illness = болест pain = болка a headache = главоболка a stomach ache стомачна болка influenza = грип healthy = здрав to cough = кашла to sneeze = кива

ГРАМАТИКА

Зборовите во англискиот јазик се делат во неколку групи и тоа:

Именки=Nouns

Предлози=Prepositions

Придавки=Adjective

Прилози=Аdverbs

Заменки=Pronouns

Сврзници=Conjunctions

Извици=Interiections

Глаголи=Verbs

1. Именки=Nouns

Именките се зборови со кои нешто именуваме.

Имаме повеќе видови на именки и тоа:

1. Oпшти именки = Common nouns

2. Збирни именки = Collective nouns

3. Сопствени именки = Proper nouns

4. Градивни именки = Materijal nouns

5. Апстракни именки = Abstract nouns

6. Бројливи именки = Countable nouns

7. Небројливи именки = Uncountable nouns

1.Oпшти именки=Common nouns Со овие именки се именуваат суштества,предмети,места…...... Животни = Аnimals: lion,tiger,bear, dog,rabbit… Луге = People:mother,father,grandmother,woman Места = Places:city,state,continent,park……. Предмети = Оbjects:table,book,pensil, windows….

2.Сопствени именки=Proper nouns Со овие именки се именува име на луге, држави,улици,реки,океани,компании,цркви, наслови на книги,списанија,имиња на планини . Луге=People:James,Jon,David,Julie,Madona.....Држави=States:Macedonia,Bulgaria,England…. Реки=Rivers:Vardar,Mississippi,Black River…..

Океани=Oceans:Atlantic Ocean,Pacific ocean... Планини=Mountains:Alps,Himalaya,Shar mountain………… Книги=Books:Pinocchio,Robizon Crusoe…… Цркви=Churches:Sveti Spas,Virgin Mother….. Списанија=Journals:Our world,Food and wine… Карактеристично за proper nouns е тоа што тие се пишуваат секогаш со голема буква.

Збирни именки=Collective nouns Со овие именки се именува група како целина,односно семејство. Може да издвоиме групи и тоа:

Група од луѓе:армија ,публика,бенд,хор, семејство, полиција........ Groups of people:army,audience,band,choir, a band, a class, a gang Family,police, a group, a team, a company, the government

Група од животни:стадо,рој,јато…...... Groups of animals:herd,swarm,flock, cattle, poultry….

Група од нешто:куп,пакет,талог,пар,сет.... Groups of things:bunch,bundle.clump,pair..

3.Градивни именки=Materijal nouns

Овие именки ги именуваат супстанциите што

постојат во природата.

Примери:

gold---злато, iron---железо, glass---

стакло,

paper---хартија, silver---сребро, rubber---

гума....

copper---бакар, cotton--- памук, wool---

волна….

Ice---лед, stone---камен, tree---

дрво, salt---sol milk---млеко,

plastic---пластика............

4.Апстракни именки=Apstract nouns

Aпстракните именки се зборови со кои се искажува име

на нешто што не можеме да го допреме но можеме да го

почуствуваме.

love---љубов, аnger---гнев, delight---

задоволство,

liberty---слобода , аdoration---

восхитување,

success---успех, thrill---возбуда,

truth—вистина, thirst---жед,

fear---страв,

5.Бројливи именки---Countable nouns

Во овие именки спаѓаат сите оние именки што можат да се пребројат. Примери: apple---јаболка, eggs---јајца, potatos---компири, birds---птици, picture---слика, dog---куче, woman---жена............

Небројливи именки---Uncountable nouns

Во овие именки спаѓаат сите оние именки што неможат

да се избројат.

Примери:

аir---возух, blood---крв, flour---брашно, rice---

ориз,

salt---сол, water---вода, milk---млеко, food---

храна..........

Possessive Form of Nouns = Присвојна форма

Присвојност се прави кога после именката во еднина додаваме апостроф ‘ и s The children’s room is always messy. Детската соба е секогаш неуредна. Ако именката е во множина прво додаваме s a потоа апостроф.’

The pupils’ desks are arranged in rows. Ученичките клупи се наредени во редови.

Множина од именките=Plural of nouns

Општо правило: Ако сакаме некоја именка да ја ставиме во множина треба на именката да ја додадеме наставката -s. Примери: book=books книга=книги cup=cups чаша=чаши cat=cats маче=мачиња pencil=pencils молив=моливи Додека именките што завршуваат на -s, o, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch за множина јa додаваме наставката -еs. Примери: box = boxes кутија = кутии watch = watches часовник = часовници class = classes bench = benches клупа = клупи patato = potatoes компир = компири fox = foxes лисица = лисици kiss = kisses бакнеж = бакнежи Кога именката завршува на наставката -Y, a пред неа имаме самогласка тогаш ја додаваме наставката -s . Boy =boys момче = момчиња Holiday = holidays одмор = одмори Key = keys кључ = кључеви guy = guys Кога именката завршува на -Y a пред неа имаме

согласка тогаш ја додаваме наставката -ies ,но ја бришеме Y. Примери: Party = parties забава= забави

Некои именки се секогаш во множина.

Pants, pajamas, shorts, trousers, sandals, scissors, sneakers, slippers,

stockings................

Singular Plural

boy boys

holiday holidays

key keys

guy guys

Singular Plural

kiss kisses

wish wishes

match matches

box boxes

fox foxes

Singular Plural party parties lady ladies story stories nanny nannies city cities

Singular Plural

car cars

house houses

book books

bird birds

pencil pencils

Singular Plural man men woman women child children foot feet tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice

Story = stories приказна = приказни city = cities град = градови baby = babies бебе = бебиња Кога именката завршува на f или fe тогас се брише f или fe и се додава наставката -ves. Примери: Life = lives Leaf = leaves Wife = wives Именките што завршуваат на is тогаш is го претвораме во es. analysis = analyses basis = bases crisis = crises Постојат именки кои имаат иста форма во еднина и множина. Примери: fish = fish риба = риби sheep = sheep овца = овци deer = deer елен = елени moose = moose лос = лосови aircraft =aircraft авион = авиони Постојат голем број именки за кои неважи ниту едно правило од досега наведените па затоа овие именки велиме дека имаат неправилна множина. Примери: woman = women жена = жени man = men маж = мажи child = children дете = деца tooth = teeth заб = заби foot = feet нога = нозе person = people човек = луѓе

Род кај именките = Gender of nouns

Општо правило: Bo англискиот јазик подот кај именките не се определува граматички ,туку природно според полот. Така што именките од машки суштества се од машки род (masculine), именките на женските суштества се од женски род (feminine) , a именките што не припаѓаат ниту во машки ниту во женски род се именки во среден род(neuter) . Именки од женски род се именки на жени, девојчиња и женски животни. Примери: girl = девојка cow =крава mother = мајка goat = коза sister = сестра sheep = овца Именки од машки род се именки на мажи, момчиња и машки животни. Примери: boy = момче bull = бик brather = брат cock = петел father = татко ox = вол

PEOPLE (луѓе)

MASCULINE(машки род) FAMININE(женски род)

actor актер author автор boy момче brother брат dad тато duke војвода father татко father-in-law свекор grandfather дедо headmaster директор heir наследник husband сопруг king крал man маж nephew внук son син uncle чичко waiter келнер

actress актерка authoress авторка girl девојче sister сестра mum мама duchess војводка mother мајка mother-in-law свекрва grandmother баба headmistress директорка heiress наследничка wife сопруга queen кралица woman жена niece внука daughter ќерка aunt стрина waitress келнерка

CREATURES (суштества)

MASCULINE(машки род) FAMININE (женски род) billy-goat јарец boar вепар buck-rabbit зајак bull бик

nanny-goat коза sow свиња doe-rabbit зајачица cow крава

bull-elephant bull-seal bullock bull-whale cob (swan) cock петел cockerel cock-pigeon colt (young horse) dog куче drake drone fox gander hawk he-bear he-goat he-wolf jack-ass leopard lion лав peacock ram (sheep) stag stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock

cow-elephant cow-seal heifer cow-whale pen hen кокошка pullet hen-pigeon filly bitch кучка duck bee vixen goose bowess she-bear she-goat she-wolf jenny-ass, she-ass leopardess lioness лавица peahen ewe hind mare tigress tabby-cat turkey-hen

Имаме именки што се користат со иста форма во машки и во женски род.

Примери: babies, parents, singers , pupil, Dancers, teachers, reporters, frend. Именките што неможеме да ги определиме според полот ги ставаме во среден род. Примери: pen, book, chair, tree, room, computer, pencil, bicycle……………………

Придавки = Adjective Придавките во англискиот јазик се непроменливи зборови . Тие обично стојат пред именката или заменката и ја објаснуваат.

Придавките се делат на:

1. Лични придавки = Proper adjective 2. Описни придавки = Descriptive adjective 3. Количински придавки = Quantitative adjective 4. Показни придавки = Demonstrative adjective 5. Прашални придавки = Interrogative adjective 6. Присвојни придавки = Possessive adjective 7. Неодредени (неопределени)придавки = Indefinite

adjectiive 8. Дистрибутивни придавки = Distributive adjective 9. Бројни придавки = Numeral adjective

Лични придавки = Proper adjective

American = Американски French = Француски Bosnian = Босански Serbian = српски ............................................................... Ваквите придавки секогаш се пишуваат со голема буква.

Описни придавки = Descriptive adjective

Colors are adjectives - black, blue, white, green, red Sizes - big, small, large, thin, thick Shapes- triangular, round, square, circular

Qualities- good, bad, mediocre Personality - happy, sad, angry, depressed Time - Yearly , monthly, annually Ages - new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand Sound related Adjectives - list: loud, noisy, quiet,

silent Touch related Adjectives - slippery, sticky Taste related Adjectives - juicy, sweet

Oписни придавки за материјали = Descriptive adjective for materijals

wooden = дрвена woolen = волнени cottony = памучен metallic = метални plastic = пластичен glass = стаклено iron = железно ..........................................................

Количински придавки = Quantitative adjective

Количински придавки се: some , much , little , enough , all , no , any ,whole

some = малку , некои,неколку Some се користи за избројливи именки во множина, за неизбројливи именки во еднина, во позитивни реченици, во понуди , во барања. Some pens ,some friends Some money, some time, some water, some tea. They talked to some people.

I have some money. 'Would you like some milk? Would you like some coffee? Give me some apples. Give him some money.

Any = малку,некои,неколку Any се користи во избројливи именки во множина , во неизбројливи именки,во негативни реченици и во прашални реченици за општи прашања. Have you got any brothers or sisters? Do you know any famous people? Jane doesn't have any friends. There isn’t any milk in the fridge.

Much = многу Much се користи за неизбројливи именки во еднина во позитивни,негативни и прашални реченици. Is there much milk in the fridge? Is there much food in the refrigerator? Much of our food is exported. How much fruit is there? There isn't much food in the refrigerator. He doesn’t earn much money.

Many =многу Many се користи во избријливи именки во множина во позитивни ,негативни и прашални реченици. There are many apples in this picture. How many dollars do you have? How many cups of coffee do you drink? I haven’t got many CDs.

Carla does not have many friends.

Whole = цел, целина Whole се користи со бројливи именки и тоа во еднина. I learned a whole lesson in ten minutes. She wrote a whole novel in two weeks. I learned the whole song in an hour. Еat soup whole day.

All = сите,сето

All се користи кога сакаме да кажеме вкупен број или износ на нешто, се користи за неизбројливи именки.

All my friends visited me in the hospital. All the students in the class have computers. All the fruit is rotten. The baby seems to cry all the time.

Enough = доволно,доста

Enough може да се користи: Со придавка = adjective She isn’t tall enough to be a ballet dancer. The car is big enough for them. Со именка = nouns enough bread enough money Со прилози = adverbs quickly enough often enough

little = малку Little се користи за неизбројливи именки

little time, little food little money

Показни придавки = Demonstrative adjective Показни придавки се: this, that, these, those. This (овој, ова) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е блиску. This is my car. (singular) This pencil in my hand is yellow. This is a nice cup of tea. That (oнa, оној) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е далеку. That city is busy. (singular) That house is expensive. That dog is bad. These = (овие) се користи во множина и кога е нешто блиску. These pencils are in the box. These are our children. (plural) These chocolates are delicious. (plural) Those (оние) се користи во множина и кога нешто е далеку. Those flowers are beautiful. (plural) Those are very expensive shoes. Those are really good English books .

Неодредени придавки = Indefinite Adjectives Неопределената придавка е формирана од

неопределена заменка. Неопределени придавки се: any, each, few, many, most, several, and some. има, секој, неколку, многу, најмногу, неколку, а некои. Примери: There are several people in the room. Many children like dinosaurs. Did you want some bananas? You can find a state name on each quarter.

Присвојни придавки = Possessive adjective my its your our his their her whose Примери: Your bike is blue. Their car is in their garage.

Прашални придавки = Interrogative adjective Прашални придавки се : What = што Which = кои Whose = чија Where = каде Who = кој How = како Примери: What program are you watching? Whose car is this?

Whose shop is closed? What day is today? How are you? Where are my books?

1. Дистрибутивни придавки = Distributive adjective

Дистрибутивни придавки се: each = секоја either= или every = секој neither = ниту

On either side of the canal there were long fields of barley.

Every boy has one or the other pet.

Neither of the tow men is trustworthy.

Each girl in our class is well-versed in music.

Од секоја страни на каналот имаше долги полиња јачмен. Секое момче има едно или друго милениче. . Секоја девојка во нашиот клас е добро обучена во музиката. .

Бројни придавки = Numeral adjective Имаме три видиви на бројни придавки и тоа: 1. Definite Numeral Adjective (first, second, third, one, two, three….) 2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective (some, any, much, many, little, a few….) 3. ) Distributive Numeral Adjective (every, each, another,

other.)

Степенување на придавките Comperative and superlative Kомперативната придавка споредува две нешта, а суперлативната придавка споредува повеќе од две нешта. Најчесто компаратив се прави со додавање на наставката -еr, a суперлатив со додавање на наставката -est long – longer – longest долг-подолг -најдолг short – shorter – shortest краток-пократок -најкраток bright – brighter – brightest young – younger – youngest млад-помлад-најмлад old – older – oldest стар-постар-најстар young – younger – youngest Доколку придавката завршува на -y тогаш -y се

претвора во i,a потоа се додаваат наставките за суперлатив и компаратив. pretty – prettier – prettiest happy – happier - happiest angry - angrier - angriest crazy - crazier – craziest Придавките кои имаат два или повеќе слогови не ја менуваа својата форма туку за да направиме компаратив додаваме пред придавката more a за да направиме суперлатив додаваме пред придавката most. Beautiful - more beautiful – most beautiful Убав -поубав -најубав Некои придавки имаат различна форма во компаратив и суперлатив.

good better best

bad worse worst

far further/farther furthest/farthest

Придавките во англискиот јазик се неменливи зборови и имаат иста форма во еднина множина машки женски и среден род.

Прилози = Adverbs Прилозите се зборови кои го определуваат глаголот или некој друг збор со начин,место,време (зависино од прилогот кој го пишуваме). Според значењето прилозите се делат на: Прилози за време = Adverbs for time Прилози за место = Adverbs for place Прилози за количество = Adverbs for quantitative Прилози за начин = adverbs for way Прилози за време = Adverbs for time се: When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year For how long : all day, not long, for a while, since last year How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly Кога: денес, вчера, подоцна , сега, минатата година Колку долго: цел ден, не долго, за некое време, уште од минатата година Колку често: понекогаш, често, никогаш , често, годишни Have you finished yet? Have you already mailed the package?

I am going to the shops on Monday. I'm just going to the shops. I'm going to the shops soon. to talk about the past: yesterday, the day before, ago, last week/month/year to talk about the present: still, yet, while, when to talk about the future: soon, then, next week/month/year, in 2 days, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow да се зборува за минатото: вчера, ден пред тоа , пред,

минатата недела / месец / година да се зборува за сегашноста: сепак, се уште, додека, кога да се зборува за иднината: наскоро, а потоа, следната недела / месец / година, во 2 дена, утре, задутре.

