Harkness2e chap04 ppt

Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Chapter 4: Health and the Global Environment

2Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Chapter Highlights

• Definitions of global health and global burden of disease

• Indicators of health• Health and human rights• Factors that affect health globally• Framework for improving world health• Millennium Development Goals


Question

Is the following statement true or false?Global health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

4

Answer

FalseRationale: Global health is health issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


Definition of Health

Health—a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity


Definition of Global Health

Global health encompasses the behavioral and environmental risk factors of a community, which are influenced by politics, economics, and culture.


Determinants of Health

Factors that affect outcomes of health status, such as physical environment, social environment, health behaviors, and individual health, as well as broader factors such as access to health services and overall health policies and interventions


Question

What is an epidemiologic transition?A. High fertility and high mortality, resulting in

slow population growthB. Improvement in hygiene and nutrition,

leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

C. Decline in mortality and later decline in fertility

D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine


Answer

D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine

Rationale: Epidemiologic transition includes high and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine. Demographic transitions include high fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth; improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease; decline in mortality and later decline in fertility.


Demographic Transitions• High fertility and high mortality, resulting in

slow population growth• Improvement in hygiene and nutrition,

leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

• Decline in mortality and later decline in fertility

• Increase in relative proportion of elderly population


Question

Is the following statement true or false?Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.


Answer

TrueRationale: Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.


Global Burden of Disease• Risks to health and health outcomes in

different demographic populations and social settings

• The burden of disease is growing disproportionately in the world and is largely affected by climate, public policy, age of the population, socioeconomic conditions, and risk factors.


What Risk Factors Affect the Disease Burden?

• Risk factors are defined as personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.

• Childhood and maternal malnutrition• Other nutrition-related risk factors and inactivity• Addictive substances• Sexual and reproductive health• Environmental risks


Other Factors That Affect Global Health

• Political• Economic• Sociodemographic


The Millennium Development Goals

• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.• Achieve universal primary education.• Promote gender equality and empower

women.• Reduce child mortality.• Improve maternal health.• HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases• Ensure environmental sustainability.• Develop a global partnership for

development.


Question

Is the following statement true or false?Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to shift tasks primarily to primary care providers and community health workers.


Answer

FalseRationale: Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to shift tasks primarily to nurses and community health workers.


Effective Management of Health Workforce Shortages

• Increased investment in education and training

• National health workforce plans• More efficient use of existing human

resources• Protection and fairer treatment of health

workers• Access to HIV prevention and treatment for

health workers in affected countries


Effective Management of Health Workforce Shortages (cont.)

• Attracting women to professions and addressing retirement

• Comprehensive preparedness for a workforce response to outbreaks and emergencies in every country

• Career incentives to attract health workers to rural and disadvantaged areas

• Health promotion and prevention strategies to reduce demand for health services

Education

Harkness2e chap04 ppt