Прилози за место =Adverbs for place Прилози за место се: about above anywhere насекаде away далеку back назад behind зад below под down долу far далеку here тука in во inside внатре near близу nearby во близина on на out надвор outside надвор од over над there таму towards кон under под up до upstairs горе where каде

Прилози за количество = Adverbs for quantitative, frequency

Прилози за количество фреквенција се: again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, weekly. повторно, речиси, секогаш, секогаш, често, генерално, речиси никогаш, речиси, скоро секогаш , никогаш, понекогаш, често, ретко, ретко, понекогаш, два пати, обично, еднаш неделно.

Прилози за начин = adverbs for way Awkwardly- чудно Beautifully-убаво carefully, cheerfully, competitively eagerly, effortlessly, extravagantly: girlishly, happily, halfheartedly, hungrily lazily, lifelessly, loyally quickly, quietly, quizzically really, recklessly, remorsefully, ruthlessly savagely, sloppily, so, stylishly unabashedly, unevenly, urgently well, wishfully, worriedly Прилозите за начин најчесто се прават од придавки со додавање на наставката -lu Accidentally случајно angrily налутено anxiously нервозно awkwardly чудно badly лошо beautifully убаво blindly слепо

boldly смело bravely храбро busily деловно calmly мирно carefully внимателно carelessly безгрижно cautiously вномателно cheerfully весело clearly јасно closely тесно correctly правилно courageously храбро cruelly сурово daringly смело deliberately намерно eagerly нетрпеливо easily лесно Според составот прилозите се делат : Прости прилози = forgive adverbs (now, than, fast………) Прилози изведени од придавки = Adverbs derived from adjectives(beoutifully, lasily, happily………) Сложени прилози = Complex adverbs(a great deal =многу),at present =сега.

Извици = Interjections A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka

F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow R: rats S: shh, shoo T: thanks, there, tut-tut U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

извик употреба примери

Ah,ах

задоволство "Ah, that feels good."

реализација "Ah, now I understand."

оставка "Ah well, it can't be heped."

изненадување "Ah! I've won!"

Ah, I see. Ah, the flowers of spring.

Alas,за жал Изразување тага "Alas, she's dead now."

Alas, catfish football is no more. Alas! He is dead.

Dear, драги Изразување штета "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"

изненадување "Dear me! That's a surprise!"

Oh dear, I've broken the lamp. Oh, Dear god!

eh

повторување "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."

истрага "What do you think of that, eh?"

изненадување "Eh! Really?"

покана "Let's go, eh?"

I went to the restaurant, eh, but my friends didn't show up. Eh? She's got how many children?

er Изразува двоумење "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."

Well, er - I'm not really sure. Lima is the capital of…er…Peru.

hello, hullo поздрав "Hello John. How are you today?"

изненадување "Hello! My car's gone!"

Hello! Is there anybody home?

hey внимание "Hey! look at that!"

Изненадување, радост "Hey! What a good idea!"

Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident. Hey! This is new! Hey! Stop that! 1. Express a feeling—wow, gee, oops, darn, geez, oh:

Oops, I’m sorry. That was my mistake.

Geez! Do I need to do it again?

Oh, I didn’t know that.

2. Say yes or no—yes, no, nope:

Yes! I will do it!

No, I am not going to go there.

Nope. That’s not what I want.

3. Call attention—yo, hey:

Yo, will you throw the ball back?

Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident.

4. Indicate a pause—well, um, hmm:

Well, what I meant was nothing like that.

Um, here is our proposal.

Hmm. You really need to be on a diet.

1. Искажат некое чувство-Леле, Леле, Упс, ебам, geez, о: • Упс, жал ми е. Тоа беше моја грешка. • Geez! Дали треба да го направи тоа повторно? • Ох, јас не го знаев тоа.

2. Каже да или не-Да, Не, бе: • Да! Јас ќе го направи тоа! • Не, јас не идам да одат таму. • Не бе. Тоа не е она што сакам. 3. Сврти вниманието, еј:

• Еј, ќе ти ја фрлаат топката назад? • Еј, јас само сакав да разговара со вас за претходниот инцидент. 4. Укажуваат на пауза-и, за трудот, хм: • Па, она што мислев беше ништо од сето тоа. • Хм, тука е нашиот предлог. • Хм. Вие навистина треба да биде на диета.

Сврзници = Conjunctions Сврзници се зборчиња кои поврзуваат други два збора или пак две реченици. Сврзниците се делат на: 1.Допунски сврзници = Coordinative conjunctions 2.Зависни сврзници = Subordinative conjunctions 3.Колеративни сврзници = Correlative Conjunctions 1.Допунски сврзници = Coordinative conjunctions се:

And и

But но

Or или

Nor ниту

For за

Yet сепак

So па

сврзник употреба примери

and Две слични идеи He lives in Victoria, and he studies at Victoria.

but Две разлицни идеи John is Canadian, but Sally is English.

or Алтернативни идеи I could cook some supper, or we could order a pizza.

so Втората идеја резултат од првата

She was sick, so she went to the doctor.

nor (joining two negative alternatives) for (meaning “because”) yet (meaning “but”) ниту пак (спојување на две негативни алтернативи) за (што значи ", бидејќи") уште (што значи "но") Зависни сврзници = Subordinative conjunctions Зависни сврзници = Subordinative conjunctions се:

after although as because before even if even though

once provided that rather than since so that than that

until when whenever where whereas wherever whether

if in order that

though unless

while why

Колеративни сврзници = Correlative Conjunctionas either. . .or both. . . and neither. . . nor not only. . . but

also

Christmas is a time not only for exchanging gifts, but also for spending time with family. The test was both very long and difficult. It was both a very long test and a difficult one. Neither Brittney nor the sisters understood why their parents said no. Either the cousins or Sasha should speak up when she disagrees. Neither the male students or Joanne hands in papers in a timely manner. The cat, purring contentedly, was neither thirsty nor hungry. You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant. Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well. Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well. Whether you stay or you go, it's your decision. Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.

Заменки = Pronouns Personal pronouns = Лични заменки Demonstrative pronouns = Показни заменки Interrogative pronouns = Прашлни заменки Indefinite pronouns = Неодредени заменки Possessive pronouns = Присвојни заменки Reciprocal pronouns = Реципрочни заменки Reflexive pronouns = Повратни заменки Intensive pronouns = Интензивни заменки Relative pronouns = Релативни заменки

Personal pronouns = Лични заменки

I me you you he him she her it it we us

you you

they Them Subject pronouns (I, You, He, She, It, They, We) Object pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them) Предмет заменки (јас, ти, тој, таа, тоа, тие, Ние) Објект заменки (јас, ти, него, неа, Таа, нас, нив) I am twenty-nine years old. You live in Barcelona.

She has got a dog. He makes the bed every morning. She runs inside the house. We sing a good song at the disco. They write an e-mail to the teacher. You talk to me. I talk to you. You call him. You look at her. You eat it. Someone talks to us. Someone gave them ice cream.

Demonstrative pronouns = Показни заменки This (овој, ова) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е блиску. This is my car. (singular) This pencil in my hand is yellow. This is a nice cup of tea. That (oнa, оној) се користи за еднина и кога нешто е далеку. That city is busy. (singular) That house is expensive. That dog is bad. These = (овие) се користи во множина и кога е нешто блиску. These pencils are in the box. These are our children. (plural) These chocolates are delicious. (plural) Those (оние) се користи во множина и кога нешто е далеку. Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)

Those are very expensive shoes. Those are really good English books .

Interrogative pronouns = Прашлни заменки

What (за предмети)

Which(за лица и предмети кога се работи за избор на нешто)

Who(за лица)

Whom

Whose

Who won the race?

Whom shall we ask?

Whose did they take?

Which is the greater?

What is that?

Indefinite pronouns = Неодредени заменки

Прва категорија(за неспецифична именка):

anybody anyone

anything everybody

everyone everything

nobody none

no one nothing

somebody someone

something

Втора категорија(за определена именка)

all another

any both

each either

few many

neither one

some several

Други неодредени заменки се:

Another Anybody

Anyone Anything

Each Either

Everybody Everyone

Everything Neither

Nobody No one

Nothing One

Somebody Something

Someone

Both = двете Few = неколку Many = многу Several = неколку Еднина : another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody , no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something Множина:both, few, many, others, several Еднина и множина: all, any, more, most, none, some Примери: All are welcome to attend the concert.

Mary gave the book to another.

I don't have any.

Does anybody have a clue?

Anyone can play that game.

Peter didn't see anything suspicious.

Each brought a dish to pass.

Everybody left town for the weekend.

Everyone enjoyed the movie.

Everything is taken care of.

Few visited that park.

Many called for information.

Jennifer told nobody her secret.

None came forward to claim the prize.

One could see the mountains from miles away.

Several signed the card.

The room is too gloomy for some.

Somebody called the store.

Joe gave the form to someone.

Possessive pronouns = Присвојни заменки

Subject Possessive Pronouns

I Mine ---мое

You Yours ----твое

He His ---негово

She Hers ----нејзино

It Its -----негово

We Ours ------нашо

You (pl) Yours -----вашо

They Theirs -----нивно

Примери:

We have a dog. Our dog is very clever.

Lea has a chihuahua. Her chihuahua is tiny.

Sammy has a golden retriever. His golden retriever hunts ducks.

My sisters are raising a poodle. Their poodle is doing calculus.

I have a dachshund. My dachshund is always eating.

The dog has a bed. Its/her/his bed is over there.

Ours is very clever. (our dog)

Hers is tiny. (her chihuahua)

His is a duck hunter. (his golden retriever)

Theirs is doing calculus. (their poodle)

Mine is always eating. (my dachshund)

Its/Hers/His is over there. (its bed)

Reciprocal pronouns = Реципрочни заменки each other = eдни со други

one another = едни на други

Примери: Peter and Paul admire each other. Allie and Jerry loathe each other. The sisters were hugging one another. The gangsters were fighting one another. each other = се користи кога имаме 2 нешта. one another = се користи кога имаме 3 или повеке нешта.

Reflexive pronouns = Повратни заменки

reflexive pronoun

singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself

plural ourselves yourselves themselves

I like myself. He spoke to himself. She thumped herself. The dog bit itself. I made myself a sandwich.(рефлексивна заменка) I made a sandwich for the President himself.(интензивна заменка) I gave myself plenty of time to get to work.(рефлексивна заменка) I myself am sick of the heat.(интензивна заменка)

Intensive pronouns = Интензивни заменки myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves. I bought myself a car. = reflexive pronoun I bought the car myself. = intensive pronoun He cut himself. = reflexive pronoun

He cut his hair himself. = intensive pronoun

Relative pronouns = Релативни заменки that, which, whom, who, whoever, whomever and whichever тоа, што, кого, кој, кој, кого и во зависност од who, whom (се употребува за лица) which ( се употребува за предмети) which ( се употребува за лица и предмети) whose (за поседување) Примери:

Spaghetti, which many of us enjoy, can be messy.

This is the book that everyone is talking about.

She wrote to the person whom she had met last month.

We didn’t bring the receipt, which was a big mistake.

I have a friend whose cat is annoying.

People who are clever can always find a way.

Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were popular.

Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died.

This is the man who helped us.

Функција во реценица

луге предмети место време

Subject who, that which, that

Object (that, who, whom)*

(which, that)* where when

Possessive whose whose, of which

I cannot believe that he said it. He who laughs last laughs best. The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland

Член = The article Во англискиот јазик постојат два вида на членови и тоа:

Одреден член ----- the

Неодреден член------ a , an

Одредениот член the се користи кога зборуваме за одредено лице,предмет или поим,места . The man, the woman, the house, the cinema,the theatre,the disco…. The telephone is ringing.

Неодредениот член a се користи кога именката започнува со согласка. a book, a boy, a pen………………………..

Неодредениот член an се користи кога именката започнува со самогласка. an apple, an umbrella, an orange, an elephant………….. Please close the door. The cat sat on the couch. I am a journalist. Give me a book. An elephant and a mouse fell in love.

во англискиот јазик се поделени на: Помошни глаголи = Auxiliory verbs Безлични глаголи = Impersonal verbs

Непотполни глаголи = Правилни глаголи = Regular verbsНеправилни глаголи = Преодни глаголи = Transative verbsНепреодни глаголи = Intpansitive verbsПовратни глаголи = Reflexive verbsПовеќе зборовни = Multi vords verbsМодални глаголи = Modals verbs

Помошни глаголи = Помошни глаголи се: Be = сум Do = прави Have = има

Defective verbs Regular verbs Irregular verbs

Transative verbs Intpansitive verbs

Reflexive verbs Multi vords verbs Modals verbs

Помошни глаголи = Auxiliory verbs

Auxiliory verbs

VERB TO DO

Question Positive Statement (spoken)

Negative Statement (spoken)

Singular Do I? I do I do not (I don't) Do you? You do You do not (You don't) Does he/she/it?

He/she/it does He/she/it does not (He/she/it doesn't)

Plural Do we? We do We do not (We don't) Do you? You do You do not (You don't) Do they? They do They do not (They don't)

VERB TO HAVE

Question Positive Statement (spoken)

Negative Statement (spoken)

Singular Have I? I have (I've) I have not (I haven't/I've not) Have you? You have (You've) You have not (You

haven't/You've not) Has he/she/it?

He/she/it has (He/she/it 's)

He/she/it has not (He/she/it hasn't)

Plural Have we? We have (We've) We have not (We haven't/We've

not) Have you? You have (You've) You have not (You

haven't/You've not) Have they? They have (They've) They have not (They

haven't/They've not)

I am a teacher. Am I a teacher?

"Is this your coat" TO BE = сум

John is angry. I have a job.

I have a car. TO HAVE = има Do you have a car? He has a new guitar.

TO DO се употребува I do not know the truth. во негативни и прашални Did he finish his homework? Реченици.

Безлични глаголи = Impersonal verbs (1) It rains. Врне. (2) It is cold. Студено. (3) It is growing dark. Се стемнува. (4) It seems . (5) It is unclear. (6) It is snowing. Снег. It thunders. Грми. Ваквите глаголи се употребуваат само ви трето лице еднина ,најчесто ја објаснуваат временската состојба во природата.

Непотполни глаголи = Defective verbs beware can Can’t

could Couldn’t

may

Maun’t might Mighn’t must Mustn’t Oughtn’t

Правилни глаголи = Regular verbs

BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

Accept Accepted Accepted Achieve Achieved Achieved

Add Added Added Admire Admired Admirer Admit Admitted Admitted Adopt Adopted Adopted Advise Advised Advised Agree Agreed Agreed Allow Allowed Allowed

Announce Announced Announced Appreciate Appreciated Appreciated

Approve Approved Approved Argue Argued Argued Arrive Arrived Arrived Ask Asked Asked

Assist Assisted Assisted Attack Attacked Attacked Bake Baked Baked Beg Begged Begged

Behave Behaved Behaved Boil Boiled Boiled

Borrow Borrowed Borrowed Brush Brushed Brushed

Bury Buried Buried Call Called Called

Challenge Challenged Challenged Change Changed Changed Chase Chased Chased Cheat Cheated Cheated Cheer Cheered Cheered Chew Chewed Chewed Clap Clapped Clapped

Clean Cleaned Cleaned Collect Collected Collected

Compare Compared Compared Complain Complained Complained Confess Confessed Confessed

Construct Constructed Constructed Control Controlled Controlled Copy Copied Copied Count Counted Counted Create Created Created

Cry Cried Cried Cycle Cycled Cycled

Damage Damaged Damaged Dance Danced Danced Deliver Delivered Delivered Destroy Destroyed Destroyed Divide Divided Divided Drag Dragged Dragged Earn Earned Earned

Employ Employed Employed Encourage Encouraged Encouraged

Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Establish Established Established

Estimate Estimated Estimated Exercise Exercised Exercised Expand Expanded Expanded Explain Explained Explained

Fry Fried Fried Gather Gathered Gathered Greet Greeted Greeted Guess Guessed Guessed Harass Harassed Harassed

Hate Hated Hated Help Helped Helped Hope Hoped Hoped

Identify Identified Identified Interrupt Interrupted Interrupted Introduce Introduced Introduced

Irritate Irritated Irritated Joke Joked Joked Jump Jumped Jumped Kick Kicked Kicked Kill Killed Killed Kiss Kissed Kissed

Laugh Laughed Laughed Lie Lied Lied Like Liked Liked

Listen Listened Listened Love Loved Loved Marry Married Married

Measure Measured Measured Move Moved Moved

Murder Murdered Murdered Need Needed Needed Obey Obeyed Obeyed

Offend Offended Offended Offer Offered Offered Open Opened Opened Paint Painted Painted Park Parked Parked

Phone Phoned Phoned Pick Picked Picked Play Played Played Pray Prayed Prayed Print Printed Printed Pull Pulled Puled

Punch Punched Punched Punish Punished Punished

Purchase Purchased Purchased Push Pushed Pushed

Question Questioned Questioned Race Raced Raced Relax Relaxed Relaxed

Remember Remembered Remembered Reply Replied Replied Retire Retired Retired Return Returned Returned

Rub Rubbed Rubbed Scold Scolded Scolded Select Selected Selected Smoke Smoked Smoked Snore Snored Snored Stare Stared Stared Start Started Started Study Studied Studied Talk Talked Talked

Thank Thanked Thanked

Travel Travelled Travelled Trouble Troubled Troubled

Type Typed Typed Use Used Used Visit Visited Visited Wait Waited Waited Walk Walked Walked Want Wanted Wanted Warn Warned Warned Wink Winked Winked Worry Worried Worried

Yell Yelled Yelled

Неправилни глаголи = Irregular verbs

Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle

arise awake be bear beat become begin bend bet bite bleed blow break bring

arose awoke was, were bore beat became began bent bet bit bled blew broke brought

arisen awoken been borne beaten or beat become begun bent bet bitten bled blown broken brought

build burn burst buy catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig dive do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fit flee fling fly forbid forget forgive

built burned or burnt burst bought caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived or dove did drew

dreamed or dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fit, fitted fled flung flew forbade or forbad forgot

built burned or burnt burst bought caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn

dreamed or dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit, fitted fled flung flown,

forbidden or forbade

forgo freeze get give go grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead leap leave lend let lie (down) light lose make mean meet pay prove

forgave forwent froze got gave went ground grew hung or hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit knew laid led leapt or leaped left lent let lay lit or lighted lost made meant met paid

forgotten forgiven forgone frozen gotten or got given gone ground grown hung or hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit known laid led leapt or leaped left lent let lain lit or lighted lost made meant met

put quit read ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sneak speak speed

proved put quit read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shone or shined shot showed shrank or shrunk shut sang sank sat slew slept slid sneaked or snuck spoke

paid proved or proven put quit read ridden rung risen run sawed or sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn or sewed shaken shaved or shaven sheared or shorn shone or shined shot shown or showed shrunk or shrunken shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid

spend spill spin spit split spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew strike strive swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw undergo understand upset wake wear weave

sped spent spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank or stunk strewed struck strove or strived swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived or throve threw underwent understood upset woke or waked wore

sneaked or snuck spoken sped spent spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn struck or stricken striven or strived sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived or thriven thrown undergone understood upset

weep win wind withdraw wring write

wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote

woken or waked worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written

Преодни глаголи = Transative verbs Преодни глаголи се оние глаголи со кои стои објект кој ја врши работата од глаголот. bring Please bring me a glass of water. buy Do not buy hamburgers at that restaurant. cost My coat cost a lot of money. get My children get good grades in school. give Our family gives gifts at Christmas. leave I leave home at 8:00 in the morning. lend Could you please lend me five dollars? make Did you make coffee this morning?

offer My boss offered me a great new job. owe I owe you ten dollars. pass All the students passed the test. pay Don't forget to pay the phone bill. play Jennifer loves playing the piano. promise She promised me she would come to the party. read They read the newspaper every day. refuse The customs officers refused to let me enter the country. send My girlfriend sends me an e-mail message every day. show My neighbour showed me her garden yesterday. sing Muriel sings songs at karaoke every Sunday night. take Travellers take planes or trains to their destinations.

teach Our parents teach us to be kind. tell The author tells a good story. write Tommy writes short stories about the South.

Непреодни глаголи = Intransitive verbs Непреодни глаголи се оние глаголи со кои неможе да стои објект и не стои.

agree appear arrive become

belong collapse consist of cost

depend die disappear emerge

exist fall go happen

have inquire knock laugh

lie live look last

occur remain respond rise

sit sleep stand stay

swim vanish wake wait

I laughed. I cried. The book fell. The horse galloped. The sun set. She smiles.

Повратни глаголи = Reflexive verbs Повратни глаголи се оние глаголи кај кои работата се

враќа на субјектот.Со ваквите глаголи стојат повратните заменки. Reflexive pronouns: MYSELF . . . HIMSELF . . . HERSELF . . . OURSELVES . . . ITSELF . . . THEMSELVES . I am teaching myself to play the piano. You might cut yourself. I taught myself to play the guitar. My cat always licks itself. I dress myself every morning.

Повеќе зборовни = Multi vords verbs Повеќе зборовните глаголи се делат на : Phrashal verbs Prepositional verbs Separable phrasal verbs Phrasal prepositional verbs

Phrashal verbs Овие глаголи се составени од глагол + прилог(Down | In | Into | Off | On | Out | Up ) Овие глаголи можат да бидат: Intransitive phrashal verbs (get up, break down…….) да немаат директен објект. He suddenly showed up. break down

come over dress up drop by eat out fall through get by get up go back grow up pass out show up

shut up throw up Transitive phrashal verbs (put off, turn down……….) да имаат директен објект. I made up the story.

Prepositional verbs Овие глаголи се составени од глагол + предлог (in, for,after.........) wait for talk about look after believe in

He sent for his secretary.

Separable phrasal verbs Овие повеќезборовни глаголи во реченицата се разделуваат. Turn the TV off. She looked the phone number up. I looked the word up in the dictionary.

Inseparable phrasal verbs Oвие повеќезборовни глаголи неможат да се разделуваат во реченицата. get up make up look into back out of

Phrasal Verb

Separable or Inseparable

Meaning

Ask out Separable To ask someone to go out on a date.

Bring Separable To make something happen

about, bring on

Bring up Separable 1) To raise children 2) To raise a topic

Call back Separable Return someone's telephone call

Call in Separable Ask someone into an official place or office

Call off Separable Cancel

Call on Inseparable 1) Ask someone to do something 2) Visit

Call up Separable Call someone on the telephone

catch up Inseparable To become equal or reach the same level

Check in, check into

Inseparable Register at a hotel or travel counter

Check out Inseparable Leave a hotel

Check out of

Inseparable Leave a hotel

Cheer up Separable Make someone happy

Clean up Separable Tidy, make clean

Come across

Inseparable To find

Cross out Separable Eliminate

Cut out Separable Remove something or stop doing something annoying

Do over Separable Repeat

Drop by Inseparable Visit unexpectedly

Drop in Inseparable Visit unexpectedly

Drop off Separable Leave something somewhere

Drop out Inseparable Stop attending a class

Figure out Separable Understand

Fill out Separable Complete a form

Fill in Separable Complete spaces on a form

Get along with

Inseparable Have a good relationship with

Get back from

1) Inseparable 2) Separable

1) Return from somewhere 2) Receive something originally lent to another person

Get in Inseparable Enter

Get off Inseparable Leave a bus, train, airplane

Get on Inseparable Enter a bus, train, airplane

Get out of Inseparable Leave a car

Get over Inseparable Recover

Get through Inseparable Survive

Get up Inseparable Stand up

Give back Separable Return

Give up Separable Stop trying

Go over Inseparable Review

Grow up Inseparable Become an adult

Hand in Separable Give an assignment or project to a teacher

Hang up Separable Replace the telephone in the receiver

Have on Separable Wear

Keep out Separable Not enter

Keep up with

Inseparable Stay at the same level

Kick out Separable Ask to leave

Look after Inseparable Take care of

Look into Inseparable Investigate

Look out for Inseparable Watch for

Look over Separable Review

Look up Separable Try to find information

Make up Separable Invent

Pass away Inseparable Die

Pass out 1) Inseparable 2) Separable

1) Faint 2) Distribute

Pick up Separable Lift

Pick out Separable Choose

Point out Separable Identify

Put away Separable Put in the proper place

Put back Separable Return

Put off Separable Delay

Put on Separable Get dressed or dress someone

Put out Separable Extinguish

Put up with Inseparable Tolerate

Run into Inseparable Find or meet

Run across Inseparable Find or meet

Run out of Inseparable Come to the end of something

Show up Inseparable Appear

Show off Separable Demonstrate something of envy

Shut off Separable Stop something from running

Take after Inseparable Be like someone

Take off Separable Remove

Take out Separable 1) Remove 2) Go on a date with someone

Take over Separable Take control

Take up Inseparable Begin

Tear down Separable Demolish or destroy

Tear up Separable Rip into pieces

Think over Separable Consider, ponder

Throw away Separable Discard

Throw out Separable Discard

Throw up Inseparable Vomit

Try on Separable Test

Turn down Separable Reduce

Turn in Separable Go to bed

Turn off Separable Stop a machine

Turn on Separable Start a machine

Turn out Separable Put out a light

Turn up Separable Increase

Phrasal prepositional verbs Овие глаголи се составени од глагол +прилог+предлог.Овие се inseparable ( неделиви).

phrasal-prepositional verbs

meaning

examples

direct object

get on with have a friendly relationship with

He doesn't get on with

his wife.

put up with tolerate I won't put up with

your attitude.

look forward to anticipate with pleasure

I look forward to

seeing you.

run out of use up, exhaust We have run out of

eggs.

Модални глаголи = Modals verbs Модални глаголи се:

can could may might will

would must shall should ought to

Can =може (I,you,he,she,we,you,they ) + Can + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме да искажеме способност: I can make jewelry. Can’t speak French. Can you open this jar? I can speak Chinese. Го употребуваме за барање дозвола: Can I use your bathroom? Can I come with you? I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town. Го употребуваме за давање предлози за нешто: You can take this spot if you like. You can do whatever you want.

Could = можев (минато време од can) (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Could + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме да искажеме способност што некој ја имал во минатото. I could swim when I was young. You could see the boat sinking. They could tell he was nervous. Да искаже можност: John could be the one who stole the money. John could have been the one who stole the money. John could go to jail for stealing the money. Could it be true?

May = може (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + May + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме кога бараме формално одобрение: May I come in?

May I say something now? May I ask one question? Го употребуваме за предложување нешто што е можно:

She may agree with this plan.

They may not be happy about what happened.

It may shower tonight.

Might (МИНАТО ВРЕМЕ ОД MAY) (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Might + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме за искажување помала можност: She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems. I might go see a doctor. The store might have been closed today.

Must = мора (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + must + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме да искажеме нешто што е потребно: You must answer my question right now. I must complete the project by this week. You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles. I must stop smoking. Се користи за нешто што не е многу веројатно: She must be very tired. He must be a genius. Искажување обврска: He must go today. They must work tomorrow.

Will = ќе (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Will + основа од глагол......... Го употребуваме за искажување работа за во иднина или предвидување: It will rain tomorrow. The news will spread soon.

Would = би ( минато време од will) Се користи за известување на она што некој кажува или мисли. He said he would be here at eight o'clock She asked if I would help. За понуди или покани: Would you like a sandwich? Would you have dinner with me on Friday. When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach. When he was young, he would always do his homework.

Shall = ќе (I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Shall + основа од глагол......... Се употребува за давање предлози: Shall I help you? Shall we begin dinner? Се употребува за давање ветувања: I shall never forget where I came from. I shall take care of everything for you. Се употребува за поставување прашања: Shall we dance? Shall I go now?

Should = треба,мора Present (subject +should +oснова на глагол) She should study more. Past (subject +should +have + past participle од глагол) She should have studied more. Го употребуваме за препораки You should save some money. . People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods. Го употребуваме за искажување обврска I should be at work before 10:00.

We should return the video before the video rental store closes. Is should get back to work. Го употребуваме за давање совети You should eat less sugar.

ought to = треба да Се употребува за давање препораки You ought to stop smoking. Мary ought to exercise more. You ought to wear a raincoat. Се употребува да се искаже веројатност за нешто. If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now. That ought to be enough food for the four of us.

Oughtn't the water to have boiled by now? Модални глаголи што изразуваат способност:

Modal verbs to express ability

present past

can We use can when we speak about general ability in the present: Tommy can swim. I can play the guitar. Can you play?

could We use could when we speak about general ability in the past: Picasso could paint when he was two. I could swim before I could walk.

The negative of can is can't The negative of could is

(cannot): I can't ski and I can't skate.

couldn't (could not): I couldn't swim until I was ten.

Specific situations - can We also use can to speak about specific situations in the present: I can hear you but I can't see you. Can you hear me? - Yes, I can.

Specific situations - was able to / could We often use was able to when speaking about a specific situation: We fixed the car and then we were able to drive home. However, we prefer could to speak about a specific situation in the past when we use these verbs: see, hear, feel, smell, taste, remember, believe, understand, decide. They could smell smoke. I could understand him perfectly.

Questions about ability - present How many languages can you speak? Can you name all the capitals of Europe?

Questions about ability - past Could you write before you started school? Could you ride a bike when you were small?

Модални глаголи што изразуваат дозвола:

Modal verbs to express asking for, giving, and refusing

permission

present or future past tense

Giving permission: can We use can when we give someone permission to do something: You can bring a friend to the party if you want. You can borrow my phone if your battery is dead. We also use may for permission. May is more formal and is used less often than can: Passengers may take one small bag on board the plane.

Permission in the past: could, was allowed to We use could to say that something was permitted in the past: Many years ago you could smoke in cinemas, but now it's banned. We can also use was/were allowed to: We had to wear a tie at school but we were allowed to take it off in hot weather.

Saying "no" - refusing permission We use can't to say that something isn't permitted: You can't park here - it's private property. He can't drive my car; he doesn't have insurance. Must not / mustn't is also used, but is more formal and is often used on signs and in announcements:

We use couldn't / wasn't allowed to to say that something was not permitted in the past: We couldn't cross the border without our passports.

Passengers must not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion.

Asking for permission can, could, may We use can I? / could I / may I? to ask for permission: Can I speak to John Wilson, please? Could is more formal and polite than can: Could I speak to John Wilson, please? May is the most formal: May I speak to John Wilson, please?

Questions about permission in the past was allowed to? / could? Were you allowed to stay up late when you were a child? Could you stay up late when you were a child? Could people travel between East and West Berlin during the Cold War?

Модални глаголи за изразување веројатност и сигурност: Present tense =сегашно време

Must / can't - to express probability in the present

Structure: modal + infinitive without to must be, must have, can't go, etc.

We use must to express that we feel sure that something is true.

They are really good, they must win. They must be very rich. Look at the house.

We use can't to say we are sure that something is impossible.

She can't be ill. I've just seen her in the shop and she looked fine. It can't be true. I don't believe it.

May / might / could - to express probability in the present

Structure: modal + infinitive without to may be, might do, could go, etc.

We use may or could or might to say that it is possible that something will happen or is happening.

They may be arriving tomorrow. He might be away on holiday. He could be away on holiday. He might be offered the job.

The negative of may is may not. The negative of might is might not. They both mean that it is possible that something will not happen or is not happening.

We DO NOT use could not to express probability.

He might not be offered the job. I may not pass the exam. I might not go to the match tomorrow. I could not go to the match tomorrow.

Past tense = минато време

Must / can't / couldn't have - to express probability in the past

Structure: modal + have + past participle must have been, can't have gone, couldn't have gone

We use must have to express that we feel sure that something was true.

They must have left early. He must have already gone.

We use can't have / couldn't have to say that we believe something was impossible.

He can't have escaped through this window. It is too small. She can't have said that. She couldn't have said that.

May / might / could have - to express probability in the past

Structure: modal + have + past participle may have been, could have gone, might have lost

We use may / could / might have to say that it was possible that something happened in the past (but we are not 100% sure).

He may have missed the bus. The road might have been blocked.

The negatives are may not have and might not have.

He may not have left yet. The assistant might not have received his message.

Модални глаголи за изразување обврска:

Should - to express obligation

Structure: should + infinitive form of a verb: should be, should go, should do, etc. We use should for the present and the future. We use should to give advice to someone and to say that something is a good idea. Should is weaker than have to and must.

You should tell them the truth. You shouldn't smoke, it's bad for you. I don't think you should do it.

Should have - to express unfulfilled obligation in the past

Structure: should + have + past participle We use should have for the past. We use should have to say that someone didn't do something but it would have been better to do it.

You should have told them the truth. You shouldn't have gone there - it was a mistake. I don't think you should have done it.

Модални глаголи - минато време и негативна форма:

Modal verbs in the past

present past

should be should have been

could be could have been

will be would be

may be may have been

might be might have been

would be would have been

Modal verbs - negative forms

positive negative

can (used for possibility)

It can happen; everything's

possible.

can't / can not

It can't happen; it's impossible.

can (used for permission)

Can I smoke here? - Yes, you

can.

can't / cannot / mustn't

You can't smoke here. You

mustn't smoke here.

can (used for ability)

I can play the guitar.

can't / cannot

I can't play the guitar.

must / have to / has to (used for

obligation)

don't have to / needn't

You must be there at 8 o'clock.

You have to be there at 8 o'clock.

You don't have to be there at 8

o'clock.

You needn't be there at 8 o'clock.

must (used for personal opinion,

certainty)

He must be here - I can see his

car.

can't

He can't be here - his car's not

outside.

might / may (used for personal

opinion, certainty)

He might/may be late today -

there's a lot of traffic on the roads.

may not / might not

He might/may not get here on

time - there's a lot of traffic on the

roads.

should (used for weak obligation

/ advice)

You should stop smoking

because it's unhealthy.

shouldn't

You shouldn't smoke so much -

it's unhealthy. You shouldn't

spend so much time watching TV.

voice Voice е форма на глагол. Постојат 2 специјални форм за глаголи и тоа: Active voice = Активна форма Passive voice = Пасивна форма

Active voice = Активна форма

---- Active voice е нормална форма на глаголот и во ова форма подметот односно subject прави акција (врши работа). Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active) Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active) You are making too much noise. Ben will eat popcorn and watch a movie tomorrow evening. --- Passive voice е форма кога имаме ( be +past particip) The ball was thrown by me. The agent is unknown. Jack was kicked by Jill. The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.

Active Passive

Simple

Present

Once a week, Tom

cleans the house.

Once a week, the house

is cleaned by Tom.

Present

Continuous

Right now, Sarah is

writing the letter.

Right now, the letter is

being written by Sarah.

Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by

Sam.

Past

Continuous

The salesman was

helping the customer

when the thief came into

the store.

The customer was being

helped by the salesman

when the thief came into

the store.

Present

Perfect

Many tourists have

visited that castle.

That castle has been

visited by many tourists.

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Recently, John has

been doing the work.

Recently, the work has

been being done by

John.

Past Perfect

George had repaired

many cars before he

received his mechanic's

license.

Many cars had been

repaired by George

before he received his

mechanic's license.

Past Perfect

Continuous

Chef Jones had been

preparing the

restaurant's fantastic

dinners for two years

before he moved to

Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic

dinners had been being

prepared by Chef Jones

for two years before he

moved to Paris.

Simple

Future

will

Someone will finish the

work by 5:00 PM.

The work will be finished

by 5:00 PM.

Simple

Future

be going to

Sally is going to make

a beautiful dinner

tonight.

A beautiful dinner is

going to be made by

Sally tonight.

Future

Continuous

will

At 8:00 PM tonight, John

will be washing the

dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the

dishes will be being

washed by John.

Future

Continuous

be going to

At 8:00 PM tonight, John

is going to be washing

the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the

dishes are going to be

being washed by John.

Future

Perfect

will

They will have

completed the project

before the deadline.

The project will have

been completed before

the deadline.

Future

Perfect

be going to

They are going to have

completed the project

before the deadline.

The project is going to

have been completed

before the deadline.

Future

Perfect

Continuous

will

The famous artist will

have been painting the

mural for over six

months by the time it is

finished.

The mural will have been

being painted by the

famous artist for over six

months by the time it is

finished.

Future

Perfect

Continuous

be going to

The famous artist is

going to have been

painting the mural for

over six months by the

time it is finished.

The mural is going to

have been being painted

by the famous artist for

over six months by the

time it is finished.

Used to Jerry used to pay the

bills.

The bills used to be paid

by Jerry.

Would

Always

My mother would

always make the pies.

The pies would always

be made by my mother.

Future in the

Past

Would

I knew John would

finish the work by 5:00

PM.

I knew the work would be

finished by 5:00 PM.

Future in the

Past

Was Going to

I thought Sally was

going to make a

beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful

dinner was going to be

made by Sally tonight.

Participle form Имаме два вида на Participle и тоа:

*Present participle (to be +инфинитив од глагол со наставка -ing). *Past participle

*Present participle Present participle се прави така сто на инфинитивот од глаголот

се додава наставката -ing. He came reading around the corner. I am learning English. I am reading / I was reading.

*Past participle *Past participle се прави така што на инфинитивот од

глаголот ја додаваме наставката -ed.( за правилни глаголи) finished played arrived surfed

Но , неправилните глаголи имаат различни Past participle и тие се учат напамет од третата колона од табелата на неправилни глаголи.

Present Past Past Participle

be was, were been

become became become

begin began begun

Infinitive Infinitive e форма се прави така што пред глаголот додаваме

to. to + verb = infinitive

Бидејки Infinitive не е глагол и неможе да додаваме наставки. to sleep to be to love……………….

Infinitive може да биде именка: To learn is important. To dance was his ambition. His ambition was to dance. He wants to learn.

Infinitive може да биде придавка: They need water to drink. This is the game to watch.

Infinitive може да биде прилог: The officer returned to help. Фирми на инфинитив:

Инфинитив со to: Со глаголите: want, wish, agree, fail, mean, decide, learn Со помините глаголи: to be to, to have to, and ought to. Со 'it is + adjective + to-infinitive' The elephant decided to marry the mouse. The mouse agreed to marry the elephant. You will have to ask her. You are to leave immediately. He ought to relax. She has to go to Berlin next week. It's easy to speak English. It is hard to change jobs after twenty years. It's stupid to believe everything you hear.

Инфинитив без to: I would rather visit Rome. She would rather live in Italy. Would you rather eat steak or fish? He would rather work in a bank. I'd rather be a forest than a tree.

The perfect infinitive: to have + past participle to have broken, to have seen, to have saved. I am glad to have found my soul mate. She seems to have quit the job

The continuous infinitive: to be + present participle, to be swimming, to be joking, to be waiting

I'm glad to be sitting here. The perfect continuous infinitive: to have been + present participle He must have been waiting for ages. The passive infinitive: to be + past participle, to be given, to be shut, to be opened Your composition has to be typed.

Active Passive

Simple infinitive (to) write (to) be written

Continuous infinitive (to) be writing (to) be being written

Perfect infinitive (to) have written (to) have been written

Perfect continuous infinitive

(to) have been writing

(to) have been being written

Gerund infinitive + -ing

Gerund е форма кога на глаголот ја додаваме наставката – ing. Тогаш тој збор станува именка.( subject или object или Subject Complements. Subjects Swimming is excellent exercise. Drinking too much coffee gives him a headache. Objects He dislikes doing homework. The manager suggested having our meeting away from the office. Subject Complements His hobby is playing computer games. My least favorite chore is cleaning the bathroom. His problem is not coming to class on time.

Active Passive

Simple gerund writing being written

Perfect gerund having written having been written

active Simple gerund === verb + ing Perfect gerund ===Having +verb во past participle

pasive Simple gerund === being +verb во past participle Perfect gerund ===hav(ing)+been+verb во past participle

GERUND FORMS INFINITIVE FORMS

SIMPLE The teacher enjoys teaching.

The teacher wants to teach.

PROGRESSIVE

Mr. Smith is really enjoying teaching his class. Looks the same as simple form above.

Mr. Smith would like to be teaching his class.

PASSIVE The students enjoy being taught.

The students want to be taught.

PERFECT The retired teacher recalled having taught.

The teacher was expecting to have taught that already.

PASSIVE + PROGRESSIVE

The students are enjoying being taught by such an exciting new teacher. Looks the same as the passive form above.

The students would like to be being taught by Mr Smith.

PASSIVE + PERFECT

The older students recalled having been taught that already.

The students were expecting to have been taught that by now.

Во англискиот јазик постојат и други видови на зборови и тоа: Idioms (изрази ,зборови или фрази составени од два или повеќе зборови кои сите заедно имаат поразлично значење од значењето кога се сами.) A hot potato A penny for your thoughts Actions speak louder than words Add insult to injury An arm and a leg At the drop of a hat Back to the drawing board Ball is in your court Barking up the wrong tree Be glad to see the back of Beat around the bush Best of both worlds Best thing since sliced bread Bite off more than you can chew Blessing in disguise

Burn the midnight oil Can't judge a book by its cover Caught between two stools Costs an arm and a leg Cross that bridge when you come to it Cry over spilt milk Curiosity killed the cat Cut corners Cut the mustard Devil's Advocate Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched Don't give up the day job Don't put all your eggs in one basket Drastic times call for drastic measures Elvis has left the building Every cloud has a silver lining Far cry from Feel a bit under the weather Give the benefit of the doubt Hear it on the grapevine Hit the nail on the head Hit the sack / sheets / hay In the heat of the moment It takes two to tango Jump on the bandwagon Keep something at bay Kill two birds with one stone Last straw Let sleeping dogs lie Let the cat out of the bag Make a long story short Method to my madness Miss the boat Not a spark of decency Not playing with a full deck Off one's rocker On the ball Once in a blue moon Picture paints a thousand words Piece of cake

Put wool over other people's eyes See eye to eye Sit on the fence Speak of the devil! Steal someone's thunder Take with a grain of salt Taste of your own medicine To hear something straight from the horse's mouth Whole nine yards Wouldn't be caught dead Your guess is as good as mine

Idioms, with definitions or synonyms

Examples

all of a sudden - suddenly All of a sudden, he quit his job and left town.

all the same - no difference If it's all the same to you, let's go there by bus.

as a rule - usually, generally As a rule, he goes for a walk after dinner.

as for - in reference to As for me, I liked the book very much. As for the trip, let's talk about it tomorrow.

at all - (not) in the smallest degree She doesn't speak English at all.

at this point - at this time At this point, we can't turn back.

be about to do something - be close to doing something

I was about to leave when you called.

be broke - have no money at all I spent all my money. I'm broke.

be in charge of something - be responsible for something

He is in charge of marketing.

be in good health - be healthy She is in good health.

be in poor health - not healthy She is in poor health.

be in good shape - be physically fit He exercises regularly, and he is in good shape.

be in bad shape - be in bad state The patient is in bad shape. His affairs are in bad shape.

be on one's way I'm on my way.

be out of date - be outdated This information is out of date.

be to blame - be responsible for a mistake, for something wrong

Who is to blame for this awful mistake? Tom is to blame for this mix-up.

be used to something - be accustomed to something

I'm used to hard work. He's used to hot weather.

by heart - by memorizing Learn this poem by heart for tomorrow.

by oneself (by myself, by himself, etc.) - alone; on one's own

She likes to spend an evening by herself. He did it by himself.

by the way - incidentally By the way, Ann is coming back today.

come true - become reality His dream came true when he met Kate.

do one's best - try very hard I did my best to help him in his work.

every now and then - occasionally Every now and then I visit my old aunt.

every other - every second one She washes her hair every other day.

fall in love - begin to love Tom fell in love with Sue at first sight.

feel like doing something - want to do; be inclined to do something

I don't feel like going for a walk. I'd rather watch TV.

for good - forever After her death he left town for good.

for the time being - for now; at this time

For the time being, this house is all right for us.

from now on - since now From now on I forbid you to go there.

get in touch with someone - contact someone

Get in touch with Mr. Smith for help.

get lost - lose one's way She got lost in the old part of town.

get mixed up - get confused I got mixed up and went the wrong way.

get rid of something or someone - dispose of; discard

He got rid of his old useless car.

get to the point - speak directly about the subject; come to the point

Please get to the point. I don't have much time now.

give someone a hand - help someone Can you give me a hand with cooking?

give someone a lift; give someone a ride - take someone to some place by car

Can you give me a lift to the bank? He gave her a ride in his new Porsche.

in advance - well before He told her about his plan in advance.

in fact - actually; in reality In fact, he works as a manager here.

in general - generally; generally speaking

In general, he likes to be alone. He described the place only in general.

in other words - using other words In other words, you left her when she needed your help.

in time (to do something) - early enough; before something begins

I came in time to have a cup of coffee before class.

it's time - should do it right away Hurry up. It's time to go.

It's worth it. It's not worth it. Watch this film. It's worth it. Don't buy this coat. It is not worth it.

just in case - to be on the safe side Take a little more money, just in case.

Just my luck! - Bad luck! Hard luck! They lost my job application. Just my luck!

keep in mind - bear in mind; consider; remember

Keep in mind that he may not like this idea.

keep in touch - keep in contact by calling, visiting, etc.

Good-by! Keep in touch!

keep one's word - fulfill a promise You promised to help me. Keep your word.

let it go - forget bad experience; return to normal life

You can't change anything, so let it go.

little by little - step by step; gradually Little by little, they saved enough money to buy a car.

lose one's way - get lost I lost my way. Can you help me?

make friends - become friends Anton makes new friends easily.

make fun of someone or something - laugh at; joke about

He made fun of her German accent.

make sense - be logical What you say makes sense.

make up one's mind - decide Will you go there? Make up your mind.

Make yourself at home. - Be comfortable; feel at home.

Come in, please. Make yourself at home.

never mind - don't worry about it I'm sorry. I lost your book. - Never mind.

not to mention - in addition to We have three dogs, not to mention two cats.

no wonder - not surprising He ate three big fish. No wonder he is sick.

on credit - not having to pay cash right away

He bought a car on credit.

on guard - on the alert He is always cautious and on guard.

on hand - available Do you have a calculator on hand?

on one's own (on my own, on your own, on his own, etc.) - alone; by oneself

She likes to live and work on her own. I decided to do it on my own.

on purpose - intentionally I didn't do it on purpose. It just happened so.

on second thought - after thinking again

I'd like to sit on the aisle. On second thought, I'd like a window seat.

on the alert - on guard He is always cautious and on the alert.

on the other hand - considering the other side of the question

I'd like to have a dog. On the other hand, my wife likes cats.

on time - punctually; at the specified time

Jim is always on time.

out of the question - impossible Paying him is out of the question!

pay attention - be attentive Pay attention to his words.

right away - immediately It' very important to do it right away.

so far - up to now So far, I have read five books by Stephen King.

take a break - stop for rest Let's take a break. I'm tired.

take care of someone or something - look after; see that something is done properly

Can you take care of my dog while I'm away? Tom takes good care of his car.

take into account - consider something

You must take into account her old age and poor health.

take it easy - relax; be calm Take it easy. Everything will be OK.

take part in something - participate Mary is going to take part in the show.

take place - happen The accident took place on Oak Street.

take time - take a long time It takes time to get used to a new place.

take turns - alternate doing something one after another

We went to Minsk by car. We didn't get tired because we took turns driving.

That's just the point. - That's it. That's just the point! I hate this job!

that will do - it's enough Stop reading. That will do for now.

under the weather - feeling a little ill, a little unwell

I'm a little under the weather today.

(be) up to date - modern, latest, current

His reports are always up to date.

used to do something - did something regularly in the past but not now

He used to live on Maple Street. I used to play the piano when I was in school.

What's the matter? - What is it? What's the matter? What happened?

would rather - prefer I'd rather stay at home today.

Compound words = Сложени зборови Овие зборови се сложени бидејќи се составени од два збора .

noun + noun bus stop Is this the bus stop for the number 12 bus?

fire-fly In the tropics you can see fire-flies at night.

football Shall we play football today?

adjective + noun

full moon I always feel crazy at full moon.

blackboard Clean the blackboard please.

software I can't install this software on my PC.

verb(-ing) + noun

breakfast We always eat breakfast at 8am.

washing machine

Put the clothes in the red washing machine.

swimming pool

What a beautiful swimming pool!

noun + verb(-ing)

sunrise I like to get up at sunrise.

haircut You need a haircut.

train-spotting His hobby is train-spotting.

verb + preposition check-out Please remember that check-out is at 12 noon.

noun + prepositional phrase

mother-in-law

My mother-in-law lives with us.

preposition + noun underworld Do you think the police accept money from the underworld?

noun + adjective truckful We need 10 truckfuls of bricks.

aftereffect, afterthought, aircushion, airman airplane, airport, airtight, another, anybody, anyhow, anyone, anything, anyplace, anytime, anyway, anywhere, armhole, artwork. backbone, backside, backspace, backwater, backwoods, bagpipes,

basketwork, bathroom, become, bedroom, beeswax, bird's-eye, birthday, birthrate, birthright, blackberry, blackbird, blackboard, blackout, blood-vessel, bluebell, bookkeeper, bookmark, bookshelf, bookworm, brakeman, breath-taking, brickwork brother-in-law, brushwood, businessman, buttercup, buttermilk, buttonhole, button-hook, bygone. cardboard, carefree, caretaker, clockwork, commonsense, copyright, cupboard, countryside . daylight, doorway, downfall, download, drainpipe . earring, ear-ring, earthwork, evergreen, everybody, everyday, everyone, everything, everywhere, eyeball . farmhouse, father-in-law, fatherland, fingerprint, firearm, fireboat, fire-engine, firefly, fireman, fireplace, fireworks, first-rate, football, footlights, footman, footnote, footprint, footstep, footway . gasworks, goldfish, , good-morning, goodnight, gunboat, gun-carriage, gunmetal, gunpowder . haircut, handbook, handgrip, handgun, handwork, handwriting, headdress, headland, headstone, headway, hereafter, herewith, herself, highlands, highway, himself, horseback, horseplay, horsepower, hourglass, houseboat, housekeeper, however . inasmuch, income, indoors, inland, inlay, inlet, input, inside, instep, into, itself . keyboard, keyhole, keystone, keyword . landmark, landowner, landslip, lighthouse, looking-glass, lookout . manhole, milkman, month-end, moonlight, mother-in-law, myself . needlework, newborn, newcomer, network, newspaper, nobody, notebook, nothing, nowhere . offspring, oncoming, oneself, onlooker, onto, ourself, outbuilding, outburst, outcome, outcry, outdoor, outgoing, outhouse, outlaw,

outlet, outline, outlook, output, outside, outskirts, outstretched, overacting, overall, overbalancing, overbearing, overcoat, overcome, overdo, overdressed, overdrink, overfull, overhanging, overhead, overhear, overheat, overland, overleaf, overload, overlook, overseas, oversee, overseer, overshoe, overstatement, overstretched, overtake, overtaxed, overtime overturned, overuse, overvalued, overweight, overworking . paperback, paperwork, peacekeeper, pincushion, plaything , policeman, postman, postmark, postoffice. railroad, railway, roadway, runaway . sailboat, sailcloth, sailmaker, schoolhouse, schoolroom, seaman, secondhand, shoemaker, shorthand, shutdown, sideboard, sidewalk, sister-in-law, somebody, someday, somehow, someone, something, sometime, somewhat, somewhere, son-in-law, starfish, starlight, starship, startup, steamboat, steamship, stonework, storehouse, straightforward, suchlike, sunburn, sunbrown, sunlight, sunshade, sweetheart . themselves, throughway, today, tonight, tradesman . underclothes, undercooked, underdone, undergo, undergrowth, underhand, undermined, undersigned, undersized, understatement, undertake, undervalued, update, upkeep, uplift, upload, upon, upright, uptake, username . viewpoint . warship, waterfall, waterway, website, weekend, well-being, well-off, whatever, whenever, whereas, whereby, wherever, whichever, whitewash, whoever, windpipe, within, without, woodwork, workhouse , workman, workplace, workstation, wrongdoing. yearbook, year-end, yearlong, year-long, yourself .

determiners words = определители Овие зборови секогаш стојат пред именката и ја определуваат. Во оваа група на зборови спаѓаат: Articles ( the, a an)

Demonstratives (this, that, these and those)

Possessives (possessives adjectives= my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

possessive pronouns= mine, his, hers, yours, ours, their.)

Quantifiers се придавки или фрази кои служат за да се одговори на две прашања: 1. How many? 2. How much? count nouns: many a few few several a couple of none of the non-count nouns: not much a little little a bit of a good deal of a great deal of no both count and non-count nouns: all of the some most of the

enough a lot of lots of plenty of a lack of

Only with uncountable nouns

With uncountable and countable nouns

Only with countable nouns

How much? How much? or How many?

How many?

a little no/none a few

a bit (of) not any a number (of)

- some (any) several

a great deal of a lot of a large number of

a large amount of plenty of a great number of

- lots of

Distributives Distributives се зборови или изрази кои се однесуваат на некоја група или на поедини членови од некоја група. Овие зборови секогаш стојат пред именките. Distributives: each, every, either, neither, another, other EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and NEITHER можеме да ги користиме со именки во еднина. Each man is wearing a hat.

EACH, EITHER, and NEITHER можеме да ги користиме и во множина , но после нив треба да додадеме of. Each of the men is wearing a hat. Each се употребува кога се работи за членови на група поединци. Each boy was given a watch. Each of the boys was given a watch. Either and Neither се користат кога се споредуваат две работи. Either се користи за позитивни реценици .Neither се користи во

негативни реченици. Neither answer is correct. Either parent is going to look for their son’s bully.

DIFFERENCE WORDS

OTHER==друг

ANOTHER = =други Another is used with singular nouns. Other with singular or plural. Have you got any other questions? Some children learn quickly but other children need more time. We need another plate. Please give me another chance. Let's meet another day. I'd like another piece of cake.

Syonym

Syonym се зборови (изрази) кои се пишуваат различно, но имаат исто или слично значење.

Adjectives Synonyms

big large

blank empty

broad wide

center middle

cunning clever

dangerous risky

eatable edible

false untrue

fertile fruitful

gay cheerful

glad happy

hard difficult

high tall

huge enormous

intelligent clever

lazy indolent

little small

loving fond

loyal faithful

mad crazy

new modern

nice kind

noisy rowdy

old ancient

oral verbal

polite courteous

poor destitute

quick rapid/fast

rare scarce

ready alert

real genuine

rich wealthy

rude impolite

sad unhappy

safe secure

sleepy drowsy

slim slender

thin lean

usual normal

vacant empty

weak feeble

well-known famous

Homonyms Homonyms се зборови (изрази) со ист или сличен правопис и изговор, но сосема различно значење. AIR – HEIR AISLE – ISLE ALTAR – ALTER BAND – BAND BANK – BANK BARE – BEAR – BEAR BARK – BARK BAT – BAT BE – BEE BEAT – BEET BOUGH– BOW– BOW

BOW– BEAU BRAKE – BREAK BUY – BY CACHE – CASH CELL – SELL CENT – SCENT CEREAL – SERIAL COARSE – COURSE CURRANT – CURRENT DEAR – DEER DESERT– DESSERT DEW – DUE DIE – DYE FAIR – FAIR – FARE FINE – FINE FIR – FUR FLEA – FLEE FLOUR – FLOWER FOREWORD – FORWARD GAIT – GATE GRATE – GREAT GROUND – GROUND HAIR – HARE HALL – HAUL HANGAR – HANGER HAY – HEY HEAL – HEEL HEAR – HERE HI – HIGH HOARSE – HORSE HOLE – WHOLE I – EYE KNIGHT – NIGHT KNOW – NO LIE – LIE LIGHT – LIGHT MAIL – MALE MEAN – MEAN MEAT – MEET NONE – NUN PAIL – PALE PAIR – PEAR PEACE – PIECE

PEAK – PEEK PLAIN – PLANE POLE – POLE – POLL POUND – POUND PRINCIPAL – PRINCIPLE RACE – RACE READ – REED RIGHT – WRITE RING – RING ROLE – ROLL ROOT – ROUTE ROW– ROW SAIL – SALE SEA – SEE SEW– SO – SOW SIGHT – SITE SOLE – SOLE – SOLE – SOUL SOME – SUM SON – SUN STAIR – STARE STAKE – STEAK STEAL – STEEL SUITE – SWEET TAIL – TALE TIP – TIP TOAST – TOAST TOE – TOW TOO – TWO TRUNK – TRUNK VAIN – VEIN WAIST – WASTE WAIT – WEIGHT WARE – WEAR – WHERE WAY – WEIGH WEAK – WEEK WEATHER – WHETHER WELL – WELL WHICH – WITCH WHINE – WINE

Heteronyms

Heteronyms се зборови (изрази) со ист или сличен правопис, но различен изговор и значење.

Affect (verb) and affect (noun, in psychology)

Agape (a mouth) and agape, and also a term for a

Alternate (adjective) and alternate (verb)

Appropriate (adjective) and appropriate (verb)

Bases (plural of basis) and bases (plural of base, but also a near-homonym for basis)

bass(fish) and bass (voice)

Bow (defer) and bow (for violin)

Buffet and buffet

Close (adjective) and close (verb)

Console (verb) and console (noun)

Contents (noun) and contents (verb, usually reflexive, third person singular; but also works in the first person with the singular form of the noun)

Contract and contract

Contrary and contrary

Converse (verb) and converse (noun)

Coordinates (verb) and coordinates (mathematical or cartological noun)

Defect (verb) and defect (noun)

Delegate (verb) and delegate (noun)

Denier (one who denies something, such as the holocaust) and denier (unit of measurement for the fineness of silk, nylon and

other fabrics)

Desert (noun) and desert (verb), though the latter is a homophone for dessert (noun)

Deliberate (adjective) and deliberate (verb)

Does (verb) and does (plural noun)

Dogged (one syllable) and dogged (two syllables)

Dove (the bird) and dove (past tense of dive)

Entrance (noun) and entrance (verb)

Essay (noun) and essay (verb)

Evening (noun) and evening (verb)

Grave (to rhyme with 'halve') and grave (to rhyme with 'gave')

Import (verb) and import (noun; for example, close synonym for importance)

Incense (noun) and incense (verb)

Invalid (adjective) and invalid (noun)

Intimate (adjective) and intimate (verb)

Lead (metal) and lead (verb)

lied(musical noun) and lied (verb, past tense)

Liver (internal organ) and liver ("a name arbitrarily given to the bird figured in the arms of the city of Liverpool"

Minute (noun) and minute (adjective)

Moped (noun) and moped (verb, past perfect tense)

None (to rhyme with "nun") and none (may be attended by a

nun)

Number (noun) and number (relative form of numb)

Pace (by the leave of) and pace (footstep/speed)

Pasty (noun) and pasty (adjective)

Plaque and plaque

Present (verb) and present (noun)

Project (noun) and project (verb)

Pussy (adjective) and pussy (noun, meaning cat. Settle down, class.)

Putting (not golf) and putting (golf)

Recreation and recreation

Recover (from illness or other misfortune) and recover (while restoring furniture, for example)

Refuse (verb) and refuse (noun)

Resign (as in resignation) and resign (as in signature)

Routed (in battle) and routed (via a computer network)

Row (argue, argument) and row (line)

Seconded and seconded

Severer (more severe) and severer (one who severs)

Sewer (one who sews) and sewer (sanitation infrastructure)

Sin (mathematical) and sin (theological). This is a triple heteronym, according to someone who knows better than I how to pronounce Sin, the Akkadian god of the moon.

Skied (past tense of ski) and skied (an old cricketing term,

Slough (verb) and slough (noun)

sow(noun) and sow (verb)

Supply (verb or noun) and supply (adverb from 'supple'; this spelling is preferable to 'supplely', according to the Oxford Spelling Dictionary.)

Swinging and swinging (alternative spelling of 'swingeing', according to the OED)

Tear (verb) and tear (noun)

Tier (noun, one who ties something) and tier (noun, a level or layer)

Unionized (meaning formed a union) and unionized (reverse of ionized)

Wicked (two syllables) and wicked (one syllable)

Wind (noun) and wind (verb, to rhyme with bind)

Whoops (verb) and whoops (exclamation)

Whooping (in which the 'h' is silent) and whooping, in which the 'w' is silent. Since the latter only occurs in 'whooping cough'

Worsted (yarn or fabric) and worsted (opposite of bested)

Wound (noun) and wound (past tense of wind)

Zoon (two syllables; scientific noun) and zoon (one syllable; verb, meaning a style of preaching or praying)

Homophones

Homophones се зборови (изрази) кои исто се изговараат ,но имаат

различно значење и правопис.

air heir

aisle isle

ante- anti-

eye I

bare bear

be bee

brake break

buy by

cell sell

cent scent

cereal serial

coarse course

complement compliment

dam damn

dear deer

die dye

fair fare

fir fur

flour flower

for four

hair hare

heal heel

hear here

him hymn

hole whole

hour our

idle idol

in inn

knight night

knot not

know no

made maid

mail male

meat meet

morning mourning

none nun

oar or

one won

pair pear

peace piece

plain plane

poor pour

pray prey

principal principle

profit prophet

real reel

right write

root route

sail sale

sea see

seam seem

sight site

sew so

shore sure

sole soul

some sum

son sun

stair stare

stationary stationery

steal steel

suite sweet

tail tale

their there

to too

toe tow

waist waste

wait weight

way weigh

weak week

wear where

Heterograph Heterograph се зборови кои се изговараат исто но се напишани различно. Right write Warn worn Role roll Sight site Red read Reed read Due dew Dye die What watt Peel peal Reel real Raise raze Wait weight Piece peace Please pleas Jeans genes Throne thrown Groan grown Pale pail Male mail Lie lye Pain pane Team teem Seam seem Pair pear Boy buoy Whale wail Bale bail Ail ale Aisle isle Fair fare Hair hare Stair stare Chord cord Board bored Where wear

Bare bear Saw sore Raw roar Sure shore Paw pore Or oar Oar ore Hour our Steal steel Heal heel For four Tore tour Buy by Rain reign

Homographs Homographs се зборови кои имаат исти правопис но различно значење.

arms (weapons) arms (part of body)

ball (sphere) ball (dance)

band (music makers) band (strap)

bass (low musical sound) bass (fish) *

bear (animal) bear (carry)

bluff (steep embankment) bluff (fool)

boil (bubble) boil (skin sore)

bow (bend) bow (part of ship)

bow (weapon) *

box (container) box (hit)

box (shrub)

brush (tool) brush (undergrowth)

can (container) can (able)

case (container) case (condition)

colon (part of body) colon (punctuation mark)

count (royalty) count (number)

date (fruit); date (on calendar) date (companion)

down (feathers) down (direction)

down (grassland)

duck (bird) duck (avoid)

duck (cloth)

fan (admirer) fan (cooling device)

fast (quick) fast (starve)

fine (good quality) fine (payment for wrongdoing)

firm (hard) firm (company)

fly (insect) fly (move through air)

fly (flap of cloth covering pant zipper)

fresh (new) fresh (bold)

gum (chewing treat) gum (mouth part)

hold (grasp) hold (part of ship)

jam (preserved fruit) jam (squeeze)

jam (impromptu music)

lap (part of body) lap (course)

lap (drink)

lean (slant) lean (thin)

left (direction) left (went)

lie (untruth) lie (recline)

loaf (lounge) loaf (bread)

lumber (wood) lumber (walk slowly)

mole (skin spot) mole (animal)

page (call) page (of paper)

page (youth)

pen (for writing) pen (enclosure)

pitcher (container) pitcher (in baseball)

pop (sound) pop (popular)

pop (father) pop (soda)

pound (weight) pound (kennel)

pound (hit)

prune (fruit) prune (cut)

pupil (part of eye) pupil (student)

racket (for tennis) racket (scheme)

racket (noise)

ring (circle) ring (sound of bell)

row (in a line) row (with oars)

row (fight)*

sock (hit) sock (stocking)

tap (hit lightly) tap (faucet)

swallow (bird) swallow (gulp)

well (good) well (for water)

nail (body part) nail (hit with a hammer)

Homonym = same spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning Homograph = same spelling (with same pronunciation or not) + different meaning Homophone = same pronunciation (with same spelling or not) + different meaning Heteronym = same spelling + different pronunciation + different meaning

A word with: Same spelling + same pronunciation + same meaning = same word! Same spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning = homograph, homophone and homonym Same spelling + different pronunciation + different meaning = homograph and heteronym

Tenses = времиња Англискиот јазик има три основни глаголски времиња и тоа: 1.Сегашно време = Present tens 2.Минато време = Past tens 3.Идно време = Future tens

1.Сегашно време = Present tens 1.Сегашното време е поделено на:

*Сегашно просто време = Present simple tense

*Сегашно трајно време = Present continuous tense

*Сегашно сложено време = Present perfect tense

*Сегашно трајно сложено време = Present perfect continuous tense

*Сегашно просто време = Present simple tense

different spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning = homophone

Present simple tense се прави од сите глаголи така што прво се зема subject а потоа главен глагол , но во трето лице еднина се додава наставката –s или es.

Subject Verb

I / you / we / they + speak / learn

he / she / it + speaks / learns

Формула: Subject + Verb+(s, es за трето лице еднина) + Object Ако глаголите завршуваат на -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, или-Z тогаш додаваме -es за трето лице еднина.

go – goes

catch – catches

wash – washes

kiss – kisses

fix – fixes

buzz – buzzes

Ако глаголите завршуваат на y ,a пред неа е согласка(consonant) тогаш y се претвора во i и тогаш се додава наставката es.(за трето лице еднина)

marry – marries

study – studies

carry – carries

worry – worries

Ако глаголите завршуваат на –y, a пред неа самогласка(vowel) тогаш ја додаваме наставката –s.(за трето лице еднина)

play – plays

enjoy – enjoys

say – says

I always eat a salad for lunch. I live in New York. John drives a taxi.

Some birds sleep by day and hunt by night.

Present simple tense можеме да го препознаваме по зборовите кои најчесто се употребуваат во ова време . Always - секогаш often - често usually - обично sometimes - понекогаш seldom - ретко never - никогаш every day - секој ден every week - секој викенд every year - секоја година on Mondays - во понеделник........... after school - после училиште........... Негативна форма се прави така што се зема прво subject, потоа сегашно време од помошниот глагол to do +негација not и на крај главниот глагол. Формула: Subject + Do not(Does not за трето лице еднина ) + Verb + object I do not play football. He does not play football. Прашална форма се прави така што прво се зема сегашно време од помошниот глагол to do,потоа subject ,па главен глагол и на крај оbject. Формула: Do(Does за трето лице еднина) + Subject + Verb + object Do I play football? Does he play football?

Present simple tense се користи: За искажување на работа која се повторува од навика или нешто што често се случува или не се случува. She always forgets her purse. He never forgets his wallet. I always come to school by car. I play football every weekend. She never plays football. My friend often draws posters. За потврдување на позната истина. It rains a lot in winter. The sun sets in the West. Wood floats on water. The sun rises in the East. Two and two make four. За давање упатства. You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left. First you roll out the pastry, then you cut circles with a cup or a glass. Go straight on to the traffic lights, then you turn right. Open your books at page 50. За искажување на работа чие траење не е одредено. I write. Јас пишувам.(не се знае до кога ќе пишувам) I work. Јас работам.(не се знае до кога ќе работам) За искажување на настани за во блиска иднина. The party starts at 5 o'clock. The train leaves tonight at 7 PM. The train departs in 20 minutes.

*Сегашно трајно време = Present continuous tense Present continuous tense се прави така што се зема прво subject ,потоа сегашно време од глаголот to be ,потоа главниот глагол со додавање на наставката –ing. Формула: Subject + is/ am/are + Verb + ing + Object

I am playing cricket. He is driving a car. Негативна форма се прави така што се додава негација not помеѓу помошниот глагол to be и главниот глагол . Формула: subject +is/am/are +not +verb+ing+object I am not playing cricket. He is not driving a car. They are not reading their lessons. Прашална форма се прави така што ги заменуваме местата на помошниот глагол to be и subject. Така што прво пишуваме сегашно време од глаголот to be потоа subject,потоа главниот глагол со наставката -ing. Формула: Is/am/are + Subject + Verb + ing + Object Am I playing cricket? Is He driving a car? Are they reading their lessons?

Present continuous tense се користи: Да искаже работа која се врши и за време додека зборуваме за тоа. The kids are watching TV. They are doing their homework. The telephone is ringing! Да искажеме работа која се случува околу нас но не мора да е во моментот работена. I am reading a really interesting book now. We are studying English . Jenny is working in a restaurant this week. Да искаже работа што ке се случува во блиска иднина (планирани настани.) Mary is coming for dinner tomorrow. We are having lunch at 13.30 o'clock. I am going to the cinema tonight. They're coming to the party at the weekend. Зборови од кои најчесто го препознаваме ова време се:

at the moment

at this moment

today

now

right now

Listen!

Look!

in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening

at noon / tonight

tomorrow

next ...

this week / this month / this year at the moment

now / just now / right now

more and more He is now watching TV. She is just learning English. They are spending this week in Paris. I'm leaving for Vienna tomorrow morning. He's studying right now. More and more people are becoming vegetarian. Are they visiting you next winter?

*Сегашно сложено време = Present perfect tense Present perfect tense jа искажува работата во минатото што се случила во некое неодредено времепред сегашноста, тука се изразува поврзаноста помеѓу минатото и сегашноста. Точното време не е

назначено.

Present perfect tense се прави така што се зема прво subject потоа помошниот глагол to have потоа past participle од главниот глагол и на крајот доаѓа оbject. Формула: Subject + has/have + Past Participle (verb) + Object I have known Mary since 2000. You have gone to school. He has already arrived in Catalonia. Од неправилните глаголи ја гледаме третата колона и го земаме паст партиципот а на правилните глаголи паст партиципле правиме се додавање на наставката -ed. Arriv +ed Негативна форма се прави така што се додава негација not помеѓу помошниот глагол have и главниот глагол.

Формула: Subject + has/have not+ Past Participle (verb) + Object I have not known Mary since 2000. You have not gone to school. He has not already arrived in Catalonia. I have not studied for three hours today. Прашална форма се прави така што ги заменуваме местата на помошниот глагол have и subjekt. Have I known Mary since 2000? Have You gone to school? Has He already arrived in Catalonia?

Present perfect tense се користи: Споделување некое искуство доживеано или не. I have been to France three times. I have never been to France. He has never traveled by train. Работи кои започнале во минатото и уште продолжуваат. He has lived in Canada for five years. She has worked at the University since 1994. Работи кои се случиле во минатото но имаат ефект во сегашноста односно во моментот на зборувањето. I have buoght a car.

I have cleaned my room. Неодамна завршени работи. He has just played handball. The bus has just arrived. She has cooked dinner. Зборови (кои може да ги има но не мора) по кои можеме да го препознаваме ова време се: just I have made a special dish just for you. yet She hasn't found the time yet. never She has never been so surprised. already We have seen this movie already. ever Have you ever read books? so far up to now recently since You have been sick since last week. for I have thought about it for two hours.

*Сегашно трајно сложено време = Present perfect continuous tense

Present perfect continuous tense се прави така што прво се зема subject потоа сегашно време од помошниот глагол have (have/has) потоа past participle од помошниот глагол be(been) , потоа главниот глагол сo додавање на наставката –ing и на крај object . Формула: Subject + have/has +been Verb + ing + Object You have been watching TV for the last five hours. You have been playing handball. He has been painting the house for 5 hours. Негативна форма се прави така што се додава негација not помеѓу помошниот глагол have и past participle been. Формула: Subject + have/has not +been Verb + ing + Object You have not been watching TV for the last five hours.

You have not been playing handball. He has not been painting the house for 5 hours. Прашална форма се прави така што ги заменуваме местата на subject и помошниот глагол have. Формула: Have/has+ Subject + been Verb + ing + Object Have you been watching TV for the last five hours? Have you been playing handball. Has he been painting the house for 5 hours.

Present perfect continuous tense се користи: Работа која започнала во минатото и продолжува во сегашноста. I have been reading for 2 hours. We've been waiting for the bus for hours. I have been working all afternoon. He hasn't been talking to me for weeks. Работа која се вршела и штотуку престанала. I'm tired, because I've been running. I'm so tired, I've been studying. I've been reading your book, it's very good. I have been waiting for you for half an hour. Зборови по кои можеме да го препознаваме ова време се: all day the whole day the whole (morning/ afternoon/ week/) since for how long I have been working all afternoon. She has been writing for two hours. I have been writing for an hour.

2.Минато време = Past tens

*Минато просто време = Past simple tense

* Минато трајно време = Past continuous tense

* Минато сложено време = Past perfect tense

* Минато трајно сложено време = Past perfect continuous tense

*Минато просто време = Past simple tense Past simple tense од правилните глаголи се прави со додавање на наставката –ed.Прво subject потоа инфинитив од глагол со додавање на наставката –ed, на крај оbject.

Ако правиме Past simple tense од неправилни глаголи го земаме глаголот од втората колона на неправилни глаголи. Формула: Subject + Verb +ed+ Object We arrived at 9:00 o'clock. She opened her bag. We visited Japan in 2007. I went to the cinema yesterday. Со неправилни глаголи. Susan bought her little sister a doll. Правилните глаголи што завршуваат на е ,тогаш на глаголот

додаваме –d. baked, cared, eased, filed, greased, hated, liked, piled, raced, seized, smiled, typed, wheezed, whined Правилните глаголи што завршуваат на Y, го бришеме Y и додаваме - ied

copy / copied; defy / defied fry / fried;

Apply / applied; bury / buried; cry / cried; fry / fried; hurry / hurried; marry / married; pry / pried; spy / spied try / tried vary / varied worry / worried

falsify / falsified; hurry / hurried; modify / modified; pity / pitied; qualify / qualified; reply / replied; spy / spied; supply / supplied; try / tried Aко правилните глаголи завршуваат на согласка, а пред неа имаме самогласка , тогаш ја дуплираме согласката и тогаш

додаваме наставка –еd. beg / begged; clap / clapped; fan / fanned; hop / hopped; jog / jogged; mar / marred; pin / pinned; rip / ripped; slam / slammed; tan / tanned; whip / whipped; zip / zipped She kissed me on the cheek. He played the violin when he was a child. Негативна форма се прави така што прво се зема subject,потоа минато време од помошноит глаголto do(did), негација not ,потоа инфинитив од глаголот без наставката –ed. Формула: subject +did +not +verb1(infinitive) + object We did not arriv at 9:00 o'clock. She did not open her bag. Прашална форма се прави така ги заменуваме местата на subject и помошниот глагол did. Формула: Did + subject + verb1(infinitive) + object Did we arriv at 9:00 o'clock.? Did she open her bag? Did we visit Japan in 2007?

Past simple tense се користи: Работа завршена во минатото. I visited Berlin last week. He went to a club last night. I visited a client in London yesterday. Серија завршени работи во минатото. First I got up, then I had breakfast. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. She opened her bag, took out the key and unlocked the door. Зборови по кои можеме да го препознаеме ова време се: ago, an hour ago, one minute ago, in 2011 ..., in 1999 ..., last

month, last week, last year, last weekend, last summer,

yesterday, at 5 o'clock.

They weren't in Rio last summer. He went to a club last night. Did he come to your party last week?

* Минато трајно време = Past continuous tense Past continuous tense се прави така што се зема subject ,потоа минато време од помошниот глагол to be и инфинитив од главниот глагол со додавање на наставката -ing (present participle) ,a потоа object. Формула: Subject + was/were + Verb + ing + Object I was studying when she called. She was crying yesterday. We were listening to the music. Негативна форма се прави така што се додава негацијата not помеѓу минатото време од глаголот to be и инфинитивот од главниот глагол со наставката –ing. Формула: Subject + was/were + not Verb + ing + Object I was not studying when she called. She was not crying yesterday. We were not listening to the music. Прашална форма се прави така што ги заменуваме местата на глаголот to be и subject. Формула: was/were + Subject + Verb + ing + Object Was I studying when she called? Was she crying yesterday? Were we listening to the music?

Past continuous tense се користи: Да искаже работа од минатото која се прекинала поради друга работа. I was taking a bath when the telephone rang. You phoned while I was having a bath. I was reading when he arrived. Да искаже работа која се завршила во одреден период од

минатото. At this time last week I was lying on the beach in Florida. The children were doing their homework when I got home. Peter was reading a book yesterday evening. Две работи што се случувале во исто време ,но немаат влијаније една врз друга. Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading. Ben was singing while Sarah was dancing. What were they doing while she was crying? Зборови по кои можеме да го препознаеме ова време се: while when She was watching TV when somebody knocked at the door. While I was reading my wife was taking a shower. Ben was singing while Sarah was dancing. When she was sleeping, the phone rang.

* Минато сложено време = Past perfect tense

Past perfect tense се прави така што прво се зема subject,потоа минато време од помашниот глагол have, и на крај главниот глагол со додавање на наставката –ed, oдносно (past participle). Формула: Subject + had + Past Participle од verb(verb+ed)+ Object За неправилните глаголи ја гледаме третата колона од неправилни глаголи They had visited a doctor. I had finished my work last year. Mary had eaten dinner before he started his homework. You had gone .(неправилен глагол) Негативна форма се прави така што додаваме негација not помеѓу помошниот глагол have и главниот глагол. Формула: Subject + had + not + Past Participle од verb(verb+ed)+ Object They had not visited a doctor. I had not finished my work last year. Mary had not eaten dinner before he started his homework.

You had not gone .(неправилен глагол) Прашална форма се прави така што ги заменуваме местата на subject и помошниот глагол had. Формула: Had + subject + Past Participle од verb(verb+ed)+ Object Had they visited a doctor? Had I finished my work last year?

Past perfect tense се користи: Да искаже завршена работа пред друга работа во минатото.

I had finished my homework before I went playing football.

John had never been to London before we went there last year.

. James had cooked breakfast when we got up. Се користи за пишување условни реченици.

If we had gone by taxi, we wouldn't have been late.

If Mary had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.

If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you. Се користи во индиректен говор.

Mary said she had already seen this film.

He asked if I had read Harry Potter.

He said he had lost his puppy. Зборови по кои мажеме да го препознаваме ова време се: 1 By the time I‘d finished all the work by the time you called. 2 When When we arrived at the airport, our flight had already left. 3 Before Before we sold our car, we had owned it for 12 years. 4 Until He‘d never met a native English speaker until he visited London. 5 Said She said that she‘d lost her wallet.

after, before, when After he had sent an email, he got an answer.

Before we read the book, we had bought the book.

When she arrived in London, she had waited for hours.

* Минато трајно сложено време = Past perfect continuous tense

Past perfect continuous tense се прави така што се зема subjekt ,па минато време од помошнiот глагол have (had) потоа past participle од помошниот глагол be (been) , па главниот глагол со додавање на наставката -ing , односно (present participle од главниот глагол). Формула: Subject + had + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for I had been waiting for him for one hour. She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock. He had been playing cricket for two hours. Негативна форма се прави така што се додава негација not помеѓу had и been. Формула: Subject + had not + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for I had not been waiting for him for one hour. She had not been playing chess since 7 O’clock. He had not been playing cricket for two hours. Прашална форма се прави со замена на местата на subject и помошниот глагол had. Формула: had + Subject + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for Had I been waiting for him for one hour? Had she be been playing cricket for two hours? Had he been playing cricket for two hours?

Past perfect continuous tense се користи: Работа која започнала во минатото и продолжува до друга работа

или настан и ни кажува колку долго траела. They had been watching TV for two hours before Mike came. . Diana had been playing tennis for half an hour when it began to rain. They had been playing tennis for two hours before the accident happened. "I had been studying at university for 6 months before I met her. Искажување на причина зошто нешто се случило или не се случило во минатото. 1. The road was wet because it had been raining. 2 . I had to go on a diet because I had been eating too much sugar. 3.Jason was tired because he had been jogging. I put on weight because I had been eating too much. Во условни реченици. If it hadn't been raining, we would have gone to the park. If he hadn't been reading for hours last night, he would have got up earlier. Во индиректен говор. He said that Jane had been driving for 8 hours. She said she had been teaching English for the last three years in Japan. Зборови по кои го препознаваме ова време се: for, since, how long, all day, after, before Lisa had been dancing for 2 hours before she was tired. He had not been working at the dock at all that afternoon. She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock. Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. He had been playing football before ten years.

3.Идно време = Future tens 3. Идното време е поделено на:

*Идно просто време = Future simple tense

*Идно трајно време = Future continuous tense

*Идно сложено време = Future perfect tense

*Идно трајно сложено време = Future perfect continuous tense

*Идно просто време = Future simple tense

Future simple tense можеме да го правиме Will и со Be Going To.

Future simple tense со Will / shall Формула: Subject + Will / shall + инфинитив од verb +object I will finish my report later today. He will finish his homework in twenty minutes. You will help him later. I will arrive on Tuesday I shall arrive on Tuesday. Негативна форма се прави со додавање на негација not помеѓу Will / shall и инфинитив од verb. Формула: Subject + Will / shall not + инфинитив од verb +object I will not finish my report later today. He will not finish his homework in twenty minutes. You will not help him later. I will not arrive on Tuesday I shall not arrive on Tuesday. Прашална форма се прави со заменување на местата на и Subject и Will / shall . Формула: Will / shall + Subject + инфинитив од verb +object Will I finish my report later today? Will He finish his homework in twenty minutes? Will You help him later? Shall I arrive on Tuesday? Shall we see?

*Идно просто време = Future simple tense се користи: ~ Предвидувања за работи што ке се случуваат во иднина. tomorrow, today, later today, in five minutes, in two hours, on Monday, on Saturday afternoon, next week/month, this year,

I will finish my report later today. The sun will rise at 6:03 am. I'll go to the market tomorrow. There will be another conference next month. I'll come to see you on Sunday. ~Работа која е одлучена во моментот на зборувањето. I'll close the window. - The phone is ringing. - I'll answer it. ~ Предвидувања за настани кои ке се случат. I think it will rain. It will rain in a moment. It will get more difficult. ~ За ветувања или закани. I'll be there at 7 p.m., I promise. I'll tell your parents what you did. I promise I will buy you this toy. Promise you will never leave me! Зборови по кои се препознава ова време се: next friday..., next weekend, next year, next party..., soon, tomorrow,

tomorrow evening..., in the future, 2011, expect, believe, hope,

suppose, think, probably

I will buy a computer tomorrow. They will dance all night long. John will be here in a second or two. Прашална форма се прави со заменување на местата на am/is/are и Subject. Аre you going to meet Jane tonight? Аre we going to make a bag as her birthday present? Аm I going to pick it up for you?

Future simple tense со (going to) го користиме: Планови за во иднина направени пред моментот на зборување. We are going to sing at the party. I'm going to see him later today. I am going to study harder next year. Предвидувања врз основа на моментални докази. Look at those boys playing football! They're going to break the window. Look out! That cup is going to fall off. Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon. The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.

*Идно трајно време = Future continuous tense (со will, shall) Формула: Subject + will+ be(непроменливо) + Vеrb + ing(present participle) + Object. Формула: Subject + shall+ be(непроменливо) + Vеrb + ing(present participle) + Object. I will be waiting for you. You will be feeling well tomorrow. We shall be sleeping by the time you return. At this time next week, I shall be playing poker. Негативна форма: Формула: Subject + will +not + be(непроменливо) + Vеrb + ing(present participle) + Object. Формула: Subject + shall +not be(непроменливо) + Vеrb + ing(present participle) + Object. I will not be waiting for you. You will not be feeling well tomorrow. We shall not be sleeping by the time you return. At this time next week, I shall not be playing poker. Прашална форма:

Формула: Will+ subject + be(непроменливо) + Vеrb + ing(present participle) + Object. Формула: Shall + subject+ be(непроменливо) + Vеrb + ing(present participle) + Object. Will I be waiting for you? will you be feeling well tomorrow? Shall we shall be sleeping by the time you return? At this time next week, shall I be playing poker?

Future continuous tense се користи: Да искаже работа што ке се случува во иднина во одредено време . At eight o’clock, I will be eating dinner. Tonight at 11 p.m, we will be dancing at the party. Да искаже работа сигурна за во блиска иднина. This time tomorrow I will be celebrating my birthday. Да искаже предвидување за иднина. He won't be coming any time soon. He is still at the office. Beatrice will be getting married very soon. She will be feeling very sad after learning the truth. I will be waiting for you when your train arrives. She will be working when the celebration starts. At the concert tomorrow, Ben will be singing while Sarah will be dancing. I will be working hard next week while you will be relaxing on the beach. Зборови по кои се препознава ова време= ( will be)или(shall be) tomorrow, next week/month/year, in 2041, at midnight It will be raining tomorrow. I shall be sleeping at midnight. We will be going to the gym after work. I will be speaking. или (I'll be speaking) I will not be speaking. или (I won't be speaking)

*Идно сложено време = Future perfect tense

(со will, shall) Формула: Subject + will have(непроменливо) или shall have(непроменливо) + verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object …. She will have fallen asleep by the time we get home. I shall have gone by then. She will have finished the work by Wednesday. Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets home. Негативна форма: Формула: Subject + will+ not+ have(непроменливо) или shall have(непроменливо) + verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object …. She will not have fallen asleep by the time we get home. I shall not have gone by then. She will not have finished the work by Wednesday. Jack will not have finished his homework by the time his mother gets home. Прашална форма: Формула: will have(непроменливо) или shall have(непроменливо) +Subject + +verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object …. Will she have fallen asleep by the time we get home? Shall I have gone by then? Will she have finished the work by Wednesday? Will Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets home?

Future perfect tense се користи: Да искаже работа што ке биде завршена во иднина пред друга работа или настан во иднина. She will have cooked dinner by the time her husband repears the car. By the time we get to the cinema the movie will have started. Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets home. Да искаже работа што ќе биде завршена пред одредено време во иднина. The student will have passed his exam by Friday. I will have finished the writing by midnight.

The snow will have stopped by April. John will have eaten the whole cake, by the time the birthday party starts! Зборови по кои се препознава ова време се= will have или shall have. by (the end of the day, ... week, ...month, ...year, ...decade) until, before by the end of the day, by the end of the week, by the end of the month, … By the time you arrive, we will have finished the meal and the speeches. By next month, you will have received your promotion. I will have finished by 5pm. By the end of the month we will have finished the course.

*Идно трајно сложено време = Future perfect continuous tense со Will / Shall

Формула: Subject + will have been(непроменливо) или shall have been(непроменливо) + Verb + ing(present participle) + Object + since/for I will have been waiting for him for one hour. She will have been playing football since 2015. I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock. I shall have been working in the company for five years next month. Негативна форма: Формула: Subject + will + not + have been(непроменливо) или shall have been(непроменливо) + Verb + ing(present participle) + Object + since/for I will have not been waiting for him for one hour. She will not have been playing football since 2015. I will have not been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock. I shall have not been working in the company for five years next month. Прашална форма: Формула: will или shall + Subject+ have been + Verb + ing(present

participle) + Object + since/for Will I have been waiting for him for one hour? Will she have been playing football since 2015? Will I have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock? Shall I shall have been working in the company for five years next month?

Future perfect continuous tense се користи: Да искаже работа во иднина пред некој момент во иднина. I will have been working here for ten years next week. Времетраење на некој момент во иднина. By the next year, Ben and his wife will have been living together for 50 years. Причина: By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will be very tired. Се користи да искаже работа која ќе се работи во иднина до некое одредено време,но нема да се заврши. I'll go home on 20 June. By then I'll have been staying at this hotel for a fortnight. At six o'clock we'll have been waiting here for three hours. When you arrive, we'll have been sitting in the classroom all day. By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will be very wet. By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy. By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months, and she will be much better. Зборови по кои го препознаваме ова време: will have been или shall have been. all day long, for ..., the last couple of hours, by the time By the time I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years. He will have been driving for an hour by the time he gets home.

Future simple tense со (going to) Future simple tense со (going to) се прави така што прво земаме subject потоа сегашно време од помошниот глагол to be(am,is,are) ,потоа going to и на крај инфинитив од главниот

глагол, па оbject. Формула: Subject + am/is/are + going to +infinitive од verb +object You are going to meet Jane tonight. We are going to make a bag as her birthday present. I am going to pick it up for you. Негативна форма се прави со додавање негација not помеѓу am/is/are и going to. You are not going to meet Jane tonight. We are not going to make a bag as her birthday present. I am not going to pick it up for you. Прашална форма се прави со заменување на местата на am/is/are и Subject. Аre you going to meet Jane tonight? Аre we going to make a bag as her birthday present? Аm I going to pick it up for you?

*Идно трајно време = Future continuous tense

со( be going to) Формула: subject+am/is/are + going to be +verb+ing( present participle)+object You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. He is going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon. Негативна форма: Формула: subject+am/is/are +not + going to be +verb+ing( present participle)+object You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. He is not going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon.

Прашална форма: Формула: am/is/are+ subject+ + going to be +verb+ing( present participle)+object Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Is he going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon? I am going to be learning English tomorrow at this time. I am not going to be learning English tomorrow at this time. Am I going to be learning English tomorrow at this time?

Future perfect tense со (going to) Формула: subject+am/is/are + going to have(непроменливо) +verb+ed( past participle)+object He is going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there. I am going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate arrives. Негативна форма: Формула: subject + am/is/are+ not + going to have(непроменливо) + verb+ed(past participle)+object He is not going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there. I am not going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate arrives. Прашална форма: Формула: Am/is/are+ subject+ + going to have(непроменливо) +verb+ed( past participle)+object Is he going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there? Am I going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate arrives

Future perfect continuous tense со( be going to)

Формула:subject+am/is/are+going to have been(непроменливо)+verb+ing (present participle)+object You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.

Негативна форма: Формула:subject+am/is/are+ not +going to have been(непроменливо)+verb+ing (present participle)+object You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. She is not going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. Прашална форма: Формула: am/is/are +subject +going to have been(непроменливо)+verb+ing (present participle)+object Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Is she going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes?

Tenses - времиња The four present tenses are :

1. the simple present ("I go")

2. the present progressive ("I am going")

3. the present perfect ("I have gone")

4. the present perfect progressive ("I have been going")

The four past tenses are :

1. the simple past ("I went")

2. the past progressive ("I was going")

3. the past perfect ("I had gone")

4. the past perfect progressive ("I had been going")

The four future tenses are : 1. the simple future ("I will go")

2. the future progressive ("I will be going")

3. the future perfect ("I will have gone")

4. the future perfect progressive ("I will have been going")

Conditional = условност Постојат 4 Conditional и тоа :

Conditional 0 Conditional 1 Conditional 2 Conditional 3

Conditional 0 Овој условен вид се користи кога се зборува за општи вистини ,научни факти. If + simple present, simple present

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)

MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If you heat ice + If it rains +

simple present it melts. you get wet

If he gets there before me, ask him to wait. If I eat too much, I get sick. If I drink, I never drive. If you freeze water, it turns into ice. If people eat too much, they get fat. If you mix red and blue, you get purple. If it rains, the grass gets wet. Ice melts if you heat it.

Conditional 1 Овој условен вид се употребува за идни настани кои највероватно ке се случат, за можни ситуации If +simple present +simple futur

IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)

MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains + If you don't hurry +

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

If he's feeling better, he will come. If I have time today, I will phone my friend. If I have enough money, I will go to Japan. I’ll go shopping on the way home if I have time. If it’s a nice day tomorrow we will go to the beach. If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella. If it rains, I won't go to the park. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes. If it rains today, I'll stay at home. If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow. CONDITION: if + subject + present simple RESULT: subject + future (will/won’t, going to)

Conditional 2 Овој условен вид се користи за нереални,невозможни или неверојатни ситуации. If + Simple Past + Modal + Base Verb

If clause +

Main clause

If + Past Simple + would / could / might + verb

If I had more money, I would buy a car.

If he were 16, he could drive.

If I were rich, I would buy a private jet.

If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity. If he studied more, he would pass the exam. If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly. CONDITION: if + subject + past simple RESULT: subject + would/might/could + verb

Conditional 3 Овој вид се користи за невозможни работи од минатото бидејки минатото е поминато време неможе да се врати.

If clause Main clause If + Past Perfect tense

would/could/might + have + past participle

If I had won the lottery,

I would have traveled around the world.

Present Conditionals (Present Real Conditional)

If / When .+.. Simple Present ...,+ ... Simple Present ... ... Simple Present .+.. if / when ..+. Simple Present ... If I heat water to 100 degrees C., It boils. If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers. When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach. If I have money, I spend it. Present Conditionals (Present Real Conditional) се користи за искажување на вообичаени работи од животот.

Present Unreal Conditional If .+.. Simple Past ...,+ ... would + verb ... .+.. would + verb ..+. if ..+. Simple Past ... If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car. She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much money. Present Unreal Conditional се користи за искажување на имагинарни работи.

Past Conditionals(Past Real Conditional) If / When .+.. Simple Past ...,+ ... Simple Past ... ... Simple Past..+. if / when ..+. Simple Past ... If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I usually took a bottle of wine or some flowers. I don't do that anymore.

When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. Now, I never get time off. Past Conditionals(Past Real Conditional) се користи за искажување на реални работи од минатото кои се смениле во сегашноста .

Past Unreal Conditional

If .+.. Past Perfect ...,+ ... would have + past participle ... ... would have + past participle .+.. if ..+. Past Perfect ... If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't own one, so I took the bus. She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money. But she didn't have much money, so she never traveled. Past Unreal Conditional се користи за измислени работи во минатото.

Future Conditionals(Future Real Conditional) If / When ..+. Simple Present ...,+ ... Simple Future ... ... Simple Future .+.. if / when ..+. Simple Present ...

If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a bottle of wine or some flowers. When I have a day off from work, I am going to go to the beach. Future Conditionals(Future Real Conditional) се користи за искажување на работи што мислите дека ке ги направите во некоја ситуација во иднина.

Future Unreal Conditional If .+.. Simple Past ..., +... would + verb ... ... would + verb .+.. if ..+. Simple Past ... If I had a day off from work next week, I would go to the beach. I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party. Се користи за измислени ситуации во иднина.

Future Unreal Conditional If ... were + present participle ...,+ ... would be + present

participle ... ... would be + present participle .+.. if ..+. were + present participle ... If I were going to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba diving gear with me. If I were not visiting my grandmother tomorrow, I would help you study.

Future Unreal Conditional If ..+. were going to + verb ...,+ ... would be + present participle ... ... would be + present participle ..+. if .+.. were going to + verb ... If I were going to go to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba diving gear with me. If I were not going to visit my grandmother tomorrow, I would help you study.

Conditional with Modal Verbs would + can = could would + shall = should would + may = might If I went to Egypt next year, I could learn Arabic. Unfortunately, that's not possible. If I didn't have to work tonight, I could go to the fitness center.

mix Conditional

Past --> Present

If I had taken an aspirin, I wouldn't have a headache now. If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so slow now.

If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.

Past --> Future

If I had known that you are going to come by tomorrow, I would be in then.

If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.

If our house had been broken into, we would call the police.

Present --> Past

If she had enough money, she could have done this trip to Hawaii.

if I was more diligent, I would've finished my degree at university.

If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.

Present --> Future

If I were you, I would be spending my vacation in Seattle.

If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician.

If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you on the cruise to Alaska next week.

Future --> Past

If I weren't flying to Detroit, I would have planned a trip to Vancouver.

If she had stayed up late yesterday, she will be late tomorrow.

If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that new assignment at work.

Future --> Present

If I were taking this exam next week, I would be high-strung.

If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.

Clause Clause е група од зборови(subject,verb,object.........) Clause можеда биде целосна реченица или дел од реченица. Ако clause може да биде целосна реченица тогаш таа clause е независна clause = independent clause или main clause= главна clause. He was eating a bacon sandwich. He ran fast. We walk to school. And, or, nor, but, yet(со овое зборови можат да се поврзат 2 независни clause.) The door opened and the man walked in. Ако clause не може да биде целосна реченица и е

зависна од друга реченица,тогаш таа clause е зависна = dependent clause. Зависните clause секогаш ги пишуваме со зборовите : Before, after, because, since, in order to, although, though, whenever, wherever, whether, while, even though, even if, Because I forgot my homework, I got sent home. The door opened because the man pushed it. Before they go to the airport, they will visit you. I went to the show that was very popular. Зависна = dependent clause може да биде: Noun Clauses(—how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, and why.) Remind whoever is on your discussion panel that we will meet tomorrow morning in the library. I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. Adjective Clauses(who, whom, whose, which, that, where, or when.) Katie loves books which describe life in the 29th century. The happy woman danced across the street. The red coat which I bought yesterday. Adverb Clauses Place – wherever, anywhere, everywhere, where Everywhere she goes, she brings a camera. Time – since, while, as soon as, before, after, until, when, anytime While we were waiting for the pizza guy to arrive, we played poker at the kitchen table. Reason – because, since, as, for, so that Because it was exceptionally cold, I wore my winter jacket. Condition – if, when, unless, even if, even though Even if they lose by five goals, people will still love them. Contrast – though, although, despite, in spite of, whereas Despite the poor service provided by the wait staff, we still enjoyed the food and the atmosphere of the restaurant.

Sentences = Реченици Основни делови на речениците се: 1.Subject 2.Verb 3.Object 1.Subject Subject e некој или нешто кој/е ја врши работата. Subject може да биде именка или заменка. John dance on the table. We go to school. John drinks coffe.

2.Verb Verb e глагол што ни покажува што некој прави,односно што работи subject. John dance on the table. We go to school. John drinks coffe.

3.Object Object е збор кој покажува на што се врши работата или каде се врши . John dance on the table. We go to school. John drinks coffe.

Sentence types = Видови реченици Според тоа од какви делови е составена и од колку делови е составена решеницата имаме 4 видови на реченоци и тоа: 1.Simple sentence( едносравни,прости реченици)

2.Compound sentence 3.Complex sentence 4.Complex- Compound sentence

1.Simple sentence

Simple sentence е реченица со една независна клауза(one independent clause). She is my girlfriend. Joe waited for the train. The train was late. Mary and Samantha took the bus.

2.Compound sentence Compound sentence е реченица составена од две или повеќе независни клаузи (independent clause) поврзани меѓусебно со зборовите: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. I am skinny and you are obese. I like chocolate ice cream, but my friend likes strawberry. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late. The boys walked down the road and their parents waved from the house.

3.Complex sentence

Complex sentence се сложени реченици составени од една независна клауза (independent clause) и една или повеќе зависни клаузи (dependent clause). As she is a big bully, I stay away from her. Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave. I always make friends quickly wherever I live. We visited the museum before it closed.

4.Complex- Compound sentence

Complex- Compound sentence се реченици кои сидржат две или повеќе независни клаузи( independent clause) и една или повеќе зависни клаузи(dependent clause). I usually use a pick whenever I play the guitar, or I just use my fingers. I would have purchased the cheese that you like, but it was too expensive. John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat.

Sentence types = Видови реченици Според значењето речениците се поделени на : 1.Declarative sentences 2.Interrogative sentences 3.Imperative sentences 4.Conditional sentences 5.Exclamative sentences

1.Declarative sentences Declarative sentences пишуваме кога известуваме нешто. На крајот од овие реченици пишуваме точка. Subject + Predicate My coat is red. Yesterday I left school early. Yesterday, I slept through my alarm. My name is Mary. We get lots of snow in the winter .

2.Interrogative sentences Interrogative sentences ги пишуваме кога поставуваме прашања. На крајот од овие прашања пишуваме прашалник. Имаме четири видови на Interrogative sentences и тоа:

1. Yes/No interrogatives

2. Alternative interrogatives

3. Wh-interrogatives

4. Tag questions.

Yes/No interrogatives

Will you bring your book? Answer: Yes or No Are you a student? Answer: Yes or No Did Rama eat a mango? Answer: Yes or No Alternative interrogatives Would you prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream? Do you want coffee, tea, or soda? Should I telephone you or send an email?

Wh-interrogatives What are you doing?

Where do you live?

Who is playing in the Super Bowl?

What is the meaning of this?

Which songs do you like best?

Tag questions You came by train, didn’t you?

She works for a big company, doesn't she?

She is collecting stickers, isn't she?

We often watch TV in the afternoon, don't we?

You've eaten breakfast, haven't you? You made some coffee, didn't you?

3.Imperative sentences Imperative sentences ги пишуваме кога даваме заповед , команда или совет.На крајот од овие реченици пишуваме точка. Please pass the salt. Get out of my way! Shut the door. Let's eat something, we are all hungry. Give me the keys.

4.Conditional sentences "Zero conditional" = "If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry." "First conditional" = "If you make a mistake, someone will let you know." "Second conditional" = If it were to rain tomorrow, I would dance in the street. "Third conditional" = If you had called me, I would have come. "Mixed conditional" = If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now. If we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that. 5.Exclamative sentences

No, you cannot dye the dog's hair! (anger) I don't want to go to Grandma's house! (frustration)

I scored three goals at the soccer game! (happiness) I love you! (love)

We're going to Hawaii! (elation) Wow, I am excited about this trip! What a beautiful place this is! Some whales are over 90 feet long! What a beautiful night! It’s a great day! Фантастичните реченици ги искажуваат чуствата .

1. What + a/an + Adjective + Noun! Example: What a beautiful day! What an ugly picture! What a sunny day! What a bad weather! 2. How + Adjective + Subject + Be! Example: How handsome he is! How amazing story is! How bad it is!

Direct and Indirect speech Директен и Индиректен говор Direct speech(Директен говор) е говор кој се става во наводници и тоа е говор на некое лице кој е пренесен дирекно како што зборувало тоа лице од збор до збор. She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." или "Today's lesson is on presentations", she said. She says "What time will you be home?" David said, “I am writing a letter now”. Indirect speech(Индиректен говор) е оној говор кога некој кажал нешто и ние го кажуваме тоа но со свои зборови. John said that he would give me a pen. He said that he worked in a factory. She said that she had seen him. David said that he was writing a letter then.

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

now - then

here - there

this - that

these - those

ago - before

thus - so

to-day - that day

to-night - that night

yesterday - the day before (or) the previous day

tomorrow - the next day (or) the following day

last week - the week before

next week - the week after

Direct speech

Indirect speech

Present simple She said, "It's cold."

Past simple She said it was cold.

Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."

Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.

Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."

Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.

Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."

Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.

Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."

Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.

Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."

Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."

Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."

Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb=модални глаголи Direct speech Indirect speech

will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."

› would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.

can She said, "I can teach English online."

› could She said she could teach English online.

must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."

›

had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.

shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"

› should She asked what we should learn today.

may She said, "May I open a new browser?"

› might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Questions = Прашања Основно правило за поставување прашања во англискиот јазик е : Заменување на местата на субјектот и помошниот глагол. It is snowing. Тоа е снег. Is it snowing? Дали е тоа снег?

He was driwing fast. Тој возел брзо. Was he driwing fast? Дали тој возел брзо? Доколку во реченицата немаме помошни глаголи тогаш за да поставиме прашање го користиме помошниот глагол to do. You speak English. Ти зборуваш англиски. Do you speak English? Дали ти зборуваш англиски? She lives in France. Таа живее во Франција. Does she live in France? Дали таа живее во Франција? Можеме да поставуваме прашања и со прашалните зборови: Who =koj Where =kaде When = кога What = што Which = кои How =како

used to + infinitive = користеше Се употребува за навика или ситуација од минатото која веќе не постои во сегашноста. I used to have long hair (but now I have short hair). He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke). Tom used to drink coffee. Now he prefers tea.

Be 'used to' + noun = навикнува Tom is used to noise. Julie is used to hard work.

be used to +verb+ing= навикнува Tom is used to living in a noisy street. Julie is used to working hard.

Must ( мора ) и have to (треба)

Со овие два глаголи се искажува обврска. Must се употребува кога тој што зборува мисли дека е потребно тоа. Have to се употребува кога некој друг мисли дека е потребно тоа ,а не тој што го кажува тоа. I must buy flowers for my mother. In France, you have to drive on the right. I/we/you/they have to get up early. He/she/it has to get up early.

Wish = сакам, посакувам Wish се користи за искажување желби за во сегашност и за во иднина. wish + past simple (се употребува кога имаме желба за во сегашност или за во иднина ,но да биде различно од тоа сто е во моментот. I wish I spoke Italian. I wish I had a big car. I wish it was the weekend tomorrow. (future) wish + past continuous (се употребува кога имаме желба да работиме нешто различно во сегашноста или во иднината. I wish I was lying on a beach now. I wish it wasn't raining. I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow. wish + past perfect ( се употребува кога имаме желба работите во минатото да биле поразлични . I wish I hadn't eaten so much. I wish they'd come on holiday with us. I wish I had studied harder at school.

Wish + would (се користи да искаже незадоволство од работата што се случува во сегашноста. I wish you would stop smoking. I wish it would stop raining. WHATEVER - WHENEVER - WHEREVER - WHICHEVER - WHOEVER

Whatever - Any thing (This could also be every thing)

Whenever - Any time (This could also be 'every time')

Wherever - Any 'where' (Anywhere or everywhere).

Whoever - Anyone (Any person or every person, or sometimes used to refer to a person unknown to the speaker)

Whichever - Any 'which' (Choice between a group or set).

However - Any 'way' (In any manner or way, regardless of how).

Whatever = anything or everything; regardless of what = Без оглед нешто или што, без оглед на она што Whatever you bake will be delicious.( Што и да се пече ќе биде вкусно.) Whatever the hour, he calls me. (Без оглед на времето тој ме се јави.) WHENEVER= Секогаш кога = секое време; во секое време, без оглед на тоа кога. You may leave whenever you wish.(Можете да го напуштите кога ќе посакате.) Whenever he leaves the house he always takes an

umbrella.(Секогаш кога ке ја напуштеше куќата ,тој земаше чадор.) WHEREVER = Каде и = насекаде; без разлика каде, без оглед на тоа каде With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will have a good time. She'll be happy wherever she decides to live. WHICHEVER= без разлика на кој, без оглед на [to You can drive whichever of the cars you want. Wear whichever shoes are the most comfortable. WHOEVER= лицето кое, без оглед на тоа кои Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it? Whoever comes with you is welcome. However = сепак You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal. However much she eats, she never puts on weight.

There, Their, and They're

There Именување на нешто или постоење на нешто .

Their Покажување присвојност.

They’re Спојување на there и are

There (Се користи сo глаголот to be за да покаже постоење на нешто или да се спомне нешто за прв пат. There are many documents that are used in investigations. There is a library in the first building. Stop right there.( Adverb) Is there a phone?( Pronoun)

Those there look good.( Adjective) Their искажува присвојност. My friends have lost their tickets.(моите пријатели ги загубија нивните билети. They’re = тие се If they’re ready, we can go.

used to, get used to, be used to Used to + verb (infinitive) = Нешто што е правено постојано во минатото, но завршило. I stopped smoking last year. I used to smoke ten cigarettes a day. I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.

Get used to + verb (-ing) = нешто што е тешко на почетокот , но потоа станува нормално.

She used to be a long distance runner when she was younger. I used to eat meat but I became a vegetarian 5 years ago.

subject + be + used to + object = навикнување на нешто I am used to driving on the left.Јас се навикнав да возам лево. I am used to hard work.Јас се навикнав на тешка работа.

а / аn / some / any а се употребува пред избријливи именки во еднина кои

започнуваат на согласка, a banana, a pear.

Аn се употребува пред избројливи именки во еднина кои

започнуваат со самогласка, An apple, an orange

some се употребува пред неизбријливи именки (uncountable nouns) во позитивни реченици, и пред избројливи именки во множина . Some money, Some fruit, some friends There is some cheese in the fridge.

Any се употребува пред избројливи именки во множина и

пред неизбројливи именки и тоа во негативни и прашални реченици. Is there any bread in the house? I haven‘t got any time.

Will или Going To? Will употребуваме: - кога зборуваме за факти од иднината или работи за кои

веруваме дека ке бидат вистина за иднината, предвидување без докази,донесување наеднаш одлуки. I will be rich and famous.Јас ќе бидам богат и славен. I'm sure you'll like her. Јас сум сигурен ќе ја сакам неа. It's raining. I'll take an umbrella!

Кога не сме сигурни ние ќе употребиме Will со

Probably = веројатно, possibly = можеби, I think = мислам, I hope = се надевам. I hope you'll visit me in my home one day. Се надевам дека

ќе ме посети во мојот дом еден ден.

I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

Going To употребуваме:

- Кога правиме предвидувања за иднината врз основа на докази од сегашноста. The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight. Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee. Предвидувања врз докази Look! David is going to crash against that tree! -идни намери I'm going to study law at university next year.

Lots of accidents will happen in that weather.

on / in / at on се употребува за векови,години,годишни

времиња,месеци. the 21th century In the 1980s In 2014 In the summer In Octobe

In се употребува за денови од неделата,дата

On Friday On March 15th

At се употребува за кажување на време,

At 3:30.

At quarter past four.

there is and there are there is се пишува кога именката е во е во еднина. there are се пишува кога именката е во множина. There is a tree in our garden. Има дрво во нашата градина. There are cows in the field. Има крави во оваа област.

Something anything someone anyone

Some + -thing -body -one -where

Any + No +

Someone is sleeping in my bed. He saw something in the garden. I left my glasses somewhere in the house.

Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where I saw somebody there. I did not see anybody there. Did you see anybody there? Would you like something better? Something – anything Somewhere – anywhere

Someone – anyone Somebody – anybody I need to find somewhere to live. (positive sentence) Is there anywhere you would recommend? (question) I didn't know anyone at the party. (negative sentence) Somebody at the party spilt beer on the carpet. (we're not sure who). I saw somebody outside the window. (= 1 person) There’s nobody there. (= 0 person) Everybody knows that The Beatles were from Liverpool. (= all people) Has anybody seen my keys? (= 1+ people ). People: someone - anyone - no one - everyone Things: something - anything - nothing - everything Places: somewhere - anywhere - nowhere - everywhere

Either, neither, both

Употребуваме either, neither and both кога зборуваме за 2 работи.

either = или Would you like tea or coffee?

neither = ни едно,ни друго

Would you like ham or beef in your sandwich? Neither. I am a vegetarian. I don't eat meat.

both = двете I take both milk and sugar in my coffee.

Употребуваме either со именки ви еднина и со

either car, either person either of the chairs, either

именки во множина, и со глаголи во еднина и множина.

of the people Either day is fine for me. Either of the days is fine for me.

Употребуваме neither со именки во еднина и множина, исо глаголи во еднина.

neither house, neither man neither of the houses, neither of the men Neither day was suitable. Neither of the days was suitable.

Употребуваме both со именки во множина. Употребуваме both глаголи во множина

both houses, both men both of the houses, both of the men Both (of) my brothers are tall.

GOOD LUCK